Chemistry Books
John Wiley & Sons Inc Bioprocessing Piping and Equipment Design
Book SynopsisThe only comprehensive and authoritative reference guide to the ASME Bioprocessing Piping and Equipment (BPE) standard This is a companion guide to the ASME Bioprocessing Piping and Equipment (BPE) Standard and explains what lies behind many of the requirements and recommendations within that industry standard. Following an introductory narrative to the Standard''s early history, industry related codes and standards are explained; the design and engineering aspects cover construction materials, both metallic and nonmetallic; then components, fabrication, assembly and installation of piping systems are explored. Examination, Inspection and Testing then precede the ASME BPE certification process, concluding with a discussion on system design. The author draws on many years'' experience and insights from first-hand involvement in the field of industrial piping design, engineering, construction, and management, which includes the bioprocessing industry. The reader wTable of ContentsList of Figures xx List of Tables xxix List of Forms xxxi Series Preface xxxii Preface xxxiii Acknowledgments lxxvii About the Author lxxx 1 Introduction, Scope, and General Requirements of the BPE 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scope of the ASME BPE Standard 2 1.3 Intent of the BPE Standard 6 1.4 ASME B31.3 Chapter X 7 1.5 Terms and Definitions 8 1.6 Quality Assurance 11 1.6.1 Documentation 13 1.7 An Essential Understanding of Codes and Standards 17 1.8 Source of BPE Content 20 1.8.1 Government Regulations 20 1.8.2 Generally Accepted Principals and Practices of the Industry 21 1.8.3 Research and Testing Done by the BPE Membership 21 1.9 ASME B31.3 Process Piping Code Chapter X 22 1.9.1 B31.3 Chapter X as Supplement to the Base Code 23 1.9.2 Harmonization of the BPE Standard and B31.3 Chapter X 24 2 Materials 25 2.1 Scope of this Chapter 25 2.2 Materials of Construction 25 2.3 Metallic Materials 26 2.3.1 Understanding ASTM Material Designations 27 2.3.2 Stainless Steel 36 2.3.3 The World of Crystallography 37 2.3.4 Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREn) 42 2.3.5 Alloying Constituents in Austenitic Stainless Steel 45 2.3.6 Dual Certified Stainless Steels 46 2.3.7 So Why 316L Stainless Steel? 47 2.4 Nonmetallic Materials 49 2.4.1 What Are Nonmetallic Materials? 49 2.4.2 Extractables and Leachables 52 2.4.3 Single]Use Systems and Components 54 2.5 Surface Finish 57 2.6 Rouge 63 2.6.1 Class I Rouge 64 2.6.2 Class II Rouge 65 2.6.3 Class III Rouge 66 2.6.4 Background on Rouge 68 2.6.5 Source of Rouge 69 2.7 Electropolishing 70 2.7.1 Irregularities or Flaws in Electropolishing 74 2.8 Passivation 76 3 Process Components 81 3.1 Process Components 81 3.2 Pressure Ratings 81 3.2.1 Pressure Ratings of Welded Components 81 3.2.2 Pressure Ratings and Other Fundamentals of Hygienic Clamp Joint Unions 86 3.3 Hygienic Clamp and Automatic Tube Weld Fittings 89 3.4 Sanitary Valves 101 3.5 Seals 102 3.6 Instruments 105 3.6.1 Coriolis Flow Meter 106 3.6.2 Radar Level Instruments 106 3.6.3 Pressure Instruments 106 3.6.4 Temperature Instruments 106 3.6.5 Analytical Instruments 106 3.6.6 Optical Devices 107 4 Fabrication, Assembly, and Installation 108 4.1 Scope and Introduction to this Chapter 108 4.1.1 Scope 108 4.1.2 Introduction 108 4.2 Fabrication 111 4.2.1 Fabrication Drawings and Spool Pieces 111 4.3 Fabrication of Metallic Tubing 116 4.3.1 Welding Documentation and Retention 116 4.3.2 Welding for Piping Systems 119 4.4 Fabrication of Nonmetallic Piping and Tubing 126 4.4.1 Fabrication of Polymeric Components 126 4.5 Assembly and Installation 131 4.5.1 General 131 4.5.2 Characteristics of the Hygienic Clamp Joint 131 4.6 The Piping Installation Process 140 4.6.1 Field Assembly and Installation (Stick Built) 140 4.6.2 As]Built and Other Drawings 142 4.6.3 Skid or Module Fabrication 144 5 Examination, Inspection, and Testing 147 5.1 Examination, Inspection, and Testing 147 5.2 Examination 148 5.2.1 Weld Examination 150 5.3 Inspection 153 5.4 Leak Testing of Piping 155 6 Equipment and Component Quality 157 6.1 Assured Quality 157 6.2 BPE Certification 157 6.3 A Quality Management System 161 6.4 Purpose 164 7 Design 166 7.1 BPE Scope of Design 166 7.2 Intent of Part SD 167 7.3 It’s a Bug’s Life 168 7.3.1 Perspective on Bacteria 168 7.4 A Preamble to Design 177 7.4.1 Undeveloped Subject Matter 177 7.4.2 Containment 177 7.4.3 Working with BPE and B31.3 180 7.4.4 Fabrication 183 7.4.5 Materials of Construction 185 7.4.6 Cleanability and Drainability 186 7.4.7 Bioprocessing System Boundaries 186 7.5 Design 186 7.5.1 The System 187 8 BPE Appendices 202 8.1 Mandatory and Nonmandatory Appendices 202 8.2 Mandatory Appendices 203 8.2.1 Mandatory Appendix I: Submittal of Technical Inquiries to the BPE Committee 203 8.2.2 Mandatory Appendix II: Standard Units 204 8.3 Nonmandatory Appendices 204 8.3.1 Nonmandatory Appendix A—Commentary: Slag 204 8.3.2 Nonmandatory Appendix B: Material and Weld Examination/Inspection Documentation 204 8.3.3 Nonmandatory Appendix C: Slope Measurement 204 8.3.4 Nonmandatory Appendix D: Rouge and Stainless Steel 204 8.3.5 Nonmandatory Appendix E: Passivation Procedure Qualification 205 8.3.6 Nonmandatory Appendix F: Corrosion Testing 205 8.3.7 Nonmandatory Appendix G: Ferrite 205 8.3.8 Nonmandatory Appendix H: Electropolishing Procedure Qualification 205 8.3.9 Nonmandatory Appendix I: Vendor Documentation Requirements for New Instruments 206 8.3.10 Nonmandatory Appendix J: Standard Process Test Conditions (SPTC) for Seal Performance Evaluation 206 8.3.11 Nonmandatory Appendix K: Standard Test Methods for Polymers 206 8.3.12 Nonmandatory Appendix L: Spray Device Coverage Testing 207 8.3.13 Nonmandatory Appendix M—Commentary: 316L Weld Heat]Affected Zone Discoloration Acceptance Criteria 207 8.3.14 Nonmandatory Appendix N: Guidance When Choosing Polymeric and Nonmetallic Materials 207 8.3.15 Nonmandatory Appendix O: General Background/Useful Information for Extractables and Leachables 207 8.3.16 Nonmandatory Appendix P: Temperature Sensors and Associated Components 208 8.3.17 Nonmandatory Appendix Q: Instrument Receiving, Handling, and Storage 208 8.3.18 Nonmandatory Appendix R: Application Data Sheet 208 8.3.19 Nonmandatory Appendix S—Polymer Applications: Chromatography Columns 208 8.3.20 Nonmandatory Appendix T: Guidance for the Use of US Customary and SI Units 208 Appendices Appendix A Cleaning and Leak Testing Procedure 209 Appendix B Biotechnology Inspection Guide Reference Materials and Training Aids 251 Appendix C Guide to Inspections of High Purity Water Systems 286 Appendix D Guide to Inspections of Lyophilization of Parenterals 304 Appendix E Guide to Inspections and Validation of Cleaning Processes 322 Appendix F Guide to Inspections of Dosage Form Drug Manufacturer’s—CGMPR’s 331 Appendix G Guide to Inspections Oral Solutions and Suspensions 349 Appendix H Guide to Inspections of Sterile Drug Substance Manufacturers 356 Appendix J Guide to Inspections of Topical Drug Products 366 Appendix K BPE History—Letters and Notes 375 Appendix L Component Dimensions 420 Further Reading 440 Index 445
£999.99
Wiley-Blackwell Metallic Magnetic and CarbonBased Nanomaterials
Book Synopsis
£999.99
Wiley Handbook of LaserInduced Breakdown Spectroscopy 2nd Edition
Book SynopsisStarting from fundamentals and moving through a thorough discussion of equipment, methods, and techniques, the Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy provides a unique reference source that will be of value for many years to come for this important new analysis method.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acronyms, Constants, and Symbols xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Atomic Optical Emission Spectrochemistry (OES) 1 1.1.1 Conventional OES 1 1.1.2 Laser OES 1 1.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 2 1.3 LIBS History 1960–1980 7 1.4 LIBS History 1981–1990 9 1.5 LIBS History 1991–2000 11 1.6 LIBS History 2001–2012 14 References 18 2 Basics of the LIBS Plasma 29 2.1 LIBS Plasma Fundamentals 29 2.1.1 Spectral Lines and Line Profiles 32 2.1.2 Determining Electron Densities from Spectral Line Widths 34 2.1.3 Plasma Opacity 37 2.1.4 Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium 38 2.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown 46 2.2.1 Breakdown in Gases 46 2.2.2 Post-Breakdown Phenomena in Gases 48 2.2.3 Breakdown in and on Solids, Aerosols, and Liquids 48 2.2.4 Post-Breakdown Phenomena on Solid Surfaces 50 2.3 Laser Ablation from Surfaces and Aerosols 53 2.4 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Double- or Multiple-Pulse LIBS 58 2.5 Summary 63 2.6 Problems 63 References 64 3 LIBS Apparatus Fundamentals 69 3.1 Basic LIBS Apparatus 69 3.2 Lasers 70 3.2.1 Laser Fundamentals 70 3.2.2 Types of Lasers 72 3.2.3 Properties of Laser Light Important for LIBS 76 3.2.4 Generation of Additional Wavelengths 78 3.2.5 Double-Pulse Operation 78 3.3 Optical Systems 80 3.3.1 Focusing and Light Collection 80 3.3.2 Lenses 82 3.3.3 Fiber Optic Cables 82 3.4 Methods of Spectral Resolution 86 3.4.1 Introduction 86 3.4.2 Spectral Resolution Devices 88 3.5 Detectors 102 3.6 Detection System Calibrations 109 3.6.1 Wavelength Calibration 109 3.6.2 Spectral Response Calibration 110 3.7 Timing Considerations 114 3.8 Methods of LIBS Deployment 115 3.9 Problems 117 References 118 4 LIBS Analytical Figures of Merit and Calibration 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Basics of a LIBS Measurement 123 4.3 Precision 129 4.4 Calibration 131 4.4.1 Calibration Curves 131 4.4.2 Calibration Standards 138 4.4.3 Calibration-Free LIBS 140 4.5 Detection Limit 144 4.6 Accuracy 144 4.7 Problems 146 References 148 References for Detection Limits 150 5 Qualitative LIBS Analysis 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Identifying Elements 151 5.3 Material Identification 156 5.4 Process Monitoring 159 5.4.1 Introduction 159 5.4.2 Experimental 162 5.4.3 Results 163 5.4.4 Conclusions 169 5.5 Material Sorting/Distinguishing 169 5.5.1 Surface Condition 169 5.5.2 Type of Analysis 171 5.5.3 Sorting Materials of Close Composition 173 5.5.4 Other Examples of Material Identification 174 5.6 Site Screening Using LIBS 177 5.7 Semiquantitative Analysis 178 5.8 Problems 180 References 182 6 Quantitative LIBS Analysis 185 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Effects of Sampling Geometry 185 6.3 Other Sampling Considerations 189 6.4 Incomplete Vaporization and Ablation Stoichiometry 193 6.5 Use of Internal Standardization 194 6.6 Chemical Matrix Effects 196 6.7 Example of LIBS Measurement: Impurities in Lithium-Containing Solutions 198 6.7.1 Objective 198 6.7.2 Experimental 198 6.7.3 Results 201 6.7.4 Discussion of Results 205 6.8 Example of LIBS Measurement: Detection of Materials on Swipes 206 6.8.1 Objective 206 6.8.2 Experimental 206 6.8.3 Results 209 6.9 Reported Figures of Merit for LIBS Measurements and Comparison with Standard Methods 211 6.10 Enhancing Quantitative Analysis via Sophisticated Signal Processing 219 6.11 Conclusions 220 References 221 7 Chemometric Analysis in LIBS 223 7.1 Introduction 223 7.2 Chemometric Terms 227 7.3 Chemometric Analysis/Model Development 232 7.3.1 Data Collection 232 7.3.2 Data Preprocessing: Selection of Variables 234 7.3.3 Train the Model (Calibration) 236 7.3.4 Selecting the Criteria for Classification 238 7.3.5 Test the Model (Validation) 239 7.3.6 Refine the Model Parameters 239 7.3.7 Using the Model 240 7.3.8 Improve the Training Data 241 7.4 Summary 241 References 241 8 Remote LIBS Measurements 257 8.1 Introduction 257 8.2 Conventional Open-Path LIBS 259 8.2.1 Apparatus 259 8.2.2 Focusing the Laser Pulse 260 8.2.3 Collecting the Plasma Light 264 8.2.4 Results Using Conventional Open-Path LIBS 265 8.3 Standoff LIBS Using Femtosecond Pulses 270 8.3.1 Conventional Remote LIBS Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses 270 8.3.2 Remote Analysis by Filamentation Produced by Femtosecond Pulses 271 8.4 Fiber Optic LIBS 276 8.4.1 Fiber Optics for Light Collection 276 8.4.2 Fibers for Laser Pulse Delivery 277 8.4.3 Applications of Fiber Optics 280 References 284 9 Selected LIBS Applications 289 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 LIBS and the CBRNE Threats 289 9.2.1 Background 289 9.2.2 Nuclear Material and Isotope Detection 291 9.2.3 Detection of Explosives 294 9.2.4 Chemical and Biological Agent Detection 295 9.3 LIBS Analysis of Liquids and Solids in Liquids 297 9.4 Transportable LIBS Instrument for Stand-off Analysis 303 9.4.1 Instrument Design 303 9.4.2 Instrument Capabilities 307 9.4.3 Consideration of Detection Scenarios 312 9.5 LIBS for Space Applications 313 9.5.1 Background 313 9.5.2 Laboratory Studies of LIBS for Space Missions 313 9.5.3 ChemCam LIBS Instrument on MSL Rover 322 References 325 A Safety Considerations in LIBS 333 B Major LIBS References 337 C Detection Limits from the Literature 341 D Examples of LIBS Spectra 377 E Solutions to Problems 387 Index 397
£104.45
Wiley Aerosol Science
Book SynopsisThis book reviews technological applications of aerosol science together with the current scientific status of aerosol modeling and measurements. The aim is to identify available current information on the effects of aerosols on human health.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv 1. Introduction 1Mihalis Lazaridis and Ian Colbeck 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Size and Shape 5 1.3 Size Distribution 6 1.4 Chemical Composition 10 1.5 Measurements and Sampling 11 References 12 2. Aerosol Dynamics 15Mihalis Lazaridis and Yannis Drossinos 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 General Dynamic Equation 17 2.2.1 Discrete Particle Size Distribution 18 2.2.2 Continuous Particle Size Distribution 19 2.3 Nucleation: New Particle Formation 19 2.3.1 Classical Nucleation Theory 20 2.3.2 Multicomponent Nucleation 22 2.3.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation 23 2.3.4 Atmospheric Nucleation 24 2.4 Growth by Condensation 26 2.5 Coagulation and Agglomeration 27 2.5.1 Brownian Coagulation 28 2.5.2 Agglomeration 28 2.6 Deposition Mechanisms 32 2.6.1 Stokes Law 32 2.6.2 Gravitational Settling 32 2.6.3 Deposition by Diffusion 34 2.6.4 Deposition by Impaction 34 2.6.5 Phoretic Effects 34 2.6.6 Atmospheric Aerosol Deposition 35 2.6.7 Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract 36 2.7 Resuspension 38 2.7.1 Monolayer Resuspension 38 2.7.2 Multilayer Resuspension 39 References 41 3. Recommendations for Aerosol Sampling 45Alfred Wiedensohler, Wolfram Birmili, Jean-Philippe Putaud, and John Ogren 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Guidelines for Standardized Aerosol Sampling 46 3.2.1 General Recommendations 46 3.2.2 Standardization of Aerosol Inlets 47 3.2.3 Humidity Control 49 3.3 Concrete Sampling Configurations 53 3.3.1 General Aspects of Particle Motion 53 3.3.2 Laminar Flow Sampling Configuration 54 3.3.3 Turbulent Flow Sampling Configuration 55 3.4 Artifact-Free Sampling for Organic Carbon Analysis 57 Acknowledgements 59 References 59 4. Aerosol Instrumentation 61Da-Ren Chen and David Y. H. Pui 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 General Strategy 62 4.3 Aerosol Sampling Inlets and Transport 63 4.4 Integral Moment Measurement 64 4.4.1 Total Number Concentration Measurement: Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) 65 4.4.2 Total Mass Concentration Measurement: Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Tapered-Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) 66 4.4.3 Light-Scattering Photometers and Nephelometers 67 4.5 Particle Surface Area Measurement 68 4.6 Size-Distribution Measurement 70 4.6.1 Techniques based on Particle–Light Interaction 70 4.6.2 Techniques based on Particle Inertia 71 4.6.3 Techniques based on Particle Electrical Mobility 74 4.6.4 Techniques based on Particle Diffusion 77 4.7 Chemical Composition Measurement 78 4.8 Conclusion 80 References 82 5. Filtration Mechanisms 89Sarah Dunnett 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Deposition Mechanisms 91 5.2.1 Flow Models 92 5.2.2 Diffusional Deposition 96 5.2.3 Deposition by Interception 98 5.2.4 Deposition due to Inertial Impaction 99 5.2.5 Gravitational Deposition 100 5.2.6 Electrostatic Deposition 100 5.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency 104 5.3.1 Particle Rebound 104 5.3.2 Particle Loading 106 5.4 Filter Randomness 109 5.5 Applications 109 5.6 Conclusions 110 Nomenclature 110 References 113 6. Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols 119Sagnik Dey and Sachchida Nand Tripathi 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing 120 6.2.1 Passive Remote Sensing 120 6.2.2 Active Remote Sensing 126 6.3 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing 126 6.3.1 Passive Remote Sensing 127 6.3.2 Active Spaceborne Lidar 135 6.3.3 Applications of Satellite-Based Aerosol Products 136 6.4 Summary and Future Requirements 141 Acknowledgements 142 References 142 7. Atmospheric Particle Nucleation 153Mikko Sipilä, Katrianne Lehtipalo, and Markku Kulmala 7.1 General Relevance 153 7.2 Detection of Atmospheric Nanoparticles 156 7.2.1 Condensation Particle Counting 156 7.2.2 Electrostatic Methods 158 7.2.3 Mass Spectrometric Methods for Cluster Detection 160 7.3 Atmospheric Observations of New Particle Formation 163 7.3.1 Nucleation 163 7.3.2 Growth 165 7.4 Laboratory Experiments 166 7.4.1 Sulfuric Acid Nucleation 166 7.4.2 Hunt for Compound X 168 7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges 169 References 170 8. Atmospheric Aerosols and Climate Impacts 181Maria Kanakidou 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Global Aerosol Distributions 181 8.3 Aerosol Climate Impacts 182 8.4 Simulations of Global Aerosol Distributions 186 8.5 Extinction of Radiation by Aerosols (Direct Effect) 190 8.5.1 Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing of Aerosol Components 193 8.6 Aerosols and Clouds (Indirect Effect) 194 8.6.1 How Aerosols Become CCNs and Grow into Cloud Droplets 195 8.7 Radiative Forcing Estimates 200 8.8 The Way Forward 203 References 203 9. Air Pollution and Health and the Role of Aerosols 207Pat Goodman and Otto Hänninen 9.1 Background 207 9.2 Size Fractions 208 9.3 Which Pollution Particle Sizes Are Important? 209 9.4 What Health Outcomes Are Associated with Exposure to Air Pollution? 209 9.5 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols 210 9.6 Particle Deposition in the Lungs 210 9.7 Aerosol Interaction Mechanisms in the Human Body 211 9.8 Human Respiratory Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure 215 9.9 Cardiovascular Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure 215 9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 216 References 216 10. Pharmaceutical Aerosols and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 221Darragh Murnane, Victoria Hutter, and Marie Harang 10.1 Introduction 221 10.2 Pharmaceutical Aerosols in Disease Treatment 223 10.2.1 Asthma 223 10.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 224 10.2.3 Cystic Fibrosis 224 10.2.4 Respiratory Tract Infection 225 10.2.5 Beyond the Lung: Systemic Drug Delivery 225 10.3 Aerosol Physicochemical Properties of Importance in Lung Deposition 226 10.4 The Fate of Inhaled Aerosol Particles in the Lung 228 10.4.1 Paracellular Transport 229 10.4.2 Transcellular Transport 229 10.4.3 Carrier-Mediated Transport 230 10.4.4 Models for Determining the Fate of Inhaled Aerosols 231 10.5 Production of Inhalable Particles 233 10.5.1 Particle Attrition and Milling 233 10.5.2 Constructive Particle Production 235 10.6 Aerosol Generation and Delivery Systems for Pulmonary Therapy 237 10.6.1 Nebulised Disease Therapies 237 10.6.2 Pressurised Metered-Dose Inhaler Systems 241 10.6.3 Dry-Powder Inhalation 248 10.6.4 Advancing Drug-Delivery Strategies 252 10.7 Product Performance Testing 253 10.7.1 Total-Emitted-Dose Testing 253 10.7.2 Aerodynamic Particle Size Determination: Inertial Impaction Analysis 253 10.8 Conclusion and Outlook 255 References 255 11. Bioaerosols and Hospital Infections 271Ka man Lai, Zaheer Ahmad Nasir, and Jonathon Taylor 11.1 The Importance of Bioaerosols and Infections 271 11.2 Bioaerosol-Related Infections in Hospitals 272 11.3 Bioaerosol Properties and Deposition in Human Respiratory Systems 275 11.4 Chain of Infection and Infection Control in Hospitals 275 11.5 Application of Aerosol Science and Technology in Infection Control 277 11.5.1 Understanding Hospital Aerobiology and Infection Control 277 11.5.2 Bioaerosol Experiments and Models 280 11.5.3 Numerical Analysis of Particle Dispersion in Hospitals 281 11.5.4 Air-Cleaning Technologies 282 11.6 Conclusion 285 References 285 12. Nanostructured Material Synthesis in the Gas Phase 291Peter V. Pikhitsa and Mansoo Choi 12.1 Introduction 291 12.2 Aerosol-Based Synthesis 292 12.3 Flame Synthesis 292 12.4 Flame and Laser Synthesis 299 12.5 Laser-Induced Synthesis 302 12.6 Metal-Powder Combustion 309 12.7 Spark Discharge 313 12.8 Assembling Useful Nanostructures 314 12.9 Conclusions 322 References 323 13. The Safety of Emerging Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials 327L. Reijnders 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Human Health and Inhaled Persistent Engineered Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials 330 13.3 Human Health Hazards and Risks Linked to the Ingestion of Persistent Inorganic Nanomaterials 333 13.4 Ecotoxicity of Persistent Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials 335 13.5 Conclusion 336 References 336 14. Environmental Health in Built Environments 345Zaheer Ahmad Nasir 14.1 Environmental Hazards and Built Environments 345 14.2 Particulate Contaminants 348 14.2.1 Transport and Behaviour of Particles in Built Environments 349 14.3 Gas Contaminants 351 14.3.1 Biological Hazards 351 14.3.2 Physical Hazards 357 14.3.3 Ergonomic Hazards 358 14.3.4 Ventilation and Environmental Hazards 359 14.3.5 Energy-Efficient Built Environments, Climate Change and Environmental Health 361 References 362 15. Particle Emissions from Vehicles 369Jonathan Symonds 15.1 Introduction 369 15.2 Engine Concepts and Technologies 370 15.2.1 Air–Fuel Mixture 370 15.2.2 Spark-Ignition Engines 371 15.2.3 Compression-Ignition Engines 372 15.2.4 Two-Stroke Engines 372 15.2.5 Gas-Turbine Engines 373 15.3 Particle Formation 373 15.3.1 In-Cylinder Formation 373 15.3.2 Evolution in the Exhaust and Aftertreatment Systems 375 15.3.3 Noncombustion Particle Sources 375 15.3.4 Evolution in the Environment 376 15.4 Impact of Vehicle Particle Emissions 376 15.4.1 Health and Environmental Effects 376 15.4.2 Legislation 376 15.5 Sampling and Measurement Techniques 378 15.5.1 Sample Handling 378 15.5.2 Mass Measurement 379 15.5.3 Solid-Particle-Number Measurement 380 15.5.4 Sizing Techniques 382 15.5.5 Morphology Determination 382 15.6 Amelioration Techniques 385 15.6.1 Fuel Composition 385 15.6.2 Control by Engine Design and Calibration 385 15.6.3 Particulate Filters 386 Acknowledgements 388 References 388 16. Movement of Bioaerosols in the Atmosphere and the Consequences for Climate and Microbial Evolution 393Cindy E. Morris, Christel Leyronas, and Philippe C. Nicot 16.1 Introduction 393 16.2 Emission: Launch into the Atmosphere 395 16.2.1 Active Release 397 16.2.2 Passive Release 397 16.2.3 Quantifying Emissions 398 16.3 Transport in the Earth’s Boundary Layer 399 16.3.1 Motors of Transport 399 16.3.2 Quantifying Near-Surface Flux 400 16.4 Long-Distance Transport: From the Boundary Layer into the Free Troposphere 404 16.4.1 Scale of Horizontal Long-Distance Transport 404 16.4.2 Altitude of Long-Distance Transport 405 16.5 Interaction of Microbial Aerosols with Atmospheric Processes 406 16.6 Implications of Aerial Transport for Microbial Evolutionary History 407 References 410 17. Disinfection of Airborne Organisms by Ultraviolet-C Radiation and Sunlight 417Jana S. Kesavan and Jose-Luis Sagripanti 17.1 Introduction 417 17.2 UV Radiation 418 17.3 Sunlight 419 17.4 Selected Organisms 421 17.4.1 Bacterial Endospores 421 17.4.2 Vegetative Bacteria 422 17.4.3 Viruses 423 17.5 Effects of UV Light on Aerosolized Organisms 423 17.5.1 Cell Damage Caused By UV Radiation 423 17.5.2 Photorepair 424 17.5.3 Typical Survival Curve for UV Exposure 425 17.5.4 The UV Rate Constant 427 17.5.5 RH and Temperature Effects 428 17.5.6 Bacterial Clusters 429 17.6 Disinfection of Rooms Using UV-C Radiation 429 17.7 Sunlight Exposure Studies 430 17.8 Testing Considerations 431 17.8.1 Test Methodology in Our Laboratory 432 17.9 Discussion 435 References 435 18. Radioactive Aerosols: Tracers of Atmospheric Processes 441Katsumi Hirose 18.1 Introduction 441 18.2 Origin of Radioactive Aerosols 442 18.2.1 Natural Radionuclides 442 18.2.2 Anthropogenic Radionuclides 444 18.3 Tracers of Atmospheric Processes 446 18.3.1 Transport of Radioactive Aerosols 446 18.3.2 Dry Deposition 448 18.3.3 Wet Deposition 449 18.3.4 Resuspension 450 18.3.5 Other Processes 452 18.3.6 Application of Multitracers 452 18.3.7 Atmospheric Residence Time of Radioactive Aerosols 454 18.4 Tracer of Environmental Change 457 18.5 Conclusion 460 References 461 Index 469
£133.90
Palgrave Macmillan Marie Curie and Her Daughters
Book SynopsisThe first book to focus on the relationship between famed scientist Marie Curie and her two remarkable daughters. Drawing on personal interviews with Curie's descendants, as well as revelatory new archives, this is a wholly new story about Marie Curie and a family of women inextricably connected to the dawn of nuclear physics.Trade Review"Emling offers an intimate look at Curie's relationship with her children...[and a] fascinating, moving story... [with an] inspiring message conveyed throughout." - Carmela Ciuraru, The Boston Globe "The story of the second act of the genius's life, as a widowed mother of two." - Harpers "Emling delivers a compulsively readable biography of Curie and her formidable daughters." - Ms. magazine "The often harrowing tale covers the great physicist's struggle with xenophobia and sexism, her mental and physical breakdowns, and the campaign by American journalist Missy Meloney to supply her with radium. Most compellingly, it bares Curie's relationships with her daughters, the Nobel prize-winning chemist Irene and writer Eve." - Nature "Emling reveals a hidden side of the life of two-time Nobel Prize winner." - Publishers Weekly "An intimate portrait of the professional and private lives of legendary scientist Marie Curie and her daughters, Irene and Eve... A uniquely human look at a brilliant scientific family." - Kirkus Reviews "Shelley Emling makes an invaluable contribution to history by documenting the afteraffects of radiation and fame on this remarkable pioneer of the atom, a woman who sacrificed herself for the sake of deadly knowledge." - Tom Zoellner, author of Uranium: War, Energy and the Rock That Shaped the World "Publicly glum and famously determined, Marie Curie struggled against the extraordinary prejudices of her time, and became an icon. In this engagingly delightful look behind the heavy skirts of the era, Shelley Emling reveals Marie's and her two disparate daughters' idiosyncratic family life, and especially the significant role that their visits to the United States played in their personal development." - Peter Atkins, author of Galileo's Finger "Marie Curie and Her Daughters breathes life into an icon of science. Emling uses private letters, the unpublished papers of her daughter, Irene Curie, and an interview with her granddaughter Helene Langevin-Joliot to take the reader into Curie's role as the mother of two daughters, as a traveler to America and beyond, and as a woman in a man's world. If young women are looking for a real-life role model beside today's celebrities, this story will fill that niche." - Elizabeth Norman, author of We Band of Angels "A book that should inspire all young women to go out and make things happen." - Frank Close, author of The Infinity Puzzle: Quantum Field Theory and the Hunt for an Orderly Universe "Shelley Emling's dazzling chronicle of the three Curies and their world famous accomplishments is surpassed only by her account of how each stretched her era's concept of the possibilities for women. A tour de force!" - Megan McKinney, author of The Magnificent Medills "Ms. Emling's riveting new biography reveals in page-turning prose the life-balance struggles of a true genius. It's a tip of the hat to the private Marie, the single working mother, whose many accomplishments include her two amazing daughters." - Lisa Verge Higgins, New York Journal of Books 'Shelley Emling's excellent joint biography of Marie, her daughters (and a granddaughter, too) is an exhilarating story that couples scientific discovery and motherhood. A book that should propel young women into science for the sheer fun of it, it's also a rich tale of war and peace, family commitment, friendship and medical progress.' - Adele Glimm, author of Gene Hunter and Rachel Carson "A must read for every woman and every female teenager. In accessible prose, Emling enlightens the world about this enigmatic scientist, and, with the help of personal letters shared by Curie's granddaughter, Emling has woven a story of a woman full of grace and of the daughters who loved her without fail. I loved this book." - Mary H. Manhein, author of The Bone Lady and Trail of BonesTable of ContentsPrologue An Absolutely Miserable Year Moving On Being with Pierre Beyond Pierre Meeting Missy Finally, America Another Dynamic Duo Turning to America - Again
£17.82
£32.53
Lulu.com Chemistry
£25.38
Lulu.com Chemistry
£23.75
Wiley-Blackwell Wastederived Biochar for Sustainable Rural Revita lization
£147.60
£190.00
Wiley-Blackwell Dyeing of Cellulose Fibers
£112.50
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Principles and Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Book Synopsis* Straightforward overview of absorption and fluorescence shows the student how the phenomenon arises and how it can be used in the course of their research. * Highly practical approach shows non-specialists how to use the technique to investigate chemical and biochemical problems and generate sophisticated results.Table of Contents1 Absorption Spectroscopy Theory 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Characteristics of an Absorption Spectrum 2 1.3 Beer–Lambert–Bouguer Law 4 1.4 Effect of the Environment on Absorption Spectra 6 References 11 2 Determination of the Calcofluor White Molar Extinction Coefficient Value in the Absence and Presence of α1-Acid Glycoprotein 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Biological Material Used 13 2.2.1 Calcofluor White 13 2.2.2 α1-Acid glycoprotein 13 2.3 Experiments 16 2.3.1 Absorption spectrum of Calcofluor free in PBS buffer 16 2.3.2 Determination of ε. value of Calcofluor White free in PBS buffer 16 2.3.3 Determination of Calcofluor White ε. value in the presence of α1-acid glycoprotein 16 2.4 Solution 17 References 19 3 Determination of Kinetic Parameters of Lactate Dehydrogenase 21 3.1 Objective of the Experiment 21 3.2 Absorption Spectrum of NADH 21 3.3 Absorption Spectrum of LDH 22 3.4 Enzymatic Activity of LDH 22 3.5 Kinetic Parameters 22 3.6 Data and Results 22 3.6.1 Determination of enzyme activity 23 3.6.2 Determination of kinetic parameters 23 3.7 Introduction to Kinetics and the Michaelis–Menten Equation 26 3.7.1 Definitions 26 3.7.2 Reaction rates 26 References 32 4 Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-Galactoside with β-Galactosidase from E. coli 34 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Solutions to be Prepared 35 4.3 First-day Experiments 35 4.3.1 Absorption spectrum of PNP 35 4.3.2 Absorption of PNP as a function of pH 36 4.3.3 Internal calibration of PNP 37 4.3.4 Determination of β-galactosidase optimal pH 39 4.3.5 Determination of β-galactosidase optimal temperature 40 4.4 Second-day Experiments 40 4.4.1 Kinetics of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside hydrolysis with β-galactosidase 40 4.4.2 Determination of the β-galactosidase concentration in the test tube 42 4.5 Third-day Experiments 44 4.5.1 Determination of Km and Vmax of β-galactosidase 44 4.5.2 Inhibiton of hydrolysis kinetics of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside 45 4.6 Fourth-day Experiments 47 4.6.1 Effect of guanidine chloride concentration on β-galactosidase activity 47 4.6.2 OD variation with guanidine chloride 48 4.6.3 Mathematical derivation of Keq 48 4.6.4 Definition of the standard Gibbs free energy, ΔG◦’ 51 4.6.5 Relation between ΔG◦’ and ΔG’ 51 4.6.6 Relation between ΔG◦’ and Keq 52 4.6.7 Effect of guanidine chloride on hydrolysis kinetics of p-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactoside 56 References 57 5 Starch Hydrolysis by Amylase 59 5.1 Objectives 59 5.2 Introduction 59 5.3 Materials 61 5.4 Procedures and Experiments 61 5.4.1 Preparation of a 20 g l−1starch solution 61 5.4.2 Calibration curve for starch concentration 61 5.4.3 Calibration curve for sugar concentration 63 5.4.4 Effect of pH 64 5.4.5 Temperature effect 66 5.4.6 Effect of heat treatment at 90◦C 69 5.4.7 Kinetics of starch hydrolysis 70 5.4.8 Effect of inhibitor (CuCl2) on the amylase activity 73 5.4.9 Effect of amylase concentration 73 5.4.10 Complement experiments that can be performed 77 5.4.11 Notes 77 References 78 6 Determination of the pK of a Dye 79 6.1 Definition of pK 79 6.2 Spectrophotometric Determination of pK 79 6.3 Determination of the pK of 4-Methyl-2-Nitrophenol 81 6.3.1 Experimental procedure 81 6.3.2 Solution 83 References 87 7 Fluorescence Spectroscopy Principles 88 7.1 Jablonski Diagram or Diagram of Electronic Transitions 88 7.2 Fluorescence Spectral Properties 91 7.2.1 General features 91 7.2.2 Stokes shift 93 7.2.3 Relationship between the emission spectrum and excitation wavelength 94 7.2.4 Inner filter effect 95 7.2.5 Fluorescence excitation spectrum 95 7.2.6 Mirror–image rule 95 7.2.7 Fluorescence lifetime 96 7.2.8 Fluorescence quantum yield 101 7.2.9 Fluorescence and light diffusion 102 7.3 Fluorophore Structures and Properties 102 7.3.1 Aromatic amino acids 104 7.3.2 Cofactors 108 7.3.3 Extrinsinc fluorophores 108 7.4 Polarity and Viscosity Effect on Quantum Yield and Emission Maximum Position 111 References 113 8 Effect of the Structure and the Environment of a Fluorophore on Its Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra 115 Experiments 115 Questions 117 Answers 119 Reference 123 9 Fluorophore Characterization and Importance in Biology 124 9.1 Experiment 1. Quantitative Determination of Tryptophan in Proteins in 6 M Guanidine 124 9.1.1 Introduction 124 9.1.2 Principle 124 9.1.3 Experiment 125 9.1.4 Results obtained with cytochrome b2 core 126 9.2 Experiment 2. Effect of the Inner Filter Effect on Fluorescence Data 127 9.2.1 Objective of the experiment 127 9.2.2 Experiment 127 9.2.3 Results 128 9.3 Experiment 3. Theoretical Spectral Resolution of Two Emitting Fluorophores Within a Mixture 130 9.3.1 Objective of the experiment 130 9.3.2 Results 132 9.4 Experiment 4. Determination of Melting Temperature of Triglycerides in Skimmed Milk Using Vitamin A Fluorescence 134 9.4.1 Introduction 134 9.4.2 Experiment to conduct 136 9.4.3 Results 136 References 138 10 Fluorescence Quenching 139 10.1 Introduction 139 10.2 Collisional Quenching: the Stern–Volmer Relation 140 10.3 Different Types of Dynamic Quenching 145 10.4 Static Quenching 147 10.4.1 Theory 147 10.5 Thermal Intensity Quenching 154 References 159 11 Fluorescence Polarization 160 11.1 Definition 160 11.2 Fluorescence Depolarization 162 11.2.1 Principles and applications 162 11.3 Fluorescence Anisotropy Decay Time 165 11.4 Depolarization and Energy Transfer 166 References 167 12 Interaction Between Ethidium Bromide and DNA 168 12.1 Objective of the Experiment 168 12.2 DNA Extraction from Calf Thymus or Herring Sperm 168 12.2.1 Destruction of cellular structure 168 12.2.2 DNA extraction 168 12.2.3 DNA purification 169 12.2.4 Absorption spectrum of DNA 169 12.3 Ethidium Bromide Titration with Herring DNA 169 12.4 Results Obtained with Herring DNA 170 12.4.1 Absorption and emission spectra 170 12.4.2 Analysis and interpretation of the results 173 12.5 Polarization Measurements 177 12.6 Results Obtained with Calf Thymus DNA 179 12.7 Temperature Effect on Fluorescence of the Ethidium Bromide–DNA Complex 180 References 182 13 Lens culinaris Agglutinin: Dynamics and Binding Studies 184 13.1 Experiment 1. Studies on the Accessibility of I− to a Fluorophore: Quenching of Fluorescein Fluorescence with KI 184 13.1.1 Objective of the experiment 184 13.1.2 Experiment 184 13.1.3 Results 185 13.2 Experiment 2. Measurement of Rotational Correlation Time of Fluorescein Bound to LCA with Polarization Studies 187 13.2.1 Objective of the work 187 13.2.2 Polarization studies as a function of temperature 187 13.2.3 Polarization studies as a function of sucrose at 20◦C 187 13.2.4 Results 189 13.3 Experiment 3. Role of α-L-fucose in the Stability of Lectin–Glycoproteins Complexes 190 13.3.1 Introduction 190 13.3.2 Binding studies 191 13.3.3 Results 192 References 196 14 Förster Energy Transfer 197 14.1 Principles and Applications 197 14.2 Energy-transfer Parameters 202 14.3 Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer 204 References 208 15 Binding of TNS on Bovine Serum Albumin at pH 3 and pH 7 210 15.1 Objectives 210 15.2 Experiments 210 15.2.1 Fluorescence emission spectra of TNS–BSA at pH 3 and 7 210 15.2.2 Titration of BSA with TNS at pH 3 and 7 210 15.2.3 Measurement of energy transfer efficiency from Trp residues to TNS 211 15.2.4 Interaction between free Trp in solution and TNS 211 15.3 Results 211 16 Comet Test for Environmental Genotoxicity Evaluation: A Fluorescence Microscopy Application 220 16.1 Principle of the Comet Test 220 16.2 DNA Structure 220 16.3 DNA Reparation 221 16.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 222 16.5 Reactive Oxygen Species 223 16.6 Causes of DNA Damage and Biological Consequences 224 16.7 Types of DNA Lesions 225 16.7.1 Induction of abasic sites, AP, apurinic, or apyrimidinic 225 16.7.2 Base modification 225 16.7.3 DNA adducts 225 16.7.4 Simple and double-stranded breaks 225 16.8 Principle of Fluorescence Microscopy 225 16.9 Comet Test 227 16.9.1 Experimental protocol 227 16.9.2 Nature of damage revealed with the Comet test 227 16.9.3 Advantages and limits of the method 227 16.9.4 Result expression 231 References 231 17 Questions and Exercises 232 17.1 Questions 232 17.1.1 Questions with shorts answers 232 17.1.2 Find the error 232 17.1.3 Explain 233 17.1.4 Exercises 234 17.2 Solutions 241 17.2.1 Questions with short answers 241 17.2.2 Find the error 243 17.2.3 Explain 243 17.2.4 Exercises solutions 244 Index 253
£67.40
Read Books The Chemistry Of Coal
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University Press of the Pacific Problems in General Chemistry
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Taylor & Francis Inc Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Book SynopsisSince the turn of the twenty-first century, applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have diversified, expanding their utility in the military and security spheres and entering the realms of clinical practice and pharmaceutical exploration. Updated and expanded, the third edition of Ion Mobility Spectrometry begins with a comprehensive discussion of the fundamental theory and practice of IMS. Divided into four sectionsOverview, Technology, Fundamentals, and Applicationsthe authors treat innovations and advances in all aspects of IMS in a fresh, thorough, and revised format.Features: Introduces the definitions, theory, and practice of IMS and summarizes its history from the beginnings of the study of ions to present commercial and scholarly activitiesPresents the technology of IMS from a measurement perspectivecovering inlet through ion formation, ion injection, electric fieTrade Review"… an excellent book and essential for every researcher and engineer working in the field of ion mobility. The authors, who are leading experts in IMS technology, provide an excellent overview of the current state of science and technology related to IMS and the most recent developments in this field. … well written and easily understandable, with a well-balanced mix of practice-oriented information and theoretical background knowledge."—Thomas Mayer, Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany, from International Journal for Ion Mobility Spectrometry, December 2014 Praise for the Previous Edition "... The second edition of this book provides a timely update to the fundamental theory, advancements in instrumentation, and the development of new applications of IMS.... The book accomplishes the objectives outlined by the authors... The CD [is] a useful and practical addition to this book... Overall, this book should be useful to experts in IMS research as well as those new to the technology. As a practical book, it offers a well-balanced combination of theory and application... I highly recommend it to anyone interested in IMS."—Robert G. Ewing, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, in JACS, Vol. 128, 2006 Table of ContentsIntroduction to Ion Mobility Spectrometry. History of Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Sample Introduction Methods. Ion Sources. Ion Injection and Pulsed Sources. Drift Tubes in Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Ion Detectors. The Ion Mobility Spectrum. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Ion Characterization and Separation: Mobility of Gas Phase Ions in Electric Fields. Control and Effects of Experimental Parameters. Detection of Explosives by IMS. Chemical Weapons. Drugs of Abuse. Pharmaceuticals. Industrial Applications. Environmental Monitoring. Biological and Medical Applications of IMS. Current Assessments and Future Developments in Ion Mobility Spectrometry.
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Createspace Independent Publishing Platform VErBAl ReAcTiONS Word Scrambles with a Chemical Flavor Easy
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CSIRO Publishing Chemistry in the Marketplace
Book SynopsisProvides a fascinating and at times amusing insight into the real world uses of chemicals. This sixth edition of Chemistry in the Marketplace provides fresh explanations, fascinating facts and funny anecdotes about the serious science in the products we buy and the resources we use. It might even save you some money.Trade Review“This is a wide-ranging, detailed and authoritative text, presented clearly and attractively with numerous images, tables and diagrams…it is good to see a text that has retained the essential chemistry and has not been oversimplified for the popular science market”.- Janet Mitchell, School Science ReviewTable of Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1: Molecular musings 2: Chemistry of health and risk 3: Chemistry of surfaces 4: Chemistry in the laundry 5: Chemistry in the kitchen 6: Chemistry in the dining room 7: Biochemistry of metabolism and sport 8: Chemistry of cosmetics 9: Chemistry in the medicine cabinet 10: Chemistry of plastics and glass 11: Chemistry of fibres, fabrics and other yarns 12: Chemistry in the garden 13: Chemistry of hardware and stationery 14: Chemistry in the swimming pool 15: Chemistry at the beach 16: Biological effects of metals and metalloids 17: Chemistry in energy 18: Chemistry of ionising radiation 19: Experiments Appendix 1: Nomenclature in chemistry Appendix 2: Reporting amounts of material (units) Appendix 3: Prevalence of logarithmic scales Appendix 4: How much is safe? Appendix 5: Phase diagrams Appendix 6: Metal foils Appendix 7: Metal alloys Appendix 8: Maillard reaction Appendix 9: Refractive index Appendix 10: Glass transition temperature (Tg) Appendix 11: The entropy game Index
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CSIRO Publishing Wildland Fire Behaviour
Book SynopsisExamines what is known and unknown about wildfire behaviours. The authors introduce fire as a dynamical system along with traditional steady-state concepts. They then break down the system into its primary physical components, describe how they depend upon environmental factors, and construct and exercise a nonlinear model.
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Springer The Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products
Book SynopsisHistory of Sensory Analysis.- Psychological Considerations in Sensory Analysis.- Physiology of Sensory Perception.- Dairy Products Evaluation Competitions.- Fluid Milk and Cream Products.- Butter.- Creamed Cottage Cheese.- Yogurt.- Cheddar and Cheddar-Type Cheese.- Ice Cream and Related Products.- Concentrated and Dried Milk Products.- Pasteurized Process Cheese.- Sour Cream and Related Products.- Swiss Cheese and Related Products.- Mozzarella.- Latin American Cheeses.- Modern Sensory Practices.Table of ContentsHistory of Sensory Analysis.- Psychological Considerations in Sensory Analysis.- Physiology of Sensory Perception.- Dairy Products Evaluation Competitions.- Fluid Milk and Cream Products.- Butter.- Creamed Cottage Cheese.- Yogurt.- Cheddar and Cheddar-Type Cheese.- Ice Cream and Related Products.- Concentrated and Dried Milk Products.- Pasteurized Process Cheese.- Sour Cream and Related Products.- Swiss Cheese and Related Products.- Mozzarella.- Latin American Cheeses.- Modern Sensory Practices.
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Authorhouse Twenty-First Century Advanced Chemistry
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Cognella, Inc General Chemistry, Volume 1: Understanding Moles,
Book SynopsisGeneral Chemistry: Understanding Moles, Bonds, and Equilibria, Volume 1 introduces students to foundational concepts in chemistry with emphasis on real-world application. Throughout the text, students learn how the study of chemistry supports material science, forensics, medicine, and other disciplines.The text is organized into 13 chapters that can be taught traditionally or in a non-linear fashion. Topics include the scientific method, atoms, mass and molecules, aqueous solutions, gases, thermochemistry, electrons in atoms, and electron configuration. Students learn about chemical bonding, molecular geometry, liquids and solids, and mixtures.The book features problems that span multiple chapters, topic boxes that contain worked examples, concurrent presentation of the VSEPR and Valence Bond theories to allow each to reinforce the other, and integration of environmental topics within distinct sections of appropriate chapters. Introductions, summaries, problems, application examples, and meaningful appendices further facilitate student learning, rendering General Chemistry an ideal textbook for foundational chemistry courses.General Chemistry: Understanding Moles, Bonds, and Equilibria, Volume 2 is a continuation of this text with further coverage of equilibria, thermodynamics, nuclear chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry and biotechnology.
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Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Laboratorio de Química General: Manual de Experimentos
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Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co ,U.S. General Chemistry Laboratories: A Freshman Workbook
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Createspace Independent Publishing Platform Naming and Picturing the Chemical Elements
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University of Alaska Press Alutiiq Villages under Russian and U.S. Rule
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Book Jungle The Chemical History of a Candle
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Cognella, Inc Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry and Beyond
Book SynopsisIn general chemistry the primary tool used to solve problems is the rote method, which can present some difficulties. Students are often plagued with poor recognition of new problems, and faculty in later courses are often disappointed that the students have forgotten what they were taught in the freshman year. Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry and Beyond tackles this issue in a new way by teaching students how all problems are solved. This innovative textbook presents a universal format to be used when solving all problems. Instead of memorization, students learn to ask three answerable questions, and by using the format, solve the problem. So, once the student masters how to use the format, they can solve any problem. Designed to give students a powerful tool, this text is a breakthrough approach in teaching to help students apply and retain problem solving skills.
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Larsen and Keller Education Introductory Chemistry
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Larsen and Keller Education Chemistry Essentials: Organic and Inorganic
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Ten16 Press The Art of Teaching Chemistry
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