Cognition and cognitive psychology Books

Book SynopsisOver the past three decades, there has been a rapid development of research on human thinking and reasoning. This volume provides a comprehensive review of this topic by looking at the important contributions Paolo Legrenzi has made to the field, by bridging the gap from Gestalt ideas to modern cognitive psychology. The contributors, including some of the most distinguished scholars of reasoning and thinking in Europe and the USA, reflect upon the ways in which he has influenced and inspired their own research, and contributed to modern approaches to human inference.This volume draws on both traditional and new topics in reasoning and thinking to provide a wide-ranging survey of human thought. It covers creativity, problem-solving, the linguistic and social aspects of reasoning and judgement, and the social and emotional aspects of decision making through telling examples, such as the cognitive mechanisms underlying consumers' attitudes towards herbal medicines. It considers a series of key questions, such as how do individuals who are unfamiliar with logic reason? And how do they make choices if they are unfamiliar with the probability calculus and decision theory?The discussions are placed throughout within a wider research context and the contributors consider the implications of their research for the field as a whole, making the volume an essential reference for anyone investigating the processes that underlies our thinking, reasoning, and decision-making in everyday life.Trade Review'Overall, The Shape of Reason is an excellent book. All of the essays are well-written, scholarly works, and each essay addresses an interesting and important theoretical issue. ... Each of the essays in The Shape of Reason is a worthwhile contribution to the literature on human thinking and reasoning. Together, the essays honour the the contribution of Legrenzi, one of the field's foremost scholars. ... Progress in any field must involve an understanding of the limitations of its dominant theory. It is possible that The Shape of Reason contains the beginning of such an undertaking in the field of human reasoning.' - Lindsay M. Oliver, in PsycCRITIQUES, August 2006Table of ContentsPart 1: Problem Solving. P. Johnson-Laird, The Shape of Problems. J. Evans, Insight and Self-insight in Reasoning and Decision Making. Part 2: Deductive Reasoning. W. Schaeken, J. Baptiste van der Henst, It's Good to be Wrong: An Analysis of Mistakes in Relational Reasoning. J.A. Garcia-Madruga, F. Gutierrez, N. Carriedo, J.M. Luzon, J.Ó. Vila, Working Memory and Propositional Reasoning: Searching for New Working Memory Tests. R. Byrne, C. Walsh, Resolving Contradictions. Part 3: Pragmatics, Hypotheses, and Probabilities. J.P. Caverni, S. Rossi, J-L. Peris, How to Defocus in Hypothesis Testing: Manipulating the Initial Triple in the 2-4-6 Problem. G. Politzer, L. Macchi, The Representation of the Task: The Case of the Lawyer-Engineer Problem in Probability Judgement. Part 4: Probabilistic Judgement. D. Over, Naïve Probability and Its Model Theory. V. Girotto, M. Gonzalez, Probabilistic Reasoning and Combinatorial Analysis. Part 5: Social and Emotional Aspects of Decision Making.D. Green, Affect and Argument. F. Butera, C. Buchs, Reasoning Together: From Focusing to Decentering. E. Shafir, E. Carlisle, Heuristics and biases in attitudes towards herbal medicines.

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Book SynopsisThe papers in the special issue describe computational models and principles that attempt to explain the performance of brain damaged subjects. The models elucidate the cognitive processes that underlie speaking, reading, spelling, and visuospatial planning by implementing hypothesized mechanisms and then identifying the consequences of specific "lesions" in these mechanisms for the model’s behaviour which, in turn, is related to the subjects’ behaviour. Although most of the presented models view cognitive mechanisms in connectionist or neural-network terms, they exhibit considerable variety in their underlying cognitive theories, their approach to modelling pathology, and particularly in how they use models to draw conclusions about theory.Table of ContentsDilkina, McClelland, Plaut, A Single-system Account of Semantic and Lexical Deficits in Five Semantic Dementia Patients. Nickels, Biedermann, Coltheart, Saunders, Tree, Computational Modelling of Phonological Dyslexia: How Does the DRC Model Fare? Cutini, Di Ferdinando, Basso, Bisiacchi, Zorzi, Visuospatial Planning in the Travelling Salesperson Problem: A Connectionist Account of Normal and Impaired Performance. Goldberg, Rapp, Is Compound Chaining the Serial Order Mechanism of Spelling? A Simple Recurrent Network Investigation. Knobel, Finkbeiner, Caramazza, The Many Places of Frequency: Evidence For a Novel Locus of the Lexical Frequency Effect in Word Production. Goldrick, Does Like attract Like? Exploring the Relationship Between Errors and Representational Similarity in Connectionist Networks.

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Book SynopsisThe beginning of the 1990's saw a partisan debate about the nature of recovered memories for highly emotional events. Some authors claimed that recovered memories of trauma always referred to veridical memories that had been inaccessible for years. Others argued that such memories were false by definition and that they were created by therapeutic attempts to uncover trauma that was believed to lie at the root of anxiety or depression. Although the debate soon moved to a middle ground, both sides fuelled the development of relevant experimental paradigms to explore the mechanisms for how false memories might be created and also how true memories might be forgotten. Examples are studies looking at memory implanting, false word memory, and retrieval-induced forgetting in the mid-1990's. Many studies using such paradigms, however, relied on emotionally neutral material. Studies relating to trauma were less readily available. Now more and more researchers are bridging this gap, testing whether emotive material can be implanted and forgotten and whether there are special populations more susceptible to these effects. This special issue brings together papers examining emotion and memory malleability, both providing a picture of the state-of-the-art research and pushing the field forward.Table of ContentsI. Wessel, D. B. Wright, Emotional Memory Failures: On Forgetting and Reconstructing Emotional Experiences. A.J. Barnier, L. Hung, M. Conway, Retrieval-induced Forgetting of Emotional and Unemotional Autobiographical Memories. R.J. McNally, S.A. Clancy, H.M. Barrett, H.A. Parker, Inhibiting Retrieval of Trauma Cues in Adults Reporting Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse. L.B. Myers, N. Derakshan, To Forget or Not to Forget: What Do Repressors Forget and When Do They Forget? A.J. Barnier, K. Levin, A. Maher, Suppressing Thoughts of Past Events: Are Repressive Copers Good Suppressors? M.S. Shane, J.B. Peterson, Self-induced Distortions and the Allocation of Processing Resources at Encoding and Retrieval. L.J. Levine, S. Bluck, Painting with Broad Strokes: Happiness and the Malleability of Event Memory. V. Nourkova, D.M. Bernstein, E.F. Loftus, Altering Traumatic Memory.

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Book SynopsisTo understand mental function, we need to uncover the representations and processes underlying our ability to comprehend and to produce words, sentences,numbers and objects (or pictures of them). The unique contribution of the field of cognitive neuropsychology is the investigation of these representations and processes in individuals who have sustained selective brain damage. Indeed, studies of such individuals provide a window into the mental system and allow us to explore the functional architecture that is necessary and sufficient for cognition. This special issue of Cognitive Neuropsychology is a collection of papers that exemplifies this type of cognitive neuropsychology research. The special issue is designed to honour and pay tribute to Eleanor M. Saffran, one of the pioneers of this discipline, who adopted this approach in her wide-ranging investigations of individuals with cognitive impairment following brain damage.The papers included in this collection all explore issues concerning behavioural and neural mechanisms mediating cognition and are divided into four separate sections. Two of these focus on language, with the emphasis of the first on single word recognition and the second on processes that are invoked beyond the single word level. Conceptual and semantic processes are covered in a third section and the final section is concerned with issues related to more peripheral processes, which, when impaired, give rise to alexia, agnosia and/or agraphia. This extensive collection of papers represents a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field and the papers elucidate the most recent findings in the domain of cognitive neuropsychology. Trade ReviewTable of ContentsM. Behrmann, K. Patterson, Preface: Dedication to Eleanor Saffran. Part I: Single Word Processing. M. Behrmann, Description of Eleanor Saffran's Contribution to This Area. M. Laiacona, A. Caramazza, The Noun/Verb Dissociation in Language Production: Varieties of Causes. G.S. Dell, E.N. Lawler, H.D. Harris, J.K. Gordon, Models of Errors of Omission in Aphasic Naming. J.R. Hanley, G.S. Dell, J. Kay, R. Baron, Evidence for the Involvement of a Nonlexical Route in the Repetition of Familiar Words: A Comparison of Single and Dual Route Models of Auditory Repetition. M. Schwartz, C.E. Wilshire, D.A. Gagnon, M. Polansky, Origins of Nonword Phonological Errors in Aphasic Picture Naming. C.E. Wilshire, C.A. Fisher, "Phonological" Dysphasia: A Cross-modal Phonological Impairment Affecting Repetition, Production and Comprehension. Part II: Beyond Single Word Processing. K. Patterson, Description of Eleanor Saffran's Contribution to This Area: Exploring the Relationship Between Word Processing and Verbal Short-term Memory: Evidence from Associations and Dissociations. R.S. Berndt, C.C. Mitchum, M.W. Burton, A.N. Haendiges, Comprehension of Reversible Sentences in Aphasia: The Effects of Verb Meaning. M.L. Freedman, R.C. Martin, Semantic Relatedness Effects in Conjoined Noun Phrase Production: Implications for the Role of Short-term Memory. M.C. Linebarger, D. McCall, R.S. Berndt, The Role of Processing Support in the Remediation of Aphasic Language Production Disorders. Part III: Conceptual and Semantic Representations. K. Patterson, Description of Eleanor Saffran's Contribution to This Area. J. Schwoebel, L.J. Buxbaum, H.B. Coslett, Representations of the Human Body in the Production and Imitation of Complex Movements. E.K. Warrington, S.J. Crutch, A Circumscribed Refractory Access Disorder: A Verbal Semantic Impairment Sparing Visual Semantics. E. Rochon, G. Kave, J. Cupit, R. Jokel, G. Winocur, Sentence Comprehension in Semantic Dementia: A Longitudinal Case Study. T.T. Rogers, M.A. Lambon Ralph, J.R. Hodges, K. Patterson, Natural Selection: The Impact of Semantic Impairment on Lexical and Object Decision. R. Westmacott, M. Freedman, S.E. Black, M. Moscovitch, Temporally Graded Semantic Memory Loss in Alzheimer's Disease: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Studies. Part IV: Three As: Alexia, Agraphia, Agnosia. M. Behrmann, Description of Eleanor Saffran's Contribution to This Area. K. Sage, A.W. Ellis, Lexical Influences in Graphemic Buffer Disorder. M.A. Lambon Ralph, A. Hesketh, K. Sage, Implicit Recognition in Pure Alexia: The Saffran Effect - A Tale of Two Systems or Two Procedures? M.J. Riddoch, G.W. Humphreys, Object Identification in Simultanagnosia: When Wholes Are Not the Sum of Their Parts. T.J. McKeeff, M. Behrmann, Pure Alexia and Covert Reading: Evidence From Stroop Tasks. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisMotivation is the key to success in life, particularly in the martial arts. Students need motivation to achieve their goals. Instructors need motivation to give their best to every class. And more importantly, every instructor must understand the keys to motivating their students to stay focused and enthusiastic in their daily workouts. This book is divided into two types of motivation: the inspiration section, with hundreds of motivational sayings to inspire you and the application section, with hundreds of specific things you can do to get motivated or motivate others. Also includes the theory of motivation and the difference between good and bad methods of motivating others.

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Book Synopsis7 Steps to Emotional Intelligence reveals the structure behind Emotional Intelligence (EI), utilising its unique framework to combine EI and Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP). This model-based guide, packed with powerful exercises and self-assessment techniques, enables you to design your own Emotional Quotient (EQ) improvement system and participate in an intensive EQ excellence course that draws on the self-programming practices of NLP. A functionally-formatted guide to improving your EQ, this book serves as a textbook of EI theory, a manual of NLP techniques, and a workbook to systematically lead you through the process of dynamic EQ improvement.Trade Review"7 Steps to Emotional Intelligence is a structured guide, a workbook packed with individual exercises and self-assessments - an intensive course in EQ excellence ..." Judith Pearson, PhD

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