Classical mechanics Books
Cambridge University Press The Theory of Complex Angular Momenta
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£137.75
Cambridge University Press Fundamental Solutions in Elastodynamics
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£78.84
Cambridge University Press Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies
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£69.34
Cambridge University Press Dynamics Ergodic Theory and Geometry 54 Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications Series Number 54
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£99.90
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Continuum Mechanics
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£58.89
Cambridge University Press Statistical Mechanics of Cellular Systems and Processes
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£73.14
Cambridge University Press Foundations of Statistical Mechanics
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£17.00
Cambridge University Press Principles of Magnetostatics
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£85.50
Cambridge University Press Principles of Magnetostatics
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£28.49
Cambridge University Press A First Guide to Computational Modelling in Physics
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£56.99
Cambridge University Press Foundations of Statistical Mechanics
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£47.49
Cambridge University Press Ferromagnetic Domains
Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1954, as part of the Cambridge Monographs on Physics series, this book presents a detailed study of the properties of ferromagnetic substances. After an introductory survey the text considers in detail the various factors affecting the behaviour of individual domains. It is then shown how, by paying attention to certain effects of demagnetizing fields, a consistent picture can be built up of the way in which the domains are combined in actual ferromagnetic substances. In later chapters it is revealed that the observed behaviour of ferromagnetic materials depends on the laws governing individual domains, with particular reference to experiments, including those of the author which show this depends in a simple form. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in ferromagnetism, industrial physics and the history of science.Table of ContentsList of plates; Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy; 3. Magnetostriction; 4. Domain arrangement; 5. Domain walls; 6. Hindrances to domain wall movements; 7. Time effects; 8. Magnetic and thermal energy changes; References; Index.
£38.85
Cambridge University Press The Science of Mechanics A Critical And Historical Exposition Of Its Principles Cambridge Library Collection Physical Sciences
Book SynopsisErnst Mach (1838â1916), the first scientist to study objects moving faster than the speed of sound, propounded a scientific philosophy which called for a strict adherence to observable data. He maintained that the sole purpose of scientific study is to provide the simplest possible description of detectable phenomena. In this work, first published in German in 1883 and here translated in 1893 by Thomas J. McCormack (1865â1932) from the 1888 second edition, Mach begins with a historical discussion of mechanical principles. He then proceeds to a critique of Newton's concept of 'absolute' space and time, reflecting Mach's rejection of theoretical concepts in the absence of definitive evidence. Although historically controversial, Mach's ideas and attitudes informed philosophers as influential as Russell and Wittgenstein, and his insistence upon a 'relative' idea of space and time provided much of the philosophical basis for Einstein's theory of general relativity decades later.Table of ContentsTranslator's preface; Author's preface to the translation; Preface to the first edition; Preface to the second edition; Introduction; 1. The development of the principles of statics; 2. The development of the principles of dynamics; 3. The extended application of the principles of mechanics and the deductive development of the science; 4. The formal development of mechanics; 5. The relation of mechanics to the departments of knowledge; Appendix; Chronological table; Index.
£42.74
Johns Hopkins University Press Their Arrows Will Darken the Sun The Evolution
Book SynopsisFor study or hobby, Their Arrows Will Darken the Sun is an entertaining guide to the world of ballistics.Trade Review"For a scientist, Denny's approach is delightfully down to earth." (The Age)"Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionI. BANG! Internal Ballistics1. Before Gunpowder2. Gunpowder Weapons3. The Development of Modern Firearms: New Technical ChallengesII. WHIZZ! External Ballistics4. Short-Range Trajectories: Elementary Aerodynamics5. Long-Range Trajectories: Advanced Aerodynamics6. New Technology, New BallisticsIII. THUD! Terminal Ballistics7. Stopping the TargetFinal ThoughtsTechnical NotesGlossaryBibliographyIndex
£58.00
John Wiley & Sons Why Dont Jumbo Jets Flap Their Wings
Book SynopsisExplains how nature and human engineers each arrived at powered flight. This book traces the slow and deliberate evolutionary process of animal flight - in birds, bats, and insects - over millions of years and compares it to the directed efforts of human beings to create the aircraft over the course of a single century.Trade Review"This book lucidly captures the comparative aerodynamics of winged animals and aircrafts with great skill and clarity. This is science writing at its best and is a valuable reference for the specialist as well as for the casual enthusiast of flight." Sankar Chatterjee, Paul Whitfield Horn Professor of Geosciences, Texas Tech University"David Alexander has produced an astonishingly readable and enjoyable romp through topics in flight mechanics. This book cuts through the obtuse and obscure without sacrificing scholarship." Catherine Loudon, University of California, Irvine"You'll find no more transparently clear explanation of all that goes on when you fly in an airplane. Or, in a seamlessly integrated account, what happens when a bird, bat, or bumblebee does the same." Steven Vogel, James B. Duke Professor, Emeritus, Department of Biology, Duke University"This is a well-written and thought-provoking book telling a unique story of both the history and the physics of natural and mechanical flight." James DeLaurier, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace StudiesTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments Flying Animals and Flying Machines:Birds of a Feather? Hey Buddy, Need a Lift? Power: The Primary Push To Turn or Not To Turn A Tail of Two Tails Flight Instruments Dispensing with Power: Soaring Straight Up: Vertical Take-Offs and Hovering Stoop of the Falcon: Predation and Aerial Combat Biology Meets Technology Head-On: Ornithopters and Human-Powered Flight Epilogue: So Why Don't Jumbo Jets Flap Their Wings? Notes Glossary Bibliography Index
£29.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to the Physics and
Book SynopsisThis book has been designed as a result of the author's teaching experiences; students in the courses came from various disciplines and it was very difficult to prescribe a suitable textbook, not because there are no books on these topics, but because they are either too exhaustive or very elementary. This book, therefore, includes only relevant topics in the fundamentals of the physics of semiconductors and of electrochemistry needed for understanding the intricacy of the subject of photovoltaic solar cells and photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar cells. The book provides the basic concepts of semiconductors, p:n junctions, PEC solar cells, electrochemistry of semiconductors, and photochromism. Researchers, engineers and students engaged in researching/teaching PEC cells or knowledge of our sun, its energy, and its distribution to the earth will find essential topics such as the physics of semiconductors, the electrochemistry of semiconductors, p:n junctions, Schottky junctions,Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii 1 Our Universe and the Sun 1 1.1 Formation of the Universe 1 1.2 Formation of Stars 2 1.2.1 Formation of Energy in the Sun 3 1.2.2 Description of the Sun 6 1.2.3 Transfer of Solar Rays through the Ozone Layer 6 1.2.4 Transfer of Solar Layers through Other Layers 7 1.2.5 Effect of Position of the Sun vis-à-vis the Earth 8 1.2.6 Distribution of Solar Energy 8 1.2.7 Solar Intensity Calculation 8 1.3 Summary 12 Reference 12 2 Solar Energy and Its Applications 13 2.1 Introduction to a Semiconductor 14 2.2 Formation of a Compound 14 2.2.1 A Classical Approach 14 2.2.2 Why Call It a Band and Not a Level? 15 2.2.3 Quantum Chemistry Approach 17 2.2.3.1 Wave Nature of an Electron in a Fixed Potential 17 2.2.3.2 Wave Nature of an Electron under a Periodically Changing Potential 19 2.2.3.3 Bloch’s Solution to the Wave Function of Electrons under Variable Potentials 20 2.2.3.3 Concept of a Forbidden Gap in a Material 22 2.2.4 Band Model to Explain Conductivity in Solids 25 2.2.4.1 Which of the Total Electrons Will Accept the External Energy for Their Excitation? 26 2.2.4.2 Density of States 28 2.2.4.3 How Do We Find the Numbers of Electrons in These Bands? 29 2.2.5 Useful Deductions 31 2.2.5.1 Extrinsic Semiconductor 33 2.2.5.2 Role of Dopants in the Semiconductor 36 2.3 Quantum Theory Approach to Explain the Effect of Doping 37 2.3.1 A Mathematical Approach to Understanding This Problem 39 2.3.2 Representation of Various Energy Levels in a Semiconductor 40 2.4 Types of Carriers in a Semiconductor 42 2.4.1 Majority and Minority Carriers 42 2.4.2 Direction of Movement of Carriers in a Semiconductor 42 2.5 Nature of Band Gaps in Semiconductors 44 2.6 Can the Band Gap of a Semiconductor Be Changed? 45 2.7 Summary 47 Further Reading 47 3 Theory of Junction Formation 49 3.1 Flow of Carriers across the Junction 49 3.1.1 Why Do Carriers Flow across an Interface When n- and p-Type Semiconductors Are Joined Together with No Air Gap? 49 3.1.2 Does the Vacuum Level Remain Unaltered, and What Is the Significance of Showing a Bend in the Diagram? 52 3.1.3 Why Do We Draw a Horizontal or Exponential Line to Represent the Energy Level in the Semiconductor with a Long Line? 52 3.1.4 What Are the Impacts of Migration of Carriers toward the Interface? 52 3.2 Representing Energy Levels Graphically 54 3.3 Depth of Charge Separation at the Interface of n- and p-Type Semiconductors 56 3.4 Nature of Potential at the Interface 56 3.4.1 Does Any Current Flow through the Interface? 56 3.4.2 Effect of Application of External Potential to the p:n Junction Formed by the Two Semiconductors 58 3.4.2.1 Flow of Carriers from n-Type to p-Type 59 3.4.2.2 Flow of Carriers from p-Type to n-Type 60 3.4.2.3 Flow of Current due to Holes 60 3.4.2.4 Flow of Current due to Electrons 61 3.4.3 What Would Happen If Negative Potential Were Applied to a p-Type Semiconductor? 62 3.4.3.1 Flow of Majority Carriers from p- to n-Type Semiconductors 63 3.4.3.2 Flow of Majority Carriers from n- to p-Type 63 3.4.3.3 Flow of Minority Carrier from p- to n-Type Semiconductors 64 3.4.3.3 Flow of Minority Carriers from n- to p-Type Semiconductors 64 3.5 Expression for Saturation (or Exchange) Current I0 67 3.5.1 Factors on Which Diffusion Length Depends 70 3.6 Contact Potential θ 71 3.7 Width of the Space Charge Region 75 3.8 Metal–Schottky Junction 81 3.8.1 Current–Voltage Characteristics for Metal–Schottky Junctions 84 3.8.2 Saturation Current for Metal–Schottky Junctions 87 3.9 Effect of Light on p:n Junctions 90 3.10 Factors to Be Considered in Illuminating the p:n Junction 94 3.10.1 Grids for Collecting the Charges 95 3.10.2 Ohmic Contact on the Back Side of the Junction 96 3.11 Types of p:n Junctions 97 3.12 A Photoelectrochemical Cell 97 3.13 Summary 100 Further Reading 100 4 Effect of Illumination of a PEC Cell 101 4.1 Effect of Light on the Depletion Layer of the Semiconductor—Electrolyte Junction 101 4.1.1 Origin of Photopotential 102 4.1.2 Origin of Photocurrent 104 4.2 The Fate of Photogenerated Carriers 105 4.3 Magnitude of the Photocurrent 106 4.4 Gartner Model for Photocurrent 108 4.4.1 Photocurrent due to Photogenerated Carriers in the Space Charge Region 109 4.4.2 Photocurrent due to Photogenerated Carriers in the Diffusion Region 109 4.4.3 Application of the Gartner Model 111 4.4.4 When α Is Constant 112 4.4.5 When w Is Kept Constant 115 4.4.6 Lifetime of Carriers and Their Mobility 118 4.5 Carrier Recombination 118 4.5.1 Significance of the Lifetime of Carriers 119 4.5.2 Effect of Recombination Center on the Magnitude of Photocurrent 120 4.5.3 Origin of Recombination Centers 121 4.6 A Mathematical Treatment for the Lifetime of Carriers 122 4.7 Effect of Illumination on Fermi Level-Quasi Fermi Level 124 4.8 Solar Cell Performance 130 4.9 Current—Voltage Characteristics of a Solar Cell 135 4.10 The Equivalent Circuit of a Solar Cell 138 4.11 Solar Cell Efficiency 139 4.11.1 Absorption Efficiency αλ 141 4.11.2 Generation Efficiency gλ 141 4.11.3 Collection Efficiency Cλ 141 4.11.4 Current Efficiency Qλ 142 4.11.5 Voltage Factor and Fill Factor 142 4.11.6 Analytical Methods for J-V Characteristics of a Solar Cell 144 4.11.7 Back Wall Cell 145 4.12 Ohmic Contact 147 4.13 Defects in Solids 148 4.13.1 Bulk Defects 150 4.13.2 Surface Structure 150 4.14 Summary 153 Further Reading 153 References 154 5 Electrochemistry of the Metal–Electrolyte Interface 157 5.1 What Is a Metal? 158 5.2 What Is the Structure of Electrolyte and Water Molecules in an Aqueous Solution? 158 5.3 What Happens When a Metal Is Immersed in Solution? 160 5.4 Existence of a Double Layer Near the Metal–Electrolyte Interface 160 5.5 Influence of Concentration of Electrolyte on Helmholtz and Diffusion Potentials 166 5.6 Impact of Charge Accumulation at Various Regions 166 5.7 Electron Transfer and Its Impact on Potential Barrier 171 5.8 Butler–Volmer Approach to Electrochemical Reaction 181 5.9 Significance of Symmetry Factor β 191 5.10 Electrochemical Corrosion at the Metal–Electrolyte Interface 194 5.11 Summary 199 Further Reading 199 References 199 6 Electrochemistry of the Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface 201 6.1 Difference between Metal and Semiconductor 201 6.1.1 Hydration of Electrolytes 202 6.1.2 Effect of Hydrogen Bond 203 6.2 Gaussian Distribution of the Potential Energy of Electrolytes 203 6.3 Capacitance at the Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface 212 6.4 Stability of the Semiconductor 216 6.5 Modifying the Surface of Low Band Gap Materials 223 6.6 Summary 225 References 225 7 Impedance Studies 227 7.1 Types of AC Circuits 228 7.2 Significance of Vector Analysis 230 7.3 Impedance Measurement Techniques 234 7.3.1 Audio Frequency Bridges 234 7.3.2 Transformer Ratio Arms Bridge 236 7.3.3 Berberian–Cole Bridge Technique 237 7.3.4 Potentiostatic Measurement 238 7.3.5 Oscilloscope Technique 239 7.4 AC Impedance Plots and Data Analysis 242 7.4.1 Nyquist Plot 242 7.4.2 Bode Plot 243 7.4.3 Randles Plot 244 7.5 Equivalent Circuit Representation of a Simple System 245 7.6 Equivalent Circuit Representation for Electro-chemical Systems 246 7.7 Procedure for Running an Experiment 248 7.8 Semiconductor Interface 250 7.9 Summary 253 Further Reading 254 References 254 8 Photoelectrochemical Solar Cell 257 8.1 Classification of Photoelectrochemical Cells Based on the Energetics of the Reactions 263 8.2 Solar Chargeable Battery 264 8.3 Electrolyte-(Ohmic)-Semiconductor-Electrolyte (Schottky) Junction 273 8.3.1 On the Illuminated Side of Fe2O3 275 8.3.2 On the Dark Side of the Semiconductor—Compartment II 276 8.4 Synthesis of Value-Added Products 280 8.5 Summary 283 References 283 9 Photoeletrochromism 285 9.1 Photochromic Glasses 287 9.2 Electrochromism 291 9.2.1 Types of Chromogenic Materials 292 9.2.2 Electrolytes 294 9.2.3 Electrode Materials 294 9.2.4 Reservoir 294 9.3 Electrochromic Devices and Their Applications 295 9.4 Imaging Employing a Semiconductor Photo-electrode 301 9.4.1 Image-Forming Step 302 9.4.2 Image-Vanishing Step 302 9.5 Summary 303 References 303 10 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 305 10.1 The Dye-Sensitized Cell 306 10.2 Flexible Polymer Solar Cell 308 10.3 Summary 310 References 310 Index 313
£160.50
McGraw-Hill Education Six Ideas That Shaped Physics Unit C
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McGraw-Hill Companies Loose Leaf for Six Ideas That Shaped Physics All
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McGraw-Hill Companies Six Ideas That Shaped Physics Unit E
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McGraw-Hill Companies Six Ideas That Shaped Physics Unit N Laws of
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McGraw-Hill Companies Six Ideas That Shaped Physics Unit Q Particles
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McGraw-Hill Companies Six Ideas That Shaped Physics Unit R Laws of
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McGraw-Hill Companies Six Ideas That Shaped Physics Unit T Some
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ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Mechanical Instability
Book SynopsisThis book presents a study of the stability of mechanical systems, i.e. their free response when they are removed from their position of equilibrium after a temporary disturbance. After reviewing the main analytical methods of the dynamical stability of systems, it highlights the fundamental difference in nature between the phenomena of forced resonance vibration of mechanical systems subjected to an imposed excitation and instabilities that characterize their free response. It specifically develops instabilities arising from the rotor–structure coupling, instability of control systems, the self-sustained instabilities associated with the presence of internal damping and instabilities related to the fluid–structure coupling for fixed and rotating structures. For an original approach following the analysis of instability phenomena, the book provides examples of solutions obtained by passive or active methods.Table of ContentsForeword ix Philippe ROESCH Preface xiii Chapter 1. Notions of Instability 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. Lyapunov’s Direct Method 3 1.1.2. Lyapunov’s Indirect Method 5 1.2. Comparison of Notions of Resonance and Instability 8 1.2.1. Notion of Resonance 8 1.2.2. Notion of Instability 22 1.3. Instability Due to Self-Sustained Excitation 23 1.3.1. Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 24 1.3.2. Single-Degree-of-Freedom System 46 1.4. Parametric Instability 54 1.4.1. General Case 54 1.4.2. Mathieu’s Equation 54 1.4.3. Typical Application 57 1.5. Summary of Methods Used to Ensure or Increase the Stability of a System 60 1.5.1. Notion of Degrees of Stability 60 1.5.2. Main Corrector Systems 67 Chapter 2. Rotor/Structure Coupling: Examples of Ground Resonance and Air Resonance 91 2.1. Introduction to Ground Resonance 91 2.2. Ground Resonance Modeling 99 2.2.1. Minimum Degree-of-Freedom Model 99 2.2.2. Stability Criteria 110 2.2.3. Energy Analysis 113 2.3. Active Control of Ground Resonance 115 2.3.1. Active Control Algorithm 115 2.3.2. Performance Indicators 135 2.3.3. Implementation of Active Control 137 2.4. Air Resonance 143 2.4.1. Phenomenon Description 143 2.4.2. Modeling and Setting Up Equations 144 2.4.3. Active Control of Air Resonance 149 Chapter 3. Torsional System: Instability of Closed-Loop Systems 153 3.1. Introduction 153 3.2. Governing Principle 153 3.2.1. History and Sizing of Flyball Governor 154 3.2.2. Simple Mathematical Sizing Criterion 155 3.2.3. Physical Analysis of Criterion and Effect of Parameters 164 3.3. Industrial Cases 168 3.3.1. Case of Airplane With Variable-Setting Angle Propeller Rotor 168 3.3.2. Case of Tiltrotor Aircraft 175 3.3.3. Case of Helicopter 176 Chapter 4. Self-Sustaining Instability for Rotating Shafts 201 4.1. Introduction to Self-Sustaining Instability 201 4.2. Modeling of Effect of Internal Damping on Rotating Systems 206 4.2.1. Instability Origins 206 4.2.2. Highlighting Instability 207 4.2.3. Stability Criterion for a Flexible Shaft 222 Chapter 5. Fluid-Structure Interaction 245 5.1. Introduction 245 5.1.1. Fluid-Structure Interaction Issues 245 5.1.2. Instability and Energy Analysis 246 5.1.3. Brief Description of Flutter 248 5.2. Flutter of an Airfoil in an Airstream 250 5.2.1. Setting Up Equations 252 5.2.2. Industrial Examples 259 5.3. Whirl Flutter 312 5.3.1. Introduction to Convertible Aircraft Case 313 5.3.2. Enhanced Convertible Aircraft Rotor Reed’s Modeling – Stability 315 5.3.3. Whirl Flutter Active Control: Case of Tilt Rotor 326 Bibliography 335 Index 339
£135.80
