Communications engineering / telecommunications Books

Book SynopsisA practical and self-contained guide to the principles, techniques, models and tools of imaging spectroscopy. Bringing together material from essential physics and digital signal processing, it covers key topics such as sensor design and calibration, atmospheric inversion and model techniques, and processing and exploitation algorithms. Readers will learn how to apply the main algorithms to practical problems, how to choose the best algorithm for a particular application, and how to process and interpret hyperspectral imaging data. A wealth of additional materials accompany the book online, including example projects and data for students, and problem solutions and viewgraphs for instructors. This is an essential text for senior undergraduate and graduate students looking to learn the fundamentals of imaging spectroscopy, and an invaluable reference for scientists and engineers working in the field.Trade Review'The authors have done a masterful job of integrating and presenting the diverse subjects that form the foundation of the field of hyperspectral imaging and applications. This comprehensive textbook will clearly become one of the standard references for all who wish to learn about both fundamentals and advanced applications in this important field.' Charles Bachmann, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York'An extraordinarily comprehensive treatment of hyperspectral remote sensing by three of the field's noted authorities. An indispensable reference for those new to the field and for the seasoned professional.' Ronald G. Resmini, George Mason University, Virginia'The authors have offered a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of hyperspectral imaging modalities. A wide readership, including scientists and graduate students involved with spectral imaging modalities, could benefit from this book.' Axel Mainzer Koenig, Optics and PhotonicsTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The remote sensing environment; 3. Spectral properties of materials; 4. Imaging spectrometers; 5. Imaging spectrometer characterization and data calibration; 6. Radiative transfer and atmospheric compensation; 7. Statistical models for spectral data; 8. Linear spectral transformations; 9. Spectral mixture analysis; 10. Signal detection theory; 11. Hyperspectral data exploitation; Appendix. Introduction to Gaussian optics.

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Book SynopsisWritten by the concept's pioneers, this is the first complete guide to the physical and engineering principles of Massive MIMO. Richly illustrated by numerous case studies, it covers key topics such as propagation models, channel modeling, and cell analysis, and stresses capacity bounds. Problem sets and solutions are provided online.Trade Review'Massive MIMO has, over the past few years, become one of the hottest research topics in wireless, and will be a key component of 5G. This book is written by pioneers of the area in a systematic and lucid way, and works out the fundamentals without getting lost in the details. I highly recommend it to anybody working in this field.' Andreas Molisch, University of Southern California, Los Angeles'Bright and profound, this book provides the fundamentals to understand the unique capabilities of Massive MIMO and illustrates the benefits for specific use cases. The authors are scientific pioneers and masters in explaining and sharing their proficiency in this book: it is an intellectual treat for everyone fascinated by Massive MIMO technology!' Liesbet van der Perre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium'A very timely text by some of the 'founding fathers' of massive MIMO. This is a great book for both the beginner, with its simple but enlightening examples, as well as a great reference text for the more experienced engineer. The book is concise and to the point, and the summary and key points at the end of each chapter make it easy to focus your reading. Highly recommended for those that want to get an in-depth understanding of massive MIMO without spending months doing so.' Lee Swindlehurst, University of California, Irvine'The book Fundamentals of Massive MIMO elegantly combines the basic principles of large multi-user MIMO wireless systems with practical case studies, which makes it useful for both researchers and practitioners. The fact that the book is fully self-contained also makes it an excellent teaching resource. There is no doubt that it will become the standard reference on massive MIMO.' Christoph Studer, Cornell University'Massive MIMO will dramatically change the way we use multiple antenna technologies in next generation mobile wireless cellular systems, offering new potential for effective interference mitigation while maximizing spectral efficiency; this book, written by a group of experts in the field including the inventor of this new and exciting technology himself, will prove to be an invaluable reference for every wireless communications engineer.' Stephan ten Brink, University of Stuttgart, Germany'This is an excellent book on a very timely topic, written by some of the top researchers in the area of massive MIMO. I would encourage researchers, students and practicing engineers to consult this book.' Rick S. Blum, Lehigh University, PennsylvaniaTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Models and preliminaries; 3. Single-cell systems; 4. Multi-cell systems; 5. Power control principles; 6. Case studies; 7. The Massive MIMO propagation channel; 8. Final notes and future directions.

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Book SynopsisBy the end of the nineteenth century the global telegraph network had connected all continents and brought distant people into direct communication 'at the speed of thought' for the first time. Roland Wenzlhuemer here examines the links between the development of the telegraph and the paths of globalization, and the ways in which global spaces were transformed by this technological advance. His groundbreaking approach combines cultural studies with social science methodology, including evidence based on historical GIS mapping, to shed new light on both the structural conditions of the global telegraph network and the historical agency of its users. The book reveals what it meant for people to be telegraphically connected or unconnected, how people engaged with the technology, how the use of telegraphy affected communication itself and, ultimately, whether faster communication alone can explain the central role that telegraphy occupied in nineteenth-century globalization.Trade Review'Wenzlhuemer's Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World is an important and useful book for historians of technology and capitalism. I wish it had been available when I wrote my own on the American telegraph industry.' David Hochfelder, ICON: Journal of the International Committee for the History of Technology'… a well written and entertaining story about the technological development and the sociocultural impact of the actors and the structures of the telegraph in a globalising world in the second half of the nineteenth century.' Michael Mann, H-Soz-u-KultTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. The telegraph and globalization; 3. The technological history of telegraphy; 4. Telegraphy in context; 5. The global telegraph network; 6. Global centres and peripheries; 7. The British telegraph network; 8. The British Indian telegraph network; 9. Conclusion; Bibliography; Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThe American inventor Samuel Morse (1791â1872) spent decades fighting to be recognised for his key role in devising the electromagnetic telegraph. While he will always be remembered in the history of telecommunications, and for co-developing the code which bears his name, Morse started out as a painter and also involved himself in matters of politics over the course of his career. Published in 1914, this two-volume collection of personal papers was edited by his son, who provides helpful commentary throughout, illuminating the struggles and successes of a remarkable life. Volume 1 includes observations made in Europe while Morse studied painting. During the Napoleonic wars, he writes letters home describing the rising level of crime and social unrest in London, mentioning that he sleeps with a pistol. He is in London when Spencer Perceval is assassinated and later writes of meeting Turner, 'the best landscape painter living'.Table of ContentsPreface; 1. April 27, 1791–September 8, 1810; 2. October 31, 1810–August 17, 1811; 3. August 24, 1811–December 1, 1811; 4. January 18, 1812–August 6, 1812; 5. September 20, 1812–June 13, 1813; 6. July 10, 1813–April 6, 1814; 7. May 2, 1814–October 11, 1814; 8. November 9, 1814–April 23, 1815; 9. May 3, 1815–October 18, 1815; 10. April 10, 1816–October 5, 1818; 11. November 19, 1818–March 31, 1821; 12. May 23, 1821–December 17, 1824; 13. January 4, 1825–November 18, 1825; 14. January 1, 1826–December 5, 1829; 15. December 6, 1829–February 6, 1830; 16. February 6, 1820–June 15, 1830; 17. June 17, 1830–February 2, 1831; 18. February 10, 1831–September 12, 1831; 19. September 18, 1831–September 21, 1832; 20. End of Volume 1.

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Book SynopsisWritten by authors whose products have been deployed in service provider networks, Path Routing in Mesh Optical Networks combines both theoretical aspects as well as practical aspects of routing and dimensioning for mesh optical networks. The book covers most aspects of routing path-protected connections in restorable mesh optical networks.Trade Review"Lecturers of advanced-communications courses, graduate students, and researchers will profit most from reading this book." (IEEE Communications, October 2008)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Foreword. Preface. 1 Optical Networking. 1.1 Evolution of Optical Network Architectures. 1.1.1 Transparent Networks. 1.1.2 Opaque Networks. 1.1.3 Translucent Networks. 1.2 Layered Network Architecture. 1.2.1 Optical Layer. 1.2.2 Logical Layer. 1.2.3 Service/Application Layer. 1.3 Multi-Tier Optical Layer. 1.3.1 One-Tier Network Architecture. 1.3.2 Two-Tier Network Architecture. 1.3.3 Network Scalability. 1.4 The Current State of Optical Networks. 1.5 Organization of the Book. 2 Recovery in Optical Networks. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Failure Recovery. 2.3 Fault Recovery Classifications. 2.4 Protection of Point-to-Point Systems. 2.4.1 (1 + 1) Protection. 2.4.2 (1 : 1) Protection. 2.4.3 (M :N) Protection. 2.5 Ring-Based Protection. 2.5.1 Failure Recovery in SONET Networks with Ring Topologies. 2.5.2 Ring-Based Failure Recovery in Optical Networks with Mesh Topologies. 2.6 Path-Based Protection. 2.6.1 Dedicated Backup Path Protection (DBPP) in Mesh Networks. 2.6.2 Shared Back Path Protection (SBPP) in Mesh Networks. 2.7 Link/Span-Based Protection. 2.8 Segment-Based Protection. 2.9 Island-Based Protection. 2.10 Mesh Network Restoration. 2.10.1 Centralized Restoration Techniques. 2.10.2 Distributed Restoration Techniques. 2.11 Multi-Layer Recovery. 2.12 Recovery Triggers and Signaling Mechanisms. 2.13 Conclusion. 3 Mesh Routing and Recovery Framework. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Mesh Protection and Recovery Techniques. 3.2.1 Link-Based Protection. 3.2.2 Path-Based Protection. 3.2.3 Segment-Based Protection. 3.3 Concept of Shared Risk Groups. 3.3.1 Shared Link Risk Groups. 3.3.2 Shared Node Risk Groups. 3.3.3 Shared Equipment Risk Groups. 3.4 Centralized vs Distributed Routing. 3.4.1 Centralized Routing. 3.4.2 Distributed Routing. 3.4.3 Centralized vs Distributed Routing Performance Results. 3.5 Conclusion. 4 Path Routing and Protection. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Routing in Path-Protected Mesh Networks. 4.3 Protection in Path-Protected Mesh Networks. 4.3.1 Dedicated Backup Path-Protected Lightpaths. 4.3.2 Shared Backup Path-Protected Lightpaths. 4.3.3 Preemptible Lightpaths. 4.3.4 Diverse Unprotected Lightpaths with Dual-Homing. 4.3.5 Multiple Simultaneous Backup Path-Protected Lightpaths. 4.3.6 Relaxing the Protection Guarantees. 4.3.7 Impact of Multi-Port Card Diversity Constraints. 4.4 Experiments and Capacity Performance Results. 4.4.1 Performance Results for Path-Based Protection Techniques. 4.4.2 Experiments with Multi-Port Card Diversity. 4.5 Recovery Time Analysis. 4.6 Recovery Time and Capacity Trade-Offs. 4.7 Conclusion. 5 Path Routing – Part 1: Complexity. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Network Topology Abstraction. 5.2.1 Service Definition. 5.2.2 Operational Models: Online vs Offline Routing. 5.3 Shortest-Path Routing. 5.3.1 Dijkstra’s Algorithm. 5.3.2 Dijkstra’s Algorithm Generalization to K-Shortest Paths. 5.3.3 Shortest-Path Routing with Constraints. 5.4 Diverse-Path Routing. 5.4.1 SRG Types. 5.4.2 Diverse-Path Routing with Default SRGs. 5.4.3 Diverse-Path Routing with Fork SRGs. 5.4.4 Diverse-Path Routing with General SRGs. 5.5 Shared Backup Path Protection Routing. 5.5.1 Protection Guarantees and Rules of Sharing. 5.5.2 Complexity of Shared Backup Path Protection Routing. 5.6 Routing ILP. 5.6.1 ILP Description. 5.6.2 Implementation Experience. 5.7 Conclusion. 5.8 Appendix. 5.8.1 Complexity of Diverse-Path Routing with General SRGs. 5.8.2 Complexity of SBPP Routing. 6 Path Routing – Part 2: Heuristics. 6.1 Introduction. 6.1.1 Operational Models: Centralized vs Distributed Routing. 6.1.2 Topology Modeling Example. 6.2 Motivating Problems. 6.2.1 Heuristic Techniques. 6.3 K-Shortest Path Routing. 6.3.1 Yen’s K-Shortest Path Algorithm. 6.3.2 Constrained Shortest-Path Routing. 6.4 Diverse-Path Routing. 6.4.1 Best-Effort Path Diversity. 6.5 Shared Backup Path Protection Routing. 6.5.1 Sharing-Independent Routing Heuristic. 6.5.2 Sharing-Dependent Routing Heuristic. 6.6 Routing Preemptible Services. 6.7 General Constrained Routing Framework. 6.7.1 Implementation Experience. 6.8 Conclusion. 7 Enhanced Routing Model for SBPP Services. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Routing Metric. 7.3 Routing Algorithm. 7.4 Experiments. 7.4.1 Effect of . 7.4.2 Effect of α. 7.5 Conclusion. 8 Controlling Sharing for SBPP Services. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Express Links. 8.2.1 Routing with Express Links. 8.2.2 Analysis and Results. 8.2.3 Express Links–Conclusion. 8.3 Limiting Sharing. 8.3.1 Example. 8.3.2 Solution Alternatives. 8.3.3 Analysis of Capping. 8.3.4 Analysis of Load-Balancing. 8.3.5 Limiting Sharing–Conclusion. 8.4 Analysis of Active Reprovisioning. 8.4.1 Evaluation of Active Reprovisioning. 8.4.2 Active Reprovisioning–Conclusion. 8.5 Conclusion. 9 Path Computation with Partial Information. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Complexity of the Deterministic Approach. 9.2.1 Complexity of the Failure Dependent Strategy. 9.2.2 Complexity of the Failure Independent Strategy. 9.3 Probabilistic Approach. 9.3.1 A Problem of Combinations. 9.3.2 Analogy with SRG Arrangement into a Set of Backup Channels. 9.4 Probabilistic Routing Algorithm with Partial Information. 9.5 Locally Optimized Channel Selection. 9.5.1 Shared Mesh Protection Provisioning Using Vertex Coloring. 9.5.2 Implementation and Applications. 9.6 Required Extensions to Routing Protocols. 9.7 Experiments and Performance Results. 9.7.1 Accuracy and Distributions of Probability Functions. 9.7.2 Comparison of Deterministic vs ProbabilisticWeight Functions on Real Networks. 9.7.3 Benefits of Locally Optimized Lightpath Provisioning. 9.7.4 Summary. 9.8 Conclusion. 10 Path Reoptimization. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Routing Algorithm. 10.2.1 Cost model. 10.2.2 Online Routing Algorithm. 10.3 Reoptimization Algorithm. 10.4 The Complexity of Reoptimization. 10.4.1 No Prior Placement of Protection Channels or Primary Paths. 10.4.2 Prior Placement of Protection Channels or Primary Paths. 10.5 Experiments. 10.5.1 Calibration. 10.5.2 Real Networks. 10.5.3 Static Network Infrastructure. 10.5.4 Growing Network Infrastructure. 10.5.5 Network Dynamics. 10.6 Conclusion. 11 Dimensioning of Path-Protected Mesh Networks. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Network and Traffic Modeling. 11.3 Mesh Network Characteristics. 11.3.1 Path Length Analysis. 11.3.2 Protection-to-Working Capacity Ratio Analysis. 11.3.3 Sharing Analysis. 11.4 Asymptotic Behavior of the Protection-to-Working Capacity Ratio. 11.4.1 Examples. 11.4.2 General Results. 11.5 Dimensioning Mesh Optical Networks. 11.5.1 Node Model and Traffic Conservation Equations. 11.5.2 Dimensioning Examples and Results. 11.6 The Network Global Expectation Model. 11.7 Accuracy of Analytical Estimates. 11.8 Recovery Time Performance. 11.9 Conclusion. 12 Service Availability in Path-Protected Mesh Networks. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Network Service Availability. 12.2.1 Motivation. 12.2.2 Focus on Dual-Failure Scenarios. 12.2.3 Reliability and Availability. 12.3 Service Availability in Path-Protected Mesh Networks. 12.3.1 Dual-Failure Recoverability. 12.3.2 A Markov Model Approach to Service Availability. 12.3.3 Modeling Sharing of Backup Channels. 12.3.4 Impact of Channel Protection. 12.3.5 Impact of Reprovisioning. 12.4 Availability in Single and Multiple Domains. 12.4.1 Network Recovery Architecture–Single Domain. 12.4.2 Network Recovery Architecture–Multiple Domains. 12.4.3 Results and Discussion. 12.4.4 A Simple Model. 12.5 Availability in Ring and Path-Protected Networks. 12.5.1 Ring Availability Analysis. 12.5.2 Results and Discussion. 12.5.3 The Simple Model Again. 12.6 Conclusion. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisSignal processing is now a multidisciplinary topic, and one that has applications in many fields including, but not limited to, science, engineering, medicine, finance and the behavioural sciences. Modern software libraries that include dedicated languages and packages designed to simplify the development and application of signal processing techniques are now readily available; however this ease of application means that an understanding of the various techniques is imperative. It is critical that the student or practitioner is able to choose an appropriate processing technique, be aware of potential errors involved and understand how to control them. Discover Signal Processing exploits the rationale of learning by doing; actually attempting and performing a task is the most effective way to remember and understand. It presents the reader with a diverse range of exercises; some intended to recall or practice simple concepts, others more complex & aimed at developing a real Table of ContentsPreface. About the Author. Notation. Part A: The Exercises. 1 Introduction. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 1.1. Exercise 1.2. Solutions and Summaries. 2 Signals. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 2.1. Exercise 2.2. Exercise 2.3. Exercise 2.4. Solutions and Summaries. 3 Fourier Methods. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 3.1. Exercise 3.2. Exercise 3.3. Exercise 3.4. Exercise 3.5. Exercise 3.6. Exercise 3.7. Exercise 3.8. Exercise 3.9. Exercise 3.10. Exercise 3.11. Exercise 3.12. Solutions and Summaries. 4 Linear Systems. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 4.1. Exercise 4.2. Exercise 4.3. Solutions and Summaries. 5 Filters. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 5.1. Exercise 5.2. Exercise 5.3. Exercise 5.4. Solutions and Summaries. 6 Time Domain Averaging (TDA). Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 6.1. Exercise 6.2. Exercise 6.3. Exercise 6.4. Solutions and Summaries. 7 Spectral Analysis. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 7.1(a). Exercise 7.1(b). Exercise 7.2. Exercise 7.3. Exercise 7.4. Exercise 7.5. Exercise 7.6. Exercise 7.7. Exercise 7.8. Exercise 7.9. Solutions and Summaries. 8 Envelope Detection. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 8.1. Solutions and Summaries. 9 The Spectrogram. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 9.1. Exercise 9.2. Solutions and Summaries. 10 Sampling. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 10.1. Exercise 10.2. Exercise 10.3. Exercise 10.4. Solutions and Summaries. 11 Identifi cation – Transfer Functions. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 11.1. Exercise 11.2. Exercise 11.3. Exercise 11.4. Solutions and Summaries. 12 Model-based Signal Processing. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 12.1. Exercise 12.2. Exercise 12.3. Solutions and Summaries. 13 Diagnostic Applications for Rotating Machines. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 13.1. Exercise 13.2. Exercise 13.3. Exercise 13.4. Exercise 13.5. Solutions and Summaries. 14 Systems with Delays. Overview. The Exercises. Exercise 14.1. Exercise 14.2. Exercise 14.3. Solutions and Summaries. Part B. 1 Introduction. 1.1 General Objectives. 1.2 Basic Processing. 1.3 Why the Frequency Domain? 1.4 An Introductory Example. 2 Introduction to Signals. 2.1 Signal Classification. 2.2 Signal Descriptions. 2.3 Correlation Functions. 2.4 Estimation and Errors. 3 Fourier Methods. 3.1 Fourier Series. 3.2 Fourier (Integral) Transform. 3.3 The Uncertainty Principle. 3.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). 3.5 The DFT and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). 3.6 Discontinuities and Windows. 4 Linear Systems. 4.1 Continuous Systems. 4.2 Discrete Systems. 4.3 A Specifi c Case of a Continuous Linear Systems – Accelerometers. Appendix 4.A The Lightly Damped SDOF System. 5 Filters. 5.1 Preliminaries. 5.2 Analog and Digital Filters. 5.3 Filter Classifi cation and Specifications. 5.4 IIR Filters. 5.5 FIR Filters. 5.6 The Importance of Linear Phase Filters. 5.7 Design Tools. 6 Time Domain Averaging (Synchronous Averaging). 6.1 Principle. 6.2 Rejection of Nonsynchronous Components. 6.3 TDA with Decaying Memory Process. 7 Spectral Analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Representation of Signals in the Frequency Domain. 7.3 Errors and their Control. 7.4 Spectral Analysis: Practical Considerations. 8 Envelopes. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Hilbert Transform (HT). 8.3 Analytic Signals. 8.4 Narrow Band (NB) Signals and their Envelope. 9 The Spectrogram. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Time Frequency Methods. 9.3 The Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) and the Spectrogram. 10 Data Acquisition. 10.1 Data Acquisition and Signal Processing Systems. 10.2 Amplitude Quantization. 10.3 Quantization in Time: The Sampling Theorem. 10.4 Antialiasing Filters. 11 Input/Output Identifi cation. 11.1 Objectives and Overview. 11.2 Frequency Domain Identifi cation: The Noiseless Case. 11.3 Identifi cation with Noise Corrupted Signals. 11.4 Error Mechanisms and their Control in the Identifi cation Process. 11.5 Estimation Errors for the Coherence Function. 12 Model-based Signal Processing. 12.1 General. 12.2 Signal Models. 12.3 Modeling of Signals. 12.4 Model-based Spectral Analysis. 12.5 Model or Selection. 12.6 Model-based Diagnostics. Appendix 12.A The Correlation Matrix. 13 Machinery Diagnostics: Bearings and Gears. 13.1 Diagnostics and Rotating Machinery. 13.2 Structural Effects. 13.3 Rotating Imbalance. 13.4 Modeling of Roller Bearing Vibration Signals. 13.5 Bearing Vibrations: Structural Effects and Envelopes. 13.6 Modeling of Gear Vibration Signals. 14 Delays and Echoes. 14.1 System with Pure Delays. 14.2 Correlation Functions. 14.3 Cepstral Analysis. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the state-of-the-art in visual media coding and transmission Visual Media Coding and Transmission is an output of VISNET II NoE, which is an EC IST-FP6 collaborative research project by twelve esteemed institutions from across Europe in the fields of networked audiovisual systems and home platforms.Table of ContentsVISNET II Researchers xiii Preface xv Glossary of Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 2 Video Coding Principles 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Redundancy in Video Signals 7 2.3 Fundamentals of Video Compression 8 2.3.1 Video Signal Representation and Picture Structure 8 2.3.2 Removing Spatial Redundancy 9 2.3.3 Removing Temporal Redundancy 14 2.3.4 Basic Video Codec Structure 16 2.4 Advanced Video Compression Techniques 17 2.4.1 Frame Types 17 2.4.2 MC Accuracy 19 2.4.3 MB Mode Selection 20 2.4.4 Integer Transform 21 2.4.5 Intra Prediction 22 2.4.6 Deblocking Filters 22 2.4.7 Multiple Reference Frames and Hierarchical Coding 24 2.4.8 Error-Robust Video Coding 24 2.5 Video Codec Standards 28 2.5.1 Standardization Bodies 28 2.5.2 ITU Standards 29 2.5.3 MPEG Standards 29 2.5.4 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC 31 2.6 Assessment of Video Quality 31 2.6.1 Subjective Performance Evaluation 31 2.6.2 Objective Performance Evaluation 32 2.7 Conclusions 35 References 36 3 Scalable Video Coding 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.1.1 Applications and Scenarios 40 3.2 Overview of the State of the Art 41 3.2.1 Scalable Coding Techniques 42 3.2.2 Multiple Description Coding 45 3.2.3 Stereoscopic 3D Video Coding 47 3.3 Scalable Video Coding Techniques 48 3.3.1 Scalable Coding for Shape, Texture, and Depth for 3D Video 48 3.3.2 3D Wavelet Coding 68 3.4 Error Robustness for Scalable Video and Image Coding 74 3.4.1 Correlated Frames for Error Robustness 74 3.4.2 Odd–Even Frame Multiple Description Coding for Scalable H.264/AVC 82 3.4.3 Wireless JPEG 2000: JPWL 91 3.4.4 JPWL Simulation Results 94 3.4.5 Towards a Theoretical Approach for Optimal Unequal Error Protection 96 3.5 Conclusions 98 References 99 4 Distributed Video Coding 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.1.1 The Video Codec Complexity Balance 106 4.2 Distributed Source Coding 109 4.2.1 The Slepian–Wolf Theorem 109 4.2.2 The Wyner–Ziv Theorem 110 4.2.3 DVC Codec Architecture 111 4.2.4 Input Bitstream Preparation – Quantization and Bit Plane Extraction 112 4.2.5 Turbo Encoder 112 4.2.6 Parity Bit Puncturer 114 4.2.7 Side Information 114 4.2.8 Turbo Decoder 115 4.2.9 Reconstruction: Inverse Quantization 116 4.2.10 Key Frame Coding 117 4.3 Stopping Criteria for a Feedback Channel-based Transform Domain Wyner–Ziv Video Codec 118 4.3.1 Proposed Technical Solution 118 4.3.2 Performance Evaluation 120 4.4 Rate-distortion Analysis of Motion-compensated Interpolation at the Decoder in Distributed Video Coding 122 4.4.1 Proposed Technical Solution 122 4.4.2 Performance Evaluation 126 4.5 Nonlinear Quantization Technique for Distributed Video Coding 129 4.5.1 Proposed Technical Solution 129 4.5.2 Performance Evaluation 132 4.6 Symmetric Distributed Coding of Stereo Video Sequences 134 4.6.1 Proposed Technical Solution 134 4.6.2 Performance Evaluation 137 4.7 Studying Error-resilience Performance for a Feedback Channel-based Transform Domain Wyner–Ziv Video Codec 139 4.7.1 Proposed Technical Solution 139 4.7.2 Performance Evaluation 140 4.8 Modeling the DVC Decoder for Error-prone Wireless Channels 144 4.8.1 Proposed Technical Solution 145 4.8.2 Performance Evaluation 149 4.9 Error Concealment Using a DVC Approach for Video Streaming Applications 151 4.9.1 Proposed Technical Solution 152 4.9.2 Performance Evaluation 155 4.10 Conclusions 158 References 159 5 Non-normative Video Coding Tools 161 5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Overview of the State of the Art 162 5.2.1 Rate Control 162 5.2.2 Error Resilience 164 5.3 Rate Control Architecture for Joint MVS Encoding and Transcoding 165 5.3.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 165 5.3.2 Proposed Technical Solution 166 5.3.3 Performance Evaluation 169 5.3.4 Conclusions 171 5.4 Bit Allocation and Buffer Control for MVS Encoding Rate Control 171 5.4.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 171 5.4.2 Proposed Technical Approach 172 5.4.3 Performance Evaluation 177 5.4.4 Conclusions 179 5.5 Optimal Rate Allocation for H.264/AVC Joint MVS Transcoding 179 5.5.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 179 5.5.2 Proposed Technical Solution 180 5.5.3 Performance Evaluation 181 5.5.4 Conclusions 182 5.6 Spatio-temporal Scene-level Error Concealment for Segmented Video 182 5.6.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 182 5.6.2 Proposed Technical Solution 183 5.6.3 Performance Evaluation 187 5.6.4 Conclusions 188 5.7 An Integrated Error-resilient Object-based Video Coding Architecture 189 5.7.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 189 5.7.2 Proposed Technical Solution 189 5.7.3 Performance Evaluation 195 5.7.4 Conclusions 195 5.8 A Robust FMO Scheme for H.264/AVC Video Transcoding 195 5.8.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 195 5.8.2 Proposed Technical Solution 195 5.8.3 Performance Evaluation 197 5.8.4 Conclusions 198 5.9 Conclusions 199 References 199 6 Transform-based Multi-view Video Coding 203 6.1 Introduction 203 6.2 MVC Encoder Complexity Reduction using a Multi-grid Pyramidal Approach 205 6.2.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 205 6.2.2 Proposed Technical Solution 205 6.2.3 Conclusions and Further Work 208 6.3 Inter-view Prediction using Reconstructed Disparity Information 208 6.3.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 208 6.3.2 Proposed Technical Solution 208 6.3.3 Performance Evaluation 210 6.3.4 Conclusions and Further Work 211 6.4 Multi-view Coding via Virtual View Generation 212 6.4.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 212 6.4.2 Proposed Technical Solution 212 6.4.3 Performance Evaluation 215 6.4.4 Conclusions and Further Work 216 6.5 Low-delay Random View Access in Multi-view Coding Using a Bit Rate-adaptive Downsampling Approach 216 6.5.1 Problem Definition and Objectives 216 6.5.2 Proposed Technical Solution 216 6.5.3 Performance Evaluation 219 6.5.4 Conclusions and Further Work 222 References 222 7 Introduction to Multimedia Communications 225 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 State of the Art: Wireless Multimedia Communications 228 7.2.1 QoS in Wireless Networks 228 7.2.2 Constraints on Wireless Multimedia Communications 231 7.2.3 Multimedia Compression Technologies 234 7.2.4 Multimedia Transmission Issues in Wireless Networks 235 7.2.5 Resource Management Strategy in Wireless Multimedia Communications 239 7.3 Conclusions 244 References 244 8 Wireless Channel Models 247 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 GPRS/EGPRS Channel Simulator 247 8.2.1 GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) 247 8.2.2 GPRS Physical Link Layer Model Description 250 8.2.3 EGPRS Physical Link Layer Model Description 252 8.2.4 GPRS Physical Link Layer Simulator 256 8.2.5 EGPRS Physical Link Layer Simulator 261 8.2.6 E/GPRS Radio Interface Data Flow Model 268 8.2.7 Real-time GERAN Emulator 270 8.2.8 Conclusion 271 8.3 UMTS Channel Simulator 272 8.3.1 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 272 8.3.2 UMTS Physical Link Layer Model Description 279 8.3.3 Model Verification for Forward Link 290 8.3.4 UMTS Physical Link Layer Simulator 298 8.3.5 Performance Enhancement Techniques 307 8.3.6 UMTS Radio Interface Data Flow Model 309 8.3.7 Real-time UTRAN Emulator 312 8.3.8 Conclusion 313 8.4 WiMAX IEEE 802.16e Modeling 316 8.4.1 Introduction 316 8.4.2 WIMAX System Description 317 8.4.3 Physical Layer Simulation Results and Analysis 323 8.4.4 Error Pattern Files Generation 324 8.5 Conclusions 328 8.6 Appendix: Eb/No and DPCH_Ec/Io Calculation 329 References 330 9 Enhancement Schemes for Multimedia Transmission over Wireless Networks 333 9.1 Introduction 333 9.1.1 3G Real-time Audiovisual Requirements 333 9.1.2 Video Transmission over Mobile Communication Systems 335 9.1.3 Circuit-switched Bearers 339 9.1.4 Packet-switched Bearers 348 9.1.5 Video Communications over GPRS 350 9.1.6 GPRS Traffic Capacity 351 9.1.7 Error Performance 354 9.1.8 Video Communications over EGPRS 357 9.1.9 Traffic Characteristics 357 9.1.10 Error Performance 358 9.1.11 Voice Communication over Mobile Channels 359 9.1.12 Support of Voice over UMTS Networks 360 9.1.13 Error-free Performance 361 9.1.14 Error-prone Performance 362 9.1.15 Support of Voice over GPRS Networks 362 9.1.16 Conclusion 363 9.2 Link-level Quality Adaptation Techniques 365 9.2.1 Performance Modeling 365 9.2.2 Probability Calculation 367 9.2.3 Distortion Modeling 368 9.2.4 Propagation Loss Modeling 368 9.2.5 Energy-optimized UEP Scheme 369 9.2.6 Simulation Setup 370 9.2.7 Performance Analysis 372 9.2.8 Conclusion 373 9.3 Link Adaptation for Video Services 373 9.3.1 Time-varying Channel Model Design 374 9.3.2 Link Adaptation for Real-time Video Communications 379 9.3.3 Link Adaptation for Streaming Video Communications 389 9.3.4 Link Adaptation for UMTS 396 9.3.5 Conclusion 402 9.4 User-centric Radio Resource Management in UTRAN 403 9.4.1 Enhanced Call-admission Control Scheme 403 9.4.2 Implementation of UTRAN System-level Simulator 403 9.4.3 Performance Evaluation of Enhanced CAC Scheme 410 9.5 Conclusions 411 References 413 10 Quality Optimization for Cross-network Media Communications 417 10.1 Introduction 417 10.2 Generic Inter-networked QoS-optimization Infrastructure 418 10.2.1 State of the Art 418 10.2.2 Generic of QoS for Heterogeneous Networks 420 10.3 Implementation of a QoS-optimized Inter-networked Emulator 422 10.3.1 Emulation System Physical Link Layer Simulation 426 10.3.2 Emulation System Transmitter/Receiver Unit 428 10.3.3 QoS Mapping Architecture 428 10.3.4 General User Interface 438 10.4 Performances of Video Transmission in Inter-networked Systems 442 10.4.1 Experimental Setup 442 10.4.2 Test for the EDGE System 443 10.4.3 Test for the UMTS System 445 10.4.4 Tests for the EDGE-to-UMTS System 445 10.5 Conclusions 452 References 453 11 Context-based Visual Media Content Adaptation 455 11.1 Introduction 455 11.2 Overview of the State of the Art in Context-aware Content Adaptation 457 11.2.1 Recent Developments in Context-aware Systems 457 11.2.2 Standardization Efforts on Contextual Information for Content Adaptation 467 11.3 Other Standardization Efforts by the IETF and W3C 476 11.4 Summary of Standardization Activities 479 11.4.1 Integrating Digital Rights Management (DRM) with Adaptation 480 11.4.2 Existing DRM Initiatives 480 11.4.3 The New ‘‘Adaptation Authorization’’ Concept 481 11.4.4 Adaptation Decision 482 11.4.5 Context-based Content Adaptation 488 11.5 Generation of Contextual Information and Profiling 492 11.5.1 Types and Representations of Contextual Information 492 11.5.2 Context Providers and Profiling 494 11.5.3 User Privacy 497 11.5.4 Generation of Contextual Information 498 11.6 The Application Scenario for Context-based Adaptation of Governed Media Contents 499 11.6.1 Virtual Classroom Application Scenario 500 11.6.2 Mechanisms using Contextual Information in a Virtual Collaboration Application 502 11.6.3 Ontologies in Context-aware Content Adaptation 503 11.6.4 System Architecture of a Scalable Platform for Context-aware and DRM-enabled Content Adaptation 504 11.6.5 Context Providers 507 11.6.6 Adaptation Decision Engine 510 11.6.7 Adaptation Authorization 514 11.6.8 Adaptation Engines Stack 517 11.6.9 Interfaces between Modules of the Content Adaptation Platform 544 11.7 Conclusions 552 References 553 Index 559

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Book SynopsisCovers the architectural, topological and protocol issues regarding optical Local Area Networks (LANs). This book presents the class of adaptive protocols for optical LANs, and the Media-Access Control protocols. It is useful for undergraduate and graduate computer science, computer, electrical and telecommunications engineering students.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. Advantages of Optical Fibre as a Transmission Medium. Basic Multiplexing Techniques. Evolution of Optical Networking?Major Technological Milestones. First Generation Optical Networks. Second Generation Optical Networks?Main Classes. A Closer Look at WDM Broadcast-and-Select Local Area Networks. 2. Enabling Technologies. Introduction. Classes of Optical Networks. Optical Network Components. Summary. 3. Medium Access Control Protocols. Fixed-Assignment Protocols. Random Access Protocols. Pretransmission Coordination-Based Protocols. 4. Adaptive Protocols. Adaptive TDMA Protocols. Adaptive Random Access Protocols. Adaptive Pretransmission Coordination Protocols. Centralized Packet Filtering Protocols. Index.

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Book SynopsisWithin the set of many identifier-locator separation designs for the Internet, HIP has progressed further than anything else we have so far. It is time to see what HIP can do in larger scale in the real world. In order to make that happen, the world needs a HIP book, and now we have it. - Jari Arkko, Internet Area Director, IETF One of the challenges facing the current Internet architecture is the incorporation of mobile and multi-homed terminals (hosts), and an overall lack of protection against Denial-of-Service attacks and identity spoofing. The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is being developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as an integrated solution to these problems. The book presents a well-structured, readable and compact overview of the core protocol with relevant extensions to the Internet architecture and infrastructure. The covered topics include the Bound End-to-End Tunnel Mode for IPsec, Overlay Routable Cryptographic Hash Identifiers, extensTrade Review"I recommend this book to all software writers and engineers who are working in the context of mobile IP, IPv6, and the future internet. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students who are interested in discovering a practical and challenging application of identity management models and cryptographic protocols will also benefit from this book." (Computing Reviews, May 5, 2009)Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Foreword. (Jari Arkko) Foreword. (David Hutchison) Preface. Acknowledgments. Abbreviations. Part I Introduction. Chapter 1: Overview. 1.1 Identifierâ??locatorsplit. 1.2 HIPin the Internetarchitecture. 1.3 BriefhistoryofHIP. 1.4 Organization of the book. Chapter 2: Introduction to network security. 2.1 Goalsof cryptographicprotocols. 2.2 Basics andterminology. 2.3 Attacktypes. 2.4 Defensemechanisms. 2.5 Securityprotocols. 2.6 Weakauthenticationtechniques. 2.7 SecureDNS. Part II The Host Identity Protocol. Chapter 3: Architectural overview. 3.1 Internet namespaces. 3.2 Methods of identifying a host. 3.3 OverlayRoutableCryptographicHashIdentifiers. Chapter 4: Baseprotocol. 4.1 Base exchange. 4.2 OtherHIPcontrolpackets. 4.3 IPsec encapsulation. Chapter 5: Main extensions. 5.1 Mobility and multihoming. 5.2 Rendezvous server. 5.3 DNSextensions. 5.4 Registrationprotocol. Chapter 6: Advanced extensions. 6.1 Opportunistic mode. 6.2 Piggybacking transport headers to base exchange. 6.3 HIPservicediscovery. 6.4 Simultaneous multiaccess. 6.5 DisseminatingHITswitha presenceservice. 6.6 Multicast. Chapter 7: Performance measurements. 7.1 HIPonNokia InternetTablet. 7.2 Experimental results. 7.3 Summary. Chapter 8: Lightweight HIP. 8.1 Security functionality of HIP. 8.2 HIPhigh-levelgoals. 8.3 LHIPdesign. 8.4 LHIPperformance. 8.5 Discussion. Part III Infrastructure Support. Chapter 9: Middlebox traversal. 9.1 Requirements for traversinglegacymiddleboxes. 9.2 LegacyNATtraversal. 9.3 Requirements forHIP-awaremiddleboxes. 9.4 HIP-awarefirewall. Chapter 10: Name resolution. 10.1 Problemstatementofnaming. 10.2 DistributedHashTables. 10.3 HIPinterface toOpenDHT. 10.4 Overviewofoverlaynetworks. 10.5 Host Identity Indirection Infrastructure. 10.5.1 Separatingcontrol,data, andnaming. 10.5.2 Thedata plane. 10.5.3 Thecontrolplane. 10.5.4 Discussionof theHi3design. Chapter 11: Micromobility. 11.1 Local rendezvousservers. 11.2 Secure micromobility. 11.3 Network mobility. Chapter 12: Communication privacy. 12.1 SPINAT. 12.2 BLIND. 12.3 Anonymousidentifiers. Part IV Applications. Chapter 13: Possible HIP applications. 13.1 VirtualPrivateNetworking. 13.2 P2PInternetSharingArchitecture. 13.3 InteroperatingIPv4andIPv6. 13.4 SecureMobileArchitecture. 13.5 Liveapplicationmigration. 13.6 NetworkoperatorviewpointonHIP. Chapter 14: Application interface. 14.1 UsinglegacyapplicationswithHIP. 14.2 API fornativeHIPapplications. Chapter 15: Integrating HIP with other protocols. 15.1 GeneralizedHIP. 15.2 The use of Session Initiation Protocol. 15.3 EncapsulatingHIPdatausingSRTP. 15.4 ReplacingHIPbase exchangewithIKEv2. 15.5 MobileIPandHIP. 15.6 HIPproxyfor legacyhosts. Installing and using HIP. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA practical guide to using the TMS320C31 DSP Starter Kit With applications and demand for high-performing digital signalprocessors expanding rapidly, it is becoming increasingly importantfor today''s students and practicing engineers to master real-timedigital signal processing (DSP) techniques. Digital Signal Processing: Laboratory Experiments Using C and theTMS320C31 DSK offers users a practical--and economicalm--approachto understanding DSP principles, designs, and applications.Demonstrating Texas Instruments'' (TI) state-of-the-art, low-pricedDSP Starter Kit (DSK), this book clearly illustrates and integratespractical aspects of real-time DSP implementation techniques andcomplex DSP concepts into lab exercises and experiments. TI''sTMS320C31 digital signal processor provides substantial performancebenefits for designs that have floating-point capabilitiessupported by high-level language compilers. Most chapters begin with a theoretical discussion followedTable of ContentsDigital Signal Processing Development System. Architecture and Instruction Set of the TMS320C3x Processor. Input and Output with the DSK. Finite Impulse Response Filters. Infinite Impulse Response Filters. Fast Fourier Transform. Adaptive Filters. DSP Applications and Projects. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPuts a wealth of speech analysis tools at your fingertips and allows the reader to gain good intuitive sense of how modern speech coders work. Covers all the basic approaches found in speech coding and describes the algorithms in both simple parametric terms and complete equation form. The book is packed with exercises and projects for hands-on experimentation with algorithms. Plus, the accompanying user-friendly, graphical interface software helps to develop a practical, intuitive sense of how modern speech coders work.Table of ContentsDSPLAB: The DSP Laboratory Software. Quantization: PCM and APCM. Waveform Coding with Fixed Prediction. Pitch-excited Linear Predictive Vocoder. Waveform Coding with Adaptive Prediction. Analysis-by-Synthesis LPC. Subband Coding. Projects. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisCombining clear explanations of elementary principles, advanced topics and applications with step-by-step mathematical derivations, this textbook provides a comprehensive yet accessible introduction to digital signal processing. All the key topics are covered, including discrete-time Fourier transform, z-transform, discrete Fourier transform and FFT, A/D conversion, and FIR and IIR filtering algorithms, as well as more advanced topics such as multirate systems, the discrete cosine transform and spectral signal processing. Over 600 full-color illustrations, 200 fully worked examples, hundreds of end-of-chapter homework problems and detailed computational examples of DSP algorithms implemented in MATLAB and C aid understanding, and help put knowledge into practice. A wealth of supplementary material accompanies the book online, including interactive programs for instructors, a full set of solutions and MATLAB laboratory exercises, making this the ideal text for senior undergraduate and gTrade Review'Professor Holton has done a great service to faculty who teach digital signal processing. The material is developed in a clear and thorough manner with an excellent range of topics, from elementary to advanced and from theoretical to applied. Many insightful analytical and computational examples and homework problems are included, with Matlab intelligently integrated. This textbook is the clear front-runner in a crowded field.' Howard Weinert, Johns Hopkins University'… a student-friendly book, making learning DSP a fun journey.' Xiyi Hang, California State University, Northridge'… an excellent textbook for undergraduate as well as graduate students. It is well written, very clearly defined and presents all DSP topics, using many examples including the use of Matlab … Holton covers all necessary materials for a thorough understanding of DSP concepts and practical applications of a subject which is very mathematical … It is without any reservations that I strongly endorse and recommend the DSP book by Professor Holton.' Mousavinezhad Hossein, Idaho State University'The Holton text includes technical materials that a practicing engineer needs to know to prototype a fixed-coefficient DSP system architecture using Matlab. There are many unique features of this textbook, including a full chapter on visualizing frequency response from pole-zero plots, multi-color plots for better comprehension, rigorous derivation of all formulas, and up-to-date hardware- and software-based implementation ideas for the benefit of novice and practicing engineers. I strongly recommend its adoption.' Kalyan Mondal, Fairleigh Dickinson UniversityTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Signals and systems; 2. Impulse response; 3. Discrete-time Fourier transform; 4. z-transform; 5. Frequency response; 6. A/D and D/A conversion; 7. Finite impulse response systems; 8. Infinite impulse response systems; 9. Filter architecture; 10. Discrete Fourier transform; 11. Fast Fourier transform; 12. Discrete cosine transform; 13. Multirate and multistage systems; 14. Spectral analysis; Appendices; Index.

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Book SynopsisAn excellent book for those who are interested in learning the current status of research and development . . . [and] who want to get a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art. E-Streams This book provides up-to-date information on research and development in the rapidly growing area of networks based on the multihop ad hoc networking paradigm. It reviews all classes of networks that have successfully adopted this paradigm, pointing out how they penetrated the mass market and sparked breakthrough research. Covering both physical issues and applications, Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Cutting Edge Directions offers useful tools for professionals and researchers in diverse areas wishing to learn about the latest trends in sensor, actuator, and robot networking, mesh networks, delay tolerant and opportunistic networking, and vehicular networks. Chapter coverage includes: Multihop ad hoc networking Enabling Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv CONTRIBUTORS xvii PART I GENERAL ISSUES 1 Multihop Ad Hoc Networking: The Evolutionary Path 3 Marco Conti and Silvia Giordano 1.1 Introduction, 3 1.2 MANET Research: Major Achievements and Lessons Learned, 5 1.3 Multihop Ad Hoc Networks: From Theory to Reality, 16 1.4 Summary and Conclusions, 25 2 Enabling Technologies and Standards for Mobile Multihop Wireless Networking 34 Enzo Mingozzi and Claudio Cicconetti 2.1 Introduction, 35 2.2 Broadband Wireless Access Technologies, 37 2.3 Wireless Local Area Networks Technologies, 43 2.4 Personal Area Networks Technologies, 53 2.5 Mobility Support in Heterogeneous Scenarios, 65 2.6 Conclusions, 67 3 Application Scenarios 77 Ilias Leontiadis, Ettore Ferranti, Cecilia Mascolo, Liam McNamara, Bence Pasztor, Niki Trigoni, and Sonia Waharte 3.1 Introduction, 78 3.2 Military Applications, 79 3.3 Network Connectivity, 81 3.4 Wireless Sensor Networks, 84 3.5 Search and Rescue, 89 3.6 Vehicular Networks, 93 3.7 Personal Content Dissemination, 96 3.8 Conclusions, 98 4 Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 106 Roberto Di Pietro and Josep Domingo-Ferrer 4.1 Introduction, 106 4.2 Wireless Sensor Networks, 110 4.3 Unattended WSN, 125 4.4 Wireless Mesh Networks, 130 4.5 Delay-Tolerant Networks, 134 4.6 Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), 137 4.7 Conclusions and Open Research Issues, 144 5 Architectural Solutions for End-User Mobility 154 Salvatore Vanini and Anna Forster 5.1 Introduction, 154 5.2 Mesh Networks, 155 5.3 Wireless Sensor Networks, 182 5.4 Conclusion, 188 6 ExperimentalWork Versus Simulation in the Study of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 191 Carlo Vallati, Victor Omwando, and Prasant Mohapatra 6.1 Introduction, 191 6.2 Overview of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Simulation Tools and Experimental Platforms, 192 6.3 Gap Between Simulations and Experiments: Issues and Factors, 199 6.4 Good Simulations: Validation, Verification, and Calibration, 220 6.5 Simulators and Testbeds: Future Prospects, 226 6.6 Conclusion, 228 PART II MESH NETWORKING 7 Resource Optimization in Multiradio Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks 241 Antonio Capone, Ilario Filippini, Stefano Gualandi, and Di Yuan 7.1 Introduction, 242 7.2 Network and Interference Models, 244 7.3 Maximum Link Activation Under the SINR Model, 245 7.4 Optimal Link Scheduling, 247 7.5 Joint Routing and Scheduling, 254 7.6 Dealing with Channel Assignment and Directional Antennas, 257 7.7 Cooperative Networking, 263 7.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Issues, 269 8 Quality of Service in Mesh Networks 275 Raffaele Bruno 8.1 Introduction, 275 8.2 QoS Definition, 277 8.3 A Taxonomy of Existing QoS Routing Approaches, 278 8.4 Routing Protocols with Optimization-Based Path Selection, 280 8.5 Routing Metrics for Minimum-Weight Path Selection, 291 8.6 Feedback-Based Path Selection, 307 8.7 Conclusions, 308 PART III OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKING 9 Applications in Delay-Tolerant and Opportunistic Networks 317 Teemu K¨arkk¨ainen, Mikko Pitkanen, and JoergOtt 9.1 Application Scenarios, 318 9.2 Challenges for Applications Over DTN, 322 9.3 Critical Mechanisms for DTN Applications, 328 9.4 DTN Applications (Case Studies), 336 9.5 Conclusion: Rethinking Applications for DTNs, 357 10 Mobility Models in Opportunistic Networks 360 Kyunghan Lee, Pan Hui, and Song Chong 10.1 Introduction, 360 10.2 Contact-Based Measurement, Analysis, and Modeling, 361 10.3 Trajectory Models, 376 10.4 Implications for Network Protocol Design, 399 10.5 New Paradigm: Delay-Resource Tradeoffs, 406 11 Opportunistic Routing 419 Thrasyvoulos Spyropoulos and Andreea Picu 11.1 Introduction, 420 11.2 Cornerstones of Opportunistic Networks, 422 11.3 Dealing with Uncertainty: Redundancy-Based Routing, 428 11.4 Capitalizing on Structure: Utility-Based Forwarding, 435 11.5 Hybrid Solutions: Combining Redundancy and Utility, 444 11.6 Conclusion, 447 12 Data Dissemination in Opportunistic Networks 453 Chiara Boldrini and Andrea Passarella 12.1 Introduction, 454 12.2 Initial Ideas: PodNet, 456 12.3 Social-Aware Schemes, 460 12.4 Publish/Subscribe Schemes, 464 12.5 Global Optimization, 469 12.6 Infrastructure-Based Approaches, 474 12.7 Approaches Inspired by Unstructured p2p Systems, 478 12.8 Further Readings, 482 13 Task Farming in Crowd Computing 491 Derek G. Murray, Karthik Nilakant, J. Crowcroft, and E. Yoneki 13.1 Introduction, 491 13.2 Ideal Parallelism Model, 494 13.3 Task Farming, 498 13.4 Socially Aware Task Farming, 500 13.5 Related Work, 510 13.6 Conclusions and Future Work, 510 PART IV VANET 14 A Taxonomy of Data Communication Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 517 Yousef-Awwad Daraghmi, Ivan Stojmenovic, and Chih-Wei Yi 14.1 Introduction, 517 14.2 Taxonomy of VANET Communication Protocols, 520 14.3 Reliability-Oriented Geocasting Protocols, 525 14.4 Time-Critical Geocasting Protocols, 527 14.5 Small-Scale Routing Protocols, 529 14.6 Large-Scale Routing, 534 14.7 Summary, 539 14.8 Conclusion and Future Work, 539 15 Mobility Models, Topology, and Simulations in VANET 545 Francisco J. Ros, Juan A. Martinez, and Pedro M. Ruiz 15.1 Introduction and Motivation, 545 15.2 Mobility Models, 547 15.3 Mobility Simulators, 551 15.4 Integrated Simulators, 557 15.5 Modeling Vehicular Communications, 560 15.6 Analysis of Connectivity in Highways, 565 15.7 Conclusion and Future Work, 572 16 ExperimentalWork on VANET 577 Minglu Li and Hongzi Zhu 16.1 Introduction, 577 16.2 MIT CarTel, 579 16.3 UMass DieselNet, 581 16.4 SJTU ShanghaiGrid, 584 16.5 NCTU VANET Testbed, 587 16.6 UCLA CVeT, 589 16.7 GM DSRC Fleet, 590 16.8 FleetNet Project, 591 16.9 Network on Wheels (NOW) Project, 592 16.10 Advanced Safety Vehicles (ASVs), 593 16.11 Japan Automobile Research Institute (JARI), 594 17 MAC Protocols for VANET 599 Mohammad S. Almalag, Michele C. Weigle, and Stephan Olariu 17.1 Introduction, 599 17.2 MAC Metrics, 602 17.3 IEEE Standards for MAC Protocols for VANETs, 602 17.4 Alternate MAC Protocols for VANET, 606 17.5 Conclusion, 616 18 Cognitive Radio Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Design, Implementation, and Future Challenges 619 Marco Di Felice, Kaushik Roy Chowdhury, and Luciano Bononi 18.1 Introduction, 620 18.2 Characteristics of Cognitive Radio Vehicular Networks, 622 18.3 Applications of Cognitive Radio Vehicular Networks, 628 18.4 CRV Network Architecture, 629 18.5 Classification and Description of Existing Works on CRV Networks, 630 18.6 Research Issues in CRVs, 636 18.7 Conclusion, 640 19 The Next Paradigm Shift: From Vehicular Networks to Vehicular Clouds 645 Stephan Olariu, Tihomir Hristov, and Gongjun Yan 19.1 By Way of Motivation, 646 19.2 The Vehicular Model, 647 19.3 Vehicular Networks, 649 19.4 Cloud Computing, 650 19.5 Vehicular Clouds, 652 19.6 How are Vehicular Clouds Different?, 654 19.7 Feasible Instances of Vehicular Clouds, 657 19.8 More Application Scenarios, 660 19.9 Security and Privacy in Vehicular Clouds, 666 19.10 Key Management, 677 19.11 Research Challenges, 680 19.12 Architectures for Vehicular Clouds, 681 19.13 Resource Aggregation in Vehicular Clouds, 683 19.14 A Simulation Study of VC, 690 19.15 Future Work, 691 19.16 Where to From Here?, 693 PART V SENSOR NETWORKING 20 Wireless Sensor Networks with Energy Harvesting 703 Stefano Basagni, M. Yousof Naderi, Chiara Petrioli, and Dora Spenza 20.1 Introduction, 703 20.2 Node Platforms, 704 20.3 Techniques of Energy Harvesting, 709 20.4 Prediction Models, 713 20.5 Protocols for EHWSNs, 717 21 Robot-AssistedWireless Sensor Networks: Recent Applications and Future Challenges 737 Rafael Falcon, Amiya Nayak, and Ivan Stojmenovic 21.1 Introduction, 737 21.2 Robot-Assisted Sensor Placement, 740 21.3 Robot-Assisted Sensor Relocation, 751 21.4 Robot-Assisted Sensor Maintenance, 762 21.5 Future Challenges, 763 22 Underwater Networks with Limited Mobility: Algorithms, Systems, and Experiments 769 Carrick Detweiler, Elizabeth Basha, Marek Doniec, and Daniela Rus 22.1 Introduction, 770 22.2 Related Work, 772 22.3 Decentralized Control Algorithm, 775 22.4 General System Architecture and Design, 779 22.5 Application-Specific Architecture and Design, 786 22.6 Experiments and Results, 789 22.7 Conclusions, 799 23 Advances in Underwater Acoustic Networking 804 Tommaso Melodia, Hovannes Kulhandjian, Li-Chung Kuo, and Emrecan Demirors 23.1 Introduction, 805 23.2 Communication Architecture, 806 23.3 Basics of Underwater Communications, 807 23.4 Physical Layer, 814 23.5 Medium Access Control Layer, 822 23.6 Network Layer, 829 23.7 Cross-Layer Design, 833 23.8 Experimental Platforms, 834 23.9 UW-Buffalo: An Underwater Acoustic Testbed at the University at Buffalo, 842 23.10 Conclusions, 842 References, 843 Index 853

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Book SynopsisElectronic Structure Calculations on Graphics Processing Units: From Quantum Chemistry to Condensed Matter Physics provides an overview of computing on graphics processing units (GPUs), a brief introduction to GPU programming, and the latest examples of code developments and applications for the most widely used electronic structure methods. The book covers all commonly used basis sets including localized Gaussian and Slater type basis functions, plane waves, wavelets and real-space grid-based approaches. The chapters expose details on the calculation of two-electron integrals, exchange-correlation quadrature, Fock matrix formation, solution of the self-consistent field equations, calculation of nuclear gradients to obtain forces, and methods to treat excited states within DFT. Other chapters focus on semiempirical and correlated wave function methods including density fitted second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and both iterative and perturbative singTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Glossary xxi Abbreviations xxv 1. Why Graphics Processing Units 1” Perri Needham, Andreas W. Götz and Ross C. Walker 1.1 A Historical Perspective of Parallel Computing 1 1.2 The Rise of the GPU 5 1.3 Parallel Computing on Central Processing Units 7 1.4 Parallel Computing on Graphics Processing Units 12 1.5 GPU-Accelerated Applications 15 References 19 2. GPUs: Hardware to Software 23 Perri Needham, Andreas W. Götz and Ross C. Walker 2.1 Basic GPU Terminology 24 2.2 Architecture of GPUs 24 2.3 CUDA Programming Model 26 2.4 Programming and Optimization Concepts 30 2.5 Software Libraries for GPUs 34 2.6 Special Features of CUDA-Enabled GPUs 35 References 36 3. Overview of Electronic Structure Methods 39 Andreas W. Götz 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Hartree–Fock Theory 42 3.3 Density Functional Theory 46 3.4 Basis Sets 49 3.5 Semiempirical Methods 53 3.6 Density Functional Tight Binding 56 3.7 Wave Function-Based Electron Correlation Methods 57 Acknowledgments 60 References 61 4. Gaussian Basis Set Hartree–Fock, Density Functional Theory, and Beyond on GPUs 67 Nathan Luehr, Aaron Sisto and Todd J. Martínez 4.1 Quantum Chemistry Review 68 4.2 Hardware and CUDA Overview 72 4.3 GPU ERI Evaluation 73 4.4 Integral-Direct Fock Construction on GPUs 78 4.5 Precision Considerations 88 4.6 Post-SCF Methods 91 4.7 Example Calculations 93 4.8 Conclusions and Outlook 97 References 98 5. GPU Acceleration for Density Functional Theory with Slater-Type Orbitals 101 Hans van Schoot and Lucas Visscher 5.1 Background 101 5.2 Theory and CPU Implementation 102 5.3 GPU Implementation 105 5.4 Conclusion 112 References 113 6. Wavelet-Based Density Functional Theory on Massively Parallel Hybrid Architectures 115 Luigi Genovese, Brice Videau, Damien Caliste, Jean-François Méhaut, Stefan Goedecker and Thierry Deutsch 6.1 Introductory Remarks on Wavelet Basis Sets for Density Functional Theory Implementations 115 6.2 Operators in Wavelet Basis Sets 117 6.3 Parallelization 123 6.4 GPU Architecture 124 6.5 Conclusions and Outlook 132 References 133 7. Plane-Wave Density Functional Theory 135 Maxwell Hutchinson, Paul Fleurat-Lessard, Ani Anciaux-Sedrakian, Dusan Stosic, Jeroen Bédorf and Sarah Tariq 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Theoretical Background 136 7.3 Implementation 143 7.4 Optimizations 148 7.5 Performance Examples 151 7.6 Exact Exchange with Plane Waves 159 7.7 Summary and Outlook 165 Acknowledgments 165 References 165 Appendix A: Definitions and Conventions 168 Appendix B: Example Kernels 168 8. GPU-Accelerated Sparse Matrix–Matrix Multiplication for Linear Scaling Density Functional Theory 173 Ole Schütt, Peter Messmer, Jürg Hutter and Joost VandeVondele 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Software Architecture for GPU-Acceleration 177 8.3 Maximizing Asynchronous Progress 180 8.4 Libcusmm: GPU Accelerated Small Matrix Multiplications 183 8.5 Benchmarks and Conclusions 186 Acknowledgments 189 References 189 9. Grid-Based Projector-Augmented Wave Method 191 Samuli Hakala, Jussi Enkovaara, Ville Havu, Jun Yan, Lin Li, Chris O’Grady and Risto M. Nieminen 9.1 Introduction 191 9.2 General Overview 193 9.3 Using GPUs in Ground-State Calculations 196 9.4 Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory 202 9.5 Random Phase Approximation for the Correlation Energy 203 9.6 Summary and Outlook 207 Acknowledgments 208 References 208 10. Application of Graphics Processing Units to Accelerate Real-Space Density Functional Theory and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Calculations 211 Xavier Andrade and Alán Aspuru-Guzik 10.1 Introduction 212 10.2 The Real-Space Representation 213 10.3 Numerical Aspects of the Real-Space Approach 214 10.4 General GPU Optimization Strategy 216 10.5 Kohn–Sham Hamiltonian 217 10.6 Orthogonalization and Subspace Diagonalization 221 10.7 Exponentiation 222 10.8 The Hartree Potential 223 10.9 Other Operations 224 10.10 Numerical Performance 225 10.11 Conclusions 228 10.12 Computational Methods 228 Acknowledgments 229 References 229 11. Semiempirical Quantum Chemistry 239 Xin Wu, Axel Koslowski and Walter Thiel 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Overview of Semiempirical Methods 240 11.3 Computational Bottlenecks 241 11.4 Profile-Guided Optimization for the Hybrid Platform 244 11.5 Performance 249 11.6 Applications 251 11.7 Conclusion 252 Acknowledgement 253 References 253 12. GPU Acceleration of Second-Order Møller–Plesset Perturbation Theory with Resolution of Identity 259 Roberto Olivares-Amaya, Adrian Jinich, Mark A. Watson and Alán Aspuru-Guzik 12.1 Møller–Plesset Perturbation Theory with Resolution of Identity Approximation (RI-MP2) 259 12.2 A Mixed-Precision Matrix Multiplication Library 263 12.3 Performance of Accelerated RI-MP2 266 12.4 Example Applications 270 12.5 Conclusions 273 References 273 13. Iterative Coupled-Cluster Methods on Graphics Processing Units 279 A. Eugene DePrince III, Jeff R. Hammond and C. David Sherrill 13.1 Introduction 279 13.2 Related Work 280 13.3 Theory 281 13.4 Algorithm Details 284 13.5 Computational Details 287 13.6 Results 290 13.7 Conclusions 295 Acknowledgments 296 References 296 14. Perturbative Coupled-Cluster Methods on Graphics Processing Units: Single- and Multi-Reference Formulations 301 Wenjing Ma, Kiran Bhaskaran-Nair, Oreste Villa, Edoardo Aprà, Antonino Tumeo, Sriram Krishnamoorthy and Karol Kowalski 14.1 Introduction 302 14.2 Overview of Electronic Structure Methods 303 14.3 NWChem Software Architecture 308 14.4 GPU Implementation 309 14.5 Performance 315 14.6 Outlook 319 Acknowledgments 320 References 320 Index 327

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Book SynopsisThis book explains why applications running on cloud might not deliver the same service reliability, availability, latency and overall quality to end users as they do when the applications are running on traditional (non-virtualized, non-cloud) configurations, and explains what can be done to mitigate that risk.Table of ContentsFigures xv Tables and Equations xxi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Approach 1 1.2 Target Audience 3 1.3 Organization 3 I CONTEXT 7 2 APPLICATION SERVICE QUALITY 9 2.1 Simple Application Model 9 2.2 Service Boundaries 11 2.3 Key Quality and Performance Indicators 12 2.4 Key Application Characteristics 15 2.5 Application Service Quality Metrics 17 2.6 Technical Service versus Support Service 27 2.7 Security Considerations 28 3 CLOUD MODEL 29 3.1 Roles in Cloud Computing 30 3.2 Cloud Service Models 30 3.3 Cloud Essential Characteristics 31 3.4 Simplifi ed Cloud Architecture 33 3.5 Elasticity Measurements 36 3.6 Regions and Zones 44 3.7 Cloud Awareness 45 4 VIRTUALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE IMPAIRMENTS 49 4.1 Service Latency, Virtualization, and the Cloud 50 4.2 VM Failure 54 4.3 Nondelivery of Configured VM Capacity 54 4.4 Delivery of Degraded VM Capacity 57 4.5 Tail Latency 59 4.6 Clock Event Jitter 60 4.7 Clock Drift 61 4.8 Failed or Slow Allocation and Startup of VM Instance 62 4.9 Outlook for Virtualized Infrastructure Impairments 63 II ANALYSIS 65 5 APPLICATION REDUNDANCY AND CLOUD COMPUTING 67 5.1 Failures, Availability, and Simplex Architectures 68 5.2 Improving Software Repair Times via Virtualization 70 5.3 Improving Infrastructure Repair Times via Virtualization 72 5.4 Redundancy and Recoverability 75 5.5 Sequential Redundancy and Concurrent Redundancy 80 5.6 Application Service Impact of Virtualization Impairments 84 5.7 Data Redundancy 90 5.8 Discussion 92 6 LOAD DISTRIBUTION AND BALANCING 97 6.1 Load Distribution Mechanisms 97 6.2 Load Distribution Strategies 99 6.3 Proxy Load Balancers 99 6.4 Nonproxy Load Distribution 101 6.5 Hierarchy of Load Distribution 102 6.6 Cloud-Based Load Balancing Challenges 103 6.7 The Role of Load Balancing in Support of Redundancy 103 6.8 Load Balancing and Availability Zones 104 6.9 Workload Service Measurements 104 6.10 Operational Considerations 105 6.11 Load Balancing and Application Service Quality 107 7 FAILURE CONTAINMENT 111 7.1 Failure Containment 111 7.2 Points of Failure 116 7.3 Extreme Solution Coresidency 122 7.4 Multitenancy and Solution Containers 124 8 CAPACITY MANAGEMENT 127 8.1 Workload Variations 128 8.2 Traditional Capacity Management 129 8.3 Traditional Overload Control 129 8.4 Capacity Management and Virtualization 131 8.5 Capacity Management in Cloud 133 8.6 Storage Elasticity Considerations 135 8.7 Elasticity and Overload 136 8.8 Operational Considerations 137 8.9 Workload Whipsaw 138 8.10 General Elasticity Risks 140 8.11 Elasticity Failure Scenarios 141 9 RELEASE MANAGEMENT 145 9.1 Terminology 145 9.2 Traditional Software Upgrade Strategies 146 9.3 Cloud-Enabled Software Upgrade Strategies 153 9.4 Data Management 158 9.5 Role of Service Orchestration in Software Upgrade 159 9.6 Conclusion 161 10 END-TO-END CONSIDERATIONS 163 10.1 End-to-End Service Context 163 10.2 Three-Layer End-to-End Service Model 169 10.3 Distributed and Centralized Cloud Data Centers 177 10.4 Multitiered Solution Architectures 183 10.5 Disaster Recovery and Geographic Redundancy 184 III RECOMMENDATIONS 191 11 ACCOUNTABILITIES FOR SERVICE QUALITY 193 11.1 Traditional Accountability 193 11.2 The Cloud Service Delivery Path 194 11.3 Cloud Accountability 197 11.4 Accountability Case Studies 200 11.5 Service Quality Gap Model 205 11.6 Service Level Agreements 210 12 SERVICE AVAILABILITY MEASUREMENT 213 12.1 Parsimonious Service Measurements 214 12.2 Traditional Service Availability Measurement 215 12.3 Evolving Service Availability Measurements 217 12.4 Evolving Hardware Reliability Measurement 226 12.5 Evolving Elasticity Service Availability Measurements 228 12.6 Evolving Release Management Service Availability Measurement 229 12.7 Service Measurement Outlook 231 13 APPLICATION SERVICE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 233 13.1 Service Availability Requirements 234 13.2 Service Latency Requirements 237 13.3 Service Reliability Requirements 237 13.4 Service Accessibility Requirements 238 13.5 Service Retainability Requirements 239 13.6 Service Throughput Requirements 239 13.7 Timestamp Accuracy Requirements 240 13.8 Elasticity Requirements 240 13.9 Release Management Requirements 241 13.10 Disaster Recovery Requirements 241 14 VIRTUALIZED INFRASTRUCTURE MEASUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT 243 14.1 Business Context for Infrastructure Service Quality Measurements 244 14.2 Cloud Consumer Measurement Options 245 14.3 Impairment Measurement Strategies 247 14.4 Managing Virtualized Infrastructure Impairments 252 15 ANALYSIS OF CLOUD-BASED APPLICATIONS 255 15.1 Reliability Block Diagrams and Side-by-Side Analysis 256 15.2 IaaS Impairment Effects Analysis 257 15.3 PaaS Failure Effects Analysis 259 15.4 Workload Distribution Analysis 260 15.5 Anti-Affi nity Analysis 262 15.6 Elasticity Analysis 263 15.7 Release Management Impact Effects Analysis 267 15.8 Recovery Point Objective Analysis 268 15.9 Recovery Time Objective Analysis 270 16 TESTING CONSIDERATIONS 273 16.1 Context for Testing 273 16.2 Test Strategy 274 16.3 Simulating Infrastructure Impairments 277 16.4 Test Planning 278 17 CONNECTING THE DOTS 287 17.1 The Application Service Quality Challenge 287 17.2 Redundancy and Robustness 289 17.3 Design for Scalability 292 17.4 Design for Extensibility 292 17.5 Design for Failure 293 17.6 Planning Considerations 294 17.7 Evolving Traditional Applications 296 17.8 Concluding Remarks 301 Abbreviations 303 References 307 About the Authors 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisAn innovative and timely guide to the modeling, design and implementation of large-range compliant micropositioning systems based on flexure hinges Features innovative compact mechanism designs for large-range translational and rotational positioning Provides original and concise treatment of various flexure hinges with well-presented design and control methods Focuses on design implementation and applications through detailed examples Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Micropositioning Techniques 1 1.2 Compliant Guiding Mechanisms 2 1.2.1 Basic Flexure Hinges 2 1.2.2 Translational Flexure Hinges 3 1.2.3 Translational Positioning Mechanisms 4 1.2.4 Rotational Positioning Mechanisms 8 1.2.5 Multi-Stroke Positioning Mechanisms 10 1.3 Actuation and Sensing 11 1.4 Control Issues 12 1.5 Book Outline 14 References 14 Part I LARGE-RANGE TRANSLATIONAL MICROPOSITIONING SYSTEMS 2 Uniaxial Flexure Stage 21 2.1 Concept of MCPF 21 2.1.1 Limitation of Conventional Flexures 21 2.1.2 Proposal of MCPF 23 2.2 Design of a Large-Range Flexure Stage 25 2.2.1 Mechanism Design 25 2.2.2 Analytical Modeling 26 2.2.3 Architecture Optimization 29 2.2.4 Structure Improvement 31 2.3 Prototype Development and Performance Testings 33 2.3.1 Statics Performance Testing 34 2.3.2 Dynamics Performance Testing 35 2.4 Sliding Mode Controller Design 35 2.4.1 Dynamics Modeling 35 2.4.2 DSMC Design 36 2.5 Experimental Studies 38 2.5.1 Plant Model Identification 38 2.5.2 Controller Setup 39 2.5.3 Set-Point Positioning Results 39 2.5.4 Sinusoidal Positioning Results 41 2.6 Conclusion 42 References 44 3 XY Flexure Stage 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 XY Stage Design 46 3.2.1 Decoupled XY Stage Design with MCPF 46 3.2.2 Buckling/Bending Effect Consideration 49 3.2.3 Actuation Issues 51 3.3 Model Verification and Prototype Development 52 3.3.1 Performance Assessment with FEA Simulation 52 3.3.2 Prototype Fabrication 54 3.3.3 Open-Loop Experimental Results 54 3.4 EMPC Control Scheme Design 55 3.4.1 Problem Formulation 56 3.4.2 EMPC Scheme Design 57 3.4.3 State Observer Design 60 3.4.4 Tracking Error Analysis 61 3.5 Simulation and Experimental Studies 61 3.5.1 Plant Model Identification 61 3.5.2 Controller Parameter Design 64 3.5.3 Simulation Studies and Discussion 64 3.5.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 66 3.6 Conclusion 67 References 69 4 Two-Layer XY Flexure Stage 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Mechanism Design 71 4.2.1 Design of a Two-Layer XY Stage with MCPF 71 4.2.2 Structure Improvement of the XY Stage 72 4.3 Parametric Design 73 4.3.1 Motion Range Design 73 4.3.2 Stiffness and Actuation Force Design 74 4.3.3 Critical Load of Buckling 75 4.3.4 Resonant Frequency 75 4.3.5 Out-of-Plane Payload Capability 76 4.3.6 Influences of Manufacturing Tolerance 77 4.4 Experimental Studies and Results 79 4.4.1 Prototype Development 80 4.4.2 Statics Performance Testing 80 4.4.3 Dynamics Performance Testing 81 4.4.4 Positioning Performance Testing 83 4.4.5 Contouring Performance Testing 84 4.4.6 Control Bandwidth Testing 86 4.4.7 Discussion and Future Work 88 4.5 Conclusion 89 References 89 Part II MULTI-STROKE TRANSLATIONAL MICROPOSITIONING SYSTEMS 5 Dual-Stroke Uniaxial Flexure Stage 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 Mechanism Design and Analysis 94 5.2.1 Mechanism Design to Minimize Interference Behavior 94 5.2.2 Mechanism Design to Achieve Large Stroke 99 5.2.3 FEA Simulation and Design Improvement 101 5.3 Prototype Development and Open-Loop Testing 104 5.3.1 Experimental Setup 106 5.3.2 Statics Performance Testing 106 5.3.3 Dynamics Performance Testing 107 5.4 Controller Design and Experimental Studies 109 5.4.1 Controller Design 109 5.4.2 Experimental Studies 110 5.5 Conclusion 111 References 113 6 Dual-Stroke, Dual-Resolution Uniaxial Flexure Stage 114 6.1 Introduction 114 6.2 Conceptual Design 115 6.2.1 Design of a Compliant Stage with Dual Ranges 115 6.2.2 Design of a Compliant Stage with Dual Resolutions 116 6.3 Mechanism Design 117 6.3.1 Stiffness Calculation 118 6.3.2 Motion Range Design 119 6.3.3 Motor Stroke and Driving Force Requirement 120 6.3.4 Sensor Deployment 121 6.4 Performance Evaluation 123 6.4.1 Analytical Model Results 123 6.4.2 FEA Simulation Results 124 6.5 Prototype Development and Experimental Studies 125 6.5.1 Prototype Development 126 6.5.2 Statics Performance Testing 127 6.5.3 Dynamics Performance Testing 129 6.5.4 Further Discussion 131 6.6 Conclusion 133 References 133 7 Multi-Stroke, Multi-Resolution XY Flexure Stage 135 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Conceptual Design 136 7.2.1 Design of Flexure Stage with Multiple Strokes 136 7.2.2 Design of Flexure Stage with Multiple Resolutions 138 7.3 Flexure-Based Compliant Mechanism Design 139 7.3.1 Compliant Element Selection 139 7.3.2 Design of a Two-Axis Stage 140 7.4 Parametric Design 141 7.4.1 Design of Motion Strokes 141 7.4.2 Design of Coarse/Fine Sensor Resolution Ratio 144 7.4.3 Actuation Issue Consideration 145 7.5 Stage Performance Assessment 146 7.5.1 Analytical Model Evaluation Results 146 7.5.2 FEA Simulation Results 146 7.6 Prototype Development and Experimental Studies 149 7.6.1 Prototype Development 149 7.6.2 Statics Performance Testing 150 7.6.3 Dynamics Performance Testing 154 7.6.4 Circular Contouring Testing 156 7.6.5 Discussion 156 7.7 Conclusion 159 References 159 Part III LARGE-RANGE ROTATIONAL MICROPOSITIONING SYSTEMS 8 Rotational Stage with Linear Drive 163 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Design of MCRF 164 8.2.1 Limitation of Conventional Radial Flexures 164 8.2.2 Proposal of MCRF 165 8.2.3 Analytical Models 166 8.3 Design of a Rotary Stage with MCRF 169 8.3.1 Consideration of Actuation Issues 170 8.3.2 Consideration of Sensing Issues 172 8.4 Performance Evaluation with FEA Simulation 172 8.4.1 Analytical Model Results 172 8.4.2 FEA Simulation Results 173 8.4.3 Structure Improvement 175 8.5 Prototype Development and Experimental Studies 176 8.5.1 Prototype Development 176 8.5.2 Open-Loop Performance Testing 177 8.5.3 Controller Design and Closed-Loop Performance Testing 178 8.5.4 Further Discussion 181 8.6 Conclusion 183 References 184 9 Rotational Stage with Rotary Drive 185 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 New Design of MCRF 186 9.2.1 MCRF Design 186 9.2.2 Analytical Model Not Considering Deformation 187 9.2.3 Analytical Model Considering Deformation 189 9.3 Design of the Rotary Stage 192 9.3.1 Actuator Selection 194 9.3.2 Sensor Design 194 9.4 Performance Evaluation with FEA Simulation 196 9.4.1 Analytical Model Results 197 9.4.2 FEA Simulation Results 197 9.5 Prototype Fabrication and Experimental Testing 201 9.5.1 Prototype Development 201 9.5.2 Statics Performance Testing 202 9.5.3 Dynamics Performance Testing 206 9.5.4 Discussion 206 9.6 Conclusion 207 References 208 Part IV APPLICATIONS TO COMPLIANT GRIPPER DESIGN 10 Large-Range Rotary Gripper 213 10.1 Introduction 213 10.1.1 Structure Design and Driving Method 213 10.1.2 Sensing Requirements 214 10.2 Mechanism Design and Analysis 216 10.2.1 Actuation Issues 216 10.2.2 Position and Force Sensing Issues 218 10.3 Performance Evaluation with FEA Simulation 222 10.3.1 Analytical Model Results 222 10.3.2 FEA Simulation Results 222 10.4 Prototype Development and Calibration 227 10.4.1 Prototype Development 227 10.4.2 Calibration of Position Sensor 228 10.4.3 Calibration of Force Sensor 229 10.4.4 Verification of Force Sensor 230 10.4.5 Consistency Testing of the Sensors 231 10.5 Performance Testing Results 232 10.5.1 Testing of Gripping Sensing Performance 232 10.5.2 Testing of Horizontal Interaction Detection 235 10.5.3 Testing of Vertical Interaction Detection 236 10.5.4 Testing of Dynamics Performance 237 10.5.5 Applications to Pick–Transport–Place in Assembly 238 10.5.6 Further Discussion 239 10.6 Conclusion 242 References 242 11 MEMS Rotary Gripper 244 11.1 Introduction 244 11.2 MEMS Gripper Design 245 11.2.1 Actuator Design 246 11.2.2 Sensor Design 249 11.3 Performance Evaluation with FEA Simulation 251 11.3.1 Statics Analysis 252 11.3.2 Dynamics Analysis 254 11.4 Gripper Fabrication 254 11.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 255 11.5.1 Gripping Range Testing Results 255 11.5.2 Gripping Force Testing Results 258 11.5.3 Interaction Force Testing Results 260 11.5.4 Demonstration of Micro-object Gripping 261 11.5.5 Further Discussion 262 11.6 Conclusion 264 References 266 Index 267

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an unified treatment of the problems solved by publish/subscribe, how to design and implement the solutions In this book, the author provides an insight into the publish/subscribe technology including the design, implementation, and evaluation of new systems based on the technology. The book also addresses the basic design patterns and solutions, and discusses their application in practical application scenarios. Furthermore, the author examines current standards and industry best practices as well as recent research proposals in the area. Finally, necessary content matching, filtering, and aggregation algorithms and data structures are extensively covered as well as the mechanisms needed for realizing distributed publish/subscribe across the Internet. Key Features: Addresses the basic design patterns and solutions Covers applications and example cases including; combining Publish/Subscribe with cloud, Twitter, Facebook, moTable of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Notes on Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Components of a Pub/Sub System 4 1.2.1 Basic System 4 1.2.2 Distribution and Overlay Networks 5 1.2.3 Agreements 6 1.2.4 The Event Loop 7 1.2.5 Basic Properties 7 1.3 A Pub/Sub Service Model 9 1.4 Distributed Pub/Sub 10 1.5 Interfaces and Operations 11 1.6 Pub/Sub Semantics for Targeted Delivery 13 1.7 Communication Techniques 15 1.8 Environments 17 1.9 History 18 1.9.1 Research Systems 19 1.9.2 Standards 22 1.9.3 Internet Technology 23 1.9.4 A Taxonomy 24 1.10 Application Areas 26 1.11 Structure of the Book 27 References 29 2 Networking and Messaging 31 2.1 Networking 31 2.1.1 Overview 31 2.1.2 Sockets, Middleware, and Applications 33 2.1.3 Naming and Addressing 34 2.1.4 Organization 35 2.1.5 Firewalls and NATs 35 2.2 Multicast 36 2.2.1 IP (Network Layer) IP-Multicast 36 2.2.2 Application-Layer Multicast 38 2.3 Reverse Path Forwarding and Routing 38 2.4 Causality and Clocks 39 2.4.1 Causal Ordering and Lamport Clocks 39 2.4.2 Vector Clocks 40 2.4.3 Total Ordering 40 2.4.4 Discussion 41 2.5 Message Passing and RPC/RMI 42 2.5.1 Store and Forward 44 2.5.2 Concurrent Message Processing 44 2.5.3 Semantics and QoS 46 2.6 Web Services 46 2.6.1 Overview 47 2.6.2 Asynchronous Processing 48 2.6.3 The Connector Model 49 2.6.4 Web Service Platform 50 2.6.5 Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) 52 2.6.6 Service Composition 52 2.7 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 53 2.7.1 SIP Framework 53 2.7.2 Method Types 54 2.7.3 Establishing a Session 55 2.7.4 Extensions 55 2.8 Summary 56 References 56 3 Overlay Networks and Distributed Hash Tables 59 3.1 Overview 59 3.2 Usage 61 3.3 Consistent Hashing 62 3.4 Geometries 63 3.5 DHTs 64 3.5.1 DHT APIs 65 3.5.2 Chord 65 3.5.3 Pastry 67 3.5.4 Discussion 72 3.6 Gossip Systems 73 3.6.1 Overview 73 3.6.2 View Shuffling 75 3.6.3 Gossip for Pub/Sub 76 3.7 Summary 77 References 77 4 Principles and Patterns 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 General Pub/Sub Model 80 4.2.1 Principles and Characteristics 80 4.2.2 Message Service 82 4.2.3 General Patterns 82 4.2.4 Event Notification Patterns 82 4.3 Architectural Patterns 83 4.4 Design Patterns 85 4.4.1 Structural Patterns 85 4.4.2 Behavioural Patterns 86 4.4.3 Concurrency Patterns 86 4.5 Design Patterns for Pub/Sub 86 4.5.1 Broker 86 4.5.2 Observer 87 4.5.3 Model-View-Control (MVC) 89 4.5.4 Rendezvous Point 91 4.5.5 Handoff with Rendezvous 91 4.5.6 Client-Initiated Connection 92 4.5.7 Other Patterns 93 4.6 Event Notifier Pattern 94 4.6.1 Overview 94 4.6.2 Structure 95 4.6.3 Distributed Event Notifier 97 4.6.4 Design Considerations 98 4.7 Enterprise Integration Patterns 101 4.8 Summary 103 References 103 5 Standards and Products 105 5.1 CORBA Event Service 105 5.2 CORBA Notification Service and Channel Management 106 5.3 OMG Data Distribution Service (DDS) 109 5.3.1 Overview 110 5.3.2 QoS Policies 111 5.3.3 Real-Time Communications 111 5.3.4 Applications 112 5.4 SIP Event Framework 113 5.5 Java Delegation Event Model 114 5.6 Java Distributed Event Model 114 5.7 Java Message Service (JMS) 115 5.7.1 Two Communication Models 116 5.7.2 Message Types and Selection 117 5.7.3 JMS Process 118 5.7.4 Message Delivery 120 5.7.5 Transactions 121 5.7.6 Advanced Issues 121 5.7.7 JMS in Java EE and Implementations 121 5.8 TibCo Rendezvous 122 5.9 COM+ and .NET 123 5.10 Websphere MQ 125 5.10.1 Overview 125 5.10.2 Pub/Sub in WebSphere MQ 126 5.11 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) 127 5.12 MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 129 5.13 Summary 130 References 132 6 Web Technology 133 6.1 REST 133 6.2 AJAX 134 6.3 RSS and Atom 135 6.4 SOAP 137 6.5 XMPP 139 6.6 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 140 6.7 W3C DOM Events 141 6.8 WS-Eventing and WS-Notification 142 6.9 Summary 143 References 143 7 Distributed Publish/Subscribe 145 7.1 Overview 145 7.2 Filtering Content 148 7.3 Routing Function 150 7.4 Topic-Based Routing 153 7.4.1 Mechanisms 154 7.4.2 Channelization Problem 154 7.4.3 Distributed Overlay with Many Topics 155 7.4.4 Dynamic Clustering in Topic-Based Pub/Sub 155 7.4.5 Summary 155 7.5 Filter-Based Routing 155 7.6 Content-Based Routing 157 7.6.1 Addressing Model 158 7.6.2 Propagating Routing Information 159 7.6.3 Routing Behaviour: Subscriptions 160 7.6.4 Routing Behaviour: Advertisements 161 7.6.5 Routing Tables 162 7.6.6 Forwarding 163 7.6.7 Performance Issues 164 7.6.8 A Generalized Broker with Advertisements 164 7.7 Rendezvous-Based Routing 166 7.8 Routing Invariants 167 7.8.1 Configurations 167 7.8.2 Pub/Sub Configurations 168 7.8.3 False Positives and Negatives 169 7.8.4 Weakly Valid Routing Configuration 169 7.8.5 Mobility-Safety 170 7.8.6 Stabilization and Eventual Correctness 170 7.8.7 Soft State 171 7.9 Summary 172 References 174 8 Matching Content Against Constraints 177 8.1 Overview 177 8.2 Matching Techniques 178 8.3 Filter Preliminaries 180 8.4 The Counting Algorithm 181 8.4.1 Overview 182 8.4.2 Algorithms 183 8.5 Matching with Posets 186 8.5.1 Poset Preliminaries 187 8.5.2 SIENA Poset 188 8.5.3 Poset-Derived Forest 191 8.5.4 Matching Events 192 8.6 Tree Matcher 193 8.7 XFilter and YFilter 194 8.8 Bloom Filters 196 8.8.1 Definition 197 8.8.2 Summary Subscriptions 198 8.8.3 Multicast Forwarding 198 8.8.4 Content-Based Forwarding 198 8.8.5 Multi-Level Bloom Filters 200 8.9 Summary 200 References 202 9 Research Solutions 205 9.1 Gryphon 205 9.2 The Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) 207 9.3 Scalable Internet Event Notification Architecture (SIENA) 208 9.3.1 Event Namespace 209 9.3.2 Routing 209 9.3.3 Forwarding 210 9.3.4 Mobility Support 211 9.3.5 CBCB Routing Scheme 211 9.4 Elvin 213 9.4.1 Clustering 213 9.4.2 Federation 214 9.4.3 Quench 214 9.4.4 Mobile Support 214 9.4.5 Nondestructive Notification Receipt 215 9.5 JEDI 215 9.6 PADRES 217 9.6.1 Modular Design 217 9.6.2 Load Balancing 218 9.6.3 Composite Events 218 9.7 REDS 219 9.8 GREEN 220 9.9 Rebeca 220 9.10 XSIENA and StreamMine 221 9.11 Fuego Event Service 222 9.11.1 Fuego Middleware 222 9.11.2 Event Service 223 9.11.3 Filtering 224 9.11.4 Client-Side API 224 9.11.5 Event Router 224 9.11.6 Data Structures for Content-Based Routing 225 9.12 STEAM 227 9.13 ECho and JECho 227 9.14 DHT-Based Systems 228 9.14.1 Scribe 228 9.14.2 Bayeux and Tapestry 230 9.14.3 Hermes 231 9.14.4 Other Systems 233 9.15 Summary 234 References 235 10 IR-Style Document Dissemination in DHTs 239 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Data Model and Problem Statement 240 10.2.1 Data Model 240 10.2.2 Problem Statement and Challenges 241 10.3 STAIRS: Threshold-Based Document Filtering in DHTs 242 10.3.1 Overview of DHT-Based P2P Networks 242 10.3.2 Solution Framework 242 10.3.3 Document Forwarding Algorithm 244 10.4 Recent Progress and Discussion 246 10.4.1 Recent Progress 246 10.4.2 Discussion 247 10.5 Summary 248 References 248 11 Advanced Topics 251 11.1 Security 251 11.1.1 Overview 251 11.1.2 Security Threats 252 11.1.3 Security Issues in Pub/Sub Networks 253 11.1.4 EventGuard 254 11.1.5 QUIP 255 11.1.6 Hermes 255 11.1.7 Encrypting Attributes 257 11.1.8 Privacy 257 11.2 Composite Subscriptions 258 11.3 Filter Merging 260 11.4 Load Balancing 263 11.5 Content-Based Channelization 265 11.6 Reconfiguration 266 11.6.1 Middleware Component Reconfiguration 267 11.6.2 Topology Reconfiguration with Failures and Mobile Brokers 267 11.6.3 Self-Organizing Pub/Sub with Clustering 269 11.7 Mobility Support 270 11.7.1 Generic Pub/Sub Mobility 272 11.7.2 Graph Based Mobility with Optimizations 274 11.8 Congestion Control 277 11.8.1 Rate-Control Using Posets 277 11.8.2 Explicit Signalling 279 11.8.3 Rerouting to Avoid Congestion 279 11.9 Evaluation of Pub/Sub Systems 280 11.10 Summary 282 References 283 12 Applications 287 12.1 Cloud Computing 287 12.1.1 Pub/Sub for Cloud 288 12.1.2 The Windows Azure AppFabric Service Bus 288 12.1.3 Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) 291 12.1.4 PubNub 291 12.2 SOA and XML Brokering 292 12.3 Facebook Services 294 12.3.1 Facebook Messages 294 12.3.2 Facebook Chat and Messenger 295 12.4 PubSubHubbub 297 12.5 Complex Event Processing (CEP) 299 12.6 Online Advertisement 301 12.7 Online Multiplayer Games 303 12.8 Apple Push Notification Service (APNS) 303 12.9 Internet of Things 304 12.10 Summary 305 References 306 13 Clean-Slate Datacentric Pub/Sub Networking 309 13.1 Datacentric Communication Model 309 13.1.1 Naming of Data 310 13.1.2 Content Security 312 13.2 CCN 314 13.2.1 CCN Node Operation 314 13.2.2 CCN Transport Model 315 13.2.3 Interest Routing 316 13.3 PSIRP/PURSUIT 317 13.4 Internet Interdomain Structure 318 13.4.1 Policy Routing Problem 320 13.4.2 PURSUIT Global Rendezvous 321 13.5 Summary 323 References 325 14 Conclusions 327 Index 333

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Book SynopsisComprehensively covers conventional and novel drying systems and applications, while keeping a focus on the fundamentals of drying phenomena. Presents detailed thermodynamic and heat/mass transfer analyses in a reader-friendly and easy-to-follow approach Includes case studies, illustrative examples and problems Presents experimental and computational approaches Includes comprehensive information identifying the roles of flow and heat transfer mechanisms on the drying phenomena Considers industrial applications, corresponding criterion, complications, prospects, etc. Discusses novel drying technologies, the corresponding research platforms and potential solutions Table of ContentsPreface xi Nomenclature xv 1 Fundamental Aspects 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fundamental Properties and Quantities 2 1.3 Ideal Gas and Real Gas 13 1.4 The Laws of Thermodynamics 19 1.5 Thermodynamic Analysis Through Energy and Exergy 24 1.5.1 Exergy 24 1.5.2 Balance Equations 27 1.6 Psychometrics 36 1.7 Heat Transfer 45 1.7.1 General Aspects 45 1.7.2 Heat Transfer Modes 48 1.7.3 Transient Heat Transfer 54 1.8 Mass Transfer 58 1.9 Concluding Remarks 63 1.10 Study Problems 63 References 65 2 Basics of Drying 67 2.1 Introduction 67 2.2 Drying Phases 68 2.3 Basic Heat and Moisture Transfer Analysis 69 2.4 Moist Material 76 2.5 Types of Moisture Diffusion 81 2.6 Shrinkage 82 2.7 Modeling of Packed-Bed Drying 86 2.8 Diffusion in Porous Media with Low Moisture Content 88 2.9 Modeling of Heterogeneous Diffusion in Moist Solids 90 2.10 Conclusions 97 2.11 Study Problems 97 References 98 3 Drying Processes and Systems 99 3.1 Introduction 99 3.2 Drying Systems Classification 100 3.3 Main Types of Drying Devices and Systems 105 3.3.1 Batch Tray Dryers 105 3.3.2 Batch Through-Circulation Dryers 106 3.3.3 Continuous Tunnel Dryers 108 3.3.4 Rotary Dryers 110 3.3.5 Agitated Dryers 114 3.3.6 Direct-Heat Vibrating-Conveyor Dryers 116 3.3.7 Gravity Dryers 117 3.3.8 Dispersion Dryers 119 3.3.9 Fluidized Bed Dryers 128 3.3.10 Drum Dryers 130 3.3.11 Solar Drying Systems 132 3.4 Processes in Drying Systems 137 3.4.1 Natural Drying 137 3.4.2 Forced Drying 145 3.5 Conclusions 151 3.6 Study Problems 151 References 152 4 Energy and Exergy Analyses of Drying Processes and Systems 153 4.1 Introduction 153 4.2 Balance Equations for a Drying Process 154 4.3 Performance Assessment of Drying Systems 159 4.3.1 Energy and Exergy Efficiencies 159 4.3.2 Other Assessment Parameters 161 4.4 Case Study 1: Analysis of Continuous-Flow Direct Combustion Dryers 162 4.5 Analysis of Heat Pump Dryers 169 4.6 Analysis of Fluidized Bed Dryers 178 4.6.1 Hydrodynamics of Fluidized Beds 179 4.6.2 Balance Equations 181 4.6.3 Efficiency Formulations 183 4.7 Conclusions 187 4.8 Study Problems 187 References 188 5 Heat and Moisture Transfer 189 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 Transient Moisture Transfer During Drying of Regularly Shaped Materials 190 5.2.1 Transient Diffusion in Infinite Slab 191 5.2.2 Drying Time of an Infinite Slab Material 200 5.2.3 Transient Diffusion in an Infinite Cylinder 202 5.2.4 Transient Diffusion in Spherical-Shape Material 205 5.2.5 Compact Analytical Solution or Time-Dependent Diffusion in Basic Shapes 208 5.3 Shape Factors for Drying Time 209 5.3.1 Infinite Rectangular Rod of Size 2L × 2β1L 210 5.3.2 Rectangular Rod of Size 2L × 2β1L×2β2L 210 5.3.3 Long Cylinder of Diameter 2L and Length 2β1L 212 5.3.4 Short Cylinder of Diameter 2β1L and Length 2L 213 5.3.5 Infinite Elliptical Cylinder of Minor Axis 2L and Major Axis 2β1L 213 5.3.6 Ellipsoid Having the Axes 2L, 2β1L, and 2β2L 213 5.4 Moisture Transfer Coefficient and Diffusivity Estimation from Drying Curve 216 5.5 Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transfer 219 5.6 Models for Heat and Moisture Transfer in Drying 225 5.6.1 Theoretical Models 226 5.6.2 Semitheoretical and Empirical Models for Drying 231 5.7 Conclusions 232 5.8 Study Problems 233 References 234 6 Numerical Heat and Moisture Transfer 237 6.1 Introduction 237 6.2 Numerical Methods for PDEs 239 6.2.1 The Finite Difference Method 240 6.2.2 Weighted Residuals Methods: Finite Element, Finite Volume, Boundary Element 246 6.3 One-Dimensional Problems 249 6.3.1 Decoupled Equations with Nonuniform Initial Conditions and Variable Boundary Conditions 249 6.3.2 Partially Coupled Equations 253 6.3.3 Fully Coupled Equations 256 6.4 Two-Dimensional Problems 261 6.4.1 Cartesian Coordinates 261 6.4.2 Cylindrical Coordinates with Axial Symmetry 271 6.4.3 Polar Coordinates 276 6.4.4 Spherical Coordinates 280 6.5 Three-Dimensional Problems 284 6.6 Influence of the External Flow Field on Heat and Moisture Transfer 288 6.7 Conclusions 291 6.8 Study Problems 291 References 292 7 Drying Parameters and Correlations 295 7.1 Introduction 295 7.2 Drying Parameters 296 7.2.1 Moisture Transfer Parameters 296 7.2.2 Drying Time Parameters 299 7.3 Drying Correlations 301 7.3.1 Moisture Diffusivity Correlation with Temperature and Moisture Content 301 7.3.2 Correlation for the Shrinkage Ratio 304 7.3.3 Biot Number–Reynolds Number Correlations 305 7.3.4 Sherwood Number–Reynolds Number Correlations 307 7.3.5 Biot Number–Dincer Number Correlation 310 7.3.6 Regression Correlations for μ1 Eigenvalues versus Lag Factor 312 7.3.7 Biot Number–Drying Coefficient Correlation 313 7.3.8 Moisture Diffusivity–Drying Coefficient Correlation 315 7.3.9 Biot Number–Lag Factor Correlation 316 7.3.10 Graphical Determination of Moisture Transfer Parameters in Drying 317 7.3.11 Moisture Transfer Coefficient 318 7.4 Conclusions 320 7.5 Study Problems 320 References 321 8 Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironmental Analyses of Drying Processes and Systems 323 8.1 Introduction 323 8.2 The Economic Value of Exergy 326 8.3 EXCEM Method 329 8.4 SPECO Method 337 8.5 Exergoenvironmental Analysis 340 8.6 Conclusions 345 8.7 Study Problems 345 References 346 9 Optimization of Drying Processes and Systems 349 9.1 Introduction 349 9.2 Objective Functions for Drying Systems Optimization 351 9.2.1 Technical Objective Functions 351 9.2.2 Environmental Objective Functions 359 9.2.3 Economic Objective Functions 362 9.3 Single-Objective Optimization 363 9.3.1 Trade-off Problems in Drying Systems 363 9.3.2 Mathematical Formulation and Optimization Methods 366 9.3.3 Parametric Single-Objective Optimization 371 9.4 Multiobjective Optimization 375 9.5 Conclusions 379 9.6 Study Problems 379 References 380 10 Sustainability and Environmental Impact Assessment of Drying Systems 381 10.1 Introduction 381 10.2 Sustainability 383 10.2.1 Sustainability Assessment Indicators 383 10.2.2 Exergy-Based Sustainability Assessment 391 10.3 Environmental Impact 397 10.3.1 Reference Environment Models 399 10.3.2 Anthropogenic Impact on the Environment 401 10.3.3 Exergy Destruction and Environmental Impact of Drying Systems 411 10.4 Case Study: Exergo-Sustainability Assessment of a Heat Pump Dryer 419 10.4.1 Reference Dryer Description 419 10.4.2 Exergo-Sustainability Assessment for the Reference Drying System 421 10.4.3 Improved Dryer Description 425 10.4.4 Exergo-Sustainability Assessment for the Improved Drying System 428 10.4.5 Concluding Remarks 430 10.5 Conclusions 430 10.6 Study Problems 430 References 431 11 Novel Drying Systems and Applications 433 11.1 Introduction 433 11.2 Drying with Superheated Steam 436 11.3 Chemical Heat Pump Dryers 438 11.4 Advances on Spray Drying Systems 441 11.4.1 Spray Drying of CuCl2(aq) 441 11.4.2 Spray Drying of Nanoparticles 445 11.4.3 Microencapsulation through Spray Drying 446 11.5 Membrane Air Drying for Enhanced Evaporative Cooling 448 11.6 Ultrasound-Assisted Drying 449 11.7 Conclusions 451 11.8 Study Problems 451 References 452 Appendix A: Conversion Factors 455 Appendix B: Thermophysical Properties of Water 457 Appendix C: Thermophysical Properties of Some Foods and Solid Materials 461 Appendix D: Psychometric Properties of Humid Air 463 Index 469

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Book SynopsisThis handy pocket guide to essential radio frequency interference (RFI) is a valuable, pocket-sized reference for radio amateurs and others in the radio communication fields. Designed as a practical, quick guide, the Radio Frequency Interference Pocket Guide collates key data, diagrams and useful reference materials into one handy place to help the reader to understand basic EM theory, along with specific remediation steps in reducing or eliminating sources of radio interference. Topics covered include; EMC/RFI Fundamentals, EMC design, FCC rules, locating RFI and resolving RFI.Table of Contents Introduction EMC/RFI Fundementals Frequency Versus Wavelength Broadcast Frequency Allocations (U.S.) Identifying RFI Locating RFI Resolving RFI Assembling an RFI Locating Kit U.S. FCC Rules European Union (EU) Rules Commonly Used Equations Useful Software

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Book SynopsisThe area of information fusion has grown considerably during the last few years, leading to a rapid and impressive evolution. In such fast-moving times, it is important to take stock of the changes that have occurred. As such, this books offers an overview of the general principles and specificities of information fusion in signal and image processing, as well as covering the main numerical methods (probabilistic approaches, fuzzy sets and possibility theory and belief functions).Table of ContentsPreface 11 Isabelle BLOCH Chapter 1. Definitions 13 Isabelle BLOCH and Henri MAÎTRE 1.1. Introduction 13 1.2. Choosing a definition 13 1.3. General characteristics of the data 16 1.4. Numerical/symbolic 19 1.4.1. Data and information 19 1.4.2. Processes 19 1.4.3. Representations 20 1.5. Fusion systems 20 1.6. Fusion in signal and image processing and fusion in other fields 22 1.7. Bibliography 23 Chapter 2. Fusion in Signal Processing 25 Jean-Pierre LE CADRE, Vincent NIMIER and Roger REYNAUD 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Objectives of fusion in signal processing 27 2.2.1. Estimation and calculation of a law a posteriori 28 2.2.2. Discriminating between several hypotheses and identifying 31 2.2.3. Controlling and supervising a data fusion chain 34 2.3. Problems and specificities of fusion in signal processing 37 2.3.1. Dynamic control 37 2.3.2. Quality of the information 42 2.3.3. Representativeness and accuracy of learning and a priori information 43 2.4. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Fusion in Image Processing 47 Isabelle BLOCH and Henri MAÎTRE 3.1. Objectives of fusion in image processing 47 3.2. Fusion situations 50 3.3. Data characteristics in image fusion 51 3.4. Constraints 54 3.5. Numerical and symbolic aspects in image fusion 55 3.6. Bibliography 56 Chapter 4. Fusion in Robotics 57 Michèle ROMBAUT 4.1. The necessity for fusion in robotics 57 4.2. Specific features of fusion in robotics 58 4.2.1.Constraints on the perception system 58 4.2.2. Proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensors 58 4.2.3. Interaction with the operator and symbolic interpretation 59 4.2.4. Time constraints 59 4.3. Characteristics of the data in robotics 61 4.3.1. Calibrating and changing the frame of reference 61 4.3.2. Types and levels of representation of the environment 62 4.4. Data fusion mechanisms 63 4.5. Bibliography 64 Chapter 5. Information and Knowledge Representation in Fusion Problems 65 Isabelle BLOCH and Henri MAÎTRE 5.1. Introduction 65 5.2. Processing information in fusion 65 5.3. Numerical representations of imperfect knowledge 67 5.4. Symbolic representation of imperfect knowledge 68 5.5. Knowledge-based systems 69 5.6. Reasoning modes and inference 73 5.7. Bibliography 74 Chapter 6. Probabilistic and Statistical Methods 77 Isabelle BLOCH, Jean-Pierre LE CADRE and Henri MAÎTRE 6.1. Introduction and general concepts 77 6.2. Information measurements 77 6.3. Modeling and estimation 79 6.4. Combination in a Bayesian framework 80 6.5. Combination as an estimation problem 80 6.6. Decision 81 6.7. Other methods in detection 81 6.8. An example of Bayesian fusion in satellite imagery 82 6.9. Probabilistic fusion methods applied to target motion analysis 84 6.9.1. General presentation 84 6.9.2. Multi-platform target motion analysis 95 6.9.3. Target motion analysis by fusion of active and passive measurements 96 6.9.4. Detection of a moving target in a network of sensors 98 6.10. Discussion 101 6.11. Bibliography 104 Chapter 7. Belief Function Theory 107 Isabelle BLOCH 7.1. General concept and philosophy of the theory 107 7.2. Modeling 108 7.3. Estimation of mass functions 111 7.3.1. Modification of probabilistic models 112 7.3.2. Modification of distance models 114 7.3.3. A priori information on composite focal elements (disjunctions) 114 7.3.4. Learning composite focal elements 115 7.3.5. Introducing disjunctions by mathematical morphology 115 7.4. Conjunctive combination 116 7.4.1. Dempster’s rule 116 7.4.2. Conflict and normalization 116 7.4.3. Properties 118 7.4.4. Discounting 120 7.4.5. Conditioning 120 7.4.6. Separable mass functions 121 7.4.7. Complexity 122 7.5. Other combination modes 122 7.6. Decision 122 7.7. Application example in medical imaging 124 7.8. Bibliography 131 Chapter 8. Fuzzy Sets and Possibility Theory 135 Isabelle BLOCH 8.1. Introduction and general concepts 135 8.2. Definitions of the fundamental concepts of fuzzy sets 136 8.2.1. Fuzzy sets 136 8.2.2. Set operations: Zadeh’s original definitions 137 8.2.3. α-cuts 139 8.2.4. Cardinality 139 8.2.5. Fuzzy number 140 8.3. Fuzzy measures 142 8.3.1. Fuzzy measure of a crisp set 142 8.3.2. Examples of fuzzy measures 142 8.3.3. Fuzzy integrals 143 8.3.4. Fuzzy set measures 145 8.3.5. Measures of fuzziness 145 8.4. Elements of possibility theory 147 8.4.1. Necessity and possibility 147 8.4.2. Possibility distribution 148 8.4.3. Semantics 150 8.4.4. Similarities with the probabilistic, statistical and belief interpretations 150 8.5. Combination operators 151 8.5.1. Fuzzy complementation 152 8.5.2. Triangular norms and conorms 153 8.5.3. Mean operators 161 8.5.4. Symmetric sums 165 8.5.5. Adaptive operators 167 8.6. Linguistic variables 170 8.6.1. Definition 171 8.6.2. An example of a linguistic variable 171 8.6.3. Modifiers 172 8.7. Fuzzy and possibilistic logic 172 8.7.1. Fuzzy logic 173 8.7.2. Possibilistic logic 177 8.8. Fuzzy modeling in fusion 179 8.9. Defining membership functions or possibility distributions 180 8.10. Combining and choosing the operators 182 8.11. Decision 187 8.12. Application examples 188 8.12.1. Example in satellite imagery 188 8.12.2. Example in medical imaging 192 8.13. Bibliography 194 Chapter 9. Spatial Information in Fusion Methods 199 Isabelle BLOCH 9.1. Modeling 199 9.2. The decision level 200 9.3. The combination level 201 9.4. Application examples 201 9.4.1. The combination level: multi-source Markovian classification 201 9.4.2. The modeling and decision level: fusion of structure detectors using belief function theory 202 9.4.3. The modeling level: fuzzy fusion of spatial relations 205 9.5. Bibliography 211 Chapter 10. Multi-Agent Methods: An Example of an Architecture and its Application for the Detection, Recognition and Identification of Targets 213 Fabienne EALET, Bertrand COLLIN and Catherine GARBAY 10.1.The DRI function 214 10.1.1. The application context 215 10.1.2. Design constraints and concepts 216 10.1.3. State of the art 216 10.2. Proposed method: towards a vision system 217 10.2.1. Representation space and situated agents 218 10.2.2. Focusing and adapting 219 10.2.3. Distribution and co-operation 220 10.2.4. Decision and uncertainty management 221 10.2.5. Incrementality and learning 221 10.3. The multi-agent system: platform and architecture 222 10.3.1. The developed multi-agent architecture 222 10.3.2. Presentation of the platformused 222 10.4. The control scheme 224 10.4.1. The intra-image control cycle 224 10.4.2. Inter-image control cycle 226 10.5. The information handled by the agents 227 10.5.1. The knowledge base 227 10.5.2. The world model 229 10.6. The results 231 10.6.1. Direct analysis 232 10.6.2. Indirect analysis: two focusing strategies 235 10.6.3. Indirect analysis: spatial and temporal exploration 237 10.6.4. Conclusion 240 10.7. Bibliography 241 Chapter 11. Fusion of Non-Simultaneous Elements of Information: Temporal Fusion 245 Michèle ROMBAUT 11.1. Time variable observations 245 11.2. Temporal constraints 246 11.3. Fusion 247 11.3.1. Fusion of distinct sources 247 11.3.2. Fusion of single source data 248 11.3.3. Temporal registration 249 11.4. Dating measurements 249 11.5. Evolutionary models 250 11.6. Single sensor prediction-combination 252 11.7. Multi-sensor prediction-combination 253 11.8. Conclusion 257 11.9. Bibliography 257 Chapter 12. Conclusion 259 Isabelle BLOCH 12.1. A few achievements 259 12.2. A few prospects 260 12.3. Bibliography 261 Appendices 263 A. Probabilities: A Historical Perspective 263 A.1. Probabilities through history 264 A.1.1. Before 1660 264 A.1.2. Towards the Bayesian mathematical formulation 266 A.1.3. The predominance of the frequentist approach: the “objectivists” 268 A.1.4. The 20th century: a return to subjectivism 269 A.2. Objectivist and subjectivist probability classes 271 A.3. Fundamental postulates for an inductive logic 272 A.3.1. Fundamental postulates 273 A.3.2. First functional equation 274 A.3.3. Second functional equation 275 A.3.4. Probabilities inferred from functional equations 276 A.3.5. Measure of uncertainty and information theory 276 A.3.6. De Finetti and betting theory 277 A.4.Bibliography 280 B. Axiomatic Inference of the Dempster-Shafer Combination Rule 283 B.1. Smets’s axioms 284 B.2. Inference of the combination rule 286 B.3.RelationwithCox’s postulates 287 B.4.Bibliography 289 List of Authors 291 Index 293

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Book SynopsisOptimal filtering applied to stationary and non-stationary signals provides the most efficient means of dealing with problems arising from the extraction of noise signals. Moreover, it is a fundamental feature in a range of applications, such as in navigation in aerospace and aeronautics, filter processing in the telecommunications industry, etc. This book provides a comprehensive overview of this area, discussing random and Gaussian vectors, outlining the results necessary for the creation of Wiener and adaptive filters used for stationary signals, as well as examining Kalman filters which are used in relation to non-stationary signals. Exercises with solutions feature in each chapter to demonstrate the practical application of these ideas using MATLAB.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Random Vectors 1 1.1. Definitions and general properties. 1 1.2. Spaces L1 (dP) and L2 (dP) 20 1.3. Mathematical expectation and applications 23 1.4. Second order random variables and vectors. 39 1.5. Linear independence of vectors of L2 (dP) 46 1.6. Conditional expectation (concerning random vectors with density function) 51 1.7. Exercises for Chapter 1 56 Chapter 2. Gaussian Vectors 63 2.1. Some reminders regarding random Gaussian vectors 63 2.2. Definition and characterization of Gaussian vectors 66 2.3. Results relative to independence 68 2.4. Affine transformation of a Gaussian vector 72 2.5. The existence of Gaussian vectors. 74 2.6. Exercises for Chapter 2 84 Chapter 3. Introduction to Discrete Time Processes 93 3.1. Definition 93 3.2. WSS processes and spectral measure 105 3.3. Spectral representation of a WSS process 109 3.4. Introduction to digital filtering 114 3.5. Important example: autoregressive process 127 3.6. Exercises for Chapter 3 132 Chapter 4. Estimation 139 4.1. Position of the problem 139 4.2. Linear estimation 142 4.3. Best estimate – conditional expectation 154 4.4. Example: prediction of an autoregressive process AR (1) 162 4.5. Multivariate processes 163 4.6. Exercises for Chapter 4 172 Chapter 5. The Wiener Filter 177 5.1. Introduction 177 5.2. Resolution and calculation of the FIR filter 179 5.3. Evaluation of the least error 181 5.4. Resolution and calculation of the IIR filter 183 5.5. Evaluation of least mean square error 187 5.6. Exercises for Chapter 5 188 Chapter 6. Adaptive Filtering: Algorithm of the Gradient and the LMS 195 6.1. Introduction 195 6.2. Position of problem 198 6.3. Data representation 200 6.4. Minimization of the cost function 202 6.5. Gradient algorithm 209 6.6. Geometric interpretation 212 6.7. Stability and convergence 216 6.8. Estimation of gradient and LMS algorithm 221 6.9. Example of the application of the LMS algorithm 224 6.10. Exercises for Chapter 6 233 Chapter 7. The Kalman Filter 235 7.1. Position of problem 235 7.2. Approach to estimation 239 7.3. Kalman filtering 243 7.4. Exercises for Chapter 7 261 7.5. Appendices 267 7.6. Examples treated using Matlab software 273 Table of Symbols and Notations 281 Bibliography 283 Index 285

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Book SynopsisThis work presents ad hoc networks and their characteristics. It explains a new protocol of routing with QoS as well as its implementation in a network simulator and compares it with the existing protocols. The book discusses the principle of the load balancing, treats the approaches of optimization of energy, and proposes a new approach with an analytical model that gives a better performance.Trade Review"This is a technical work appropriate for network architects and communication engineers and includes numerous diagrams, illustration and equations as well as appendix information on creating ad-hoc network simulation environments." (Booknews, 1 April 2011) "This is a technical work appropriate for network architects and communication engineers and includes numerous diagrams, illustration and equations as well as appendix information on creating ad-hoc network simulation environments." (Reference and Research Book News, 1 April 2011) Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to Ad Hoc Networks 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wireless networks and communications 2 1.3. Ad hoc networks (MANET) 8 1.4. Routing of ad hoc networks 15 1.5. Conclusion 22 Chapter 2. Routing in MANETs 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Internet routing protocols 24 2.3. Classification of routing protocols in MANET 28 2.4. Conclusion 47 Chapter 3. Performance Evaluation of OLSR and AODV Protocols 49 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. The AODV protocol 50 3.3. The OLSR protocol 58 3.4. Simulation environment 74 3.5. Results and analysis 80 3.6. Conclusion 86 Chapter 4. Quality of Service in MANETs 89 4.1. Introduction 89 4.2. QoS: a definition 90 4.3. The OLSRQSUP protocol and QoS extensions 100 4.4. Conclusion 113 Chapter 5. Implementation and Simulation 115 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Implementation 116 5.3. Simulation 121 5.4. Conclusion 143 Chapter 6. Load Distribution in MANETs 145 6.1. Introduction 145 6.2. Previous approaches to the load-sharing problem 146 6.3. Analytical study of the load-sharing problem in an ad hoc network with shortest-path routing 156 6.4. Proposition 161 6.5. Performance evaluation of proposed load-balancing mechanisms 171 6.6. Conclusion 177 Chapter 7. Energy Optimization in Routing Protocols 179 7.1. Introduction 179 7.2. Energy optimization techniques 180 7.3. Energy minimizing routing models in ad hoc networks 188 7.4. Comparison of energy consumption for an ad hoc network routing protocols simulated in ns-2 198 7.5. Conclusion 210 Chapter 8. Wi-Fi Access for Ad Hoc Networks 211 8.1. Introduction 211 8.2. Wi-Fi network structure 212 8.3. Wi-Fi network architecture 225 8.4. Wi-Fi norms 231 8.5. 802.11n migration 237 8.6. Conclusion 239 Bibliography 241 APPENDICES 247 Appendix 1. The Ad Hoc Networks Simulator (ANS) 249 Appendix 2. TCL Script of OLSRQSUP Protocol 255 Appendix 3. Awk Script 261 Index 265

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Book SynopsisMultiresolution analysis using the wavelet transform has received considerable attention in recent years by researchers in various fields. It is a powerful tool for efficiently representing signals and images at multiple levels of detail with many inherent advantages, including compression, level-of-detail display, progressive transmission, level-of-detail editing, filtering, modeling, fractals and multifractals, etc. This book aims to provide a simple formalization and new clarity on multiresolution analysis, rendering accessible obscure techniques, and merging, unifying or completing the technique with encoding, feature extraction, compressive sensing, multifractal analysis and texture analysis. It is aimed at industrial engineers, medical researchers, university lab attendants, lecturer-researchers and researchers from various specializations. It is also intended to contribute to the studies of graduate students in engineering, particularly in the fields of medical imaging, intelligent instrumentation, telecommunications, and signal and image processing. Given the diversity of the problems posed and addressed, this book paves the way for the development of new research themes, such as brain–computer interface (BCI), compressive sensing, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), tissue characterization (bones, skin, etc.) and the analysis of complex phenomena in general. Throughout the chapters, informative illustrations assist the uninitiated reader in better conceptualizing certain concepts, taking the form of numerous figures and recent applications in biomedical engineering, communication, multimedia, finance, etc.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Multiresolution Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Wavelet transforms: an introductory review 3 1.2.1. Brief history 3 1.2.2. Continuous wavelet transforms 6 1.2.2.1. Wavelet transform modulus maxima 9 1.2.2.2. Reconstruction 13 1.2.3. Discrete wavelet transforms 14 1.3. Multiresolution 16 1.3.1. Multiresolution analysis and wavelet bases 17 1.3.1.1. Approximation spaces 17 1.3.1.2. Detail spaces 19 1.3.2. Multiresolution analysis: points to remember 21 1.3.3. Decomposition and reconstruction 22 1.3.3.1. Calculation of coefficients 22 1.3.3.2. Implementation of MRA: Mallat algorithm 24 1.3.3.3. Extension to images 26 1.3.4. Wavelet packets 28 1.3.5. Multiresolution analysis summarized 30 1.4. Which wavelets to choose? 33 1.4.1. Number of vanishing moments, regularity, support (compactness), symmetry, etc 33 1.4.2. Well-known wavelets, scale functions and associated filters 34 1.4.2.1. Haar wavelet 34 vi Signal and Image Multiresolution Analysis 1.4.2.2. Daubechies wavelets 36 1.4.2.3. Symlets 38 1.4.2.4. Coiflets 39 1.4.2.5. Meyer wavelets 41 1.4.2.6. Polynomial spline wavelets 43 1.5. Multiresolution analysis and biorthogonal wavelet bases 48 1.5.1. Why biorthogonal bases? 48 1.5.2. Multiresolution context 48 1.5.3. Example of biorthogonal wavelets, scaling functions and associated filters 49 1.5.4. The concept of wavelet lifting 51 1.5.4.1. The notion of lifting 51 1.5.4.2. Significance of structure lifting 52 1.6. Wavelet choice at a glance 54 1.6.1. Regularity 54 1.6.2. Vanishing moments 54 1.6.3. Other criteria 55 1.6.4. Conclusion 55 1.7. Worked examples 55 1.7.1. Examples of multiresolution analysis 55 1.7.2. Compression 58 1.7.3. Denoising (reduction of noise) 64 1.8. Some applications 74 1.8.1. Discovery and contributions of wavelets 74 1.8.2. Biomedical engineering 76 1.8.2.1. ECG, EEG and BCI 77 1.8.2.2. Medical imaging 97 1.8.3. Telecommunications 110 1.8.3.1. Adaptive compression for sensor networks 110 1.8.3.2. Masking image encoding and transmission errors 114 1.8.3.3. Suppression of correlated noise 118 1.8.4. “Compressive sensing”, ICA, PCA and MRA 119 1.8.4.1. Principal component analysis 120 1.8.4.2. Independent component analysis 121 1.8.4.3. Compressive sensing 122 1.8.5. Conclusion 128 1.9. Bibliography 129 Chapter 2. Discrete Wavelet Transform-Based Multifractal Analysis 135 2.1. Introduction 135 2.1.1. Fractals and wavelets: a happy marriage? 135 2.1.2. Background 136 2.1.3. Mono/multifractal processes 137 2.1.4. Chapter outline 138 2.2. Fractality, variability and complexity 139 2.2.1. System complexity 139 2.2.2. Complex phenomena properties 141 2.2.2.1. Tendency of autonomous agents to self-organize 141 2.2.2.2. Variability and adaptability 142 2.2.2.3. Bifurcation concept and chaotic model 143 2.2.2.4. Hierarchy and scale invariance 146 2.2.2.5. Self-organized critical phenomena 146 2.2.2.6. Highly optimized tolerance 147 2.2.3. Fractality 148 2.3. Multifractal analysis 150 2.3.1. Point-wise regularity 150 2.3.2. Hölder exponent 150 2.3.3. Signal classification according to the regularity properties 152 2.3.3.1. Monofractal signal 152 2.3.3.2. Multifractal signal 152 2.3.4. Hausdorff dimension 154 2.3.4.1. Theoretic approach 155 2.3.4.2. Qualitative approach and multifractal spectrum 155 2.4. Multifractal formalism 156 2.4.1. Reminder on wavelet decomposition 156 2.4.2. Point-wise regularity characterization 157 2.4.3. Structure function and power law behavior 158 2.4.4. Link between scaling exponents and singularity spectrum 159 2.4.5. Use of wavelet leaders 160 2.4.5.1. Indexing a dyadic square and wavelet leaders 161 2.4.5.2. Polynomial expansion and log-cumulants 162 2.4.6. Wavelet leaders variant: “maximum” coefficients 165 2.5. Algorithm and performances 165 2.5.1. Singularity spectrum estimation algorithm 165 2.5.2. Analysis of a few widely used processes 167 2.5.2.1. fBm: a monofractal process 167 2.5.2.2. CMC: a multifractal process 170 2.5.2.3. BMC: another class of multifractal processes 173 2.5.3. Estimation performances 176 2.5.3.1. fBm and CMC-LN and CMC-LP simulation 176 2.5.3.2. Results 177 2.5.3.3. Interpretation and recommendations 182 2.6. Applications 186 2.6.1. Turbulence 186 viii Signal and Image Multiresolution Analysis 2.6.1.1. From Leonardo da Vinci to Kolmogorov 186 2.6.1.2. Multifractal process in turbulence 191 2.6.2. Multifractal process in finance 194 2.6.2.1. Stock market complexity modeling 194 2.6.2.2. Market turbulence 198 2.6.3. Internet traffic 203 2.6.3.1. The Internet revolution 203 2.6.3.2. Multifractal nature of Internet traffic? 204 2.6.4. Biomedical field 205 2.6.4.1. Analyzing image texture through a multifractal approach 205 2.6.4.2. Multifractality in medical imaging 211 2.7. Conclusion 219 2.8. Bibliography 220 Chapter 3. Multimodal Compression Using JPEG 2000: Supervised Insertion Approach 225 3.1. Introduction 225 3.2. The JPEG 2000 standard 226 3.3. Multimodal compression by unsupervised insertion 227 3.3.1. Principle of insertion in the wavelet transform domain 228 3.3.2. Principle of insertion in the spatial domain 229 3.4. Multimodal compression by supervised insertion 231 3.4.1. Choice of insertion zone 232 3.4.2. Insertion and separation function 233 3.4.2.1. Insertion function 233 3.4.2.2. Separation function 235 3.5. Criteria for quality evaluation 236 3.5.1. Peak signal-to-noise ratio 236 3.5.2. Percent residual difference 237 3.6. Some preliminary results 238 3.7. Conclusion 242 3.8. Bibliography 243 Chapter 4. Cerebral Microembolism Synchronous Detection with Wavelet Packets 245 4.1. Issue and stakes 245 4.2. Prior information research 247 4.2.1. Doppler ultrasound blood flow signal 247 4.2.2. Embolic Doppler ultrasound signal 250 4.3. Doppler ultrasound blood emboli signal modeling 251 4.3.1. “Physical” model 251 4.3.2. “Signal” model 255 4.3.3. Statistical tests 258 4.3.3.1. Stationarity test 259 4.3.3.2. Cyclostationarity test 261 4.3.3.3. “Gaussian” test and cardiac cycle regularity 262 4.4. Energy detection 263 4.4.1. State-of-the-art and standard detection 263 4.4.2. Synchronous detection 266 4.5. Wavelet packet energy detection 269 4.5.1. Introduction 269 4.5.2. Multiresolution analysis 271 4.5.3. Wavelet packet subband detection 274 4.5.4. Wavelet packet synchronous detection 277 4.6. Results and discussions 279 4.6.1. In simulation 279 4.6.2. In vivo 282 4.7. Conclusion 285 4.8. Bibliography 285 List of Authors 289 Index 291

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Book SynopsisDigital Spectral Analysis provides a single source that offers complete coverage of the spectral analysis domain. This self-contained work includes details on advanced topics that are usually presented in scattered sources throughout the literature. The theoretical principles necessary for the understanding of spectral analysis are discussed in the first four chapters: fundamentals, digital signal processing, estimation in spectral analysis, and time-series models. An entire chapter is devoted to the non-parametric methods most widely used in industry. High resolution methods are detailed in a further four chapters: spectral analysis by stationary time series modeling, minimum variance, and subspace-based estimators. Finally, advanced concepts are the core of the last four chapters: spectral analysis of non-stationary random signals, space time adaptive processing: irregularly sampled data processing, particle filtering and tracking of varying sinusoids. Suitable for students, engineers working in industry, and academics at any level, this book provides a rare complete overview of the spectral analysis domain.Table of ContentsPreface xiii PART 1. TOOLS AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 1 Chapter 1. Fundamentals 3 Francis CASTANIÉ 1.1. Classes of signals 3 1.2. Representations of signals 9 1.3. Spectral analysis: position of the problem 20 1.4. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. Digital Signal Processing 23 Éric LE CARPENTIER 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Transform properties 24 2.3. Windows 49 2.4. Examples of application 57 2.5. Bibliography 64 Chapter 3. Introduction to Estimation Theory with Application in Spectral Analysis 67 Olivier BESSON and André FERRARI 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Covariance-based estimation 86 3.3. Performance assessment of some spectral estimators 95 3.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 4. Time-Series Models 105 Francis CASTANIÉ 4.1. Introduction 105 4.2. Linear models 107 4.3. Exponential models 117 4.4. Nonlinear models 120 4.5. Bibliography 121 PART 2. NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS 123 Chapter 5. Non-Parametric Methods 125 Éric LE CARPENTIER 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Estimation of the power spectral density 130 5.3. Generalization to higher-order spectra 141 5.4. Bibliography 142 PART 3. PARAMETRIC METHODS 143 Chapter 6. Spectral Analysis by Parametric Modeling145 Corinne MAILHES and Francis CASTANIÉ 6.1. Which kind of parametric models? 145 6.2. AR modeling 146 6.3. ARMA modeling 154 6.4. Prony modeling 156 6.5. Order selection criteria 158 6.6. Examples of spectral analysis using parametric modeling 162 6.7. Bibliography 166 Chapter 7. Minimum Variance 169 Nadine MARTIN 7.1. Principle of the MV method . . 174 7.2. Properties of the MV estimator 177 7.3. Link with the Fourier estimators 188 7.4. Link with a maximum likelihood estimator 190 7.5. Lagunas methods: normalized MV and generalized MV 192 7.6. A new estimator: the CAPNORM estimator 200 7.7. Bibliography 204 Chapter 8. Subspace-Based Estimators and Application to Partially Known Signal Subspaces 207 Sylvie MARCOS and Rémy BOYER 8.1. Model, concept of subspace, definition of high resolution 207 8.2. MUSIC 211 8.3. Determination criteria of the number of complex sine waves 216 8.4. The MinNorm method 217 8.5. “Linear” subspace methods 219 8.6. The ESPRIT method 223 8.7. Illustration of the subspace-based methods performance 226 8.8. Adaptive research of subspaces 229 8.9. Integrating a priori known frequencies into the MUSIC criterion. 233 8.10. Bibliography 243 PART 4. ADVANCED CONCEPTS 251 Chapter 9. Multidimensional Harmonic Retrieval: Exact, Asymptotic, and Modified Cramér-Rao Bounds 253 Rémy BOYER 9.1. Introduction 253 9.2. CanDecomp/Parafac decomposition of the multidimensional harmonic model 255 9.3. CRB for the multidimensional harmonic model 257 9.4. Modified CRB for the multidimensional harmonic model 266 9.5. Conclusion 272 9.6. Appendices 273 9.7. Bibliography 284 Chapter 10. Introduction to Spectral Analysis of Non-Stationary Random Signals 287 Corinne MAILHES and Francis CASTANIÉ 10.1. Evolutive spectra 288 10.2. Non-parametric spectral estimation 290 10.3. Parametric spectral estimation 291 10.4. Bibliography 297 Chapter 11. Spectral Analysis of Non-uniformly Sampled Signals 301 Arnaud RIVOIRA and Gilles FLEURY 11.1. Applicative context 301 11.2. Theoretical framework 302 11.3. Generation of a randomly sampled stochastic process 302 11.4. Spectral analysis using undated samples 305 11.5. Spectral analysis using dated samples 309 11.6. Perspectives 314 11.7. Bibliography 315 Chapter 12. Space–Time Adaptive Processing 317 Laurent SAVY and François LE CHEVALIER 12.1. STAP, spectral analysis, and radar signal processing 319 12.2. Space–time processing as a spectral estimation problem 327 12.3. STAP architectures 334 12.4. Relative advantages of pre-Doppler and post-Doppler STAP 354 12.5. Conclusion 358 12.6. Bibliography 359 12.7. Glossary 360 Chapter 13. Particle Filtering and Tracking of Varying Sinusoids 361 David BONACCI 13.1. Particle filtering 361 13.2. Application to spectral analysis 370 13.3. Bibliography 375 List of Authors 377 Index 379

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Book SynopsisThis book gives a practical approach to modeling and analyzing communication protocols using UML 2. Network protocols are always presented with a point of view focusing on partial mechanisms and starting models. This book aims at giving the basis needed for anybody to model and validate their own protocols. It follows a practical approach and gives many examples for the description and analysis of well known basic network mechanisms for protocols. The book firstly shows how to describe and validate the main protocol issues (such as synchronization problems, client-server interactions, layer organization and behavior, etc.) in an easy and understandable way. To do so, the book considers and presents the main traditional network examples (e.g. unidirectional flows, full-duplex com-munication, error recovering, alternating bit). Finally, it presents the outputs resulting from a few simulations of these UML models. Other books usually only focus either on teaching UML or on analyzing network protocols, however this book will allow readers to model network protocols using a new perspective and integrating these two views, so facilitating their comprehension and development. Any university student studying in the field of computing science, or those working in telecommunications, embedded systems or networking will find this book a very useful addition.Trade Review"Students and engineers in computer science and related fields may find the material of interest." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Why Use UML to Model Network Protocols? 1 1.1. Modeling network protocols 1 1.2. UML as a common language 14 1.3. Chapter summary 28 1.4. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Simple Transmission 31 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Echo 31 2.3. Unidirectional: simple data sending 42 2.4. Full duplex: simple data sending 52 2.5. Chapter summary 73 2.6. Bibliography 73 Chapter 3. Simple Chat Application 75 3.1. Introduction 75 3.2. Requirements 75 3.3. Analysis 76 3.4. Architecture design 88 3.5. Detailed design 89 3.6. Simple chat simulation 101 3.7. Chapter summary 130 3.8. Bibliography 131 Chapter 4. Non-reliable Transmission Mediums 133 4.1. Introduction 133 4.2. Requirements 134 4.3. Analysis 135 4.4. Architecture design 147 4.5. Detailed design 150 4.6. Validation 160 4.7. Chapter summary 179 4.8. Bibliography 179 Chapter 5. Simple Transport Protocol 181 5.1. Introduction 181 5.2. Requirements 182 5.3. The Alternating Bit Protocol 182 5.4. Analysis 191 5.5. Architecture design 200 5.6. Detailed design 204 5.7. Simulations 217 5.8. Further considerations 235 5.9. Chapter summary 238 5.10. Bibliography 239 Appendix. Detailed Diagrams of the Simple Transport Protocol 241 A.1. State machines for the Application Data Unit Manager (Simple Transport Protocol) 242 A.2. Detailed simulations of the Simple Transport Protocol 245 Index 259

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Book SynopsisCompact Antennas for Wireless Communications and Terminals deals with compact microwave antennas and, more specifically, with the planar version of these antennas. Planar antennas are the most appropriate type of antenna in modern communication systems and more generally in all applications requiring miniaturization, integration and conformation such as in mobile phone handsets. The book is suitable for students, engineers and scientists eager to understand the principles of planar and small antennas, their design and fabrication issues, and modern aspects such as UWB antennas, reconfigurable antennas and diversity issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. General Information About Printed Antennas 1 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 1.1. Physical characteristics 1 1.2. Properties, limitations, and applications 4 1.3. Printed rectangular antenna viewed as a wide microstrip line 7 1.4. Manufacturing processes 8 1.5. Microwave substrates 11 Chapter 2. Transmission Line Model 15 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 2.1. Introduction15 2.2. Equivalent circuit 16 2.3. Input impedance 20 Chapter 3. Cavity Model 25 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 3.1. Introduction 25 3.2. Formulation of the electromagnetic problem 25 3.3. Calculation of expressions for fields and currents of a rectangular patch 29 3.4. Expressions for principal modes 31 3.5. Cartography of modal currents and associated radiation patterns 33 Chapter 4. Radiation of a Printed Antenna 39 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 4.1. Introduction 39 4.2. Modelization using two equivalent radiating slots 40 4.3. Calculation of the field radiated by a horizontal radiating slot 43 4.4. Calculation of the field radiated by the rectangular patch 44 4.5. Determination of the radiation pattern in the principal planes 44 4.6. Influence of height 46 4.7. Influence of the ground plane 47 4.8. Polarization 48 4.9. Directivity 49 4.10. Influence of the substrate on resonant frequency: parametric study based on antenna RCS 51 Chapter 5. Electrical Equivalent Circuit of a Printed Antenna 55 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 5.1. Energy considerations 55 5.2. Equivalent circuit 57 5.3. Determination of WE, WM, and B for a rectangular patch 58 5.4. Modeling using a tank circuit 60 5.5. Quality factor of an antenna 62 5.6. Calculation of radiation quality factor 63 5.7. Calculation of efficiency 64 5.8. Influence of surface waves on bandwidth and efficiency 67 Chapter 6. Feeding Circuits for Microstrip Antennas 69 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE and Benoît POUSSOT 6.1. Introduction 69 6.2. Direct coupling by coaxial probe 71 6.3. Excitation by proximity coupling 73 6.4. Excitation by slot coupling 74 Chapter 7. Circularly Polarized Antennas 89 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE, Marjorie GRZESKOWIAK and Stéphane PROTAT 7.1. Principles of circular polarization 90 7.2. Parasitic radiation – degradation of circular polarization 94 7.3. Patch fed by single or dual excitation 96 7.4. Sequential array 99 7.5. Spiral and quadrifilar helix antennas 108 7.6. Conclusion 119 Chapter 8. Wideband Antennas 121 Xavier BEGAUD 8.1. Multiresonant antennas 122 8.2. Traveling wave antennas 125 8.3. Frequency independent antennas 126 8.4. Ultra-wideband antennas 132 8.5. Conclusion 140 Chapter 9. Miniature Antennas 143 Guillaume VILLEMAUD 9.1. Introduction 143 9.2. Which types of antennas should be used for integration? 144 9.3. Integration limits in a finite volume 145 9.4. Resonant antennas in fundamental mode 146 9.5. Bulk reduction techniques 152 9.6. Multiresonant antennas 164 9.7. Synthesis and discussion 166 Chapter 10. Reconfigurable Antennas 169 Jean-Marc LAHEURTE 10.1. Introduction 169 10.2. Basic topologies and constraints 170 10.3. Switched components: available technologies 174 10.4. Frequency reconfigurable antennas (FRAs) 180 10.5. Introduction to RAs in terms of polarization and radiation pattern 185 10.6. Polarized reconfigurable antennas (PRAs) 187 10.7. Radiation pattern reconfigurable antennas (RPRAs) 190 Chapter 11. Introduction to Antenna Diversity 205 Lionel RUDANT 11.1. Benefits of antenna diversity 205 11.2. Performance of multiantenna systems 214 11.3. Multiantenna systems 222 11.4. Conclusion and looking toward MIMO 228 Bibliography 233 List of Authors 241 Index 243

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Book SynopsisThe book presents some key mathematical tools for the performance analysis of communication networks and computer systems. Communication networks and computer systems have become extremely complex. The statistical resource sharing induced by the random behavior of users and the underlying protocols and algorithms may affect Quality of Service. This book introduces the main results of queuing theory that are useful for analyzing the performance of these systems. These mathematical tools are key to the development of robust dimensioning rules and engineering methods. A number of examples illustrate their practical interest.Trade Review“Overall, I was very glad to read the present book which is an invaluable resource for master, postgraduate students undertaking courses in electrical engineering or computer science. In addition it is a good reference for researchers and engineers in the field of performance mod-elling of modern info-communication systems.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 December 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Motivation 1 1.2. Networks 2 1.3. Traffic 3 1.4. Queues 5 1.5. Structure of the book 5 1.6. Bibliography 6 Chapter 2. Exponential Distribution 9 2.1. Definition 9 2.2. Discrete analog 10 2.3. An amnesic distribution 12 2.4. Minimum of exponential variables 13 2.5. Sum of exponential variables 15 2.6. Random sum of exponential variables 16 2.7. A limiting distribution 16 2.8. A “very” random variable 17 2.9. Exercises 18 2.10. Solution to the exercises 20 Chapter 3. Poisson Processes 23 3.1. Definition 23 3.2. Discrete analog 25 3.3. An amnesic process 27 3.4. Distribution of the points of a Poisson process 27 3.5. Superposition of Poisson processes 28 3.6. Subdivision of a Poisson process 29 3.7. A limiting process 30 3.8. A “very” random process 30 3.9. Exercises 31 3.10. Solution to the exercises 32 Chapter 4. Markov Chains 35 4.1. Definition 36 4.2. Transition probabilities 36 4.3. Periodicity 37 4.4. Balance equations 38 4.5. Stationary measure 38 4.6. Stability and ergodicity 39 4.7. Finite state space 40 4.8. Recurrence and transience 41 4.9. Frequency of transition 42 4.10. Formula of conditional transitions 43 4.11. Chain in reverse time 43 4.12. Reversibility 44 4.13. Kolmogorov’s criterion 46 4.14. Truncation of a Markov chain 47 4.15. Random walk 49 4.16. Exercises 51 4.17. Solution to the exercises 52 Chapter 5. Markov Processes 57 5.1. Definition 57 5.2. Transition rates 58 5.3. Discrete analog 59 5.4. Balance equations 60 5.5. Stationary measure 61 5.6. Stability and ergodicity 61 5.7. Recurrence and transience 63 5.8. Frequency of transition 63 5.9. Virtual transitions 64 5.10. Embedded chain 66 5.11. Formula of conditional transitions 68 5.12. Process in reverse time 68 5.13. Reversibility 70 5.14. Kolmogorov’s criterion 70 5.15. Truncation of a reversible process 71 5.16. Product of independent Markov processes 73 5.17. Birth–death processes 74 5.18. Exercises 74 5.19. Solution to the exercises 78 Chapter 6. Queues 87 6.1. Kendall’s notation 87 6.2. Traffic and load 88 6.3. Service discipline 90 6.4. Basic queues 91 6.5. A general queue 97 6.6. Little’s formula 99 6.7. PASTA property 101 6.8. Insensitivity 101 6.9. Pollaczek–Khinchin’s formula 102 6.10. The observer paradox 105 6.11. Exercises 108 6.12. Solution to the exercises 111 Chapter 7. Queuing Networks 119 7.1. Jackson networks 119 7.2. Traffic equations 120 7.3. Stationary distribution 122 7.4. MUSTA property 124 7.5. Closed networks 125 7.6. Whittle networks 127 7.7. Kelly networks 129 7.8. Exercises 131 7.9. Solution to the exercises 133 Chapter 8. Circuit Traffic 141 8.1. Erlang’s model 141 8.2. Erlang’s formula 142 8.3. Engset’s formula 145 8.4. Erlang’s waiting formula 149 8.5. The multiclass Erlang model 151 8.6. Kaufman–Roberts formula 154 8.7. Network models 155 8.8. Decoupling approximation 157 8.9. Exercises 157 8.10. Solutions to the exercises 160 Chapter 9. Real-time Traffic 167 9.1. Flows and packets 167 9.2. Packet-level model 168 9.3. Flow-level model 171 9.4. Congestion rate 173 9.5. Mean throughput 174 9.6. Loss rate 176 9.7. Multirate model 177 9.8. Recursive formula 179 9.9. Network models 179 9.10. Gaussian approximation 181 9.11. Exercises 183 9.12. Solution to the exercises 185 Chapter 10. Elastic Traffic 191 10.1. Bandwidth sharing 191 10.2. Congestion rate 194 10.3. Mean throughput 195 10.4. Loss rate 197 10.5. Multirate model 199 10.6. Recursive formula 202 10.7. Network model 204 10.8. Exercises 205 10.9. Solution to the exercises 208 Chapter 11. Network Performance 215 11.1. IP access networks 215 11.2. 2G mobile networks 219 11.3. 3G mobile networks 223 11.4. 3G+ mobile networks 228 11.5. WiFi access networks 231 11.6. Data centers 238 11.7. Cloud computing 241 11.8. Exercises 242 11.9. Solution to the exercises 245 Index 251

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Book SynopsisWireless optical communication refers to communication based on the unguided propagation of optical waves. The past 30 years have seen significant improvements in this technique – a wireless communication solution for the current millennium – that offers an alternative to radio systems; a technique that could gain attractiveness due to recent concerns regarding the potential effects of radiofrequency waves on human health. The aim of this book is to look at the free space optics that are already used for the exchange of current information; its many benefits, such as incorporating channel properties, propagation models, link budgets, data processing including coding, modulation, standards and concerns around health and safety (IEC 60825 or FCC - Class 1 for example), etc. will become indispensable over the next decade in addressing computer architectures for short-, medium- and long-range telecommunications as we move from gigabytes to terabytes per second. Wireless Optical Communications is an excellent tool for any engineer wanting to learn about wireless optical communications or involved in the implementation of real complete systems. Students will find a wide range of information and useful concepts such as those relating to propagation, optics and photometry, as well the necessary information on safety. Contents 1. Light. 2. History of Optical Telecommunications. 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication. 4. Propagation Model. 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere. 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget. 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation. 8. Optics and Optronics. 9. Data Processing. 10. Data Transmission. 11. Installation and System Engineering. 12. Conclusion.Table of ContentsForeword.xi Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC Acronyms xiii Introduction.xix Chapter 1. Light 1 Chapter 2. History of Optical Telecommunications 7 2.1. Some definitions 7 2.2. The prehistory of telecommunications 8 2.3. The optical aerial telegraph 11 2.4. The code 14 2.5. The optical telegraph 18 2.6. Alexander Graham Bell’s photophone 20 Chapter 3. The Contemporary and the Everyday Life of Wireless Optical Communication 25 3.1. Basic principles 25 3.2. Wireless optical communication 53 Chapter 4. Propagation Model 63 4.1. Introduction.63 4.2. Baseband equivalent model 63 4.3. Diffuse propagation link budget in a confined environment 73 Chapter 5. Propagation in the Atmosphere 85 5.1. Introduction.85 5.2. The atmosphere 86 5.3. The propagation of light in the atmosphere 87 5.4. Models.93 5.5. Experimental set-up 103 5.6. Experimental results.104 5.7. Fog, haze, and mist 107 5.8. The runway visual range (RVR) 108 5.9. Calculating process of an FSO link availability 114 5.10. Conclusion 116 Chapter 6. Indoor Optic Link Budget.119 6.1. Emission and reception parameters 119 6.2. Link budget for line of sight communication 128 6.3. Link budget for communication with retroreflectors.132 6.4. Examples of optical budget and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 135 Chapter 7. Immunity, Safety, Energy and Legislation 141 7.1. Immunity 141 7.2. The confidentiality of communication 149 7.3. Energy 153 7.4. Legislation 154 Chapter 8. Optics and Optronics 157 8.1. Overview 157 8.2. Optronics: transmitters and receivers.157 8.3. Optics 170 Chapter 9. Data Processing 177 9.1. Introduction.177 9.2. Modulation 178 9.3. The coding 184 Chapter 10. Data Transmission 197 10.1. Introduction 197 10.2. Point-to-point link 201 10.3. Point-to-multipoint data link 206 10.4. Summary 212 Chapter 11. Installation and System Engineering 213 11.1. Free-space optic system engineering and installation 213 11.2. Wireless optical system installation engineering in limited space 225 Chapter 12. Conclusion.237 APPENDICES 241 Appendix 1. Geometrical Optics, Photometry and Energy Elements 243 Appendix 2. The Decibel Unit (dB) 257 Bibliography 261 List of Figures 273 List of Tables 277 List of Equations 279 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThe book contains the short papers of the Third International IFIP Working Conference on Enterprise Interoperability, IWEI 2011, held March 22-23, 2011, in Stockholm, Sweden, and the papers of the co-located IWEI Workshops, held on March 21, 2011. The IWEI Working Conference highlighted developments in the following areas: scientific foundations for specifying, analyzing and validating interoperability solutions; architectural frameworks for addressing interoperability challenges from different viewpoints and at different levels of abstraction; maturity models to evaluate and rank interoperability solutions with respect to distinguished quality criteria; and working sets of practical solutions, standards and tools that can be applied to interoperability problems. The IWEI Workshops complemented the IWEI Working Conference and explored new issues and solutions in enterprise interoperability in four separate workshops: (1) Enterprise 2.0 – Using Internet 2.0 Technologies in Enterprise Management; (2) Semantic Interoperability in the Scope of Future Energy Smart Grids; (3) Advanced Results in MDI/SOA Innovation; and (4) Standards Ensuring Enterprise Interoperability and Collaboration – State of the Art and Perspectives. The Workshops offered opportunities to discuss issues raised and to brainstorm about possible solution directions.Table of ContentsForeword p. Johnson ix Preface M.. zei.m M. van slnderen G.Doumeingts p. johnson xi Part 1 Workshop Proceedings 1 Workshop Wl Enterprise 2.0, Using Internet 2.0 Technologies in Enterprise Management 3 Workshop Wl Report R. Chalmeta V. Pazos 5 Workshop W2 Semantic Interoperability in the Scope of Future Energy Smart Grids 9 Interoperability between Temporal Domains in Real-time Control of Active Distribution Networks L. Nordstrom R. Gustavsson 11 Solving the Mismatches between the Electric System Ontologies R. Santodomingo J.A. Rodriguez-Mondejar M.A. Sanz-Bobi 21 Dynamic Virtual Enterprises - The Challenges of the Utility Industry for Enterprise Architecture Management S. Buckl R. Marliani F. Matthes CM. Schweda 31 Coping with Smart Grid - Standardization and Enterprise Architecture at your Service M. Postma M.Uslar S.Rohjans U. Steffens 37 A Standards-Based Security Approach with Interoperable Interfaces for the Smart Grid P. Beenken,C. Pries, S.Abels, M. Uslar 47 Workshop W3 Advanced Results in MDI/SOA Innovation 59 Reference Ontologies for Manufacturing-based Ecosystems R..YOUNG N.'Chungoora Z.-Usman N. Anjum G. Gunendran C. Palmer J. Harding K. Case A.-F. Cutting-Decelle 61 Interoperability for Product Design and Manufacturing Application in the Aeronautical Industry Y.Ducq N.Zouggar J.C.Deschamps G.Doumeingts 73 Knowledge-based System for Semantics Adaptability of Enterprise Information Systems J. Sarraipa R. Jardim-Goncalves 89 A Model-DrivenApproach to Interoperability in B2B Data Exchange D. Roman B.Morin S.Wang A.J. Berre 107 MDI for SOA Management of a Crisis A.-M. Barthe F. Benaben S. Truptil J.-P. Lorre H. Pingaud 123 Workshop W4 Standards Ensuring Enterprise Interoperability and Collaboration, the State of the Art and Perspectives 135 Standards and Initiatives for Service Modeling - The Case of OMG SoaML D. Roman C.Carrez B.Elvesaeter A.-J. Berre 137 Standard for eBusiness in SMEs Networks: the Increasing Role of Customization Rules and Conformance Testing Tools to Achieve Interoperability A. Brutti P. de Sabbata A. Frascella C. Novelli N. Gessa 147 CEN/ISO 11354 - Framework and Maturity Model for Enterprise Interoperability D.Chen 159 Standards Ensuring Enterprise Interoperability and Collaboration, Challenges and Opportunities M. Forsberg 171 Part2 IWEI 2011 Short Papers 179 Modeling Enterprise Architecture Transformations S.Buckx F.Matthes I.Monahov C.M. Schweda 181 Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic Comparison of Business Vocabulary and Rules I. Martinez de Soria X. Larrucea N. Esteban 197 SA-Policy: Semantic Annotations for WS-Policy N. Boissel-Dallier J.-P. Lorre F. Benaben 213 Shape Feature-Based Ontological Engineering Product Models N. Anjum J. Harding B. Young K. Case 223 Wrapping Legacy Systems to Support SOA Migration Using Enterprise Service Bus T. Kokko J. Vainio T. SystA 243 Author Index 261

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Book SynopsisIn an era of ubiquity, nomadism and ecological challenge, the maturity of wireless technologies, the readiness of broadband Internet access and the popularity of smart terminals should contribute to emancipating IT services in connection with the home and home-based resources. This book, in light of several years of applied research and technological surveys, aims at describing the digital home networking environment, its techniques, and the challenges around its service architecture. Digital Home Networking aims to provide a broad introduction to state-of-the-art digital home standards and protocols, as well as an in-depth description of service architectures for entertainment and domotic services involving digital home resources. The book covers aspects such as networking, remote access, security, interoperability, scalability and Quality of Service. Notably, it describes the generic architecture, which was proposed and developed in the context of the EUREKA/Celtic research project "Feel@Home".Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Romain CARBOU 1.1. Cultural context around a definition 1 1.2. A brief history of home automation 3 1.3. Coming to a definition of the digital home 7 1.4. Plan of this book 9 1.5. Bibliography 10 Chapter 2. Actors in Digital Home Networking 11 Romain CARBOU 2.1. Scope 11 2.2. Categories of actors 12 2.3. User roles 15 2.4. Bibliography 16 Chapter 3. Network Technologies 17 Pablo NAJERA and Ana NIETO 3.1. Local connectivity and networks 17 3.2. Connectivity to main networks 30 3.3. Bibliography 54 Chapter 4. Standards 59 Rémi BARS, Jorge GOMEZ-MONTALVO, Mohamed MAHDI, Cristina ALCARAZ and Rodrigo ROMAN 4.1. Introduction 59 4.2. Standards used in the home 59 4.3. Remote access to homes 82 4.4. Bibliography 92 Chapter 5. Personalization and Home Context 97 Gema MAESTRO, Lin SUN, Daqing ZHANG and Bin GUO 5.1. Introduction 97 5.2. Personalization 98 5.3. Context management and sharing 112 5.4. Protégé – an ontology editor 129 5.5. Bibliography 136 Chapter 6. Security 139 Anas ABOU EL KALAM, Marc LACOSTE, Mohamed MAACHAOUI, Francisco MOYANO and Rodrigo ROMAN 6.1. Importance of security and privacy 139 6.2. Security requirements of the extended digital home 143 6.3. A conceptual security architecture 149 6.4. Relevant security mechanisms 156 6.5. Applying the security architecture 189 6.6. Bibliography 195 Chapter 7. Quality of Experience and Quality of Service 203 Jorge GÓMEZ-MONTALVO and Ernesto EXPOSITO 7.1. Introduction 203 7.2. QoS concepts and standards 204 7.3. IETF multimedia protocols 220 7.4. Semantic approach for QoS management in home networks 223 7.5. Conclusion 251 7.6. Bibliography 252 Chapter 8. Service Management 259 Marta BEL MARTIN, Olivier DUGEON, Julien FASSON, Anas ABOU EL KALAM, Mohamed MAACHAOUI, Béatrice PAILLASSA, Francisco Javier RAMÓN SALGUERO and Warodom WERAPUN 8.1. Introduction 259 8.2. Service management basis 260 8.3. Basic protocols 262 8.4. Network architecture and service management 277 8.5. Conclusion 305 8.6. Bibliography 306 Chapter 9. The Feel@Home System 309 Marta BEL MARTIN, Gema MAESTRO MOLINA, Mohamed MAHDI and Olivier DUGEON 9.1. The Feel@Home architecture 309 9.2. Local and remote content distribution through VPN 329 9.3. Local and remote content distribution through IMS 337 9.4. Conclusion 352 9.5. Bibliography 353 Chapter 10. Home Interconnection through the Internet 355 Olivier DUGEON and Mohamed MAHDI 10.1. Introduction 355 10.2. Interoperability scenarios 356 10.3. Internet-based content sharing between remote homes 370 10.4. Conclusion 384 10.5. Bibliography 384 Chapter 11. Conclusion 385 Michel DIAZ 11.1. Bibliography 388 List of Authors 389 Index 391

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Book SynopsisToday, audiovisual archives and libraries have become very popular especially in the field of collecting, preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. However, the data from these archives or libraries – videos, images, sound tracks, etc. – constitute as such only potential cognitive resources for a given public (or "target community"). They have to undergo more or less significant qualitative transformations in order to become user- or community-relevant intellectual goods. These qualitative transformations are performed through a series of concrete operations such as: audiovisual text segmentation, content description and indexing, pragmatic profiling, translation, etc. These and other operations constitute what we call the semiotic turn in dealing with digital (audiovisual) texts, corpora of texts or even entire (audiovisual) archives and libraries. They demonstrate practically and theoretically the well-known "from data to meta-data" or "from (simple) information to (relevant) knowledge" problem – a problem that obviously directly influences the effective use, the social impact and relevancy and therefore also the future of digital knowledge archives.It constitutes, indeed, the heart of a diversity of important R&D programs and projects all over the world.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Peter STOCKINGER Chapter 1. Context and Issues 1 Peter STOCKINGER, Elisabeth DE PABLO and Francis LEMAITRE 1.1. The ARA program – a brief historical overview 1 1.2. The scientific and cultural heritage of the ARA program 4 1.3. The working process 8 1.4. Knowledge engineering in the service of the ARA program 14 1.5. The digital environment and the working process 21 1.6. Analyzing an audiovisual corpus using ASW Studio 26 PART 1: THE SEGMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION WORKSHOPS FOR AUDIOVISUAL CORPORA 31 Chapter 2. The Segmentation Workshop for Audiovisual Resources 33 Elisabeth DE PABLO 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. Segmentation of audiovisual corpora – a general presentation 34 2.3. Appropriation of the segmentation workshop 42 2.4. Some additional thoughts about segmentation 46 2.5. Perspectives relating to the segmentation workshop 46 Chapter 3. Description Workshop for Audiovisual Corpora 49 Muriel CHEMOUNY 3.1. A general overview 49 3.2. The “metadescription” part of an audiovisual analysis in ASW Studio: the mark of the editor’s choice 51 3.3. The “identifying information of an audiovisual resource” part in the ASW description workshop 62 Chapter 4. Analysis of Audiovisual Expression 67 Elisabeth DE PABLO and Jirasri DESLIS 4.1. Introduction 67 4.2. Analysis of the visual shot 68 4.3. Analysis of the sound shot 77 Chapter 5. Analysis of the Audiovisual Content 87 Peter STOCKINGER 5.1. Thematic analysis 87 5.2. A concrete example of the description of a topic 90 5.3. The model of thematic description 98 5.4. The objects of thematic analysis 102 5.5. Procedures of analysis 107 5.6. The different components of a model of thematic description 116 5.7. Libraries of models for the description of subjects 121 Chapter 6. Uses of an Audiovisual Resource 127 Muriel CHEMOUNY and Primsuda SAKUNTHABAI 6.1. The “Uses” part of the ASW description workshop 127 6.2. Producing a linguistic adaptation of an audiovisual resource 135 Chapter 7. Model of an Audiovisual Publication in the form of a Web Portal 143 Jirasri DESLIS 7.1. Introduction 143 7.2. The ArkWork homepage 144 7.3. Thematic access to audiovisual resources 146 7.4. Direct accesses to the audiovisual resources 151 7.5. Access to the audiovisual resources by thesaurus 156 7.6. Contextualization of the video 158 PART 2: TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND NEW PERSPECTIVES 169 Chapter 8. The ASW Digital Environment 171 Francis LEMAITRE 8.1. Introduction 171 8.2. General presentation 175 8.3. SemioscapeLibrary 181 8.4. Semioscape 194 8.5. Conclusion 201 Chapter 9. The ASW Studio 203 Francis LEMAITRE 9.1. Introduction 203 9.2. The common libraries 204 9.3. SemioscapeData 207 9.4. ESCoM Update 209 9.5. ESCoM ffCoder 210 9.6. ESCoM OntoEditor 211 9.7. ESCoM-INA Interview 212 9.8. ESCoM SemioscapeAdmin 214 9.9. The ESCoM suite 2011 installer 214 9.10. Semiosphere 216 9.11. Conclusion 220 Chapter 10. The Technical Development of the “Web Portal” Publishing Model 225 Richard GUÉRINET 10.1. The notion of “publishing module” 225 10.2. RIAs 228 10.3. The “Menu” publishing module 233 10.4. The “Video player” publishing module 235 10.5. The “contextualization of a video” publishing module 236 10.6. The “temporal location” publishing module 238 10.7. The “geographical location” publishing module 239 10.8. Conclusion 242 Glossary of Specialized Terms 243 Peter STOCKINGER Glossary of Acronyms and Names 263 Peter STOCKINGER Bibliography 281 List of Authors 285 Index 287

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Book SynopsisThe current diversity of transport services, as well as the complexity resulting from the deployment of specific transport protocols or mechanisms over the different services provided by heterogeneous networks, demand a novel design of the transport layer. Moreover, current and future applications will only be able to take advantage of the most adapted and available transport services if they are able to interact (i.e. discover, compose, deploy and adapt) efficiently with this advanced transport layer.The work presented in this book proposes a model-driven methodology and a service-oriented approach aimed at designing the mechanisms, functions, protocols and services of the next generation transport layer.The first part of this book presents the state of the art of transport protocols and introduces a model-driven methodology and an ontology semantic model implementation aimed at designing next generation transport protocols.The second part presents the UML-based design of a component-based transport protocol. An extension to this protocol based on service-component and service-oriented architectures is also presented.The third part presents various model-driven adaptive strategies aimed at managing the behavioral and structural adaptation of next generation autonomic transport protocols.The fourth and final part presents the design of a transport layer based on component-oriented and service-oriented approaches and integrating the autonomic computing paradigm guided by the semantic dimension provided by ontologies.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Evolution of application and network layers 1 1.2. Summary of contributions 3 1.3. Book structure 5 Chapter 2. Transport Protocols State of the Art 7 2.1. Introduction7 2.2. Transport layer reference models 9 2.2.1. OSI model 9 2.2.2. TCP/IP model 9 2.2.3. Transport layer 9 2.2.4. Transport services 10 2.3. Transport functions and mechanisms 11 2.3.1. Error control 11 2.3.2. Congestion control 14 2.3.3. Summary 19 2.4. IETF transport protocols 20 2.4.1. TCP 20 2.4.2. UDP21 2.4.3. SCTP 21 2.4.4. DCCP 22 2.4.5. MPTCP 23 2.5. Summary 23 Chapter 3. Semantic Modeling of Transport Protocols and Services 25 3.1. Introduction 25 3.2. Model and semantic-driven architecture 26 3.2.1. Model-driven architecture 26 3.2.2. Ontology-driven architecture 27 3.3. Design of a QoS ontology framework 28 3.3.1. Quality of Service definition 28 3.3.2. ITU-T X.641 framework 29 3.3.3. Service 29 3.3.4. Service user . 29 3.3.5. Service provider30 3.3.6. QoS characteristic 30 3.3.7. QoS requirement . 30 3.3.8. QoS parameter 30 3.3.9. QoS function. 31 3.3.10. QoS mechanism . 31 3.4. Design of a QoS transport ontology for the next generation transport layer . 31 3.4.1. Ontology representation 31 3.4.2. X.641 QoS ontology . 32 3.4.3. QoS transport requirements 33 3.4.4. QoS transport mechanisms, functions and protocols . 33 3.5. QoS transport ontology specification. 34 3.5.1. TCP semantic description . 34 3.5.2. UDP semantic description. 36 3.5.3. SCTP semantic description 36 3.5.4. DCCP semantic description 38 3.5.5. MPTCP semantic description . 40 3.6. Usage of the QoS transport ontology specification 41 3.6.1. QoS transport services characterization 42 3.6.2. Transport components and transport composite characterization 45 3.7. Summary 46 Chapter 4. Model-Driven Design Methodology of Transport Mechanisms and Functions 49 4.1. Introduction49 4.2. Software engineering process 50 4.2.1. Unified Modeling Language 51 4.2.2. UML 2.4.1-based methodology 52 4.2.3. UML diagrams 55 4.2.4. Summary and additional resources 66 4.3. Applying the UML-based software engineering methodology for transport services 68 4.3.1. Contextual model of transport functions and mechanisms 68 4.3.2. Analysis of requirements guiding transport functions 69 4.3.4. Design of transport functions and mechanisms 71 4.4. Summary 77 Chapter 5. Model-Driven Specification and Validation of Error Control Transport Mechanisms and Functions 79 5.1. Introduction 79 5.2. Design of an error control function 80 5.2.1. Behavior specification of the sending side protocol entity 81 5.2.2. Behavior specification of the receiving side protocol entity 83 5.3. Functional validation of the error control function 84 5.3.1. Functional validation using a perfect medium 86 5.3.2. Functional validation using an imperfect medium 88 5.4. A new design of the error control function 93 5.4.1. Functional validation using an imperfect medium 96 5.4.2. More open questions 97 5.5. A model-driven simulation environment 98 5.5.1. Model-driven simulation framework 99 5.5.2. Model-driven network simulator package 100 5.5.3. Lossy medium simulator 101 5.5.4. Delayed medium simulator 102 5.5.5. Bandwidth-limited medium simulator 104 5.6. Chapter summary 106 5.7. Appendix 107 Chapter 6. Model-Driven Specification and Validation of Congestion Control Transport Mechanisms and Functions 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.2. Design of a congestion control function 110 6.2.1. Behavior specification of the sending and receiving side protocol entities 111 6.2.2. The TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC) specification 114 6.2.3. Detailed TFRC design 117 6.3. Functional validation of the congestion control function 119 6.3.1. Case study 1: continuous stream of messages (no time constraints) 121 6.3.2. Case study 2: GSM audio stream 123 6.3.3. Case study 3: MJPEG video stream 123 6.4. Summary 126 6.5. Appendix 127 Chapter 7. Specification and Validation of QoS-Oriented Transport Mechanisms and Functions 129 7.1. Introduction 129 7.2. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented transport functions 130 7.3. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented error control functions 131 7.3.1. Partially ordered/partially reliable transport services 133 7.4. Contextual model of a QoS-oriented congestion control functions 138 7.4.1. QoS-aware TFRC congestion control 139 7.5. Design of the QoS-oriented error control functions 142 7.5.1. Basis of a fully reliable SACK-based function143 7.5.2. Design of a partially reliable SACK-based function 144 7.5.3. Design of a partially reliable function 146 7.5.4. Design of a differentiated and partially reliable function 147 7.5.5. Design of a time-constrained, differentiated and partially reliable function 148 7.6. Design of the QoS-oriented congestion control function 148 7.6.1. Basis of a TCP-friendly rate control function 149 7.6.2. Design of a time-constrained and differentiated congestion control function 151 7.7. Summary 153 Chapter 8. Architectural Frameworks for a QoS-Oriented Transport Protocol 157 8.1. Introduction 157 8.2. Communication architecture requirements 159 8.3. Architectural frameworks for communication protocols 160 8.3.1. QoS-oriented architecture 160 8.3.2. Architectural frameworks for communication protocols 161 8.4. Design of a composite and QoS-oriented transport protocol 164 8.4.1. Design of the fully programmable transport protocol 164 8.5. Evaluation of the FPTP transport protocol 180 8.5.1. FPTP TD-TFRC mechanism 180 8.5.2. FPTP D-PR and TD-PR mechanisms 181 8.5.3. FPTP TD-TFRC mechanisms 182 8.5.4. Analysis of results 183 8.6. Summary 184 8.7. Appendix 184 Chapter 9. Service-Oriented and Component-Based Transport Protocol 187 9.1. Introduction187 9.2. State-of-the-art on modern software architectural frameworks 188 9.2.1. Service-oriented architecture 188 9.2.2. Component-based design 190 9.2.3. Summary 192 9.3. Design guidelines of a component-based and service-oriented architecture for the next generation transport layer 193 9.3.1. Service-oriented architecture transport layer (SOATL) 193 9.3.2. Service-component architecture for transport protocols (SCATP) 193 9.3.3. Semantic model guiding the selection and composition of transport services 194 9.4. FPTP semantic description 194 9.4.1. FPTP individual 195 9.4.2. Service characterization inferences based on components axioms 196 9.5. Summary 198 9.6. Appendix 199 Chapter 10. Adaptive Transport Protocol 201 10.1. Introduction 201 10.2. The enhanced transport protocol 202 10.2.1. Adaptive composite communication architecture 203 10.2.2. Behavioral adaptation 205 10.2.3. Structural adaptation 209 10.3. Summary 212 Chapter 11. Autonomic Transport Protocol 213 11.1. Introduction 213 11.2. Autonomic computing 214 11.3. Self-managing functions 215 11.4. Architecture 215 11.4.1. Autonomic elements 216 11.4.2. Autonomic orchestrators 218 11.4.3. Policies 219 11.4.4. Knowledge base 220 11.4.5. Summary 220 11.5. Design guidelines of an autonomic computing architecture for the next-generation transport layer 221 11.5.1. Self-managing functionalities 221 11.5.2. Architecture 222 11.5.3. Autonomic orchestrators 224 11.5.4. Policy framework 228 11.5.5. Knowledge base 228 11.6. Summary 228 11.7. Appendix 229 Conclusions 231 Perspectives 235 Appendix 239 Bibliography 269 Index 279

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on green networking, which is an important topic for the scientific community composed of engineers, academics, researchers and industrialists working in the networking field. Reducing the environmental impact of the communications infrastructure has become essential with the ever increasing cost of energy and the need for reducing global CO2 emissions to protect our environment.Recent advances and future directions in green networking are presented in this book, including energy efficient networks (wired networks, wireless networks, mobile networks), adaptive networks (cognitive radio networks, green autonomic networking), green terminals, and industrial research into green networking (smart city, etc.).Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Environmental Impact of Networking Infrastructures 1 Laurent LEFÈVRE and Jean-Marc PIERSON 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Some definitions and metrics 5 1.3. State of the sites of consumption of the networks: the case of wired networks 7 1.4. Academic and industrial initiatives 11 1.5. Perspectives and reflections on the future 13 1.6. Bibliography 13 PART 1. A STEP TOWARDS ENERGY-EFFICIENT NETWORKS 17 Chapter 2. A Step Towards Energy-efficient Wired Networks 19 Aruna Prem BIANZINO, Claude CHAUDET, Dario ROSSI and Jean-Louis ROUGIER 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Models of energy consumption 22 2.3. Energy-saving strategies 27 2.3.1. Transport applications and protocols 27 2.3.2. Communications links 31 2.4. The problem of energy-efficient routing 37 2.4.1. Model of energy consumption. 37 2.4.2. Formulation of the problem 39 2.4.3. Experimental results 41 2.5. Conclusion 51 2.6. Bibliography52 Chapter 3. A Step Towards Green Mobile Networks 59 Sami TABBANE 3.1. Introduction 59 3.1.1. Decreasing power: an imperative in a cellular radio network 60 3.1.2. Definition of and need for green cellular 60 3.2. Processes and protocols for green networks 63 3.2.1. Technologies on the radio interface 64 3.2.2. Adaptation of network activity to traffic 66 3.2.3. Traffic aggregation based on the delay67 3.2.4. Store, carry and forward relaying 68 3.2.5. Combination of MS and BTS 68 3.2.6. Handover for optimization of the energy used 69 3.2.7. Cooperation between base transceiver stations 70 3.2.8. Increasing the capacity of the RAN and network core nodes 70 3.3. Architecture and engineering of green networks 71 3.3.1. Relaying and multi-hopping 71 3.3.2. Self-organizing networks (SONs) 73 3.3.3. Planning.74 3.3.4. Microcells and multi-RAT networks 75 3.3.5. A step towards all-IP and flat architecture 77 3.3.6. Reducing the number of sites by using smart antennas 77 3.3.7. Cooperation between BTSs 78 3.4. Components and structures for green networks 79 3.4.1. Power-efficient amplifiers 80 3.4.2. Elimination of feeders, use of fiber optics 81 3.4.3. Solar and wind power 81 3.4.4. Twin TRX82 3.4.5. Cooling82 3.5. Conclusion 83 3.6. Bibliography83 Chapter 4. Green Telecommunications Networks 87 Guy PUJOLLE 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Data centers 89 4.3. Wireless telecommunications networks. 92 4.4. Terrestrial telecommunications networks99 4.5. Low-cost and energy-efficient networks.105 4.6. The role of virtualization in “green” techniques 109 4.7. Conclusion 112 4.8. Bibliography 113 PART 2. A STEP TOWARDS SMART GREEN NETWORKS AND SUSTAINABLE TERMINALS 115 Chapter 5. Cognitive Radio in the Service of Green Communication and Networking 117 Hicham KHALIFÉ 5.1. Introduction 117 5.2. Cognitive radio: concept and standards 120 5.2.1. Attempts at standardization121 5.2.2. Research projects and initiatives. 122 5.3. Various definitions of green in cognitive radio 124 5.3.1. Reducing the pollution of the radio spectrum 125 5.3.2. Reducing the exposure of individuals 126 5.3.3. Reducing the consumption of the equipment 126 5.4. Clean solutions offered by cognitive radio 126 5.4.1. Solutions for the spectrum and health 127 5.4.2. Actions at the level of equipment/infrastructure 127 5.4.3. Optimizing the communication parameters 129 5.4.4. Avenues for research and visions for the future 132 5.5. Use case: “Smart buildings” 135 5.6. Conclusion 138 5.7. Bibliography 138 Chapter 6. Autonomic Green Networks. 141 Francine KRIEF, Maïssa MBAYE and Martin PERES 6.1. Introduction 141 6.2. Autonomic networks 142 6.3. Self-configuring 144 6.3.1. Importance of self-configuring for green networks 145 6.4. Self-optimizing 145 6.4.1. Self-optimizing for green networks 147 6.5. Self-protecting 152 6.5.1. Protection of the executive support 154 6.5.2. Protection of the energy source 158 6.5.3. Protection of communications. 162 6.6. Self-healing165 6.6.1. Application to wireless sensor networks 167 6.6.2. Application to smart grids 170 6.7. Conclusion 170 6.8. Bibliography 171 Chapter 7. Reconfigurable Green Terminals: a Step Towards Sustainable Electronics 177 Lilian BOSSUET 7.1. Sustainable electronics? 177 7.2. Environmental impact of electronic products during their lifecycle 181 7.2.1. Lifecycle of electronic products 181 7.2.2. Microelectronic manufacture 183 7.2.3. Usage of electronic products 191 7.2.4. Electronic waste products 192 7.3. Reduce, reuse, recycle and reconfigure 193 7.3.1. Reduce, reuse, recycle 193 7.3.2. Reconfiguring with the help of FPGAs196 7.4. Examples of reconfigurable terminals 204 7.5. Conclusion 208 7.6. Bibliography 209 PART 3. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON GREEN NETWORKING CONDUCTED BY INDUSTRIAL ACTORS 215 Chapter 8. Schemes for Putting Base Stations in Sleep Mode in Mobile Networks: Presentation and Evaluation 217 Louai SAKER, Salah Eddine ELAYOUBI and Tijani CHAHED 8.1. Motivation 217 8.2. Putting macro base transceiver stations in sleep mode 218 8.2.1. Structure of the base transceiver station 218 8.2.2. Model of energy consumption of the BTS 219 8.2.3. Principle of putting BTSs in sleep mode 220 8.2.4. Illustration of sleep mode. Case of multisystem 2G/3G networks 221 8.2.5. Implementation of sleep mode 223 8.3. Sleep mode in small-cell heterogeneous networks 225 8.3.1. Energy efficiency of small cells 227 8.3.2. Putting small cells in sleep mode 229 8.4. Conclusion and considerations on implementation 231 8.5. Bibliography 232 Chapter 9. Industrial Application of Green Networking: Smarter Cities 233 Vincent GAY, Paolo MEDAGLIANI, Florian BROEKAERT, Jérémie LEGUAY and Mario LOPEZ RAMOS 9.1. Introduction 233 9.2. Smart cities and green networking 234 9.3. Techniques involved 237 9.3.1. Low-consumption communication protocols 237 9.3.2. Assistance in the deployment of sensor networks 242 9.3.3. Low-consumption processor treatments 249 9.3.4. System integration of heterogeneous sensors 258 9.4. Conclusion 266 9.5. Bibliography 267 List of Authors 271 Index 275

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Book SynopsisIn a fast changing world governed by innovative Enterprise Services and the Future Internet, the issue of Enterprise Interoperability is no longer limited to the interoperation of systems within a single company, but has become a much greater multi-view issue of interoperability throughout a Network of Enterprises. This book contains the proceedings of 13 workshops presented as short papers and discussions held at each workshop. The workshops were co-located with the I-ESA’12 Conference organized by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain. Complementary to the conference program, the workshops aimed at exploiting new issues, challenges and solutions for Enterprise Interoperability. The scope of the workshops spanned a wide range of interoperability issues in Service Science and Innovation, Model Driven Interoperability, Service Oriented Architectures, Factories of the Future, Enterprise Networks and Management, SME Aspects and Standards.Table of ContentsForeword xiii R. POLER Preface xv M. ZELM, R. SANCHIZ, R. POLER, G. DOUMEINGTS Workshop A1 – Service Science and the Next Wave in Enterprise Interoperability 1 Workshop A1 Summary 3 K. KUTSIKOS Industrialization Strategies and Enterprise Interoperability: The Consumer Banking Case 5 E. BAGLIERI, E. ZAMBOLIN Responsibility Aspects in Service Engineering for e-Government 11 C. FELTUS, A. KHADRAOUI, A. YURCHYSHYNA, M. LÉONARD, E. DUBOIS Workshop A2 – Service Innovation in the EU Manufacturing Industry: from Products to Services to Solutions 19 Workshop A2 Summary 21 G. DOUMEINGTS The MSEE Integrated Project 23 C. GUGLIELMINA, S. GUSMEROLI Applying FI Core Platform to Manufacturing Service Ecosystems 31 A. FRIESEN Services for Cloud Manufacturing 39 X. XIAOFEI, N. LANSHUN, Z. DECHEN, J. LARTIGAU “A roadmap of ICT for Manufacturing in the ‘Horizon 2020’ prospective” 47 M. TAISCH, G. TAVOLA Workshop A3 – Interoperability for Crisis Management (I-CriMa) 55 Workshop A3 Summary 57 F. BÉNABEN Crisis Management Workflow Deduction and Orchestration in a Service-orientated Context 59 F. BÉNABEN, C. HANACHI, V. CHAPURLAT, N. SALATGÉ, J.P. PIGNON Towards an Agile Information Decision Support System in a Transport Crisis Context 67 G. MACÉ RAMÈTE, M. LAURAS, F. BÉNABEN, J. LAMOTHE Towards an Interoperable IT Platform for Better Coordination of Crisis Response 75 M. LAURAS, A. CHARLES, S. TRUPTIL, F. BÉNABEN Workshop B1 – Architecture Modeling for the Future Internet Enabled Enterprise (AMFInE) 83 Workshop B1 Summary 85 M. VAN SINDEREN Preparing the Future Internet for ad-hoc Business Network Support 87 M. VAN SINDEREN, R. LAGERSTRÖM, M. EKSTEDT, P. JOHNSON Generating Dynamic Cross-organizational Process Visualizations through Abstract View Model Pattern Matching 95 M. HAUDER, F. MATTHES, S. ROTH, C. SCHULZ Authorization Language for Inter-Enterprise 103 M. BIAGI, R. GUANCIALE Architecture Modeling for Interoperability Analysis on the Future Internet 111 J. ULLBERG, R. LAGERSTRÖM, M. VAN SINDEREN, P. JOHNSON A Model-driven Approach to Achieve Enterprise Collaboration with Interoperable Services and Situational Awareness 119 F. BÉNABEN, H. PINGAUD Workshop B2 – Intelligent Manufacturing Networks (iNet): Strategic and Operational Activity Alignment 127 Workshop B2 Summary 129 L. CANETTA Extending the Conceptual Model for MRP IV 133 M. DÍAZ-MADROÑERO, J. MULA, D. PEIDRO Measuring Enterprise Resilience 139 R. SANCHIS, R. POLER Methodological Support for Collaborative and Non-Hierarchical Network Operation for Complex Product Manufacturing 145 A.H.M. SHAMSUZZOHA, T. KANKAANPÄÄ, L. CARNEIRO, R. FORNASIERO Methodology for Supplier Incentivization in the Machinary and Equipment Industry 153 G. SCHUH, T. POTENTE, T. JASINSKI, T. FROITZHEIM Tools for Supporting Collaborative Processes in Non-Hierarchical Networks 161 B. ANDRÉS, R. POLER Workshop B3 – Advanced Results in Model Driven Interoperability (MDI)/Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) Innovation 167 Workshop B3 Summary 169 Y. DUCQ, G. DOUMEINGTS Achieving Interoperability via Model Transformation within the MDI 171 E.M. SILVA, C. AGOSTINHO, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES A Model Driven Approach for the Modeling of Services in a Virtual Enterprise 181 D. CHEN, Y. DUCQ, G. DOUMEINGTS, G. ZACHAREWICZ, T. ALIX Model-driven Engineering of Mediation Information System: Application to the ISTA3 Use-case 189 N. BOISSEL-DALLIER, F. BÉNABEN, H. PINGAUD A Model Driven Ontology-based Approach for Manufacturing Knowledge Sharing in PLM 197 N. CHUNGOORA, R. YOUNG, G. GUNENDRAN, Z. USMAN, N. ANJUM, C. PALMER, J. HARDING, K. CASE, A.F. CUTTING-DECELLE Workshop C1 – Factories of the Future – Enabling Interoperability over the Complete Supply Chain 205 Workshop C1 Summary 207 S. KOUSSOURIS, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES Management of Dynamic Furniture Manufacturing Networks 209 J. FERREIRA, M. FERRO DE BECA, M.J. NUNEZ, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES Competence Management for Collaborative Manufacturing Networks 219 J. BAL, S.M. NABAVIEH Anything Relationship Management as a basis for Global Process Management in Network Enterprises 227 J. BRITSCH, B. KÖLMEL Partner Selection and Management Issues in Dynamic Manufacturing Networks 235 K. GEORGOULIAS, N. PAPAKOSTAS, G. CHRYSSOLOURIS EPES System – Innovative System for Optimization of the Product Lifecycle through Adapted Services 243 M. SORLI, A. ARMIJO, L. GARCÍA-ZAMBRANO Interoperability for a Networked Enterprise based on a Cloud Computing Infrastructure 251 M. KHALFALLAH, N. FIGAY, M. BARHAMGI, P. GHODOUS Semantic-driven Autonomic Service Bus 259 C. DIOP, E. EXPOSITO, K. DRIRA, C. CHASSOT Towards a Novel Framework for Handling Multi-level SLA in Cross-organizational Enterprise Collaboration 267 I. GUIDARA, N. GUERMOUCHE, T. CHAARI, S. TAZI User Experience Enhanced Smart Search for B2B Marketplaces 275 S. GAFFAROÐLU, E. GÜLGENER New Environment for Innovation and Creativity 283 E. GOUROVA, K. TOTEVA Workshop C2 – A Future Vision for Manufacturing Enterprise Interoperability (MEI) 291 Workshop C2 Summary 293 R. YOUNG Digital Ecosystems Vision for Manufacturing Enterprise Interoperability 295 R. DE JUAN-MARÍN, V. MATOSES, R. DARÍO FRANCO Missing Interoperability in Industrial Implementations 303 F.-W. JAEKEL Manufacturing Enterprise Interoperability: An Industrial Viewpoint 309 N.K. HASTILOW, R.I. YOUNG Workshop C3 – Delivering a Competitive Edge to Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) 315 Workshop C3 Summary 317 G. BHULLAR, A. ORTIZ Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME): Strengths and Weaknesses 319 G.G.M.P. DA SILVA, D. FERRARI TUBINO EU Funded Projects – Best Tools for Interoperability Enhancement in Construction Industry 331 A.P. MINASOWICZ, P.O. NOWAK, J. J. ZAWISTOWSKI Workshop D3 – A Science Base for Enterprise Interoperability – Structure, Control and Progress Review 339 Workshop D3 Summary 341 K. POPPLEWELL Towards the Definition of a Science Base for Enterprise Interoperability: A Progress Report 343 K. POPPLEWELL Interoperability Body of Knowledge: the Genesis for Enterprise Interoperability Science 351 R. JARDIM-GONCALVES, A. GRILO, C. AGOSTINHO Towards a Convergence of Enterprise Interoperability and the FInES Research Roadmap 359 P. ASSOGNA, M. M. MISSIKOFF Sustainable Interoperability Framework for Supporting Negotiation Processes 365 C. COUTINHO, A. CRETAN, R. JARDIM-GONCALVES How System Theory Supports a Science for Enterprise Interoperability 373 Y. DUCQ, G. DOUMEINGTS, D. CHEN Workshop E1 – Enterprise Interoperation Management (EIM) 381 Workshop E1 Summary 383 F.-W. JAEKEL, Y. DUCQ Business Intelligence and Enterprise Interoperability: Literature Review 385 S. BINOBAID and I. FAN Workshop E2 – Standards Improving Enterprise Interoperability Benefits for a Service-oriented Future Internet 395 Workshop E2 Summary 397 P. DE SABBATA, D. CHEN Supporting Interoperability in Smart Grids 401 J. GONZÁLEZ, C. DÄNEKAS, J. TREFKE, M. USLAR A Model to Analyze Critical Factors in B2B Interoperability Standards Lifecycle 409 A. BRUTTI, P. DE SABBATA, G. CIACCIO, A. FRASCELLA, C. NOVELLI Management of Metadata and XML Schemas for e-Justice Interoperability 415 P. KEIZER, P. VAN DER EIJK Global eBusiness Interoperability Test Beds (GITB) Facilitating Large Scale Projects in Europe 423 O. BAUSÀ, C. LEGNER Workshop E3 – Standardization Management 431 Workshop E3 Summary 433 K. JAKOBS Managing Standards Development in Emergent Fields of Technology Innovation – a Proposed Model of Key Processes in ICT Standardization 435 T. HOEL, J.M. PAWLOWKI Electric Vehicle Standardization Management 443 M. GERST, G. XUDONG Understanding Standardization Strategy based on Miles and Snow Strategic Framework 449 B.G. KANG, B.H. JUN Standards Engineers – Who Needs Them? 457 C. FREERICKS Author Index 465

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Book SynopsisA review of the principles of the safety of software-based equipment, this book begins by presenting the definition principles of safety objectives. It then moves on to show how it is possible to define a safety architecture (including redundancy, diversification, error-detection techniques) on the basis of safety objectives and how to identify objectives related to software programs. From software objectives, the authors present the different safety techniques (fault detection, redundancy and quality control). “Certifiable system” aspects are taken into account throughout the book. Contents 1. Safety Management. 2. From System to Software. 3. Certifiable Systems. 4. Risk and Safety Levels. 5. Principles of Hardware Safety. 6. Principles of Software Safety. 7. Certification. About the Authors Jean-Louis Boulanger is currently an Independent Safety Assessor (ISA) in the railway domain focusing on software elements. He is a specialist in the software engineering domain (requirement engineering, semi-formal and formal method, proof and model-checking). He also works as an expert for the French notified body CERTIFER in the field of certification of safety critical railway applications based on software (ERTMS, SCADA, automatic subway, etc.). His research interests include requirements, software verification and validation, traceability and RAMS with a special focus on SAFETY.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ix CHAPTER 1. SAFETY MANAGEMENT 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Dependability 1 1.3. Conclusion 8 1.4. Bibliography 8 CHAPTER 2. FROM SYSTEM TO SOFTWARE 9 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Systems of command and control 10 2.3 System 13 2.4 Software implementation 14 2.5. Conclusion 16 2.6. Bibliography 17 2.7. Glossary 17 CHAPTER 3. CERTIFIABLE SYSTEMS 19 3.1. Introduction 19 3.2. Normative context 20 3.3. Conclusion 37 3.4. Bibliography 38 3.5. Glossary 41 CHAPTER 4. RISK AND SAFETY LEVELS 43 4.1. Introduction 43 4.2. Basic definitions 43 4.3. Safety implementation 48 4.4. In standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 70 4.5. Conclusions 74 4.6. Bibliography 74 4.7. Acronyms 77 CHAPTER 5. PRINCIPLES OF HARDWARE SAFETY 79 5.1. Introduction 79 5.2. Safe and/or available hardware 79 5.3. Reset of a processing unit 80 5.4. Presentation of safety control techniques 81 5.5. Conclusion 117 5.6. Bibliography 118 5.7. Glossary 119 CHAPTER 6. PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE SAFETY 121 6.1. Introduction 121 6.2. Techniques to make software application safe 121 6.3. Other forms of diversification 149 6.4. Overall summary 150 6.5. Quality management 150 6.6. Conclusion 155 6.7. Bibliography 156 6.8. Glossary 157 CHAPTER 7. CERTIFICATION 159 7.1. Introduction 159 7.2. Independent assessment 159 7.3. Certification 160 7.4. Certification in the rail sector 161 7.5. Automatic systems 171 7.6. Aircraft 171 7.7. Nuclear 171 7.8. Automotive 172 7.9. Spacecraft 172 7.10 Safety case 172 7.11 Conclusion 173 7.12 Bibliography 174 7.13 Glossary 176 CONCLUSION 177 INDEX 179

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Book SynopsisCommunication services are evolving at an unprecedented rate. No longer limited to interpersonal vocal communication, they now integrate functions such as address books, content sharing and messaging. The emergence of social networks – which may also include these features – is an important element of this transformation. Content services are becoming flagship services themselves, and are sometimes paired up with conversation services. The boundaries between different services are becoming less and less distinct. This book meets the need for a better understanding of communication services, and for a general framework of their description. A detailed overview on service architecture in the Telco, Web and IT worlds is presented, offering a roadmap with explanations on how to improve the architecture and governance of communication service architectures by exploiting the syntax and semantics that are common to different services is clearly outlined. This book also responds to recurring questions about service design, such as the functional scope of enablers or SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) services, the relevance of service composition to the user and collaboration between different services in a converged environment. Many concrete examples from telecoms service providers’ operations illustrate these concepts. Contents 1. Describing Service Architectures. 2. Convergence of Service. 3. Building an Architectural Framework for Telecom Services. 4. Modeling and Case Study. 5. Organizational and Software Applications. About the Authors Emmanuel Bertin is senior service architect at Orange Labs in France. He is the author of more than 40 research papers, and holds more than 10 patents in the area of communication services. Noël Crespi worked at Bouygues Telecom, France Telecom R&D, and then at Nortel Networks where he led the Telephony Programme. He is currently Professor and Head of the Service Architecture Laboratory at Institut Mines-Telecom, Telecom SudParis in France and is the author/co-author of more than 160 research papers and 140 contributions in standardization.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xi Acknowledgements xv Chapter 1. Describing Service Architectures 1 1.1. The telecommunications community 2 1.1.1. The service and global functional planes of the intelligent network 2 1.1.2. From TINA to the NGN 8 1.1.3. The OMA and the concept of the enabler 11 1.2. The Web community 16 1.2.1. Web services as fundamental structural units 16 1.2.2. Semantic description of resources 18 1.2.3. Semantic description of Web services 19 1.3. The IT community 23 1.3.1. Service-oriented architectures 23 1.3.2. The concept of view 26 1.3.3. Enterprise architecture and urbanization 28 1.4. Summary 33 Chapter 2. Convergence of Service 35 2.1. Overview of communication services 35 2.1.1. Telecoms services and the NGN 35 2.1.2. The NGN 36 2.1.3. Towards convergence 47 2.1.4. Implementation of convergent services 50 2.2. Common developments of the service sector 52 2.2.1. The service production viewpoint: from need to service 54 2.2.2. The service use viewpoint: customer, consumer and user 58 2.2.3. From service to service system 61 2.3. Application to telecoms services 63 2.3.1. Telecoms services from the point of view of production? 63 2.3.2. Telecoms services from the point of view of use? 66 2.3.3. How to structure telecoms services? 68 2.4. Summary 74 Chapter 3. Building an Architectural Framework for Telecom Services 77 3.1. A business reference view for telecom services 78 3.1.1. Activities from the business view 78 3.1.2. Service processes 84 3.1.3. Application to telecom services 90 3.2. A functional reference view for telecom services 91 3.2.1. Components of the functional view 91 3.2.2. Functional patterns 94 3.2.3. Application to telecom services 96 3.3. A technical reference view for telecom services 99 3.3.1. The elements of the technical view 99 3.3.2. Technical roles and reference points 102 3.4. Summary 104 Chapter 4. Modeling and Case Study 107 4.1. The business reference view 108 4.1.1. Modeling 108 4.1.2. Illustrations 109 4.2. Functional reference view 116 4.2.1. Modeling 116 4.2.2. Illustration 128 4.3. The technical reference view 142 4.3.1. Modeling 142 4.3.2. Illustration 144 4.4. Functional view of a service 157 4.4.1. Modeling 158 4.4.2. Illustration 164 4.5. The technical view of a service 175 4.5.1. Modeling 176 4.5.2. Illustration 179 4.6. The applicative view of a service 185 4.6.1. Modeling 187 4.6.2. Illustration 194 4.7. Summary 208 Chapter 5. Organizational and Software Applications 211 5.1. An aid for the construction of service offers 211 5.1.1. Service design 211 5.1.2. Evaluation and comparison of services 212 5.1.3. Service management 216 5.2. An aid for the rationalization of services 218 5.2.1. The case of enablers 218 5.2.2. The case of software service 220 5.2.3. The case of semantic services 222 5.3. An aid for achieving service convergence 223 5.3.1. A technical pattern for the Web/IMS convergence 224 5.3.2. Unified access to services 228 5.3.3. Inter-service communication 233 5.4. Summary 238 Conclusion 239 Appendix 245 Bibliography 249 List of Figures and Tables 263 Index 269

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a general overview of the applications and use of geopositioning and GNSS for assisting the supervision and management of mobile terrestrial professions, information, traffic regulation, multimodal information, pedestrian mobility and indoor geopositioning, etc. It especially focuses on the field of mobility and terrestrial transport, the automotive industry and tourism (on foot, by bicycle or motorcycle, by car, by professional vehicles or by public transport, etc.). This book explores the many possibilities, developmental and organizational factors, as well as new paradigms, which will contribute to an essential part of GNSS’s civil economy, especially to Galileo in the mid-term and to Egnos in the short-term. Several of GNSS’s integration structuring aspects in sustainable terrestrial mobilities will be analyzed; for example in terms of system architecture, data safety or legal constraints. Numerous diverse points of view will be presented regarding subjects such as dynamic cartography and new computing architectures of: mobility systems, interconnection, service quality, regulation or supervision functions of individual freedoms. Contents Foreword, Matthias Ruete. 1. The Geopositioning Concept, Yves Alexandre. 2. Functions and Performance of the Egnos System, Jérôme Legenne and Daniel Brocard. 3. Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction, Arnaud De La Fortelle, Jean-Marc Lasgouttes and Fabien Moutarde. 4. Geopositioning and Legal Issues, Thierry Piette-Coudol. 5. Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications, Wafaa Ait-Cheik-Bihi, Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh, Mohamed Bakhouya, Jaafer Gaber and Maxime Wack. 6. Geofencing, Fabrice Reclus. 7. Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility, Pierre-Yves Gillieron, Véronique Chazal, Michael Flamm, Dominique Von Der Mühll and Monique Ruzicka-Rossier. 8. The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis,Patrick Gendre, Alexis Bacelar and Philippe Marchal. About the Authors Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh is Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering and Computer Engineering at the University of Picardie Jules Verne, St Quentin, France. His research interests include modeling, analysis of discrete event systems, performance evaluation and optimization, routing policies, scheduling and interoperability for service composition. Mohamed Bakhouya is a senior research scientist at Aalto University, Finland. His research interests include various aspects on the design, validation, implementation, performance evaluation and analysis of distributed systems, architectures, protocols and services. Jaafar Gaber is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. His research interests include ubiquitous and pervasive computing, distributed systems, geopositioning and mobility, security and experimental performance evaluations. Maxime Wack is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. He heads the Geopositioning, Embedded Systems and Mobility (GSEM) team. His research interests include intelligent transportation systems, security, digital signature and certification, location-based services and distributed systems.Table of ContentsForeword xi Introduction xvii Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafar GABER and Maxime WACK Chapter 1. The Geopositioning Concept 1 Yves ALEXANDRE 1.1. A revolution is announced 1 1.2. The basis of powerful technological systems 2 1.2.1. US creation of a GPS economic industry 2 1.2.2. The European momentum introduced with Galileo which can rely on Egnos from now on 3 1.2.3. An open dynamic beyond the space industry sector 5 1.3. The fundamentals of geopositioning development 6 1.3.1. The universalism decentralizing of the Internet 6 1.3.2. The trend toward “service” of the electronic communication economy 7 1.3.3. The dynamic and lessons of the European GSM success story 9 1.4. Prospective visions of large geopositioning markets in transport and land transport 11 1.4.1. Multiple factors for geopositioning growth 11 1.4.2. Toll systems 12 1.4.3. Transport control and surveillance 15 1.4.4. The production of information 17 1.4.5. Intelligence systems in vehicles 19 1.4.6. Individual mobility (tourism and recreation) 21 1.5. The challenge for the future of the European GNSS incubation services 22 1.5.1. The need for downstream marketing “services, applications and uses” 22 1.5.2. The obligation of “system” strategies 23 1.5.3. The requirement to include GNSS in the new intelligent digital architectures 25 1.6. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Functions and Performance of the Egnos System 31 Jérôme LEGENNE and Daniel BROCARD 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Operating principles of Egnos 35 2.3. Improving GPS performance with Egnos 37 2.4. The behavior of Egnos faced with a GPS breakdown 42 2.5. Conclusion 43 2.6. Links 45 Chapter 3. Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction 47 Arnaud DE LA FORTELLE, Jean-Marc LASGOUTTES and Fabien MOUTARDE 3.1. New technologies and development 48 3.2. Modeling and algorithms 52 3.3. Analysis and overall traffic prediction 59 3.4. Realizations and experiments 63 3.5. Perspectives 69 3.6. Bibliography 71 Chapter 4. Geopositioning and Legal Issues 75 Thierry PIETTE-COUDOL 4.1. General legal framework of geopositioning 76 4.1.1. Legal texts 76 4.1.2. Relevant legal concepts 77 4.1.3. Technical concepts and the law 81 4.2. Operating a geopositioning service 82 4.2.1. Due diligence – prerequisites 83 4.2.2. Establishment of a general framework for security 86 4.2.3. Determining the aim of the service 88 4.2.4. Administrative declaration 89 4.2.5. The principle of consent in geopositioning 91 4.2.6. Records management issues 95 4.3. Authentication and anonymity 97 4.3.1. Identity, name and anonymity 97 4.3.2. Identity and digital certificates 99 4.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 5. Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications 103 Wafaa AIT-CHEIK-BIHI, Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafer GABER and Maxime WACK 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. Technologies for LBS-based systems 104 5.2.1. Positioning systems and techniques 105 5.2.2. Communication techniques 106 5.2.3. Cartography and geographical information systems 106 5.2.4. Business process 108 5.3. Fields of application of LBS 111 5.3.1. Control and monitoring of vehicles 113 5.3.2. Real-time monitoring of snowplows 116 5.3.3. Application to antilock braking systems 118 5.3.4. TransportML for the collaboration and interaction of services 119 5.3.5. eCall: automatic emergency call system 120 5.3.6. Other LBS-based platforms 122 5.4. Conclusions 122 5.5. Bibliography 123 Chapter 6. Geofencing 127 Fabrice RECLUS 6.1. General presentation 127 6.1.1. Introduction 127 6.1.2. Terminology 128 6.2. Fields of application 131 6.2.1. Merchandise transportation 131 6.2.2. Fleet management 131 6.2.3. Security and defense applications 132 6.2.4. Surveillance of individuals 133 6.3. Tracking and geofencing system 133 6.3.1. Composition of system 133 6.3.2. Functionalities 134 6.4. Geofences 135 6.4.1. Classification 135 6.4.2. Calculation algorithms 137 6.5. Errors and false alarms 139 6.5.1. Parasite phenomena 139 6.5.2. Buffer zones 140 6.5.3. Configuration of a buffer zone 141 6.5.4. Examples of detection methods using geofencing 142 6.5.5. Geographical zones 143 6.5.6. The circle method 144 6.5.7. The rectangle method 144 6.5.8. The polygon method 145 6.5.9. Zones with scheduled time slots 145 6.5.10. Routes 146 6.5.11. Dynamic zones 147 6.6. Possible applications 149 6.6.1. Interest and reduced gains 149 6.7. Applications to road transport 150 6.7.1. Restrictions of access to zones 150 6.7.2. Freeway corridors 151 6.7.3. Monitoring parking in service areas 151 6.7.4. User services 152 6.7.5. Summary table of geofencing applications 152 6.8. Conclusion 153 6.9. Bibliography 154 Chapter 7. Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility 155 Pierre-Yves GILLIÉRON, Véronique CHAZAL, Michael FLAMM, Dominique VON DER MÜHLL and Monique RUZICKA-ROSSIER 7.1. Context 155 7.2. Preamble – Pedestrians 156 7.2.1. Pedestrian travel: an ambiguous status 156 7.2.2. Understanding individuals’ pedestrian thought processes 158 7.3. Current state of pedestrian navigation technologies 162 7.3.1. Location and orientation technologies 162 7.4. Modeling of traffic areas accessible to pedestrians 176 7.4.1. Cartography for pedestrians 176 7.4.2. Navigation maps: from automobile to pedestrian 178 7.4.3. Navigation solutions for built environments 179 7.4.4. The importance of reference point systems 180 7.5. User needs and contexts of use 182 7.5.1. List of potential fields of application 182 7.5.2. Applications to help people with disabilities 183 7.5.3. Applications for leisure activities 188 7.5.4. Applications for navigation in complex infrastructures 190 7.5.5. Applications to serve professionals 194 7.6. Summary and conclusion 196 7.7. Bibliography 198 Chapter 8. The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis 203 Patrick GENDRE, Alexis BACELAR and Philippe MARCHAL 8.1. Introduction 203 8.2. Use of geopositioning for travel surveys 204 8.2.1. Context 204 8.2.2. Technical principles 204 8.2.3. Existing supply 204 8.2.4. 2007 National Transport Survey (ENTD) 205 8.2.5. Hardware 207 8.2.6. Software 207 8.2.7. Other recent projects 209 8.2.8. Other similar uses of GNSS 209 8.3. Travel time via GPS: the Cap Vista application 210 8.3.1. Context 210 8.3.2. Creation of software 211 8.4. Presentation of the Cap Vista application 212 8.4.1. GPS, DB and GIS 212 8.4.2. Possible uses 216 8.4.3. Initial assessment and paths of improvement 217 8.5. Conclusions and perspectives 218 8.6. Bibliography 219 Conclusion 223 Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafar GABER and Maxime WACK Glossary 227 List of Authors 235 Index 237

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Book SynopsisThere has been a phenomenal growth in video applications over the past few years. An accurate traffic model of Variable Bit Rate (VBR) video is necessary for performance evaluation of a network design and for generating synthetic traffic that can be used for benchmarking a network. A large number of models for VBR video traffic have been proposed in the literature for different types of video in the past 20 years. Here, the authors have classified and surveyed these models and have also evaluated the models for H.264 AVC and MVC encoded video and discussed their findings.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. VIDEO CODING 1 1.1. Video coding 1 1.2. Video coding standards 3 1.2.1. The MPEG video coding standard 4 1.2.2. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC 8 1.2.3. H.264 SVC 10 1.2.4. H.264 MVC 12 1.3. Rate control 15 1.4. Summary 16 CHAPTER 2. VIDEO TRAFFIC MODELING 19 2.1. The AR models 19 2.1.1. Review of the AR process 20 2.1.2. Survey of AR video traffic models 22 2.2. Models based on Markov processes 32 2.2.1. Review of Markov process models 33 2.2.2. Survey of Markov process models 35 2.2.3. Summary 42 2.3. Self-similar models 43 2.3.1. A survey of self-similar models for video traffic 44 2.3.2. Summary 46 2.4. Wavelet-based models 47 2.4.1. Survey of wavelet-based video traffic models 47 2.4.2. Summary 49 2.5. Other approaches 50 2.5.1. The M/G/∞ process 50 2.5.2. The SARIMA model 51 2.5.3. TES-based models 53 2.5.4. Summary 54 2.6. Video traffic models for layered scalable video 54 2.6.1. Summary 57 2.7. Video traffic models for three-dimensional video 58 2.7.1. A video traffic model for MVC video 60 2.8. Conclusion 62 CHAPTER 3. EVALUATION OF VIDEO TRAFFIC MODELS FOR H.264 AVC VIDEO 65 3.1. Model implementation 67 3.1.1. The DAR(1) model 67 3.1.2. A frame-based AR(2) model 69 3.1.3. A Markov-modulated gamma mode 70 3.1.4. A wavelet model 72 3.2. Experimental setup 73 3.3. Frame size distribution and ACF comparisons 74 3.4. QoS evaluation 81 3.4.1. End-to-end delay 81 3.4.2. Jitter 82 3.4.3. Packet loss 83 3.4.4. The simulation model 84 3.4.5. Results 86 3.5. Conclusion 94 CHAPTER 4. EVALUATION OF VIDEO TRAFFIC MODEL FOR H.264 MVC VIDEO 97 4.1. A video traffic model for MVC video 97 4.2. Experimental setup 99 4.3. Results 100 4.3.1. Q–Q plots and ACF comparisons 100 4.3.2. QoS evaluation 100 4.4. Conclusion 113 CONCLUSION 115 APPENDIX 119 GLOSSARY 131 BIBLIOGRAPHY 135 INDEX 145

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the subject of channel coding. It starts with a description of information theory, focusing on the quantitative measurement of information and introducing two fundamental theorems on source and channel coding. The basics of channel coding in two chapters, block codes and convolutional codes, are then discussed, and for these the authors introduce weighted input and output decoding algorithms and recursive systematic convolutional codes, which are used in the rest of the book. Trellis coded modulations, which have their primary applications in high spectral efficiency transmissions, are then covered, before the discussion moves on to an advanced coding technique called turbocoding. These codes, invented in the 1990s by C. Berrou and A. Glavieux, show exceptional performance. The differences between convolutional turbocodes and block turbocodes are outlined, and for each family, the authors present the coding and decoding techniques, together with their performances. The book concludes with a chapter on the implementation of turbocodes in circuits. As such, anyone involved in the areas of channel coding and error correcting coding will find this book to be of invaluable assistance.Trade Review"The book offers a very good overview of channel coding topics, selected and proposed by a group of experienced researchers including inventors of turbocodes from ENST Bretagne . . . The presented material is well illustrated with examples, referring to both encoding and decoding schemes . . . The most valuable part of the book consists of chapters from 3 to 7 and is connected with convolutional codes, trellis coded modulations and especially turbocodes." (Einzelbeleg, 2010) "This book provides a comprehensive overview of the subject of channel coding . . . as such, anyone involved in the area of channel coding and error correcting coding will find this book to be of invaluable assistance." (Mathematical Reviews, 2010) Table of ContentsHomage to Alain Glavieux xv Chapter 1. Information Theory 1 Gérard BATTAIL 1.1. Introduction: the Shannon paradigm 1 1.2. Principal coding functions 5 1.2.1. Source coding 5 1.2.2. Channel coding 6 1.2.3. Cryptography 7 1.2.4. Standardization of the Shannon diagram blocks 8 1.2.5. Fundamental theorems 9 1.3. Quantitative measurement of information 9 1.3.1. Principle 9 1.3.2. Measurement of self-information 10 1.3.3. Entropy of a source 11 1.3.4. Mutual information measure 12 1.3.5. Channel capacity 14 1.3.6. Comments on the measurement of information 15 1.4. Source coding 15 1.4.1. Introduction 15 1.4.2. Decodability, Kraft-McMillan inequality 16 1.4.3. Demonstration of the fundamental theorem 17 1.4.4. Outline of optimal algorithms of source coding 18 1.5. Channel coding 19 1.5.1. Introduction and statement of the fundamental theorem 19 1.5.2. General comments 20 1.5.3. Need for redundancy 20 1.5.4. Example of the binary symmetric channel 21 1.5.5. A geometrical interpretation 25 1.5.6. Fundamental theorem: Gallager’s proof 26 1.6. Channels with continuous noise 32 1.6.1. Introduction 32 1.6.2. A reference model in physical reality: the channel with Gaussian additive noise 32 1.6.3. Communication via a channel with additive white Gaussian noise 35 1.6.4. Channel with fadings 37 1.7. Information theory and channel coding 38 1.8. Bibliography 40 Chapter 2. Block Codes 41 Alain POLI 2.1. Unstructured codes 41 2.1.1. The fundamental question of message redundancy 41 2.1.2. Unstructured codes 42 2.2. Linear codes 44 2.2.1. Introduction 44 2.2.2. Properties of linear codes 44 2.2.3. Dual code 46 2.2.4. Some linear codes 50 2.2.5. Decoding of linear codes 51 2.3. Finite fields 53 2.3.1. Basic concepts 53 2.3.2. Polynomial modulo calculations: quotient ring 53 2.3.3. Irreducible polynomial modulo calculations: finite field 54 2.3.4. Order and the opposite of an element of F2[X]/(p(X)) 54 2.3.5. Minimum polynomials 59 2.3.6. The field of nth roots of unity 60 2.3.7. Projective geometry in a finite field 61 2.4. Cyclic codes 62 2.4.1. Introduction 62 2.4.2. Base, coding, dual code and code annihilator 63 2.4.3. Certain cyclic codes 68 2.4.4. Existence and construction of cyclic codes 74 2.4.5. Applications of cyclic codes 82 2.5. Electronic circuits 82 2.5.1. Basic gates for error correcting codes 82 2.5.2. Shift registers 83 2.5.3. Circuits for the correct codes 83 2.5.4. Polynomial representation and representation to the power of a primitive representation for a field 87 2.6. Decoding of cyclic codes 88 2.6.1. Meggitt decoding (trapping of bursts) 88 2.6.2. Decoding by the DFT 89 2.6.3. FG-decoding 94 2.6.4. Berlekamp-Massey decoding 99 2.6.5. Majority decoding 105 2.6.6. Hard decoding, soft decoding and chase decoding 110 2.7. 2D codes 111 2.7.1. Introduction 111 2.7.2. Product codes 112 2.7.3. Minimum distance of 2D codes 112 2.7.4. Practical examples of the use of 2D codes 112 2.7.5. Coding 112 2.7.6. Decoding 113 2.8. Exercises on block codes 113 2.8.1. Unstructured codes 113 2.8.2. Linear codes 114 2.8.3. Finite bodies 117 2.8.4. Cyclic codes 119 2.8.5. Exercises on circuits 123 Chapter 3. Convolutional Codes 129 Alain GLAVIEUX and Sandrine VATON 3.1. Introduction 129 3.2. State transition diagram, trellis, tree 135 3.3. Transfer function and distance spectrum 137 3.4. Perforated convolutional codes 140 3.5. Catastrophic codes 142 3.6. The decoding of convolutional codes 142 3.6.1. Viterbi algorithm 143 3.6.2. MAP criterion or BCJR algorithm 156 3.6.3. SubMAP algorithm 169 3.7. Performance of convolutional codes 172 3.7.1. Channel with binary input and continuous output 173 3.7.2. Channel with binary input and output 180 3.8. Distance spectrum of convolutional codes 182 3.9. Recursive convolution codes 184 Chapter 4. Coded Modulations 197 Ezio BIGLIERI 4.1. Hamming distance and Euclidean distance 197 4.2. Trellis code 200 4.3. Decoding 201 4.4. Some examples of TCM 201 4.5. Choice of a TCM diagram 205 4.6. TCM representations 207 4.7. TCM transparent to rotations 209 4.7.1. Partitions transparent to rotations 211 4.7.2. Transparent trellis with rotations 212 4.7.3. Transparent encoder 213 4.7.4. General considerations 215 4.8. TCM error probability 215 4.8.1. Upper limit of the probability of an error event 215 4.8.2. Examples 226 4.8.3. Calculation of áfree 228 4.9. Power spectral density 232 4.10. Multi-level coding 234 4.10.1. Block coded modulation 235 4.10.2. Decoding of multilevel codes by stages 237 4.11. Probability of error for the BCM 238 4.11.1. Additive Gaussian channel 239 4.11.2. Calculation of the transfer function 240 4.12. Coded modulations for channels with fading 241 4.12.1. Modeling of channels with fading 241 4.12.2. Rayleigh fading channel: Euclidean distance and Hamming distance 247 4.13. Bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) 251 4.14. Bibliography 253 Chapter 5. Turbocodes 255 Claude BERROU, Catherine DOUILLARD, Michel JÉZÉQUEL and Annie PICART 5.1. History of turbocodes 255 5.1.1. Concatenation 256 5.1.2. Negative feedback in the decoder 256 5.1.3. Recursive systematic codes 258 5.1.4. Extrinsic information 258 5.1.5. Parallel concatenation 259 5.1.6. Irregular interleaving 260 5.2. A simple and convincing illustration of the turbo effect 260 5.3. Turbocodes 265 5.3.1. Coding 265 5.3.2. The termination of constituent codes 272 5.3.3. Decoding 275 5.3.4. SISO decoding and extrinsic information 280 5.4. The permutation function 287 5.4.1. The regular permutation 288 5.4.2. Statistical approach 290 5.4.3. Real permutations 291 5.5. m-binary turbocodes 297 5.5.1. m-binary RSC encoders 298 5.5.2. m-binary turbocodes 300 5.5.3. Double-binary turbocodes with 8 states 302 5.5.4. Double-binary turbocodes with 16 states 303 5.6. Bibliography 304 Chapter 6. Block Turbocodes 307 Ramesh PYNDIAH and Patrick ADDE 6.1. Introduction 307 6.2. Concatenation of block codes 308 6.2.1. Parallel concatenation of block codes 309 6.2.2. Serial concatenation of block codes 313 6.2.3. Properties of product codes and theoretical performances 318 6.3. Soft decoding of block codes 323 6.3.1. Soft decoding of block codes 324 6.3.2. Soft decoding of block codes (Chase algorithm) 326 6.3.3. Decoding of block codes by the Viterbi algorithm 334 6.3.4. Decoding of block codes by the Hartmann and Rudolph algorithm 338 6.4. Iterative decoding of product codes 340 6.4.1. SISO decoding of a block code 341 6.4.2. Implementation of the weighting algorithm 345 6.4.3. Iterative decoding of product codes 347 6.4.4. Comparison of the performances of BTC 349 6.5. Conclusion 367 6.6. Bibliography 367 Chapter 7. Block Turbocodes in a Practical Setting 373 Patrick ADDE and Ramesh PYNDIAH 7.1. Introduction 373 7.2. Implementation of BTC: structure and complexity 373 7.2.1. Influence of integration constraints 373 7.2.2. General architecture and organization of the circuit 376 7.2.3. Memorizing of data and results 380 7.2.4. Elementary decoder 384 7.2.5. High flow structure 392 7.3. Flexibility of turbo block codes 397 7.4. Hybrid turbocodes 404 7.4.1. Construction of the code 404 7.4.2. Binary error rates (BER) function of the signal-to-noise ratio in a Gaussian channel 406 7.4.3. Variation of the size of the blocks 408 7.4.4. Variation of the total rate 409 7.5. Multidimensional turbocodes 409 7.6. Bibliography 412 List of Authors 415 Index 417

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Background.- Chapter 3. Antenna Element Design for Large-Scale Antenna Arrays.- Part I. Half-Duplex Communications.- Chapter 4. Hybrid Beamformer Design with Impaired Components for mMIMO.- Chapter 5. Non-Planar Antenna Array Structures for mMIMO.- Chapter 6. Metamaterial-Based Miniaturized Large-Scale Antenna Array Prototype for mMIMO.- Chapter 7. Far-field Nulling Control Beamforming with Measured Element Patterns for MU-mMIMO.- Chapter 8. Near-Field Nulling Control Beamfocusing for Multi-User Interference Suppression.- Part II Full-Duplex Communications.- Chapter 9. Large-Scale Antenna Arrays for In-Band Full-Duplex Massive MIMO.-  Chapter 10. Tx-Rx Beam Isolation Improvement for FD mMIMO.-  Chapter 11. Metamaterial Absorber Structure for Tx-Rx Antenna Isolation Improvement in FD mMIMO.- Chapter 12. Conclusions and Future Works.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisPart I: Introduction to Cybersecurity.- Chapter 1: Introduction to Cybersecurity.- Chapter 2: Threat Landscape.- Chapter 3: Security Principles.- Chapter 4: Authentication in Cybersecurity.- Part II: Ransomware Basics and Prevention.- Chapter 5: Introduction to Ransomware.- Chapter 6: Ransomware Lifecycle.- Chapter 7: Ransomware Prevention.- Part III: Ransomware Detection and Response.- Chapter 8: Early Detection Techniques.- Chapter 9: Incident Response.- Chapter 10.- Threat Intelligence.- Part IV: Ransomware Recovery Strategies.- Chapter 11: Backup and Restore.- Chapter 12: Ransomware Recovery Framework.- Chapter 13: Negotiating with Attackers.- Chapter 14: Rebuilding and Strengthening Security Posture.- Part V: Real-world Perspectives.- Chapter 15: Case Studies in the E-commerce Industry.- Chapter 16: Ransomware, Inc.: The Business and Economics of Digital Extortion.- Chapter 17: Case Studies in Confidential Computing.- Chapter 18: Case Studies in Cloud Computing.- Chapter 19: Case Studies in Enterprise Security Architecture.- Chapter 20: Case Studies in Energy.- Chapter 21: Securing Digital Foundations - A Point of View on Cybersecurity in Healthcare.- Part VI: Future Trends in Cybersecurity.- Chapter 22: Future Trends in Digital Security.

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