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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisSince the first edition in 1948, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology has become a flagship publication for Wiley. During its nearly seven decades in print, it has become a standard reference for the fields of occupational health and toxicology. The volumes on industrial hygiene are cornerstone reference works for not only industrial hygienists but also chemists, engineers, toxicologists, lawyers, and occupational safety personnel. Volume 1 covers Introduction of Industrial Hygiene and Recognition of Chemical Agents. In addition to revised and updated chapters, a number of new chapters reflect current technology and concerns. The chapters include Ethics in Industrial Hygiene, Prevention through Design, Risk Communication, Managing Workplace Demographics, and Mastering Digital Media for Workers, Employers and Community Practice.Table of ContentsContributors viiPreface ixUseful Equivalents and Conversion Factors xi Part I Introduction To Industrial Hygiene 1Occupational and Industrial Hygiene as a Profession: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 3Barbara J. Dawson, Kyle B. Dotson, Faye Grimsley, Thomas Grumbles, Zack Mansdorf, David Roskelley, Jennifer Sahmel, Noel Tresider, and Candace Tsai Ethics in Industrial Hygiene 19Nina Townsend, Garrett Brown, and Mark Katchen Prevention through Design 31Georgi Popov, Bruce Lyon, and Tsvetan Popov Risk Communication 51David M. Zalk Health Risk Assessment in the Workplace 67Chris Laszcz-Davis, Fred W. Boelter, Michael Jayjock, Frank Hearl, Perry Logan, Cristina Ford McLaughlin, Mary V. O’Reilly, R. Thomas Radcliffe Jr., Esquire, and Mark Stenzel Decision Making in Managing Risk 103Charles F. Redinger, Fred W. Boelter, Mary V. O’Reilly, John Howard and Glenn J. Barbi Managing Workplace Demographics 127John Howard Mastering Digital Media for Workers, Employers, and Our Community of Practice 139Max Lum Part II Chemical Agents 159The History and Biological Basis of Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Agents 161Dennis J. Paustenbach and William D. Cyrs The Mode of Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Materials 213Franklin E. Mirer Symptomatic Responses to Low-Level Occupational and Environmental Exposures 241Brian Linde and Carrie A. Redlich Basic Aerosol Science 255Parker C. Reist and Yifang Zhu Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Mineral Dusts 283David Fishwick and Chris M. Barber Engineered Nanomaterials 311Thomas M. Peters and Peter C. Raynor Gases and Vapors Affecting the Respiratory System 333Philip Harber, William S. Beckett, and Marion J. Fedoruk Dermal Effects of Chemical Exposures 361Katherine J. Allnutt and Rosemary L. Nixon Analytical Methods 383Robert G. Lieckfield Jr. Index 401

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Book Synopsis Since the first edition in 1948, Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology has become a flagship publication for Wiley. During its nearly seven decades in print, it has become a standard reference for the fields of occupational health and toxicology. The volumes on industrial hygiene are cornerstone reference works for not only industrial hygienists but also chemists, engineers, toxicologists, lawyers, and occupational safety personnel. Volume 2 covers Chemical Exposure Evaluation and Control. Along with the updated and revised chapters from the prior edition, this volume has two new chapters: Sensor Technology and Control Banding. Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface ix Useful Equivalents and Conversion Factors xi Part III Chemical Exposure Evaluation 1 Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Industrial Chemicals 3 Nancy B. Hopf and Silvia Fustinoni Real-Time Assessment of Air Contaminants Using Video Exposure Monitoring (VEM) Methods and Techniques 65 James D. McGlothlin, Fan Xu, Sandra S. Cole, and Dave Huizen Computed Tomography in Industrial Hygiene 95 Lori A. Todd Mathematical Modeling of Indoor Air Contaminant Concentrations 121 Mark Nicas and Thomas W. Armstrong Sensor 145 Misti L. Zamora, Christopher Zuidema, and Kirsten Koehler Part IV Chemical Exposure Control 161 Characterizing Air Contaminant Emission Sources 163 D. Jeff Burton, Robert L. Harris, and Earl W. Arp Engineering Control of Airborne Contaminants: History, Philosophy, and the Development of Primary Approaches 177 D. Jeff Burton and William A. Burgess Industrial Ventilation 199 D. Jeff Burton and Robert D. Soule Respiratory Protective Equipment 225 Craig E. Colton Chemical Protective Clothing 251 Krister Forsberg and James P. Zeigler Control Banding: Background, Evolution, and Application 269 David M. Zalk, Elaine West, and Deborah I. Nelson Occupational Safety and Health Law 307 John Howard and Steven Smith Index 357

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Museum Textiles Textiles have been known to us throughout human history and played a vital role in the lives and traditions of people. Clothing was made by using different materials and methods from natural fibers. There are different varieties of textiles, out of which certain traditional textiles, archaeological findings, or fragments are of cultural, historical, and sentimental value such as tapestries, embroideries, flags, shawls, etc. These kinds of textiles, due to their historical use and environmental factors, require special attention to guarantee their long-term stability. Textile conservation is a complex, challenging, and multi-faceted discipline and it is one of the most versatile branches of conservation. Volume 1 of the Handbook of Museum Textiles focuses on conservation and cultural research and addresses the proper display, storage, upkeep, handling, and conservation technology of textile artifacts to ensure their presence for comTable of ContentsPreface xix 1 Textile Museums: Its Importance, Objectives and Functions 1 Vandana Gupta and Mangesh S. Manekar 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Museum Definition and Its Existence 2 1.3 Textile Museums and Their History 4 1.4 Importance of Textile Museums 6 1.4.1 Connective Value 6 1.4.2 Collective Value 7 1.4.3 Educative Value 10 1.4.4 Economic Value 11 1.5 Objectives of Textile Museum 14 1.6 Function of Textile Museum 14 1.7 Textile Museum and Their Future Prospects 16 1.8 Conclusion 16 References 16 2 Textile Intangible Cultural Heritage of the World 19 Ritu Pandey, Vandana Gupta, Pintu Pandit, Kumar Rohit and Suruchi Pandey 2.1 Introduction 19 2.1.1 Ancient Textiles of the World 20 2.2 Ancient Textiles of the World: Techniques and Historical Perspective 24 2.2.1 Ancient Heritage Textiles—Asia and Australia 24 2.2.1.1 Chinese Textiles 24 2.2.1.2 Japanese Textiles 24 2.2.1.3 Indian Textile 26 2.2.1.4 Turkish Textiles 27 2.2.1.5 Persian Rugs 27 2.2.2 African Textile 28 2.2.3 Scandinavian Textile Design 29 2.2.4 American Textiles 30 2.3 Role of Museum: Textile as a Part of Heritage and Culture 32 2.4 Marketing Strategies for Museums and Conservation 33 2.5 Conclusion 35 References 35 3 Important Woven Textile Specimens in World Museums 39 Karthika Audinet 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Methodology 40 3.3 Prehistoric Textiles 42 3.3.1 Textile Specimen 1.3.1 44 3.3.2 Textile Specimen 1.3.2 44 3.3.3 Textile Specimen 1.3.3 45 3.3.4 Textile Specimen 1.3.4 45 3.3.5 Textile Specimen 1.3.5 46 3.3.6 Textile Specimen 1.3.6 46 3.4 Textiles from Peru 46 3.4.1 Textile Specimen 1.4.1 48 3.4.2 Textile Specimen 1.4.2 48 3.4.3 Textile Specimen 1.4.3 49 3.4.4 Textile Specimen 1.4.4 49 3.4.5 Textile Specimen 1.4.5 49 3.4.6 Textile Specimen 1.4.6 50 3.4.7 Textile Specimen 1.4.7 50 3.5 Chinese Textiles 50 3.5.1 Textile Specimen 1.5.1 52 3.5.2 Textile Specimen 1.5.2 52 3.5.3 Textile Specimen 1.5.3 53 3.5.4 Textile Specimen 1.5.4 54 3.5.5 Textile Specimen 1.5.5 54 3.5.6 Textile Specimen 1.5.6 55 3.5.7 Textile Specimen 1.5.7 55 3.6 Textiles from the Indian Subcontinent 56 3.6.1 Textile Specimen 1.6.1 57 3.6.2 Textile Specimen 1.6.2 58 3.6.3 Textile Specimen 1.6.3 58 3.6.4 Textile Specimen 1.6.4 58 3.6.5 Textile Specimen 1.6.5 59 3.6.6 Textile Specimen 1.6.6 59 3.6.7 Textile Specimen 1.6.7 59 3.7 Textiles from Sudan, Egypt, Mali, and Ghana (North and West African Textiles) 60 3.7.1 Textile Specimen 1.7.1 61 3.7.2 Textile Specimen 1.7.2 62 3.7.3 Textile Specimen 1.7.3 63 3.7.4 Textile Specimen 1.7.4 63 3.8 Textiles from Japan 64 3.8.1 Textile Specimen 1.8.1 65 3.8.2 Textile Specimen 1.8.2 65 3.8.3 Textile Specimen 1.8.3 66 3.8.4 Textile Specimen 1.8.4 66 3.8.5 Textile Specimen 1.8.5 66 3.8.6 Textile Specimen 1.8.6 67 3.9 Textiles from Iran and Central Asia 67 3.9.1 Textile Specimen 1.9.1 69 3.9.2 Textile Specimen 1.9.2 69 3.9.3 Textile Specimen 1.9.3 69 3.9.4 Textile Specimen 1.9.4 70 3.9.5 Textile Specimen 1.9.5 70 3.10 Textiles from Italy and France 71 3.10.1 Textile Specimen 1.10.1 73 3.10.2 Textile Specimen 1.10.2 73 3.10.3 Textile Specimen 1.10.3 73 3.10.4 Textile Specimen 1.10.4 73 3.11 Conclusion: Toward an Understanding of the Historic Foundations of Woven Structures 74 References 77 List of Museums 82 Glossary 83 4 Types of Conservation of Textiles in the Museum: Their Importance and Scope 87 K. B. Binita and B. Sunita 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Importance of Conservation 88 4.3 Principles of Conservation 89 4.3.1 Determining the Need and Laying the Foundation for Conservation 89 4.3.2 The Conservation Assessment and Process 89 4.3.3 Obtaining a Conservation Assessment 89 4.3.4 Selecting an Assessor or Conservator 89 4.3.5 The Assessment as a Planning Tool 90 4.3.6 Conservation Collection Condition Survey 90 4.3.7 Object Treatment 90 4.3.8 Risk Assessment and Management 90 4.4 Types of Textile Articles Conserved 90 4.5 Methods of Conservation 91 4.5.1 Preventive Conservation 91 4.5.1.1 Climate 92 4.5.1.2 Light 92 4.5.1.3 Insects 93 4.5.1.4 Microorganisms 93 4.5.1.5 Dust, Soil, and Other Contaminants 94 4.5.1.6 Disaster 94 4.5.2 Curative/Interventive Conservation 95 4.5.2.1 Surface Cleaning 95 4.5.2.2 Vacuuming 95 4.5.2.3 Wet Cleaning 95 4.5.2.4 Solvent or Dry Cleaning 96 4.5.2.5 Stabilization 96 4.6 Storage, Display, and Handling of Museum Textiles 96 4.7 Scope of Conservation 97 4.7.1 Education and Knowledge Dissemination 97 4.7.2 Lecture, Seminar, Workshops, and Research 98 4.7.3 Photography and Publication 98 4.8 New Approaches in Conservation 98 4.9 Conclusion 99 References 99 Webliography 100 5 Fashion and Textile Museums Across the Globe 101 Arpana Kamboj and Surabhi Mahajan 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Victoria and Albert Museum, London 103 5.2.1 History 103 5.2.2 Collection 104 5.3 Fashion Museum, Bath, UK 104 5.3.1 History 104 5.3.2 Collection 105 5.4 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City 106 5.4.1 History 106 5.4.2 Collection 107 5.5 Musée De La Mode Et Du Textile, France 108 5.5.1 History 108 5.5.2 Collection 109 5.6 Palais Galliera, France 109 5.6.1 History 110 5.6.2 Collection 110 5.6.2.1 Eighteenth Century Dress Office 110 5.6.2.2 Nineteenth Century Ensembles Division 111 5.6.2.3 Fashion of the Principal Half of 20th Century 111 5.6.2.4 Haute Couture 111 5.6.2.5 Contemporary Office 111 5.6.2.6 Extras Office 111 5.7 Kyoto Costume Institute, Japan 111 5.7.1 History 112 5.7.2 Collection 112 5.8 Museum of Fashion Institute of Technology, New York, USA 113 5.8.1 History 113 5.8.2 Collection 114 5.9 Museo Del Traje, Spain 115 5.9.1 History 115 5.9.2 Collection 116 5.10 Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising, California 116 5.10.1 History 117 5.10.2 Collection 117 5.11 Kent State University Museum, USA 117 5.11.1 History 118 5.11.2 Collection 119 5.12 Conclusion 119 References 119 6 Documentation of Museum Textiles 123 Simmi Bhagat and Radhana Raheja 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Functions of Documentation 124 6.3 Features of Documentation System 125 6.4 Collection Management Policy 126 6.5 Assessment Standards 128 6.5.1 Collection Assessment 128 6.5.2 Assessment of Objects 129 6.6 Types of Documentation 130 6.6.1 Written Description 130 6.6.2 Photographic Records 131 6.7 Formats of Documentation 136 6.7.1 Styles of Written Documentation 136 6.7.2 Manual and Digitized Documentation 136 6.8 Case Study 137 6.9 Conclusion 141 References 141 7 Ideal Storage Conditions for Museum Textiles 143 Simmi Bhagat and Kanika Sachdeva 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Published Standards in Museum Storage 144 7.3 Storage Design and Architecture 145 7.3.1 Museum Storage Building and Space Allocation 146 7.3.2 Building Monitoring and Maintenance 146 7.4 Environmental Conditions 147 7.4.1 Temperature and Relative Humidity 147 7.4.2 Light 148 7.5 Storage Techniques 148 7.5.1 Accession and Labeling 149 7.5.2 Flat Storage 149 7.5.3 Rolled Storage 150 7.5.4 Hanging Storage 151 7.5.5 Special Storage 152 7.6 Safety Systems 153 7.6.1 Location, Structural, and Physical Protection 153 7.6.2 Perimeter Alarms 153 7.6.3 Invigilation 154 7.6.4 Key Security 154 7.7 Disaster Handling 154 7.7.1 Protecting from Fire 155 7.7.2 Protecting from Floods 155 7.7.3 Protecting from Pests 156 7.7.4 Day-to-Day Maintenance 156 7.8 Managing Dust and Dirt 157 7.9 Pollutants 157 7.10 Conclusion 159 References 159 8 Tools and Methods for Handling and Storage of Museum Textiles 161 Pratikhya Badanayak, Seiko Jose, Ragini Dubey and Ritu Pandey 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Care, Maintenance, and Handling of Museum Textiles 162 8.2.1 General Storage Factors 162 8.2.2 General Guideline in Handling 163 8.3 Ideal Conditions, Temperature, Humidity 163 8.4 Storage Units 163 8.5 Storage Materials 164 8.6 Tools Used in Maintenance of Museum Textiles 164 8.6.1 Equipping the Workspace 164 8.6.2 Housekeeping 164 8.6.2.1 Cleaning the Collection and Environment 166 8.6.2.2 Basic and Best Practices for Checking and Monitoring in Museum 166 8.6.3 Materials and Supplies 167 8.6.3.1 Handling 167 8.6.4 Packing and Unpacking 168 8.6.5 Moving 170 8.6.6 Rolling and Unrolling 170 8.7 Labeling 170 8.8 Cleaning 171 8.9 Dealing with Separations 171 8.10 Tools Used for Displaying Museum Textiles 172 8.10.1 Showcases and Galleries 172 8.10.2 Frames 172 8.10.3 Mannequins 173 8.10.4 Hangers 174 8.11 Handling During Transportation 175 8.11.1 By Road 175 8.11.2 By Rail 176 8.11.3 By Sea 176 8.11.4 By Air 176 8.12 Handling Techniques and Conservation Practices of Ancient Textiles in Museums 177 8.12.1 Egyptian Shroud 177 8.12.2 Jordanian Belt 177 8.12.3 Silk Textile 177 8.12.4 Coptic Tapestry 178 8.13 Conclusions 178 References 178 9 Roles and Responsibilities of Museum Professionals 181 Kanika Sachdeva 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 History of Museums Professionals Training in India 182 9.3 Roles in a Textile Museum 182 9.3.1 Conservator 185 9.3.2 Conservation Scientist 185 9.3.3 Curator 186 9.3.4 Collections Manager 187 9.3.5 Registrar/Documentalist 187 9.3.6 Historian 188 9.3.7 Exhibition Coordinator/Designer 188 9.3.8 Museum Education Officer 189 9.3.9 Photographer 189 9.3.10 Information Technologist 190 9.3.11 Health and Safety Officer 190 9.3.12 Security Officer 191 9.4 Conclusion 191 References 191 10 Ancient Weaving and Dyeing Techniques 193 Hannah Dewey, Meghan Lord, Seonyoung Youn, Januka Budhathoki-Uprety and Kavita Mathur 10.1 Introduction to Weaving 193 10.2 Ancient Weaving by Geographical Region 194 10.2.1 In the Middle East and Central Eurasia 194 10.2.2 In Egypt 195 10.2.3 In Greece, Italy, and Romania 196 10.2.4 In India 198 10.2.5 In Southeast Asia and China 199 10.2.6 In The Americas 200 10.3 Conclusion on Weaving Techniques 203 10.4 Introduction to Dyes and Dyeing Technologies 203 10.5 Ancient Dyes, Pigments, and Dyeing Technologies 203 10.5.1 Indigoids (Indigo and Tyrian Purple) 203 10.5.2 Quinonoids (Madder) 204 10.5.3 Carotenoids (Saffron) 204 10.5.4 Flavonoids 205 10.5.5 Dihydropyran (Brazilwood and Logwood) 205 10.5.6 Tannins 205 10.6 Conclusion 205 References 205 11 Armours: Ancient Metallic Textiles 209 Ritu Pandey, Ragini Dubey, Pintu Pandit, Suruchi Pandey, Mukesh Kumar Sinha and Amarish Dubey 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Parts of Armour and Accessories 210 11.2.1 Helmet 210 11.2.2 Coif 210 11.2.3 Ventail 213 11.2.4 Mail 213 11.2.5 Hauberk 213 11.2.6 Gauntlet and Pauldron 213 11.2.7 Sabatons and Greaves 214 11.3 Armour Designs 215 11.4 Armour Materials 215 11.5 Metallic Costume of King Tutankhamen 217 11.6 Conclusion 217 References 218 12 Textile Conservation in India: A Case Series 219 Deepshikha Kalsi, Elizabeth-Anne Haldane and Lynda Hillyer 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Internship Training in Textile Conservation at the V&A 220 12.2.1 Condition Assessment 221 12.2.2 Case Study: Conservation of a Painted and Dyed Cotton Chintz Appliqué Panel 221 12.2.3 Condition Assessment 222 12.2.4 Conservation Treatment and Mounting 222 12.3 Setting Up a Textile Conservation Studio in India 224 12.4 Conservation of an 19th Century Jama 225 12.5 Case Study—Conservation of a Military Frock Coat 227 12.5.1 Historical Context 227 12.5.2 Documentation of Construction and Condition Assessment 228 12.5.3 Conservation Treatment 229 12.5.4 Customizing the Mannequin Mount 232 12.6 Developing Display and Mounting Solutions for Flat Textiles and Costumes for the Special Exhibition PRA-KASHI Silk, Gold and Silver from the City of Lights at the National Museum, New Delhi 232 12.7 Technical Analysis and Documentation 233 12.8 Training and Outreach 234 12.8.1 Case Study—Indian Museum, Kolkata 235 12.8.2 Case Study—The Registry of Sarees, Bangalore 235 12.9 Conclusion 236 Acknowledgments 237 References 237 13 Symbolism and Conservation of Indigenous African Textiles for Museums 239 Raphael Kanyire Seidu, Ebenezer Kofi Howard, Edward Apau and Benjamin Eghan 13.1 Introduction 239 13.2 Types of Indigenous African Textiles 240 13.2.1 African Weave Traditions 240 13.2.1.1 Smock Weaves/Fugu 240 13.2.1.2 Aso-Oke 242 13.2.1.3 Kente 243 13.2.1.4 Kete 244 13.2.1.5 Akwete 245 13.2.1.6 Berber Cloth 246 13.2.1.7 Shuka Cloth 247 13.2.1.8 Kuba Raffia Cloth 247 13.2.2 African Dye Traditions 248 13.2.2.1 Adire 248 13.2.2.2 Ukara 250 13.2.2.3 Mud Cloth 251 13.2.3 African Print Traditions 253 13.2.3.1 Adinkra Cloth 253 13.2.3.2 Kanga Cloth 255 13.2.3.3 Shweshwe 256 13.2.3.4 Ankara or African Wax Prints (West Africa) or Kitenge (East Africa) 256 13.2.4 Other African Traditions 257 13.2.4.1 Bark Cloth 257 13.2.4.2 Fon Appliqué Cloth 258 13.3 Indigenous African Textiles Techniques 259 13.4 Museums in African 259 13.4.1 Challenges of Museums in Africa 260 13.4.2 Contribution of Technology for African Museums 260 13.5 Conclusion 261 References 261 Appendix (Figure sources) 265 14 Conservation of Textile Immemorial: The Fading Past of Uttarakhand Museums 267 Pooja Singh and Alka Goel 14.1 Introduction 267 14.2 Materials and Methods 269 14.2.1 Selection of Locale 269 14.2.2 Tool Preparation and Data Collection 269 14.2.3 Data Collection 269 14.2.4 Statistical Analysis of the Data 270 14.2.4.1 Weighted Mean Score 270 14.3 Results and Discussion 270 14.3.1 General Information About the Museums 270 14.3.1.1 The Number of People Who Work at the Museums that Have Been Chosen 270 14.3.1.2 Conservation Laboratories 271 14.3.1.3 Acquisition of Textile Antiquities 272 12.3.1.4 Ageing of Textile Articles Placed in Different Museums 274 14.3.1.5 Air Circulation Facilities in Museums 274 14.3.1.6 Protective Measures Used to Protect the Windows/ Ventilators From Sunlight and Dust 275 14.3.1.7 Methods Used for Identification of Fibers 276 14.3.1.8 The Details of Temperature and Relative Humidity Ranges in a Variety of Museums 276 14.3.2 Types of Display Techniques Used for Textile Antiquities 276 14.3.2.1 Labeling Methods Carried Out for the Displayed Artifacts 279 14.3.3 Storage Equipments Used in Selected Museums 280 14.3.4 The Collection of Textile Artifacts Collections in Various Museums of Uttarakhand 281 14.3.4.1 Details of Stored Textile Materials 281 14.3.4.2 Govind Ballabh Pant Museum, Almora 281 14.3.4.3 Tribal Museum, Munsyari 282 14.3.4.4 Kumaon Regiment Museum, Ranikhet 282 14.3.4.5 Lok Sangrah, Folk Culture Museum, Bhimtal 283 14.3.4.6 Jim Corbett Museum 283 14.3.4.7 Gurney House Museum, Nainital 284 14.3.5 Various Methods of Prevention Used in Various Selected Museums 284 14.3.5.1 Covering Materials Used for Various Artifacts Displayed in Selected Museums 285 14.3.5.2 Special Kind of Lighting System in the Museum to Protect the Textiles/Garments From Fading/Ageing 286 14.3.5.3 Touching on Museum Antiquities 287 14.3.6 Conservation Techniques Used in the Museum 287 14.3.6.1 Pretreatments Given to Textile Antiquities and Display Boards 287 14.3.6.2 Methods of Reinforcing the Deteriorated Textile Antiquities 288 14.3.6.3 Backing Material Used in Conservation of Museum Textiles 288 14.4 Conclusion 289 References 289 15 The Conservation and Display of Indian Textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum 291 Elizabeth-Anne Haldane, Lynda Hillyer and Deepshikha Kalsi 15.1 Introduction to the V&A and the Indian Textile Collections 291 15.2 Care of Collections 294 15.3 Conservation 295 15.3.1 Principles of Conservation 295 15.3.2 Assessing Condition, Causes of Deterioration 295 15.3.3 Preventive Conservation 297 15.3.4 Understanding the Object—Context and Scientific Investigation 297 15.4 Object Treatment 300 15.4.1 Object Treatment—Cleaning 300 15.4.2 Surface Cleaning and Humidification 301 15.4.3 Wet Cleaning 303 15.4.4 Solvent Cleaning 305 15.4.5 Stabilization and Support 306 15.5 Display 308 15.6 Conclusion 312 Acknowledgments 312 References 313 16 Between Science and Art: Activities of the Natural Dyeing Laboratory 315 Katarzyna Schmidt-Przewoźna 16.1 Introduction 315 16.2 Promotion of Antique Dyes, Pigments, and Prints 320 16.2.1 Projects 320 16.2.2 Workshop and Exhibitions 321 16.2.3 Color Catalog of Ancient Dye and Its Reproduction 323 16.2.4 Reconstruction of Ancient Dyeing Techniques 323 16.3 Analysis of Antique Polish Kontush Sash Dyeing Material: A Case Study 324 16.4 Conclusion 325 Acknowledgment 326 References 326 17 Visitor Interactions and Museum Textiles 327 Kanika Sachdeva and Divya Singhal Gupta 17.1 Introduction 327 17.2 Textile Exhibitions—Challenges in Display 328 17.2.1 Display Method 328 17.2.1.1 Open Display or Display Cases 329 17.2.1.2 Display Design 330 17.2.1.3 Points to be Considered While Planning a Textile Display 332 17.2.1.4 Level of Interaction Between the Visitors and the Objects on Display 333 17.2.2 Display Lighting 334 17.2.2.1 Hacks for Appropriate Lighting of Textile Exhibitions in Museums 335 17.3 Exhibition Protocols Followed by the Museum 335 17.3.1 Safety Guidelines—Visitor Safety, Conduct and Access 335 17.3.2 Safety of Museum Artifacts 336 17.3.3 Let Us Look at Some Examples of the Protocols Followed by the Museums and the Changes that Have Taken Place After the Pandemic 336 17.4 Photography and Memorabilia 336 17.5 Access Guidelines for Museum Storage 337 17.6 An Ideal Textile Exhibition 338 17.6.1 Case Study 1 338 17.6.2 Case Study 2 338 17.7 Conclusion 339 References 339 18 Educational Value of Clothing and Textile Museums 341 Sara Marcketti and Jennifer Gordon 18.1 Introduction 341 18.2 Importance of Conservation in Textiles and Clothing Collections 342 18.3 Frameworks for Material Culture Analysis in the Learning Process 344 18.4 The Value of Collections to Students’ Education 344 18.4.1 The Collection at Iowa State University 345 18.5 Taxonomy of Significant Learning and Collections 345 18.5.1 Foundational Knowledge 346 18.5.2 Application 347 18.5.3 Integration 348 18.5.4 Human Dimensions 349 18.5.5 Caring 350 18.5.6 Learning How to Learn 351 18.6 Conclusion 352 References 352 19 Career in Textile Museum 355 Maanasaa Sethuraman, Suruchi Pandey and Ritu Pandey 19.1 Introduction 355 19.2 Sources of Textile Museum Collections 356 19.3 Scope of Careers in Textile Museum 358 19.3.1 Job Opportunities 358 19.3.1.1 Public Sector 359 19.3.1.2 Private Sector 361 19.3.1.3 Opportunities Offshores 362 19.3.2 Changing Hiring Trends 362 19.3.2.1 Work-Life Balance in Careers in Museum Textile 363 19.3.2.2 Job Description 363 19.4 Glimpses of Work in Progress on Museum Textile 366 19.5 Sourcing for Talent at Textile Museums 369 19.5.1 Private Job Sites 369 19.5.2 Museum Websites 370 19.5.3 Consultant Hiring 371 19.5.4 Social Media 371 19.5.5 Newspaper Advertisement 371 19.5.6 Word of Mouth 372 19.5.7 Campus Hiring 372 19.6 Educational Opportunities 374 19.6.1 School or Pre-University Level 374 19.6.2 University Level (Under Graduation) 374 19.6.3 Postgraduation 374 19.7 Sample Organization Structure 375 19.8 Limitations and Challenges in the Field of Textile Museum 375 19.9 Conclusion 375 Acknowledgment 379 References 379 Index 383

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Major Steps in an NMR or MRI Experiment, and Two Conventions in Direction 2 1.3 Major Milestones in the History of NMR and MRI 4 1.4 The Organization for a One-semester Course 6 Part I Essential Concepts in NMR 9 Chapter 2 Classical Description of Magnetic Resonance 11 2.1 Fundamental Assumptions 11 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Moment 12 2.3 The Time Evolution of Nuclear Magnetic Moment 15 2.4 Macroscopic Magnetization 16 2.5 Rotating Reference Frame 18 2.6 Spin Relaxation Processes 22 2.7 Bloch Equation 24 2.8 Fourier Transform and Spectral Line Shapes 25 2.9 CW NMR 28 2.10 Radio-frequency Pulses in NMR 29 2.11 FT NMR 30 2.12 Signal Detection in NMR 32 2.13 Phases of the NMR Signal 33 Chapter 3 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetic Resonance 37 3.1 Nuclear Magnetism 37 3.2 Energy Difference 39 3.3 Macroscopic Magnetization 40 3.4 Measurement of the X Component of Angular Momentum 41 3.5 Macroscopic Magnetization for Spin 1/2 42 3.6 Resonant Excitation 43 3.7 Mechanisms of Spin Relaxation 43 Chapter 4 Nuclear Interactions 51 4.1 Dipolar Interaction 51 4.2 Chemical Shift Interaction 54 4.3 Scalar Interaction 57 4.4 Quadrupole Interaction 61 4.5 Summary of Nuclear Interactions 61 Part II Essential Concepts in NMR Instrumentation 65 Chapter 5 Instrumentation 67 5.1 Magnets 67 5.2 Radio-frequency Coil, Its Resonant Circuitry, and the Probe 72 5.3 Frequency Management 75 5.4 Transmitter 76 5.5 Receiver 78 5.6 Pulse Programmer and Computer 78 5.7 Other Components 78 Chapter 6 NMR Experimental 81 6.1 Shimming 81 6.2 Preparing Samples 82 6.3 Pulse Sequences and FID 83 6.4 Digitization Rate and Digital Resolution 85 6.5 Dynamic Range 87 6.6 Phase Cycling 89 6.7 Data Accumulation 91 6.8 Pre-FFT Processing Techniques 92 6.9 Fast Fourier Transform 95 6.10 Post-FFT Processing 95 6.11 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 97 Chapter 7 Spin Manipulations by Pulse Sequences 101 7.1 Single Pulse: 90˚| X , 90˚| Y , 90˚| -x , 90˚| -y 101 7.2 Inversion Recovery Sequence, Saturation Recovery Sequence, and T1 Relaxation 103 7.3 Spin-Echo Sequence (Hahn Echo) and T2 Relaxation 106 7.4 CPMG Echo Train 110 7.5 Stimulated Echo Sequence 111 7.6 Spin-locking and T 1ρ Relaxation 112 7.7 How to Select the Delays in Relaxation Measurement 113 Part III Essential Concepts in NMR Spectroscopy 117 Chapter 8 First-order 1D Spectroscopy 119 8.1 Nomenclature of the Spin System 119 8.2 Peak Shift – the Effect of Chemical Shift 120 8.3 Peak Area – Reflecting the Number of Protons 122 8.4 Peak Splitting – the Consequence of J Coupling 122 8.5 Examples of 1D Spectra 128 Chapter 9 Advanced Topics in Spectroscopy 137 9.1 Double Resonance 137 9.2 Dipolar Interaction in a Two-spin System 141 9.3 Magic Angle 142 9.4 Chemical Exchange 143 9.5 Magnetization Transfer 144 9.6 Selective Polarization Inversion/ Transfer 146 9.7 Radiation Damping 147 Chapter 10 2D NMR Spectroscopy 151 10.1 Essence of 2D NMR Spectroscopy 151 10.2 COSY – Correlation Spectroscopy 153 10.3 J-resolved Spectroscopy 157 10.4 Examples of 2D NMR Spectroscopy 162 Part IV Essential Concepts in MRI 167 Chapter 11 Effect of the Field Gradient and k-space Imaging 169 11.1 Spatially Encoding Nuclear Spin Magnetization 170 11.2 k Space in MRI 173 11.3 Mapping of k Space 174 11.4 Gradient Echo 174 Chapter 12 Spatial Mapping in MRI 179 12.1 Slice Selection in 2D MRI 180 12.2 Reading a Graphical Imaging Sequence 186 12.3 2D Filtered Back-Projection Reconstruction 189 12.4 2D Fourier Imaging Reconstruction191 12.5 Sampling Patterns Between the Cartesian and Radial Grids 194 12.6 3D Imaging 196 12.7 Fast Imaging in MRI 198 12.8 Ultra-short Echo and ZTE MRI 202 12.9 MRI in Other Dimensions (4D, 1D, and One Voxel) 203 12.10 Resolution in MRI 206 Chapter 13 Imaging Instrumentation and Experiments 209 13.1 Shaped Pulses 209 13.2 The Gradient Units 211 13.3 Instrumentation Configurations for MRI 215 13.4 Imaging Parameters in MRI 217 13.5 Image Processing Software 219 13.6 Best Test Samples for MRI 219 Part V Quantitative and Creative MRI 223 Chapter 14 Image Contrast in MRI 225 14.1 Non-trivial Relationship Between Spin Density and Image Intensity 225 14.2 Image Contrast in MRI 227 14.3 How to Obtain Useful Information from Image Contrast? 229 14.4 Magnetization-prepared Sequences in Quantitative MRI 231 Chapter 15 Quantitative MRI 235 15.1 Quantitative Imaging of Velocity V and Molecular Diffusion D 235 15.2 Quantitative Imaging of Relaxation Times T1 , T2 , T1ρ 247 15.3 Quantitative Imaging of Chemical Shift δ 254 15.4 Secondary Image Contrasts in MRI259 15.5 Potential Issues and Practical Strategies in Quantitative MRI 264 Chapter 16 Advanced Topics in Quantitative MRI 275 16.1 Anisotropy and Tensor Properties in Quantitative MRI 277 16.2 Multi-Component Nature in Quantitative MRI 285 16.3 Quantitative Phase Information in the FID Data – SWI and QSM 288 16.4 Functional MRI (fMRI) 290 16.5 Optical Pumping and Hyperpolarization in MRI 290 Chapter 17 Reading the Binary Data 295 17.1 Formats of Data 295 17.2 Formats of Data Storage 296 17.3 Reading Unknown Binary Data 298 17.4 Examples of Specific Formats 301 Appendices 305 Appendix 1 Background in Mathematics 307 A1.1 Elementary Mathematics 307 A1.2 Fourier Transform 311 Appendix 2 Background in Quantum Mechanics 317 A2.1 Operators 317 A2.2 Expansion of a Wave Function 319 A2.3 Spin Operator I 320 A2.4 Raising and Lowering Operators I + and I - 320 A2.5 Spin-1/2 Operator (in the Formalism of Pauli’s Spin Matrices) 321 A2.6 Density Matrix Operator ρ 323 Appendix 3 Background in Electronics 325 A3.1 Ohm’s Law for DC and AC Circuits 325 A3.2 Electronics at Radio Frequency 327 Appendix 4 Sample Syllabi for a One-semester Course 329 Appendix 5 Homework Problems 331 Index 337

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Book SynopsisORGANIC REACTIONS Thought-provoking discussions of the challenges posed byand potential solutions toplastic and microplastic pollution In Plastic and Microplastic in the Environment: Management and Health Risks, a team of distinguished environmental researchers delivers an up-to-date exploration of plastic and microplastic environmental contamination, conventional and advanced plastics management techniques, and the policies adopted across the globe to combat the phenomenon of plastics contamination. Containing a balanced focus on both conventional plastics and microplastics, this book discusses the potential health issues related to plastic and microplastic infiltration in a variety of global environments and environmental media, including freshwater environments, oceanic environments, soil and sediment, and air. Insightful treatments of commercial and social issues, including the roles of corporate social responsibility initiatives and general educationTable of ContentsPreface List of Contributors 1. Sources, Occurrence, and Analysis of Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: A Review 2. Microplastic in freshwater environments–with special focus on the Indian scenario 3. Microplastic contamination in the marine food web: Its impact on human health 4. Microplastic in the aquatic ecosystem and human health implication 5. Interactions of microplastics towards an ecological risk in soil diversity: An appraisal 6. Microplastics in the air and their associated health impacts 7. Plastic marine litter in the southern and eastern Mediterranean Sea: current research trends and management strategies 8. Advanced detection techniques for microplastics in different environmental media 9. Bio-based and biodegradable plastics as alternatives to conventional plastics 10. Biodegradable plastics: New Challenges and Possibilities towards Green Sustainable Development 11. Current Trend, Challenges and Opportunities for Plastic Recycling 12. Microbial degradation of micro-plastics 13. Life cycle assessment (lca) of plastics 14. Role of education and society in dealing plastic pollution in the future Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND HEALTH 2 SAFETY AND HEALTH PROFESSIONS 3 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND TERMS PART 2 LEGAL ASPECTS OF SAFETY AND HEALTH 4 UNITED STATES LAWS, REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND FEDERAL AGENCIES 5 LOCAL, INTERNATIONAL AND VOLUNTARY LAWS, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS 6 WORKERS’ COMPENSATION 7 PRODUCTS LIABILITY 8 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING PART 3 HAZARDS AND THEIR CONTROL 9 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HAZARD CONTROL 10 MECHANICS AND STRUCTURES 11 WALKING AND WORKING SRUFACES 12 ELECTRICAL SAFETY 13 TOOLS AND MACHINES 14 TRANSPORTATION 15 MATERIALS HANDLING 16 FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION 17 EXPLOSIONS AND EXPLOSIVES 18 HEAT AND COLD 19 PRESSURE 20 VISUAL ENVIRONMENT 21 NON-IONIZING RADIATION 22 IONIZING RADIATION 23 NOISE AND VIBRATION 24 CHEMICALS 25 VENTILATION 26 BIOHAZARDS 27 HAZARDOUS WASTE 28 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 29 EMERGENCIES AND SECURITY 30 FACILITY PLANNING, DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE PART 4 THE HUMAN ELEMENT 31 HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE IN SAFETY AND HEALTH 32 PROCEDURES, RULES, AND TRAINING 33 ERGONOMICS PART 5 MANAGING SAFETY AND HEALTH 34 RISK, RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK MANAGEMENT 35 SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT 36 SYSTEM SAFETY 37 SAFETY AND HEALTH DATA, ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION 38 SAFEY AND HEALTH PLANS AND PROGRAMS INDEX

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisGenomic and Epigenomic Biomarkers of Toxicology and Disease The latest developments in biomarker research applicable to toxicology and medicine Research on genomic and epigenomic biomarkers is developing rapidly with cutting-edge studies scattered throughout the academic literature, making the status of ongoing scientific activity in this area difficult to ascertain. Genomic and Epigenomic Biomarkers of Toxicology and Disease: Clinical and Therapeutic Actions delivers a comprehensive and authoritative compilation of up-to-date developments in the application of genomic and epigenomic biomarkers to toxicology, disease prevention, cancer detection, therapeutics, gene therapy, and other areas. With contributions from a collection of internationally recognized investigators, this edited volume offers unique insights into current trends and future directions of research in the discussed areas. Combining state-of-the-art information on genomic and epigenomTable of ContentsDedication ix Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Contributors xv 1 Genomic and Epigenomic Biomarkers for Predictive Toxicity and Disease 1 Saura C. Sahu 2 MicroRNAs as Non-invasive Biomarkers of Toxicity and Chemical Hazard: Genomic and Epigenomic Biomarkers of Toxicology and Disease 7 Gail M. Nelson and Brian N. Chorley 3 EV (Extracellular Vesicle)-associated miRNAs as Biomarkers of Toxicity 37 Ryuichi Ono, Yusuke Yoshioka, Yusuke Furukawa, Mie Naruse, Makiko Kuwagata, Takahiro Ochiya, Satoshi Kitajima, and Yoko Hirabayashi 4 Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers of Toxic Heavy Metal Exposure 63 Alexandra N. Nail, Ana P. Ferragut Cardoso, Mayukh Banerjee, and J. Christopher States 5 MicroRNA Biomarkers of Malignant Mesothelioma 89 Lijin Zhu, Fangfang Zhang, Min Zhang, Hailing Xia, Xiuyuan Yuan, and Yanan Gao 6 Role of Non-coding RNAs in Innate Immune Responses Perturbed by Environmental Arsenic Exposure 101 Liz Saavedra Perez and Benjamin L. King 7 Transcriptomics: Applications in Toxicology and Medicine 133 Pius Joseph Copyrighted Material 8 Network Biology for Biomarker Discovery and Therapy in Cancer 163 Asim Bikas Das 9 Epigenetic Biomarkers: Link to Maternal Exposure and Offspring Health Outcomes 185 Jairus Pulczinski, Moira Mccormick, Yuchen Sun, Musa Watfa, Robert YS Cheng, and Wan-Yee Tang 10 The Role of Dynamic Epigenetic Changes in Modulating Homeostasis after Exposure to Low-dose Environmental Chemicals 213 Chongli Yuan, Jennifer L. Freeman, Junkai Xie, and Han Zhao 11 Emerging Non-invasive Molecular Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection 229 Jacob Sobota, Yingxue Zhang, Eid Alshammari,and Zhe Yang 12 Aberrant DNA Methylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes as Cancer Biomarkers 251 Eid Alshammari, Yingxue Zhang, Jacob Sobota, and Zhe Yang 13 SMYD Protein Family as Promising Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis 273 Yingxue Zhang, Eid Alshammari, Jacob Sobota, and Zhe Yang 14 Toward Precision Medicine: Epigenetic Alterations in Human Melanoma 309 Carmen Elena Condrat, Elena Codruta Dobrica, Sanda Maria Cretoiu, and Dragos Cretoiu 15 Currents Trends and Future Perspectives in Our Epigenetic Signatures: What a Diet Can Trigger 333 Elena-Codruța Dobrică, Mihnea-Alexandru Găman, Matei-Alexandru Cozma, and Sanda Maria Cretoiu 16 Genetic and Epigenetic Biomarkers of Organophosphate Compounds, Dialkyl Phosphate Exposure, and Their Relation to Biological Effects 363 David S. Hernández-Toledano and Libia Vega 17 Genetic, Epigenetic, and Anatomical Factors in Agenesis and Development of Female Reproductive Tract 383 Tadaaki Nakajima, Tomomi Sato, and Taisen Iguchi 18 Cause or Consequence: Epigenomic DNA Methylation Changes in Arsenic- Mediated in Vitro Transformation of Human Prostate Cells 395 B. Alex Merrick, Dhiral P. Phadke, Ruchir R. Shah, Deepak Mav, and Erik J. Tokar 19 Epigenetic Regulation of Sex Determination and Toxicity in Nonmammalian Vertebrates 415 Genki Yamagishi, Taisen Iguchi, and Shinichi Miyagawa 20 Characterization of Genomic and Epigenomic Biomarkers of Nanoparticle Toxicity Using the Zebrafish Model System 449 Athira Sairanthry Suku, Parayanthala Valappil Mohanan, and Jennifer L. Freeman Index 477

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface Introduction Orbitals and Bands in One Dimension Bloch Functions, k, Band Structures Band Width See How they Run An Eclipsed Stack of Pt(II) Square Planar Complexes The Fermi Level More Dimensions, At Least Two Setting Up a Surface Problem Density of States Where Are The Electrons? The Detective Work of Tracing Molecule-Surface Interactions: Decomposition of the DOS Where Are the Bonds? A Solid State Sample Problem: ThCr_2Si_2 Structure The Frontier Orbital Perspective Orbital Interaction on a Surface A Case Study: CO on Ni(100) Barriers to Chemisorption Chemisorption Is a Compromise Frontiers Orbitals in Three-Dimensional Extended Structures More Than One Electronic Unit in the Unit Cell, Folding Bands Making Bonds in a Crystal The Peierls Distortion A Brief Excursion into the Third Dimension Qualitative Reasoning About Orbital Interactions on Surfaces The Fermi Level Matters Another Methodology and Some Credits What's New in the Solid References Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix Series Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 References 12 Chapter 2: Current Waste Management Practices 13 2.1 Urbanization and Waste Generation 13 2.2 Waste Collection 20 2.2.1 Why Waste Collection is Low in Developing Countries 23 2.2.1.1 Waste Collection Flow 23 2.2.1.2 Waste Collection Vehicles and Their Capacity 25 2.2.1.3 Traffic Situation in Developing Countries 29 2.2.1.4 Trained Waste Collection Workers 30 2.2.1.5 Lack of Social Awareness and Illegal Dumping 31 2.2.1.6 Absence of Regulations and/or Lack of Interest in Implementing Them 32 2.2.2 Consequences of Having Lower Waste Collection and Associated Open Dumping 32 2.2.2.1 Polluted Water Channels/Lakes/Rivers/Oceans 33 2.2.2.2 Flash Flooding During Rainy Seasons 34 2.2.2.3 Serious Health Hazards 35 2.3 Processing and Final Disposal 36 2.3.1 Problems with Landfilling in Both Developed and Developing Countries 39 2.3.2 Problems with Open Dumping – Only in Developing Countries 43 2.3.2.1 Water Pollution 43 2.3.2.2 Air Pollution 45 2.3.2.3 Safety and Operation 47 2.4 Composting 56 2.5 Recycling 56 2.6 Waste-to-Energy (WTE) 59 2.6.1 Case Study: Reppie Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Plant in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 61 2.7 Summary of Current Challenges of Waste Management in Developing Countries 66 References 66 Chapter 3: Case Studies – SWIS Winter School Ambassadors 69 3.1. Bangladesh 71 3.1.1. Introduction 71 3.1.2. Collection 71 3.1.3. Processing and Recycling 72 3.1.4. Final Disposal 74 3.1.5. Major Problems 74 3.2 Brazil 78 3.2.1 Introduction 78 3.2.2 Collection 79 3.2.3 Processing and Recycling 79 3.2.4 Final Disposal 80 3.2.5 Major Problems 81 3.3 Colombia 84 3.3.1 Introduction 84 3.3.2 Collection 84 3.3.3 Processing and Recycling 85 3.3.4 Final Disposal 86 3.3.5 Major Problems 86 3.4 Ethiopia 89 3.4.1 Introduction 90 3.4.2 Collection 90 3.4.3 Processing and Recycling 93 3.4.4 Final Disposal 94 3.4.5 Major Problems 95 3.5 Georgia 99 3.5.1 Introduction 99 3.5.2 Collection 100 3.5.3 Processing and Recycling 100 3.5.4 Final Disposal 101 3.5.5 Major Problems 102 3.6 India 105 3.6.1 Introduction 106 3.6.2 Collection 106 3.6.2.1 Collection and Processing of Wastes 106 3.6.3 Processing and Recycling 107 3.6.4 Final Disposal 108 3.6.5 Major Problems 109 3.7 Lebanon 112 3.7.1 Introduction 112 3.7.2 Collection 113 3.7.3 Processing and Recycling 113 3.7.4 Final Disposal 115 3.7.5 Major Problems 116 3.8 Mexico 118 3.8.1 Introduction 118 3.8.2 Collection 120 3.8.3 Processing and Recycling 121 3.8.4 Final Disposal 122 3.8.5 Major Problems 124 3.9 Pakistan 127 3.9.1 Introduction 127 3.9.2 Collection 128 3.9.3 Processing and Recycling 129 3.9.4 Final Disposal 133 3.9.5 Major Problems 135 3.10 Portugal 139 3.10.1 Introduction 139 3.10.2 Collection 140 3.10.3 Processing and Recycling 140 3.10.4 Final Disposal 141 3.10.5 Major Problems 141 3.11 Serbia 145 3.11.1 Introduction 146 3.11.2 Collection 146 3.11.3 Processing and Recycling 147 3.11.4 Final Disposal 147 3.11.5 Major Problems 149 3.12 UAE 151 3.12.1 Introduction 152 3.12.2 Collection 152 3.12.3 Processing and Recycling 154 3.12.4 Final Disposal 155 3.12.5 Major Problems 156 3.13 Vietnam 158 3.13.1 Introduction 158 3.13.2 Collection 159 3.13.3 Processing and Recycling 160 3.13.4 Final Disposal 160 3.13.5 Major Problems 160 3.14 Summary 165 References 166 Chapter 4: Future Directions 173 4.1 Material Flow in Sustainable Waste Management System 180 4.2 Part A: Sustainable Waste Management Framework – Waste Collection 180 4.2.1 Creating Social Awareness of Importance of Waste Collection and Management 182 4.2.2 Mixed Waste vs. Source Separated Waste 184 4.2.3 Collection Vehicles 185 4.2.4 Creation of Different Zonings for City Waste Collection 186 4.2.5 Collection Time and Frequency 187 4.2.6 Training and Creating Skilled Manpower 187 4.3 Part B: Sustainable Waste Management Framework: Waste Processing and Recycling 188 4.3.1 Material Recovery Facility (MRF) 188 4.3.1.1 Immediate Impact of China Ban 190 4.3.2 The Impact of COVID-19 on Plastic Waste 192 4.3.2.1 Generation and Classification of COVID-19 Waste 193 4.3.2.2 Issues Pertaining to the Littering of COVID-19 Waste and their Consequences 198 4.3.3 Characteristics of Waste during COVID-19 (April to December 2020) (Aurpa 2021) 200 4.3.3.1 Characteristics of MSW 200 4.3.3.2 Plastic Waste Characterization 200 4.3.3.3 The Implication of Plastic Waste Increase on Landfill Life 202 4.3.4 Reuse of Plastic Waste in Engineering Applications 203 4.3.4.1 Case Study I – The Use of Recycled Plastics Pins (RPPs) for Highway Slope Stabilization 204 4.3.4.2 Case Study II: Plastic Road 211 4.3.5 Reuse of Recycled Food Waste: Composting 218 4.4 Part C: Sustainable Waste Management Framework – Disposal/Final Destination 222 4.4.1 Anaerobic Digester 222 4.4.1.1 UTA Research on Gas Production (Latif 2021) 228 4.4.2 Temporary Disposal (Biocell) 232 4.4.2.1 UTA Research on Gas Production: Laboratory-Scale Simulated Biocell Study 236 4.4.2.2 UTA Research on Gas Production: UTA Field-Scale Biocell Operation (Rahman 2018) 245 4.4.3 Landfill Mining of Biocell Operation 256 4.4.3.1 Feasibility Study of Landfill Mining in Texas 258 4.4.3.2 Case 1 –City of Denton Landfill in Texas, USA 259 4.4.3.3 Case 2 – City of Irving Landfill in Texas, USA 271 4.4.3.4 Reuse of Mined Biocell Materials 284 4.4.4 Waste-to-Energy as a Final Disposal Option 284 4.4.4.1 Sample Calculation 286 4.4.4.2 Lower Calorific Value of Overall Waste Mass 286 4.5 SMART Facilities Challenges and Opportunities – The Case of Ethiopia 288 4.5.1 Ethiopia Country Profile 289 4.5.2 SMART Facility in Ethiopia 291 4.6 Training and Human Capacity Building 294 4.6.1 Inception of Solid Waste Institute for Sustainability (SWIS) 295 4.6.2 Training and Educating Solid Waste Professionals – ISWA-SWIS Winter School 2016 297 4.6.2.1 Program Objectives 298 4.6.2.2 Planned Program Activities to Achieve Goals 299 4.6.2.3 Program Response 302 4.6.2.4 Future Continuation of the Program 304 References 306 Chapter 5: Decision Making for Sustainable Waste Management Systems 313 5.1 Small City – Bahir Dar, Ethiopia 315 5.1.1 Waste Characteristics 316 5.1.2 Existing Waste Management Practices and Problems for Decision Making 316 5.1.3 Proposed Sustainable Waste/Resource Management Approach 318 5.2 Medium City – Guwahati, India 321 5.2.1 Waste Characteristics 322 5.2.2 Existing Waste Management Practices and Problems for Decision Making 323 5.2.3 Proposed Sustainable Waste/Resource Management Approach 324 5.3 Large City – Bogotá, Colombia 327 5.3.1 Waste Characteristics 328 5.3.2 Existing Waste Management Practices and Problems for Decision Making 329 5.3.3 Proposed Sustainable Waste/Resource Management Approach 330 References 335 Chapter 6: Summary 337 Index 343

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Book SynopsisIMPACTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Enables Readers to Understand the Impact of International Legislative and Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic The wide array of legal and policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have significant implications regarding the functioning of countries and their respective societies. This book addresses the impact of international legislative and policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in a range of countries. To aid the reader in understanding country-specific developments, each chapter focuses on a specific country and addresses the legal frameworks and policy approaches used to support measures to prevent transmission and otherwise reduce the impact of the virus on society and the economy. Sample topics discussed in the work include: The effect certain policies may have on civil liberties, such as due process, and the right to privacy in specific countries The provision of public goods in the face of the paTable of ContentsNotes on Contributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xix Section 1 Countries with a Focus on the Rule of Law and Legal Protections of Civil Liberties 1 1 The Netherlands: Dutch COVID-19 Policy Viewed from a Fundamental Rights Perspective 3Adriaan J. Wierenga and Jorrit Westerhof 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Disaster Management in the Netherlands 4 1.2.1 Functional and General Chain of Command 4 1.2.2 The COVID-19 Crisis 5 1.3 The Public Health Act 2008 (Functional Chain of Command) 5 1.3.1 National Crisis Structure 6 1.3.2 Measures 7 1.4 Municipal Emergency Powers (General Chain of Command) 8 1.4.1 Areas of Tension 8 1.4.2 Debatable Limitations of Fundamental Rights 9 1.4.3 Democratic Control and Administrative Supervision 10 1.5 Interim COVID-19 Measures Act (Addition to the Functional Chain of Command) 11 1.5.1 Improvements and Shortcomings 12 1.5.2 Legitimate Limitation of Fundamental Rights 12 1.5.3 Stricter Democratic Control 13 1.6 National Emergency Law 14 1.6.1 Separate Implementation 15 1.6.2 Criticism 16 1.6.3 The Curfew Case 17 1.7 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 Emergencies, Executive Power, and Ireland’s Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic 23Alan Greene 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Ireland’s Constitutional Emergency Framework 24 2.2.1 International Human Rights Law 26 2.3 Ireland’s Pandemic Response and Constitutional Constraints 27 2.3.1 Pandemic Rent Controls and Constitutional Constraints 28 2.3.2 Executive Supremacy and the COVID-19 Pandemic 29 2.4 Ireland’s Pandemic Response and Human Rights 31 2.4.1 The Pandemic and the Right to Liberty 31 2.4.1.1 Mandatory Hotel Quarantine 32 2.4.2 Quarantine and Detention at Home 34 2.5 Data Protection, Surveillance, and Discrimination Issues 36 2.5.1 Vaccination and Vaccine Passports 37 2.6 COVID-19 and the Rule of Law in Ireland 38 2.7 Conclusions 39 3 COVID-19: Legal Lessons Learned in Switzerland 41Felix Uhlmann 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Legal Framework 41 3.2.1 Legal Framework before COVID-19 (Swiss Epidemics Act) 41 3.2.1.1 Scope and Goals 41 3.2.1.2 Normal, Particular, and Extraordinary Situations 42 3.2.1.3 Measures 44 3.2.2 Legal Framework Under COVID-19 45 3.2.2.1 First and SecondWave 45 3.2.2.2 Financial Aid 47 3.2.2.3 The Federal Council and Other Actors 48 3.3 Contact Tracing App 48 3.4 Fundamental Rights (Civil Liberties) 50 3.4.1 Restrictions on Daily Life 50 3.4.2 Vaccinations 52 3.5 Assessment 53 References 54 4 Not Dead Yet: Protest, Process, and Germany’s Constitutional Democracy Amid the Coronavirus Response 59Carolyn Halladay 4.1 The FirstWave: So Far, So Good 60 4.2 Proportionality and its Discontents 65 4.3 Summer in the City 67 4.4 Is it an Emergency Yet? 71 4.5 Second Guessing the SecondWave 75 4.6 Happily Ever After? 77 5 The United Kingdom Legislative Response to Coronavirus: Shotgun or Machine Gun 79Ronan Cormacain and Duncan Fairgrieve 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Reliance Upon Law 79 5.3 Nature of the Legal Framework 80 5.3.1 Machine Gun Legislative Response 80 5.3.2 Devolution and the Legislative Response 80 5.3.3 Overview of the Legislative Framework 81 5.3.4 Pre-existing Laws or New Laws 84 5.3.5 Use of Emergency/Urgency Powers and Procedures or Use of Regular Powers and Procedures 84 5.3.6 Sunset Clauses/Expiry Dates 86 5.4 Substance of the Legal Response 86 5.4.1 Restrictions on Individual Liberties 86 5.4.2 Travel Restrictions 87 5.4.3 Vaccination Policy 87 5.4.4 Track and Trace 90 5.4.5 Support Measures – Furlough Payments, no Evictions 90 5.5 Problems/Analysis of the Legal Response 91 5.5.1 Reliance upon Emergency Procedures and Processes to Make Law in a Rush 91 5.5.2 Lack of Effective Parliamentary Scrutiny 92 5.5.3 Conflation of Law with Guidance 93 5.5.4 Inaccessible and Unintelligible Legislation 94 5.5.5 Risk of Creep of Emergency Practices into Normal Lawmaking 95 5.5.6 Compliance with the Rules by Those in Power 96 5.6 Conclusion 96 Section 2 Countries making Extensive use of Emergency Laws and Securitization 99 6 The State of Exception and its Effects on Civil Liberties in Italy During the COVID-19 Crisis 101Anna Malandrino, Margherita Paola Poto, and Elena Demichelis 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Defining the Elements of States of Exception (SoE) 103 6.2.1 States of Exception in the General Context 103 6.2.2 Italy 103 6.3 States of Exception During the Pandemic: Declaration, Implementation, and Effects 108 6.3.1 Establishing and Implementing the States of Exception 108 6.3.2 The Potential Effects of States of Exception on Civil Liberties 109 6.4 States of Exception and Containment Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Regulatory Aspects 110 6.5 States of Exception and Containment Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Implementation 112 6.6 The Effects of States of Exception Measures on Civil Liberties 113 6.7 Conclusions 116 References 116 7 Praise the Alarm: Spain’s Coronavirus Approach 121Carolyn Halladay, Florina C. Matei, and Andres de Castro 7.1 Quien aprisa juzgó, despacio se arrepintió: The Early Days of COVID and the Spanish Response 123 7.2 Culpa no tiene, quien hace lo que debe: The FirstWave and the First Lockdown 125 7.3 Cada uno quiere justiciar, mas no por su casa: The SecondWave and the Second Lockdown 130 7.4 Con necesidad, no hay ley? States of Emergency in Spain and Beyond 133 7.5 Hasta que pruebes, no absuelvas ni condenes: COVID and the Law Amid Spanish Tensions 137 7.6 El fin veremos; hasta entonces no hablemos: Conclusion 139 8 Pandemic Pangs and Fangs: Romania’s Public Safety and Civil Liberties in the COVID-19 Era 141Florina C. Matei 8.1 Legal Framework and Policy Approaches Vis-À-Vis Quarantine, Isolation, and Other Social Distancing Measures 141 8.2 Quarantine, Isolation, and Other Social Distancing Measures During the Covid-19 Pandemic 144 8.2.1 From a State of Emergency amidst a Political Crisis… 144 8.2.2 …To a State of Alert: Anachronistic Legislation Meets Ebbing and Flowing Restrictions 150 8.2.2.1 Vaccination Campaign: Needles for Fangs 153 8.2.3 Transparency During the Pandemic: Between Thought Police, Strategic “Mis” Communications, and Conspiracy Theories 154 8.2.3.1 Civil Society: A Tamed yet Clamorous Cerberus? 157 8.2.4 A “Plagued” Executive–Legislative–Judiciary Trifecta 159 8.3 Conclusion: Civil Liberties and Freedoms 161 9 Policymaking and Liberty Restrictions in the Covid-19 Crisis, the Case of France 165Angelique Palle, Lisa Carayon, François Delerue, Florian Opillard, and Christelle Chidiac Disclaimer 165 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Policymaking and Liberty Restrictions in France During Covid-19 Crisis, Research Questions and Methodology 166 9.3 Regulation and Policymaking in France During Covid-19, Context and Background 167 9.4 “State of Emergency Related to the Sanitary Situation/Etat d’Urgence Sanitaire”: The Recourse to an Exceptional Legal Framework 169 9.5 The Involvement of the Armed Forces in France in the Covid-19 Crisis Management, Between Political Display and Response to the Crisis 170 9.6 Perception by the French Population of the Missions Performed by the Armed Forces and of the Nature of the Covid-19 Crisis 172 9.7 Analyzing Local and Regional Measures of Civil Liberties’s Restrictions in the Context of the “State of Emergency Related to the Sanitary Situation” (état d’urgence sanitaire), the Case of the Freedom of Movement throughout the First to the Second Confinement 173 9.8 Legitimizing Civil Liberties Restrictions and Shaping the Governance of Policymaking, Comparison of the Two Cities of Rennes and Nice 175 9.9 Conclusion 179 References 179 Section 3 Countries Focused on Population Monitoring and Restrictions 181 10 Policy Measures, Information Technology, and People’s Collective Behavior in Taiwan’s COVID-19 Response 183Cheryl Lin, Pikuei Tu, Wendy E. Braund, Jewel Mullen, and Georges C. Benjamin 10.1 Introduction 183 10.2 A Snapshot of Taiwan 184 10.2.1 The Legal Framework Pertaining to Pandemic Response 184 10.2.1.1 Epidemic Control and Public Health Emergency 184 10.2.1.2 Personal Information 186 10.3 The Ominous Beginning of the Pandemic 186 10.3.1 Swift Responses Early On 187 10.4 Blocking Infection Importation and Local Transmission 188 10.4.1 Tightened Border Control 188 10.4.2 Rigorous Contact Tracing 189 10.4.2.1 Augmentation with Information Technology (IT) 189 10.4.3 Enforcing Quarantine – Operations and Mechanism 190 10.4.3.1 Provisions, Compensation, and Penalties During Quarantine 190 10.5 Active Participatory Role of the Public – Awareness and Preventive Behavior 192 10.5.1 Common Use of Masks and Response to Shortage 192 10.5.2 Promoting and Self-Adhering to Social Distancing 192 10.6 Healthcare System and Capacity 193 10.6.1 National Health Insurance (NHI) and Data Integration 193 10.6.2 Infectious Disease Control Medical Network 194 10.6.3 Assuring Care and Support for the Providers 195 10.7 The Heights of Cases, Anxiety, and Dilemmas 195 10.7.1 The Surge of Spring/Summer 2021 196 10.7.2 Amended Policies and Reflections of the Surge 197 10.8 Vaccine Supply, Hesitancy, and Distribution 198 10.8.1 Slow Delivery and Shortage of Supply 198 10.8.2 Vaccine Hesitancy and Demand 199 10.8.3 Vaccine Prioritization and Administration 200 10.9 Reflections and Conclusions 200 References 201 11 The Legislative and Political Responses of Viet Nam to the Covid-19 Pandemic: The Balancing of Public Health and Collective Civil Liberties 209Nguyen T. Trung and Nguyen Q. Duong Disclaimer 209 11.1 Introduction 209 11.2 Background: The FourWaves of Covid-19 in Viet Nam 211 11.2.1 The FirstWave (23 January–19 April 2020) 211 11.2.2 The SecondWave (25 July–2 September 2020) 212 11.2.3 The ThirdWave (28 January–13 March 2021) 213 11.2.4 The FourthWave (27 April–15 July 2021) 214 11.3 The Legislative Framework in Combating Infectious Disease 215 11.3.1 Legislative and Administrative Documents in Vietnam 215 11.3.2 The Constitution 215 11.3.3 The 2007 Law on Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases 216 11.3.3.1 Prevention Measures 217 11.3.3.2 Combating Measures 217 11.3.3.3 Prohibited Activities and Fines for Failures to Implement Prevention and Combating Measures 218 11.3.4 The Criminal Code 219 11.3.5 Three Directives of the Prime Minister 220 11.4 The Policy Responses of the Vietnamese Government During the Pandemic 221 11.4.1 The Contact Tracing System 222 11.4.2 Quarantine Regulation 223 11.4.3 Social Distancing Measures 224 11.5 The Paradigm Shift in the Legal and Political Responses and the Balancing of Public Health and Civil Liberties 224 11.5.1 The Paradigm Shift in the Legal and Political Responses 225 11.5.2 The Balancing of Public Health and Civil Liberties 226 11.6 Conclusion 228 References 230 12 Singapore United 235Jacinta I-Pei Chen, Sharon H.X. Tan, Peak Sen Chua, Jeremy Lim, and Jason Chin-Huat Yap 12.1 Governing Philosophy and Laws 235 12.2 Early Response to Circuit Breaker (February–May 2020) 237 12.2.1 Enforcement Approach 242 12.2.2 Financial and Other Supportive Resources 243 12.2.3 Religion, Marriage, and Family Life 244 12.2.4 Communications 245 12.3 Relaxation of Measures (June 2020–April 2021) 246 12.3.1 Prioritizing Sectors 251 12.3.2 Strengthening Outbreak Control Capabilities 251 12.3.3 General Elections 2020 253 12.4 Heightened Alert (May 2021–June 2021) 254 12.5 Leveraging Technology 261 12.5.1 Data Privacy, Security, and Governance 263 12.5.2 What Next? 264 12.6 MigrantWorker Dormitories 264 12.6.1 The Regulatory Regime 265 12.6.2 The Dormitory Outbreaks 265 12.6.3 Reflections 266 12.7 Discussion 271 12.8 Conclusion 272 Acknowledgements 273 References 273 Section 4 Countries Focused on Fostering Popular Trust in Government, Emphasizing Social Welfare, and Limiting Sanctions and Restrictions 301 13 Sweden and Covid-19: A (Mainly) Recommendary Approach 303Iain Cameron and Anna Jonsson Cornell 13.1 Introduction 303 13.2 Setting the Stage – The Initial Swedish Response to the Pandemic 303 13.3 The Constitutional Context 305 13.4 The Legislative Procedure, Delegation of Powers, and Rights Protection 308 13.5 The Public Health Agency and the Act on Protection Against Contagious Diseases 309 13.6 Legal Measures Taken to Counter the Spread of Covid-19 311 13.7 Vaccination and Exit Strategies 312 13.8 Putting the Swedish Soft Power Strategy in Context 313 13.9 Evaluating the Swedish Measures from a Rule of Law Perspective 315 13.10 Concluding Remarks 319 14 Administrative Guidance in Coronavirus Special Measures Act in 2021 in Japan 323Yuichiro Tsuji 14.1 The 2020 CSMA 323 14.1.1 2021 CSMA and Administrative Guidance 323 14.1.2 How CSMA was Amended 325 14.1.3 How CSMA was Amended, and Why 326 14.1.4 Legalization of the Self-restraint Order 326 14.1.5 Sanctions, not Penal but Administrative 327 14.1.6 Revision of the Infectious Diseases Act 328 14.2 Administrative Guidance and COVID-19 in 2021 329 14.2.1 Traditional Theory in Japanese Administrative Law 330 14.2.2 Legal Control of Administrative Guidance 330 14.2.3 Art. 33 of APA When a Citizen does not Follow Administrative Guidance 331 14.2.4 Public Announcement 332 14.2.5 Public Announcement in TMG 332 14.2.6 Merits and Demerits of Administrative Guidance 333 14.2.7 How to Impose Administrative Fine Procedural Requirement 334 14.2.8 APA Ordinance and TMG 334 14.3 Conclusion 335 References 336 15 Canada’s Fight Against COVID-19: Constitutionalism, Laws, and the Global Pandemic 339Iffath U. Syed 15.1 Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention (NPI) Measures 340 15.2 COVID-19 Special Acts for Relief and Compensatory Measures 341 15.3 Long-Term Care Crisis 346 15.4 Research and Vaccine Development Initiatives 347 15.5 Other Policies and Governmental Actions to Dampen the Pandemic 347 15.6 New Year, But Pandemic Looms 350 15.7 Summary, Limitations, and Concluding Remarks 351 References 351 16 Coronavirus and the Social State: Austria in the Pandemic 359Donald Abenheim and Carolyn Halladay 16.1 The Impfpflicht 361 16.2 The Freedom Party’s Liberties 363 16.3 A Bundle of Measures 364 16.4 A Decade or More of Crises 367 16.5 The Sozialstaat Strikes Back 371 16.6 Protest, Rhetoric, and the Law 373 16.7 Conclusion: Community, Communicability, and the Constitution 376 Afterword 379 Index 381

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Book SynopsisFoundations of Nonlinear Optical Microscopy Concise yet comprehensive resource presenting the foundations of nonlinear optical microscopy Foundations of Nonlinear Optical Microscopy brings together all relevant principles of nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy, presenting NLO microscopy within a consistent framework to allow for the origin of the signals and the interrelation between different NLO techniques to be understood. The text provides rigorous yet practical derivations, which amount to expressions that can be directly related to measured values of resolution, sensitivity, and imaging contrast. The book also addresses typical questions students ask, and answers them with clear explanations and examples. Readers of this book will develop a solid physical understanding of NLO microscopy, appreciate the advantages and limitations of each technique, and recognize the exciting possibilities that lie ahead. Foundations of Nonlinear Optical Microscopy covers sample topics such as: Li

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsDiscussion Addendum for: Synthesis of Arylboronic Pinacol Esters from Corresponding Arylamines 1Fanyang Mo, Di Qiu, and Jianbo Wang Deaminative Functionalization of Primary Sulfonamides 12Patrick S. Fier and Kevin M. Maloney Synthesis of 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)-9H-xanthen-9-one by Stepwise Chemical Redox Cycling 21James L. Bachman, Cyprian I. Pavlich, and Eric V.Anslyn Preparation of (-)-Levoglucosenone from Cellulose Using Sulfuric Acid in Polyethylene Glycol 38J. Klepp, W. Dillon, Y. Lin, P. Feng, and B. W. Greatrex Scalable Preparation of O-(Diphenylphosphinyl) hydroxylamine (DPPH) 54Tamas Benkovics, Andrew J. Neel, Ralph Zhao, and Gregory J. Hughes Discussion Addendum for: Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene: Multigram Synthesis of a Bidentate Ligand 66Günter Helmchen Discussion Addendum for: (S)-(-)-2-Allylcyclohexanone (2-Allylcyclohexan-1-one] 79Manfred Braun Synthesis of 4-Nitrophenyl (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) Carbonate (NPTC) for N-Protection of L-Phenylalanine Ethyl Ester 96Joseph R. Lizza and Peter Wipf Discussion Addendum for: Pd-Catalyzed External-CO-Free Carbonylation: Preparation of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl 3,4-Dihydronaphthalene-2-Carboxylate 125Hideyuki Konishi and Kei Manabe From 5-Hydroxynicotinic Acid to Nitrogenous (4+3)-Cycloadducts 139Alexander S. Harmata and Michael Harmata Synthesis of α-Bromoacetyl MIDA Boronate 157C. Frank Lee, Chieh-Hung Tien, Shinya Adachi, and Andrei K. Yudin Synthesis of Chiral Bisoxazoline Ligands: (3aR,3a′R,8aS,8a′S)-2,2′- (cyclopropane-1,1-diyl)bis(3a,8a-dihydro-8H-indeno[1,2-d]oxazole) 172Julie L. Hofstra, Travis J. DeLano, and Sarah E. Reisman Synthesis of 2,5-Diaryloxadiazinones 189Andrew V. Kelleghan, Katie A. Spence, and Neil K. Garg Preparation of O-Pivaloyl Hydroxylamine Triflic Acid 207Szabolcs Makai, Eric Falk, and Bill Morandi Preparation of a Z-Iodoalkene through Stork-Zhao-Wittig Olefination, Stereo-retentive Lithium–iodine Exchange and Z-Boronic acid Pinaco Ester Synthesis 217Mathieu A. Morin, Samantha Rohe, Cecile Elgindy, and Michael S. Sherburn Discussion Addendum for: Synthesis of Substituted Indazoles via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Benzyne and Diazo Compounds 232Anton V. Dubrovskiy and Richard C. Larock Anhydrous, Homogeneous, Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Boronic Esters using Potassium Trimethylsilanolate 245Connor P. Delaney, Ethan M. Heyboer, and Scott E. Denmark Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Sulfinamide Monophosphine Ligands (Ming-Phos)(S, Rs)-M 262Anjing Hu, Zhan-Ming Zhang, Yuanjing Xiao, and Junliang Zhang Preparation of Asymmetric Phase-transfer Catalyst, 1,4-Bis((4S,5S)- 1,3-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazolidin-2-ylidene)piperazine-1,4-diium chloride 274Esther Cai Xia Ang, Xinyi Ye, and Choon-Hong Tan Oxidation of Aldehydes to Nitriles with an Oxoammonium Salt: Preparation of Piperonylonitrile 294Nathaniel D. Kaetzel, Kyle M. Lambert, and Christopher B. Kelly Preparation of 1H-Indazole-3-carbonitrile 314Yonggang Chen, Qinghao Chen, Lushi Tan, Lu Chen, and Xiaowei Wang Asymmetric Michael Addition of Dimethyl Malonate to 2-Cyclopenten-1-one Catalyzed by a Heterobimetallic Complex 327Nicholas J. Fastuca, Alice R. Wong, Victor W. Mak, and Sarah E. Reisman Discussion Addendum for: Synthesis of Et2SBr•SbCl5Br and its Use in Biomimetic Brominative Polyene Cyclizations 339Cooper A. Taylor and Scott A. Snyder Nickel-Catalyzed Arylboration of Cyclopentene 355Stephen R. Sardini and M. Kevin Brown

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Book SynopsisSustainable Energy Storage in the Scope of Circular Economy Comprehensive resource reviewing recent developments in the design and application of energy storage devices Sustainable Energy Storage in the Scope of Circular Economy reviews the recent developments in energy storage devices based on sustainable materials within the framework of the circular economy, addressing the sustainable design and application of energy storage devices with consideration of the key advantages and remaining challenges in this rapidly evolving research field. Topics covered include: Sustainable materials for batteries and fuel cell devices Multifunctional sustainable materials for energy storage Energy storage devices in the scope of the Internet of Things Sustainable energy storage devices and device design for sensors and actuators Waste prevention for energy storage devices based on second life and recycling Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xv Part I Introduction 1 1 The Central Role of Energy in the Scope of Circular Economy and Sustainable Approaches in Energy Generation and Storage 3 Renato Gonçalves, Arkaitz Fidalgo- Marijuan, Carlos Miguel Costa, and Senentxu Lanceros- Méndez 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Circular Economy and the Central Role of Energy 5 1.3 The Central Role of Energy in the Scope of Sustainability 8 1.3.1 Energy Generation 8 1.3.2 Energy Storage 10 1.4 Conclusions and Outlook 11 Acknowledgments 12 References 13 2 Reactive Metals as Energy Storage and Carrier Media 17 Hüseyin Ersoy, Manuel Baumann, Marcel Weil, Linda Barelli, and Stefano Passerini 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Significance of a Circular Metal Economy for the Energy Transition 18 2.3 Energy Carrier Properties of Reactive Metals 20 2.4 Potential Reactive Metal Energy Carrier and Storage Applications 22 2.4.1 Metals as Thermal Energy Carriers 22 2.4.2 Combustible Metal Fuels, and Hydrogen Carriers 26 2.4.3 Reactive Metal- Based Electrochemical Energy Storage 30 2.5 Economic and Environmental Implications of Reactive Metals 33 2.6 Conclusion and Outlook 36 Aknowledgements 37 References 37 Part II Sustainable Materials for Batteries and Supercapacitors 43 3 Lithium- Ion Batteries: Electrodes, Separators, and Solid Polymer Electrolytes 45 Manuel Salado, Renato Gonçalves, Carlos Miguel Costa, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Lithium- Ion Batteries 51 3.2.1 Electrodes 51 3.2.2 Separator 53 3.2.3 Electrolyte 54 3.3 Sustainable Materials for Li- Ion Batteries 56 3.3.1 Electrodes 56 3.3.2 Separator 59 3.3.3 Solid Polymer Electrolytes 61 3.4 Conclusions and Outlook 61 Acknowledgments 62 References 62 4 Solid Batteries Chemistries Beyond Lithium 69 Mary York, Karl Larson, Kailot C. Harris, Eric Carmona, Paul Albertus, Rosy Sharma, Malachi Noked, Ela Strauss, Heftsi Ragones, and Diana Golodnitsky 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Brief Overview of Solid Alkali- Ion and Alkaline- Earth- Ion Electrolytes 72 4.2.1 Types of Solid Electrolytes 72 4.2.2 Insights and Developments Regarding Metal Dendrites in Solid Electrolyte Systems 75 4.2.2.1 Metal Growth Through Na Ceramic Solid Electrolytes 77 4.3 Solid- State Sodium- Ion Batteries 79 4.3.1 Solid Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries 80 4.3.2 Anode Materials for Solid- State Sodium Batteries 82 4.3.3 Cathode Materials for Solid- State Sodium Batteries 84 4.3.4 Solid- State Sodium Battery, Full- Cell Results 86 4.4 Solid- State Potassium- Ion Batteries 88 4.4.1 Solid Electrolytes for Potassium Batteries 89 4.4.2 Anode Materials for Solid- State Potassium Batteries 90 4.4.3 Cathode Materials and Electrochemical Performance of Solid- State Potassium Batteries 91 4.5 Solid- State Magnesium- Ion Batteries 94 4.5.1 Solid Electrolytes for Magnesium- Ion Batteries 94 4.5.2 Anode Materials for Solid- State Magnesium Batteries 100 4.5.3 Cathode Materials and Electrochemical Performance of Magnesium Batteries 101 4.6 Specific Challenges and Future Perspectives 104 References 106 5 A Rationale for the Development of Sustainable Biodegradable Batteries 123 Marina Navarro- Segarra and Juan P. Esquivel 5.1 Challenges for Powering a Digital Society 123 5.2 State of the Art of Portable Batteries with a Disruptive End of Life 126 5.3 How to Design a Truly Sustainable Battery? 130 5.3.1 Portable Battery Development in a Doughnut Model 132 5.3.1.1 Materials 134 5.3.1.2 Fabrication and Distribution 134 5.3.1.3 Application 135 5.3.1.4 End of Life 136 5.4 Global Trends and Opportunities 137 Acknowledgments 138 Notes 138 References 139 6 Recent Advances of Sustainable Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Devices 145 Shilpi Sengupta and Manab Kundu 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Charge Storage Mechanism 148 6.2.1 Electric Double- Layer Capacitor 149 6.2.1.1 Activated Carbon 150 6.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 150 6.2.1.3 Graphene 151 6.2.1.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 151 6.2.2 Pseudocapacitor 153 6.2.2.1 Transition Metal Hydroxides 153 6.2.2.2 Transition Metal Oxides 154 6.2.2.3 Transition Metal Sulfides 154 6.2.2.4 Transition Metal Diselenides 155 6.3 Conclusion 156 References 156 Part III Sustainable Approaches for Fuel Cells 159 7 Sustainable Materials for Fuel Cell Devices 161 Weidong He, Shijie Zhong, Yunfa Dong, and Qun li 7.1 Introduction 161 7.2 Catalysts 161 7.2.1 Introduction 161 7.2.2 PGM- Based Catalysts 163 7.2.2.1 Carbon- Based Supported PGM Catalysts 163 7.2.2.2 Oxide- Based Supported PGM- Based Catalysts 166 7.2.2.3 Pt Alloy Catalysts 166 7.2.2.4 Pt Core–Shell Structure Catalysts 166 7.2.3 PGM- Free Catalysts 166 7.2.3.1 Metal- Free Catalysts 167 7.2.3.2 Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts 168 7.3 Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) 169 7.3.1 PFSA and Their Composite Membranes 170 7.3.2 SHPs and Their Composite Membranes 174 7.3.3 PBI/H 3 PO 4 Membrane 175 7.4 The Other Components 176 7.4.1 Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) 176 7.4.2 Bipolar Plate (BP) 177 7.4.3 Current Collector 177 7.4.4 Sealing Material (SM) 178 References 179 8 Recent Advances in Microbial Fuel Cells for Sustainable Energy 183 Muhammad R. Sulaiman and Ram K. Gupta 8.1 Introduction 183 8.1.1 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cells 184 8.1.2 Electron Transfer Mechanism 184 8.1.3 MFC Substrate 187 8.1.4 Electrode Materials 187 8.2 Materials for Anode 187 8.2.1 Conventional Carbonaceous Materials 188 8.2.2 Metal and Metal Oxide- Based Anode for MFC 191 8.2.3 Natural Waste- Based Anode Material for MFC 191 8.2.4 Modification Approaches for MFC Anode 194 8.3 Materials for Cathode 196 8.3.1 Pt- Based Cathode 196 8.3.2 Nonprecious Metal Cathode 196 8.3.3 Biocathodes 197 8.3.4 Metal- Free Cathode 197 8.4 Conclusion 197 References 198 Part IV Sustainable Energy Storage Devices and Device Design 203 9 Multifunctional Sustainable Materials for Energy Storage 205 Michael Thielke and Ana J. Sobrido 9.1 Redox Flow Batteries as Alternative Energy Storage Technology for Grid- Scale and Off- Grid Applications 205 9.1.1 Traditional Carbon Electrodes in Redox Flow Batteries 208 9.1.2 Processing of Biomass Into Electroactive Materials 213 9.1.3 Examples of Biomass- Derived Electrodes for Redox Flow Batteries 213 References 221 10 Sustainable Energy Storage Devices and Device Design for Sensors and Actuators Applications 225 Reeya Agarwal, Sangeeta Singh, and Ahmed E. Shalan 10.1 Introduction of Sustainable Energy Storage Devices 225 10.2 Literature Survey 229 10.3 Need for the Sustainable Energy Storage Devices 236 10.3.1 Reduce First 236 10.3.2 Electricity Generation and Health 237 10.3.2.1 The Economic Benefits of Using Renewable Energy Sources are Numerous 237 10.3.2.2 Protection of the Energy Supply 237 10.3.2.3 Increasing the Economy 238 10.3.2.4 Stability of the Currency 238 10.3.2.5 Electricity and the Environment 238 10.3.3 Energy Storing Approaches 239 10.3.4 Storage Systems for Large Amounts of Energy 239 10.3.4.1 Electrochemical Storage 239 10.3.4.2 Thermochemical Storage 241 10.3.4.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES): Physical Fundamentals 242 10.3.4.4 Thermal Energy Storage 243 10.3.4.5 Chemical and Hydrogen Energy Storage 243 10.4 Sustainable and Ecofriendly Energy Storage 246 10.4.1 Longer Charges 248 10.4.2 Safer Batteries 249 10.4.3 Storing Sunlight as Heat 249 10.4.4 Advanced Renewable Fuels 250 10.5 Different Energy Storage Mechanisms 250 10.5.1 Hydroelectricity 250 10.5.2 Hydroelectric Power Was Generated and Then Transferred 252 10.5.3 A Compressor That Produces Compressed Air 252 10.5.4 Flywheel 253 10.5.5 Gravitational Pull of a Massive Object 253 10.5.6 Thermal 253 10.5.7 Thermal Heat Sensitiveness 254 10.5.8 Latent Heat Thermal (LHTES) 254 10.5.9 Charging System for the Carnot Battery 254 10.5.10 Lithium- Ion Battery 254 10.5.11 Supercapacitor 254 10.5.12 Chemical 255 10.5.13 Hydrogen 255 10.5.14 Electrochemical 255 10.5.15 Methane 256 10.5.16 Biofuels 257 10.5.17 Aluminum 257 10.5.18 Ways Utilizing Electricity 257 10.5.19 Magnetic Materials with Superconductivity 257 10.6 Different Novel 2D Materials for Energy Storage 258 10.6.1 2D Materials for Energy Storage Devices 260 10.6.2 Challenges Facing 2D Energy Technology 261 10.7 Nature- Inspired Materials for Sensing and Energy Storage Applications 262 10.7.1 Sensing and Energy Storage Artificial Nano and Microstructures 262 10.7.2 Bioinspired Hierarchical Nanofibrous Materials 263 10.7.3 Nature- Inspired Polymer Nanocomposites 264 10.7.4 Skin- Inspired Hierarchical Polymer Materials 265 10.7.5 Neuron- Inspired Network Materials 267 10.7.6 Tunable Energy Storage Materials 267 10.7.7 Tunable Sensing Materials 270 10.7.8 Bioinspired Batteries 273 10.7.9 Bioinspired Energy Storage Devices 274 10.8 Conclusions 276 References 276 11 Sustainable Energy Storage Devices and Device Design for in the Scope of Internet of Things 291 Vitor Correia, Carlos Miguel Costa, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez 11.1 Introduction 291 11.2 New Materials and Manufacturing Methods for Batteries 296 11.3 New Materials and Manufacturing Methods for Supercapacitors 299 11.4 New Designs to Optimize the Management and Energy Needs of the Devices 301 11.5 Recycling Solutions for Energy Storage Systems 302 11.6 Conclusions 302 Acknowledgments 303 References 303 Part V Waste Prevention and Recycling 307 12 Waste Prevention for Energy Storage Devices Based on Second- Life Use of Lithium- Ion Batteries 309 Oliver Pohl, Gavin Collis, Peter Mahon, and Thomas Rüther 12.1 Introduction 309 12.1.1 Benefits of Second- Life 312 12.1.2 Economic Benefits 313 12.1.3 Environmental Benefits 315 12.2 Challenges 315 12.2.1 Chemical Challenges 315 12.2.2 Methods of Investigating Lithium- Ion Battery State of Health 318 12.2.2.1 Coulomb Counting 318 12.2.2.2 Battery Management System Data Extraction 318 12.2.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 319 12.2.2.4 Incremental Capacity Analysis (ICA) 320 12.2.3 Engineering Challenges 320 12.2.4 Economic Challenges 321 12.2.5 Legal Challenges 322 12.2.6 Current Implementations 323 12.2.7 Outlook 324 References 324 13 Recycling Procedures for Energy Storage Devices in the Scope of the Electric Vehicle Implementation 335 Carlos Miguel Costa, Yifeng Wang, Eider Goikolea, Qi Zhang, Hélder Castro, Renato Gonçalves, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 Lithium- Ion Batteries: Environmental Impact and Sustainability 336 13.3 Lithium- Ion Batteries: Recycling Strategies and Processes 337 13.3.1 Electrode Recycling Approaches 337 13.3.1.1 Pyrometallurgical Methods 337 13.3.2 Separators/electrolytes 356 13.4 Status of the Battery Electric Vehicle Fleet 356 13.4.1 Battery Demand 356 13.4.2 Battery Electric Vehicle Outlook 361 13.4.2.1 Sustainability 361 13.4.2.2 Production Stage 362 13.4.2.3 Use Stage 362 13.4.2.4 End of Life and Analysis 363 13.5 Conclusions and Outlook 365 Acknowledgments 366 References 366 14 Summary and Outlook 375 Renato Gonçalves, Arkaitz Fidalgo- Marijuan, Carlos Miguel Costa, and Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez Acknowledgments 377 References 377 Index 379

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Book SynopsisHANDBOOK of BIOMASS VALORIZATION for INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS The handbook provides a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on biomass valorization, from advanced fabrication methodologies through useful derived materials, to current and potential application sectors. Industrial sectors, such as food, textiles, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, generate massive amounts of waste each year, the disposal of which has become a major issue worldwide. As a result, implementing a circular economy that employs sustainable practices in waste management is critical for any industry. Moreover, fossil fuels, which are the primary sources of fuel in the transportation sector, are also being rapidly depleted at an alarming rate. Therefore, to combat these global issues without increasing our carbon footprint, we must look for renewable resources to produce chemicals and biomaterials. In that context, agricultural waste materials are gaining popularity as cost-effective and abundantly availabl

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisQUALITY PLANNING AND ASSURANCE Discover the most crucial aspects of quality systems planning critical to manufacturing and service success In Quality Planning and Assurance: Principles, Approaches, and Methods for Product and Service Development, accomplished engineer Dr. Herman Tang delivers an incisive presentation of the principles of quality systems planning. The book begins with an introduction to the meaning of the word quality before moving on to review the principles of quality strategy and policy management. The author then offers a detailed discussion of customer needs and the corresponding quality planning tasks in design phases, as well as a treatment of the design processes necessary to ensure product or service quality. Readers will enjoy explorations of advanced topics related to proactive approaches to quality management, like failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). They???ll discover discussions of issues like supplier quality manTable of ContentsForewords xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi 1 Introduction to Quality Planning 1 1.1 Quality Definitions 1 1.1.1 Meaning of Quality 1 1.1.2 End-customer Centricity 3 1.1.3 Dimensions of Product and Service Quality 6 1.1.4 Discussion of Service Quality 10 1.2 Quality System 13 1.2.1 Quality Management System 13 1.2.2 Discussion of QMS 17 1.2.3 Quality Target Setting 19 1.2.4 Cost of Quality 22 1.3 Quality Planning 25 1.3.1 Planning Process Overview 25 1.3.2 Considerations in Quality Planning 29 1.3.3 Quality-planning Guideline (APQP) 31 1.3.4 Service Quality Planning 35 Summary 36 Exercises 37 References 38 2 Strategy Development for Quality 43 2.1 Strategic Management 43 2.1.1 Overview of Strategic Management 43 2.1.2 Hoshin Planning Management 48 2.1.3 Implementation Considerations 52 2.2 Risk Management and Analysis 56 2.2.1 Risk Management Overview 56 2.2.2 Risks and Treatments 59 2.2.3 Risk Evaluation 61 2.2.4 Event Tree, Fault Tree, and Bowtie Analysis 64 2.3 Pull and Push Strategies 68 2.3.1 Pull or Push 68 2.3.2 Innovation-push 70 2.3.3 Challenges to Pull and Push 72 Summary 73 Exercises 74 References 76 3 Customer-centric Planning 81 3.1 Goal: Design for Customer 81 3.1.1 Customer-driven Development 81 3.1.2 Product/Process Characteristics 85 3.2 Quality Category to Customer 89 3.2.1 Must-be Quality and Attractive Quality 89 3.2.2 Kano Model 92 3.3 Quality Function Deployment 95 3.3.1 Principle of QFD 95 3.3.2 QFD Applications 98 3.3.3 More Discussion of QFD 100 3.4 Affective Engineering 103 3.4.1 Introduction to Affective Engineering 103 3.4.2 Discussion of AE 106 3.4.3 Applications of AE 108 Summary 110 Exercises 111 References 112 4 Quality Assurance by Design 119 4.1 Design Review Process 119 4.1.1 Introduction to Design Review 119 4.1.2 Design Review Based on Failure Mode 122 4.1.3 Design Review Applications 124 4.2 Design Verification and Validation 125 4.2.1 Prototype Processes 125 4.2.2 Processes of Verification and Validation 128 4.2.3 Discussion of Verification and Validation 131 4.3 Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.1 Principle of Concurrent Engineering 133 4.3.2 Considerations to CE 136 4.4 Variation Considerations 139 4.4.1 Recognition of Variation 139 4.4.2 Target Setting with Variation 141 4.4.3 Propagation of Variation 143 4.4.4 Quality and Variation 146 Summary 149 Exercises 150 References 151 5 Proactive Approaches: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and Control Plan 157 5.1 Understanding Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.1 Principle of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 157 5.1.2 FMEA Development 162 5.1.3 Parameters in FMEA 164 5.2 Pre- and Post-work of FMEA 168 5.2.1 Pre-FMEA Analysis 168 5.2.2 FMEA Follow-up 172 5.3 Implementation of FMEA 176 5.3.1 Considerations in FMEA 176 5.3.2 Applications of FMEA 179 5.4 Control Plan 183 5.4.1 Basics of Control Plan 183 5.4.2 Considerations in Control Plan 186 5.4.3 Applications of Control Plan 188 Summary 190 Exercises 191 References 193 6 Supplier Quality Management and Production Part Approval Process 197 6.1 Introduction to Supplier Quality 197 6.1.1 Supplier Quality Overview 197 6.1.2 Supplier Selection and Evaluation 200 6.2 PPAP Standardized Guideline 205 6.2.1 Concept of PPAP 205 6.2.2 PPAP Elements 208 6.2.3 PPAP Packages 211 6.3 PPAP Elements in a Package 213 6.3.1 Essential Element (Level 1) 213 6.3.2 Level 2 Elements 215 6.3.3 Level 3 Elements 217 6.3.4 Unique Requirements (Levels 4 and 5) 219 6.4 Supplier Quality Assurance 220 6.4.1 PPAP Preparation and Approval 220 6.4.2 Customer and Supplier Teamwork 222 6.4.3 Supplier Quality to Service 227 Summary 229 Exercises 230 References 232 7 Special Analyses and Processes 235 7.1 Measurement System Analysis 235 7.1.1 Measurement System 235 7.1.2 Analysis in MSA 239 7.2 Process Capability Study 244 7.2.1 Principle of Process Capability 244 7.2.2 Process Capability Assessment 247 7.2.3 Production Tryout 249 7.3 Change Management in Development 253 7.3.1 Process of Change Management 253 7.3.2 Considerations in Change Management 256 7.3.3 Advancement of Change Management 259 7.4 Quality System Auditing 260 7.4.1 Roles and Processes of Quality Auditing 260 7.4.2 Types of Quality Audit and Preparation 263 7.4.3 Considerations in Quality Auditing 264 Summary 267 Exercises 269 References 270 8 Quality Management Tools 275 8.1 Problem-solving Process 275 8.1.1 Plan–Do–Check–Act Approach 275 8.1.2 8D Approach 281 8.1.3 Approaches and Tools 286 8.2 Seven Basic Tools 290 8.2.1 Cause-and-effect Diagram 290 8.2.2 Check Sheet 291 8.2.3 Histogram 292 8.2.4 Pareto Chart 294 8.2.5 Scatter Diagram 295 8.2.6 Control Charts 296 8.2.7 Stratification Analysis 298 8.3 Seven Additional Tools 299 8.3.1 Affinity Diagram 299 8.3.2 Relation Diagram 300 8.3.3 Tree Diagram 304 8.3.4 Matrix Chart (Diagram) 305 8.3.5 Network Diagram 306 8.3.6 Prioritization Matrix 308 8.3.7 Process Decision Program Chart 309 Summary 310 Exercises 311 References 313 Acronyms and Glossary 317 Epilogue 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1 A Very Brief History of Energy Use 1 1.2 Early Energy and Power for Transportation and Electricity Production 2 1.3 Energy and the Challenge of Global Climate Change 4 1.4 Looking to the Future: The Age of Electro-MechanicalChemical Energy Conversion and Storage 7 1.5 Why D, C, and w Units? 10 References 12 2. Energy Use 15 2.1 Units of Energy and Power 15 2.2 Comparing Different Energy Units Using kWh 19 2.3 Energy Use in the US with a Focus on Climate Change and the Future 21 2.4 Energy Use Around the World 32 2.5 Next Steps 33 2.6 How Much Energy Should We Use? 34 References 35 3. Daily Energy Unit D 37 3.1 Defining the Daily Energy Unit D 37 3.2 Examples Using D 39 3.3 Primary Energy Consumption When Using Electricity in Units of D 44 3.4 Your Life in D Units 46 3.5 Energy and Electricity Used Compared to Fossil Fuel Use By Different Countries 48 3.6 Creating Green D 51 References 53 4. Daily CO2 Emission Unit C 55 4.1 Defining the Daily Carbon Emission Unit C 55 4.2 CO2 Emissions From Different Fuels 58 4.3 Emissions of CO2 for Delivered Electricity 60 4.4 Carbon Emissions for People in Units of C 62 4.5 Reducing Global CO2 and Other GHG Emissions 65 References 70 5. Daily Water Unit w 73 5.1 Engineered and Natural Water Systems 73 5.2 Water Use and the Daily Water Use Unit w 74 5.3 Energy Use for Our Water Infrastructure 76 5.4 Energy Use for Water Treatment 80 5.5 Energy for Used Water Treatment 82 5.6 Desalination 84 5.7 Energy Storage Using Water 85 5.8 CO2 Emissions and Project Drawdown Solutions 88 References 89 6. Renewable Energy 91 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 Solar Photovoltaics 91 6.3 Wind Electricity 96 6.4 Geothermal Electricity 100 6.5 Biomass Energy 101 6.6 Hydrogen Gas Production using Renewable Energy 106 6.7 Costs of Renewable versus Conventional Energy Sources 110 6.8 Energy Storage in Batteries 111 6.9 Impact of Renewable Energy on Reducing Carbon Emissions 113 References 114 7. Water – An Energy Source 117 7.1 Extracting Energy From Water 117 7.2 Hydropower 118 7.3 How Much Energy is in Used Water (Wastewater)? 121 7.4 Methane Production From Biomass in Wastewaters 124 7.5 Electricity Generation Using Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 127 7.6 Hydrogen Production Using Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) 130 7.7 Electricity Generation Using Salinity Gradients 132 References 134 8. Food 137 8.1 The Energy Burden of Food 137 8.2 Energy Needed to Put Food in Your Home 137 8.3 CO2 Emissions and Our Carbon “Food Print” 142 8.4 Water for Food that You Eat Every Day 143 8.5 Energy for Ammonia Production (And H2) for Fertilizers 144 8.6 Using the Energy Unit D for Our Diet 147 8.7 Food Waste and Other Food-Related CO2 Emissions 148 References 152 9. Heating and Buildings 155 9.1 Heating and Insulation 155 9.2 Comparing Heating Systems Based on Carbon Emissions 156 9.3 Energy Ratings 159 9.4 Geothermal Heating 162 9.5 Water Heaters 162 9.6 Home and Building Energy Analysis from Drawdown 168 References 169 10. Cooling and Refrigeration 171 10.1 Why Energy for Cooling is Increasingly Important 171 10.2 Energy Use for Refrigerators 172 10.3 Energy Use for Air Conditioners 173 10.4 Understanding Energy Units for Cooling 175 10.5 Cooling Options 178 10.6 Refrigerants and GHGs 179 References 180 11. Cars 183 11.1 Why Cars Matter for Climate Change 183 11.2 Internal Combustion Engines and Carbon Emissions 184 11.3 Understanding Energy Use by Electric Cars 187 11.4 Carbon Emissions From Cars with Different Fuels 189 11.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVs) 192 11.6 Automobiles of the Future 193 References 194 12. Transportation 195 12.1 My Energy Use for Transportation 195 12.2 Energy Use for Transportation Options 196 12.3 Air Travel and High-Speed Rail 199 12.4 Energy for Pavement Materials 201 12.5 What Fuels will be Used in the Future for Trucks, Ships, and Planes? 202 12.6 Drawdown Transportation Related Solutions 205 References 206 13. Concrete and Steel 209 13.1 Energy Use for Building Materials 209 13.2 Concrete and Cement 209 13.3 Steel 214 13.4 Drawdown Solutions for Cement and Steel 219 References 219 14. Assessment and Outlook 221 14.1 Addressing Climate Change Will Require Both Renewable Energy and Carbon Capture 221 14.2 Assessing Possible Changes to Our Own Daily Energy Consumption 223 14.3 How Much CO2 Can We Capture into Biomass and the Deep Subsurface? 228 14.4 Major Changes to the Water Infrastructure with Renewable Energy 235 14.5 How Much can the World Reduce Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions? 236 14.6 Reducing CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuels Will not be Enough 240 References 244 Appendicies 247 1 Conversion Factors 247 2 Energy Related to Electricity Generation in the United States 251 3 World and US Population 255 4 World Energy Use 257 5 CO2 Emissions 261 6 Hours of Peak Solar in the United States 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThe 108th volume in this series for organic chemists in academia and industry presents critical discussions of the following widely used organic reactions: CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF NITROGEN-CENTERED RADICALSStuart W. McCombie, Béatrice Quiclet-Sire, and Samir Z. Zard TRANSITION-METAL-CATALYZED AMINOOXYGENATION OF ALKENESSherry R. Chemler, Dake Chen, Shuklendu D. Karyakarte, Jonathan M. Shikora, and Tomasz WdowikTable of ContentsChapter 1. Cyclization Reactions of Nitrogen-Centered Radicals 1 Stuart W. McCombie, Béatrice Quiclet-Sire, and Samir Z. Zard 2. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Aminooxygenation of Alkenes 421 Sherry R. Chemler, Dake Chen, Shuklendu D. Karyakarte, Jonathan M. Shikora, and Tomasz Wdowik Cumulative Chapter Titles by Volume 963 Author Index, Volumes 1–108 983 Chapter and Topic Index, Volumes 1–108 991

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Book SynopsisThe 109th volume in this series for organic chemists in academia and industry presents critical discussions of widely used organic reactions or particular steps of a reaction. The material is treated from a preparative viewpoint, with emphasis on limitations, interfering influences, effects of structure and the selection of experimental techniques. The work includes tables that contain all possible examples of the reaction under consideration. Detailed procedures illustrate the significant modifications of each method.Table of Contents1. Extrusion Reactions Affording Aromatic Systems, Dienes and Polyenes 1Frank S. Guziec, Jr. and Lynn James Guziec Cumulative Chapter Titles by Volume 1081 Author Index, Volumes 1–109 1101 Chapter and Topic Index, Volumes 1–109 1107

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Book SynopsisNUCLEAR ELECTRONICS WITH QUANTUM CRYOGENIC DETECTORS An ideal, comprehensive reference on quantum cryogenic detector instrumentation for the semiconductor and nuclear electronics industries Quantum nuclear electronics is an important scientific and technological field that overviews the development of the most advanced analytical instrumentation. This instrumentation covers a broad range of applications such as astrophysics, fundamental nuclear research facilities, chemical nano-spectroscopy laboratories, remote sensing, security systems, forensic investigations, and more. In the years since the first edition of this popular resource, the discipline has developed from demonstrating the unprecedented energy resolving power of individual devices to building large frame cameras with hundreds of thousands of pixel arrays capable of measuring and processing massive information flow. Building upon its first edition, the second edition of Nuclear Electronics with Quantum Cryogenic Detectors Table of ContentsPREFACE Chapter 1. Interaction of nuclear radiation with detector absorbers Introduction. 1.1. Intrinsic quantum efficiency of radiation detectors. 1.2. Detection of charged particles. 1.2.1. Light charged particles. 1.2.2. Continuous “braking” radiation (bremsstrahlung). 1.2.3. Backscattering of charged particles. 1.2.4. Heavy charged particles. 1.3. Primary interactions of X- and γ-ray photons with solid-state absorbers. 1.3.1. The photoelectric effect. 1.3.2. The Compton scattering. 1.3.3. The pair production. 1.3.4. Attenuation of photon radiation in solid-state detector absorbers 1.4. Detection of neutrons with solid-state radiation sensors. 1.5. Heat generation in athermal absorbers. Chapter 2. Radiation detectors with superconducting absorbers Introduction. 2.1. Selected topics of the superconductivity theory 2.1.1. The electron-phonon interaction and Cooper pairing mechanisms 2.1.2. The behaviour of superconductors in the magnetic field. 2.1.3. The tunnel Josephson junction. 2.1.4. The superconducting transmission line: the kinetic inductance. 2.2. Superconducting absorbers: the down-conversion of particle energy, intrinsic energy resolution. 2.2.1. The energy down-conversion process in superconducting absorbers. 2.2.2. The intrinsic energy resolution of quasi-particle detectors with superconducting absorbers. 2.3. Transport in the non-equilibrium superconductors. Incomplete charge collection mechanisms 2.3.1. The recombination time of quasi-particles in superconducting absorbers 2.3.2. The Rothwarf-Taylor phenomenological framework 2.3.3. The diffusion of quasi-particles in thin-film superconducting absorbers. Incomplete charge collection 2.3.4. Noise Equivalent Power (NEP) of superconducting absorbers 2.4. Quasi-particle radiation detectors with Superconducting Tunnel Junction (STJ) readout 2.4.1. The bandgap engineering and fabrication of STJ detectors. 2.4.2. The Giaever I-V curve of the STJ. 2.4.3. The tunneling mechanisms in STJs. 2.4.4. Pile-up and count rate capability of the STJ detectors. 2.5. Quasi-particle radiation detectors with microwave kinetic inductance sensors (MKID) 2.5.1. The operating principle of microwave kinetic inductance sensors. 2.5.2. The DROID X-ray detector with microwave kinetic inductance sensor readout. 2.6. STJ detectors frequency domain multiplexing with microwave SQUIDs Chapter 3. Radiation detectors with normal metal absorbers Introduction 3.1. Spectrometers based on Transition Edge Sensor (TES) microcalorimeters. 3.1.1. Fundamentals of TES design. 3.1.2. The electro-thermal feedback in TES microcalorimeters. 3.2. TES Microcalorimeters with Microwave SQUID (MSQUID) readout. Imaging cameras 3.3. Hot electron microcalorimeter with the NIS tunnel junction thermometer Chapter 4. Radiation detectors with semiconductor absorbers Introduction 4.1. Semiconductor transport. 4.1.1. Valence bond and energy band models. 4.1.2. Carrier scattering mechanisms and mobility in the semiconductor bulk materials. 4.1.3. Carrier generation and recombination (G-R) processes. 4.1.4. Effects of the G-R transport on the performance of radiation detectors. 4.1.5. Tunneling-assisted transport in semiconductor materials. 4.1.6. Tunneling transport across the thin dielectric barrier. 4.1.7. The semiconductor-vacuum interface. Surface transport 4.2. Macroscopic modelling of semiconductor devices 4.2.1. Microscopic models based on the Schroedinger Equation 4.2.2. The semi-classical transport models 4.2.3. The initial and boundary conditions in device modeling. The Ramo-Shockley theorem 4.3. Front windows in semiconductor radiation detectors 4.3.1. Entrance window based on the Schottky barrier junction 4.3.2. Front window based Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) junction 4.3.3. The pn junction based front window in radiation detectors 4.4. Fabrication of semiconductor drift detectors (SDD) 4.4.1. The epitaxially grown ultra-shallow p+n junction entrance windows 4.4.2. The pureB technology for ultra-shallow entrance windows 4.5. Semiconductor drift detectors 4.5.1. Semiconductor detectors: operation principle and performance specifications 4.5.2. The intrinsic energy resolution of semiconductor detectors 4.5.3. Time response of SDDs 4.6. The quantum calorimetric electron-hole detector with semiconductor absorber 4.6.1. The phonon system dynamics in semiconductor materials 4.6.2. The design and performance of the quantum electron-hole detectors Chapter 5. Front End Readout Electronic Circuits for Quantum Cryogenic Detectors. Introduction 5.1 JFET transconductance preamplifiers 5.1.1. Principles of JFET transconductance amplifiers 5.1.2. Settling time of preamplifiers 5.2Dynamic and noise properties of JFET amplifiers 5.2.1. Static and dynamic parameters of JFETs 5.2.2. Noise characteristics of JFETs 5.2.3. PentaFET. High precision reset mechanism 5.2.4. The JFET cascode stage 5.2.5. The source follow-based charge-sensitive preamplifier 5.2.6. The differential stage based on matched JFETs 5.3 High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) low noise amplifiers 5.4. The dc SQUID current amplifiers 5.4.1. The dcSQUID as a superconducting parametric amplifier 5.4.2. The dcSQUID with an intermediary input transformer 5.4.3. The coupled energy resolution of a double transformer dcSQUID 5.4.4. The dcSQUID readout electronics 5.4.5. The dcSQUID with the digital Bode FLL controller 5.4.6. The dcSQUID amplifier in the small-signal limit (noise) 5.4.7. The dcSQUID current amplifier in the large signal limit (dynamics) 5.4.8. The dcSQUID current amplifier in the large signal limit (noise) 5.5dc SQUID current amplifier at ultra low temperature 5.5.1. A double-stage amplifier with a single front ULT dcSQUID 5.5.2. A double stage amplifier with the front ULT SQUID array 5.6 Microwave SQUID parametric amplifier 5.6.1. Operation principle of microwave SQUIDs with external pumping (MSQUIDs) 5.6.2. The non-linearities in the MSQUID readout 5.6.3. The flux-ramp modulation methodology 5.6.4. Performance of MSQUID current amplifier 5.7 Design methodologies of analogue circuitries 5.7.1. The Laplace transform. Transfer functions of electronic networks 5.7.2. Design of analog pulse-shaping filter cells 5.7.3. Design of low-pass filters 5.7.4. Graphical methods of analysis and synthesis in the frequency domain 5.7.5. The describing function of non-linear elements in the frequency domain 5.7.6. Systems with synchronous multipliers Chapter 6. The Energy Resolution of Radiation Spectrometers. Introduction 6.1 Signal-to-noise ratio, equivalent noise charge of radiation spectrometers. General definitions 6.2Energy resolution of quasi-particle detectors (STJs, SDDs) 6.2.1. The tunnel junction coupled to a JFET transconductance amplifier 6.2.2. Energy resolution of STJ sensors read out with SQUID current preamps 6.3Optimal filtration in radiation spectrometers 6.4Energy resolution of TES microcalorimeters 6.5Matrix readout multiplexing of STJ detectors 6.5.1. Matrix readout of STJ sensors with JFET transconductance amplifiers 6.5.2. Matrix readout with SQUID current amplifiers 6.6Time division multiplexing (TDM) 6.7 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) with microwave SQUIDs (μMUX) 6.8Code division multiplexing (CDM). Spread spectrum modulation (SSM) Chapter 7. Signal processing in radiation spectrometers Introduction 7.1. Signal conditioning units 7.1.1. Overview digital pulse processing architectures 7.1.2. AC coupled digital spectrometers 7.1.3. Digital pulse processing with moving window deconvolution 7.1.4. DC-coupled digital pulse processors 7.1.5. DC-coupled digital pulse processors with a sliding window signal conditioner 7.2.Analogue-to-digital conversion 7.2.1. Analog-to-digital converters. Basic information 7.2.2. The quantisation noise model of ADC 7.2.3. Nonlinearities of ADC 7.2.4. Aperture time of ADCs 7.2.5. Aperture uncertainty of ADCs 7.2.6. Reduction of the differential nonlinearity with the sliding scale method 7.3.Digital filtration 7.3.1. Z-transform methodology 7.3.2. Design of digital filters with z-transform 7.3.3. The stability of digital filters 7.3.4. Trapezoidal pulse shaping digital filter 7.3.5. Moving average pulse processing 7.4.Throughput of digital spectrometers 7.4.1. Pulse recognition channel. Pile up detection 7.4.2. Timing resolution of digital spectrometers 7.4.3. The pile up decoding in digital pulse processors 7.4.4. Digital rise (fall) time discriminators 7.5.Selected topics on the hardware design 7.5.1. Noise reduction in systems with switching power supplies 7.5.2. PCB layout 7.5.3. Layout, decoupling, and grounding of ADCs 7.5.4. Grounding aspects of the system design Chapter 8. Ultra-Low Temperature (ULT) cryogenic arrangement. Introduction 8.1. Cooling technologies for sub-1K temperature 8.1.1. The 3He refrigerator 8.1.2. The adiabatic demagnetisation refrigerator (ADR) 8.1.3. Temperature control in ADRs 8.2.Magnetic shielding at ultra low temperature 8.2.1. The µ-metal shield 8.2.2. The superconducting shielding 8.2.3. Solenoid inside a cylindrical superconducting shield 8.3.Thermal load on ULT stages 8.3.1.Thermal conduction through solids 8.3.2. Thermal conduction through the gas 8.3.3. Thermal radiation 8.4.Cryogenic packaging for the Focal Plane Array (FPA) unit 8.4.1. Design of the FPA unit implementing the TDM technique 8.4.2. The collimation of the FPA unit 8.4.3. Solid angle of the nuclear radiation spectrometer 8.4.4. Focusing poly-capillary optics 8.4.5. Wiring at mK temperatures 8.5.Cryogenic design for detectors with micro-wave frequency division multiplexing 8.6.The collection efficiency of radiation spectrometers Chapter 9. Applications of radiation spectrometers based on quantum cryogenic detectors Introduction 9.1.Nano-analytical chemistry with the SEM electron probe 9.1.1. The SEM-based energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 9.1.2. The dual array TES-based EDS 9.1.3. Complementary techniques in the electron probe nano-analysis: the Auger spectroscopy 9.1.4. Complementary techniques in the electron probe nano-analysis: the wavelength dispersive spectrometers 9.2.Energy dispersive MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for biochemical analysis Index

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xii About the Companion Website xiii Chapter 1 Research Ethics: The Best Ethical Practices Produce the Best Science 1 Judge yourself 6 Morality vs. ethics 6 Onward and upward 8 Inauspicious beginnings 8 How science works 10 Nothing succeeds like success 13 Summary 14 Chapter 2 How Honest Is Science? 15 Judge yourself 16 Sanctionable research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism 16 “Scientists behaving badly” 17 Do scientists behave worse with experience? 20 Judge yourself 20 Crime and punishment 21 Judge yourself 25 Discussion questions 27 Summary 28 Chapter 3 Research Misconduct: Plagiarize and Perish 29 Ideas 31 Sentences 32 Phrases 32 A hoppy example 33 What is plagiarism, really? 34 Judge yourself 34 How many consecutive identical and uncited words constitute plagiarism? 35 Self- plagiarism and recycling 36 Judge yourself 37 Judge yourself 44 Tools to discover plagiarism 46 iThenticate 46 References cited 48 Self- plagiarism and ethics revisited 51 Judge yourself 51 Is plagiarism getting worse? 52 The [true] case study: the plagiarizing novelist who also plagiarized her confession to plagiarism and the author of the website “Plagiarism Today” 54 Summary 55 Chapter 4 Finding the Perfect Mentor 56 Caveat 57 Choosing a mentor 58 Judge yourself 62 Choosing a graduate project 69 Judge yourself 69 Mentors for assistant professors 69 How to train your mentor 75 Discussion questions 78 Discussion questions 80 Summary 81 Chapter 5 Becoming the Perfect Mentor 82 Grants and contracts are a prerequisite to productive science 84 Judge yourself 85 Publications are the fruit of research 86 On a personal level 87 Judge yourself 88 Common and predictable mistakes scientist make at key stages in their training and careers and how being a good mentor can make improvements 88 Discussion questions 104 Summary 105 Chapter 6 Research Misconduct: Fabricating Data and Falsification 106 Why cheat? 107 Judge yourself 110 The case of Jan Hendrik Schön, “Plastic Fantastic” 110 The case of Woo- Suk Hwang: dog cloner, data fabricator 111 The case of Diederik Stapel, psychological serial fabricator 113 Judge yourself 114 Detection of image and data misrepresentation 116 Judge yourself 120 Lessons learnt 121 Summary 121 Chapter 7 Research Misconduct: Falsification and Whistleblowing 122 Reporting and adjudicating research misconduct 123 A “can of worms” indeed: the case of Elizabeth “Betsy” Goodwin 125 Judge yourself 128 Judge yourself 129 Judge yourself 131 Judge yourself 137 Judge yourself 140 Cultivating a culture of openness, integrity, and accountability 140 Summary 141 Chapter 8 Publication Ethics of Authorship: Who Is an Author on a Scientific Paper and Why 142 The importance of the scientific publication 143 Predatory publishing 145 Judge yourself 146 Who should be listed as an author on a scientific paper? 146 Judge yourself 150 How to avoid authorship quandaries and disputes 151 Authorship for works other than research papers 153 The difference between authorship on scientific papers and inventorship on patents 154 Other thoughts on authorship and publications 155 Judge yourself 157 Summary 162 Chapter 9 Grant Proposals: Ethics and Success Intertwined 163 Why funding is crucial 164 Judge yourself 168 Path to success in funding 168 Fair play and collaboration 170 Judge yourself 171 Judge yourself 173 Recordkeeping and fiscal responsibility 173 Pushing the limits on proposals 174 Summary 179 Chapter 10 Peer Review and the Ethics of Privileged Information 180 The history of peer review 181 The nature of journals and the purpose of peer review 182 Open- access journals vs. subscription journals 182 Which papers to review? 188 Open reviews and discussion 189 Judge yourself 190 Grant proposals 190 Confidentiality and privileged information 191 Reviewers 192 Judge yourself 192 Final thoughts 193 Summary 195 Chapter 11 Data and Data Management: The Ethics of Data 196 Stewardship of data 197 Judge yourself 199 Judge yourself 204 Judge yourself 208 The land of in- between: ethics of data presented at professional meetings 208 Judge yourself 213 Raw data, processed data, and data analysis: ways to go right and wrong 213 Summary 213 Discussion questions 215 Discussion questions 216 Chapter 12 Conflicts of Interest 217 The dynamic landscape of conflicts of interest 218 Potential conflicts of interest for university scientists 219 Judge yourself 226 Conflicts of interest within labs or universities 226 Judge yourself 228 Discussion questions 232 Discussion questions 237 Summary 238 Chapter 13 What Kind of Research Science World Do We Want? 239 A culture of discipline and an ethic of entrepreneurship 241 Judge yourself 243 Too much pressure? 243 Integrity awareness through ethics education 246 Accountability 246 Truth will win 247 We scientists 248 Summary 249 References 250 Index 256

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Book SynopsisProcess Steam Systems A comprehensive and accessible handbook for process steam systems The revised second edition of Process Steam Systems: A Practical Guide for Operators, Maintainers, Designers, and Educators delivers a practical guide to ensuring steam systems are properly and efficiently designed, operated, and maintained. The book provides comprehensive information designed to improve process steam system knowledge, reliability, and integration into current manufacturing processes. The most up-to-date version of this volume includes brand-new coverage of current codes, sustainability measures, and updated applications. Heat transfer theory and thermodynamics are tied into practical applications with new practice problems ideal for both professionals seeking to improve their skills and engineers-in training. Readers will also find: Thorough design criteria for process steam systems, complete with detailed illustrations for piping and contrTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii List of Examples xv List of Tables xvii 1 Steam: a Heat Transfer Fluid 1 Why Steam? 1 Steam Is Safe and Flexible 2 Steam Is Easy to Control 2 The Concept of Steam Formation: Boiling 3 Pressure and Boiling 4 The Ideal Gas Law 6 2 The Development of Boiler Safety 9 How It All Began 9 The Consequences of Development 10 Development of Asme Code 12 Future of Steam 13 3 Understanding Heat Transfer 15 Radiation-Type Heat Transfer 15 Conduction-Type Heat Transfer 18 Convection-Type Heat Transfer 21 The Heat Transfer Equations 23 The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) 23 mean Temperature Difference (ΔT M) 25 ΔT m for a Steam Boiler 26 ΔT m for a Steam to Process Fluid Heat Exchanger 27 Surface Area (m) 27 Heat Flux 30 4 Steam Formation, Accumulation, and Condensation 31 The Boiling Process 31 Steaming 32 Latent and Sensible Heat Versus Pressure 34 Condensation of Steam 34 The Formation of Flash Steam 36 Steam Accumulation and Storage 38 5 Steam Quality: It Matters 41 Why Steam Quality Is Important 42 Poor Steam Quality Causes and Cures 42 Steam Classifications 45 Measuring Steam Quality 47 Superheated Steam 48 6 The Steam System Design 53 Steam System Types 53 The Process Steam System: An Overview 55 7 The Steam Generator 59 The Ideal Steam Generator 60 Steam Generator Types 62 Fossil Fuel-Fired Boilers 62 Solid Fuel-Fired Boilers 68 Electric Boilers 70 Unfired Steam Generators 73 Heat Recovery Steam Generators 74 8 Boiler Operation and Trim 75 The Packaged Boiler Concept 76 Fuel Delivery and Combustion Systems 83 Low Emissions 91 Multiple Boiler Sequencing 94 9 The Steam Delivery System 97 Steam Flow 97 Steam Distribution Piping 98 Control Valves 111 Steam Accumulation 116 Steam Filtration 120 Sensors and Meters 122 Steam Metering 123 Stop and Safety Valves 123 10 The Condensate Recovery System 129 Condensate Line Sizing 131 Steam Trap Applications 134 Thermostatic Group 134 Mechanical Group 134 Thermodynamic Group 134 Thermostatic Steam Trap Group 134 Mechanical Group 136 Thermodynamic Group 139 Flash Steam Utilization 142 How to Size Flash Tanks and Vent Lines 143 Condensate Collection 146 Electric Condensate Return System 146 Pressure Motive Condensate Pump 148 Pressure Motive Pump Installation Requirements 148 Pumped Condensate Return Line Installation 151 Surge Tank Application 152 11 The Feed Water System 153 Feed Water Deaeration 153 The Elimination of Dissolved Gases 154 Feed Water Tanks 156 Feed Water Tank Sizing 158 Feed Water Pumps 160 Feed Water Pump Sizing 164 Feed Water Piping 166 Feed Water-Surge Tank Controls 168 12 Steam System Chemistry Control 169 Basic Water Chemistry 169 Scale Control 171 Fouling Control 174 Corrosion Control 175 Boiler Blowdown 178 Best Operating Practices for Boiler Blowdown 179 Automatic Versus Manual Blowdown Controls 179 Determining Blowdown Rate 180 Chemical Feed Systems 181 Chemistry Limits 183 Steam System Metallurgy 183 13 Mechanical Room Considerations 187 Codes and Standards 187 Steam Load Profile 190 Steam System Performance Considerations 192 Environmental Considerations 194 Boiler Room Utilities 200 14 Steam System Applications 207 Low-Pressure Steam with High Condensate Returns 209 High-Pressure Steam with High Condensate Returns 210 High- or Low-Pressure Steam with Little or No Returns 212 High-Pressure or Superheated Steam with Condensate Returns 214 Multiple Boiler Installations 215 Steam for Hot Water Generation 217 Other Miscellaneous Steam-Use Application Designs 219 15 Specialized Steam Equipment 223 Back Pressure Turbine 223 Steam Hydro Heater 225 Steam Superheaters 226 Steam Dump Mufflers 229 Jacketed Kettles 230 Sterilizers 230 Reboilers 231 16 Steam System Efficiency/Sustainability 233 The System Heat Balance 233 Boiler Heat Balance 234 Boiler Efficiency 234 Steam System Efficiency 239 Boiler Internal Cleanliness 244 Steam Delivery System Efficiency 245 Condensate and Feed Water System Efficiency 246 Biomass Fuel Water Content Reduction 248 17 Shutdown, Startup, Inspection, and Maintenance 249 Shutdown and Startup Practices 249 Boiler Safety Checks 251 Maintenance and Inspection Practices 253 Inspections 255 Boil Out and Layup Practices 257 18 Troubleshooting and Commissioning Basics 261 Startup Versus Commissioning 261 Approach to Troubleshooting 262 Don’t Play the Blame Game 262 Precommissioning 263 19 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Steam Generator 265 Determining Boiler Input, Output, and Efficiency 265 Boiler Performance Test 267 Commissioning the Boiler Burner Controls 269 Commissioning the Boiler Pressure Control System 269 Commissioning the Boiler Level Control System 270 Commissioning the Boiler Blowdown Controls 270 Steam Boiler Troubleshooting 270 20 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Steam Delivery System 279 Steam Distribution Piping 279 Control Valves 280 Steam Piping Venting 281 Condensate Trapping/Draining 281 Troubleshooting the Steam Delivery System 281 21 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Condensate and Feed Water System 283 Condensate Collection 283 Feed Water System 285 Troubleshooting the Condensate and Feed Water Systems 285 22 Commissioning and Troubleshooting the Water Treatment Equipment 289 Setting Up the Water Treatment Systems 289 Troubleshooting Water Treatment System Problems 290 23 Sample Problem Sets 293 Appendix A References and Reference Information 297 Appendix B Operations, Maintenance, and Inspection Guidance 313 Appendix C Steam System Design and Commissioning Guidance 323 Appendix D Problem Set Answers 331 Index341

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive explanation of drug metabolism concepts and applications in drug development and cancer treatment In the newly revised second edition of Drug Metabolism Handbook: Concepts and Applications in Cancer Research, a distinguished team of researchers delivers an incisive and robust exploration of the drug metabolism system and a well-illustrated and detailed explanation of the latest tools and techniques used in the research, pharmacology, and medicine. The book discusses the creation of new molecular entities, drug development, troubleshooting, and other highly relevant concepts, guiding readers through new applications in pharmaceutical research, development, and assessment. The latest edition offers updated content on metabolism basics and the application of a variety of new techniques to cancer treatment, including mass spectrometry, imaging, metabolomics, and immunotherapy. It also offers in-depth case studies highlighting the role of metabolism in drug development. ReadTable of ContentsVolume 1 Preface xiii List of contributors xv Part I. Introduction 1 1. Historical Perspective 3 Roberta S. King 1.1 Controversies Spanning Past, Present, and Future 3 1.2 1800s: Discovery of Major Drug Metabolism Pathways (Conti and Bickel, 1977) 5 1.3 1900–1950s: Confirmation of Major Pathways and Mechanistic Studies 8 1.4 1950s–1980: Modern Drug Metabolism Emerges, with Enzymatic Basis 9 1.5 1980–2005: Field Driven by Improved Technologies 10 1.6 2005+: High Technology 10 References 10 2. Factors Affecting Metabolism 13 Roberta S. King References 16 3. Biotransformations in Drug Metabolism 17 Roberta S. King 3.1 Drug Metabolism in Drug Development and Drug Therapy 17 3.2 Prediction of Metabolite and Enzyme Responsible 20 3.3 Functional Group Biotransformations: Phase I, Phase II, and Catalysis 21 3.4 Oxidations and Cytochrome P450 23 3.5 Enzymology and Modifiers of Cytochrome P450s 34 References 39 4. A Comprehensive Picture of Biotransformation in Drug Discovery 41 Joe R. Cannon, Prakash Vachaspati, and Yang Yuan 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Rate of Metabolism 43 4.3 Metabolism of Small Molecules 46 4.4 Analytical Technologies in Drug Metabolism 65 4.5 Biotransformation for Novel Modalities – Peptides and Protein Degraders 79 4.6 Conclusion 93 References 93 5. In Vivo Drug Metabolite Kinetics 103 Zheng Yang 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 In Vivo Drug Metabolite Kinetic Concepts and Principles 105 5.3 Effect of Inhibition and Induction on Metabolite Kinetics 122 5.4 Determination of Formation and Elimination Clearance of Metabolite 127 5.5 Incorporation of Pharmacologically Active Metabolite(s) in Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling 130 5.6 Summary 135 Abbreviations 135 References 137 6. LC-MS/MS-Based Proteomics Methods for Quantifying Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters 143 Logan S. Smith, Sun Min Jung, Jiapeng Li, and Hao-Jie Zhu 6.1 Introduction 143 6.2 Mass Spectrometry Versus Alternative Protein Quantification Methods 144 6.3 Mass Spectrometry Data Acquisition Methods for Proteomics Analysis 145 6.4 Targeted Approaches 146 6.5 Untargeted Proteomics Approaches 147 6.6 Relative Quantification Versus Absolute Quantification 150 6.7 Label-Based Proteomics 152 6.8 Label-Free Proteomics 155 6.9 DMET Protein Quantification Using LC-MS/MS-Based Proteomics 158 6.10 Potential Application of DMET Expression Studies 160 6.11 Considerations of DMET Protein Quantification Utilizing LC-MS/MS Methods 163 6.12 Conclusion 164 References 164 Part II. Technologies for in vitro and in vivo studies 177 7. Mass Spectrometry 179 Thomas R. Sharp 7.1 Introduction 179 7.2 A Brief History 180 7.3 The Mass Spectrometry Literature 182 7.4 Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation 183 7.5 Interpretation:What Does it Mean 211 7.6 Conclusions 254 References 255 8. Accelerating Metabolite Identification Mass Spectrometry Technology Drives Metabolite Identification Studies Forward 267 Ala F. Nassar 8.1 Introduction 267 8.2 Criteria for LC-MS Methods 269 8.3 Matrices Effect 269 8.4 Tool of Choice for Metabolite Characterization 270 8.5 Strategies for Identifying Unknown Metabolites 274 8.6 Online HD-LC-MS 275 8.7 “All-in-One” Radioactivity Detector, Stop Flow, and Dynamic Flow for Metabolite Identification 282 8.8 Metabolic Activation Studies by Mass Spectrometry 287 8.9 Strategies to Screen for Reactive Metabolites 288 8.10 Summary 289 Abbreviations and Glossary 290 References 299 9. Role of Structural Modifications of Drug Candidates to Enhance Metabolic Stability 303 Ala F. Nassar 9.1 Background 303 9.2 Introduction 304 9.3 Significance of Metabolite Characterization and Structure Modification 305 9.4 Enhance Metabolic Stability 305 9.5 Metabolic Stability and Intrinsic Metabolic Clearance 306 9.6 Advantages of Enhancing Metabolic Stability 307 9.7 Strategies to Enhance Metabolic Stability 307 9.8 Analytical Tools 317 9.9 Case Studies 318 9.10 Conclusions 320 References 320 10. Drug Design Strategies: Role of Structural Modifications of Drug Candidates to Improve PK Parameters of New Drugs 323 Ala F. Nassar 10.1 Active Metabolites 323 10.2 Oral Absorption and Intravenous Dose 333 10.3 PK Analysis 333 10.4 Case Studies 334 10.5 Prodrugs to IncreaseWater Solubility 338 10.6 Conclusion 339 References 340 11. Chemical Structural Alert and Reactive Metabolite Concept as Applied in Medicinal Chemistry to Minimize the Toxicity of Drug Candidates 345 Ala F. Nassar 11.1 Importance of Reactive Intermediates in Drug Discovery and Development 345 11.2 Idiosyncratic Drug Toxicity and Molecular Mechanisms 349 11.3 Key Tools and Strategies to Improve Drug Safety 352 11.4 Peroxidases 357 11.5 Acyl Glucuronidation and S-Acyl-CoA Thioesters 358 11.6 Covalent Binding 359 11.7 Mechanistic Studies 360 11.8 Preclinical Development 363 11.9 Clinical Development: Strategy 364 11.10 Case Studies 364 11.11 Conclusion and Future Possibilities 366 References 367 12. Studies of Reactive Metabolites using Genotoxicity Arrays and Enzyme/DNA Biocolloids – 2021 373 James F. Rusling and Eli G. Hvastkovs 12.1 Introduction 373 12.2 On Demand Metabolic Reactions 374 12.3 Arrays with Electrochemical Detection 376 12.4 Electrochemiluminescent Arrays 379 12.5 ECL Arrays can Measure Both DNA Oxidation and Nucleobase Adduction 388 12.6 Detecting Site-Specific Damage to TUMOR SUPPRESSORGenes 392 12.7 Emerging Technologies and Methods 394 12.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 398 Acknowledgments 399 Biographies 399 References 399 Part III. Drug interactions 407 13. Enzyme Inhibition 409 Paul F. Hollenberg 13.1 Introduction 409 13.2 Mechanisms of Enzyme Inhibition 411 13.3 Competitive Inhibition 412 13.4 Noncompetitive Inhibition 413 13.5 Uncompetitive Inhibition 414 13.6 Product Inhibition 414 13.7 Transition-State Analogs 415 13.8 Slow, Tight-Binding Inhibitors 415 13.9 Mechanism-Based Inactivators 415 13.10 Inhibitors that are Metabolized to Reactive Products that Covalently Attach to the Enzyme 418 13.11 Substrate Inhibition 419 13.12 Partial Inhibition 419 13.13 Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes 420 13.14 Reversible Inhibitors 421 13.15 Quasi-Irreversible Inhibitors 421 13.16 Mechanism-Based Inactivators 422 References 424 14. Xenobiotic Receptor-Mediated Gene Regulation in Drug Metabolism and Disposition 427 Hongbing Wang and Wen Xie 14.1 Introduction 427 14.2 Pregnane X Receptor 429 14.3 Constitutive Androstane/Activated Receptor (CAR) 441 14.4 Closing Remarks and Perspectives 452 Acknowledgments 453 References 453 15. Characterization of Cytochrome P450 Mechanism Based Inhibition 465 Dan A. Rock and Larry C. Wienkers 15.1 Introduction 465 15.2 Inhibitors that Upon Activation Bind Covalently to the P450 Apoprotein 475 15.3 Inhibitors that Interact in a Pseudoirreversible Manner with Heme Iron 478 15.4 Inactivation that Cause Destruction of the Prosthetic Heme Group, Often Times Leading to Heme-Derived Products that Covalently Modify the Apoprotein 480 References 515 16. An Introduction to Metabolic Reaction-Phenotyping 527 Carl Davis 16.1 Introduction 527 16.2 Significant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes 528 16.3 Common In VitroMethods to Assess Drug Metabolism 534 16.4 In Vitroto In VivoExtrapolation of Metabolic Clearance 539 16.5 Summary 546 References 546 17. Epigenetic Regulation of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Cancer 553 Jiaqi Wang, Xiaoli Zheng, and Su Zeng 17.1 Introduction 553 17.2 DNA Methylation of DMEs 554 17.3 Histone Modification 558 17.4 Noncoding RNA 559 17.5 RNA Methylation 561 17.6 Closing Remarks and Perspectives 563 Acknowledgments 564 References 564 18. Epigenetic Regulation of Drug Transporters in Cancer 573 Yingying Wang, Ying Zhou, Yu Wang, Lushan Yu, and Su Zeng 18.1 Introduction 573 18.2 DNA Methylation 575 18.3 Histone Modifications 579 18.4 Noncoding RNAs 581 18.5 Closing Remarks and Perspectives 591 Acknowledgments 592 References 592 Volume 2 Preface xi List of contributors xiii Part IV. Toxicity 605 19. The Role of Drug Metabolism in Toxicity 607 Umesh M. Hanumegowda and Carl Davis 20. Allergic Reactions to Drugs 677 Mark P. Grillo 21. Chemical Mechanisms in Toxicology 703 Mark P. Grillo 22. Role of Bioactivation Reactions in Chemically Induced Nephrotoxicity 745 Lawrence H. Lash Part V. Applications 773 23. Mapping the Heterogeneous Distribution of Cancer Drugs by Imaging Mass Spectrometry 775 Purva S. Damale and Shibdas Banerjee 24. Systemic Metabolomic Changes Associated with Chemotherapy: Role in Personalized Therapy 811 Bhargab Kalita, Ganesh K. Barik, Tanisha Sharma, Khushman Taunk, Praneeta P. Bhavsar, Manas K. Santra, and Srikanth Rapole 25. Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer 841 Debasish Prusty and Soumen Kanti Manna 26. Case Study: Metabolism and Reactions of Alkylating Agents in Cancer Therapy 893 Ala F. Nassar, Adam V. Wisnewski, and Ivan King 27. Rewiring of Drug Metabolism and Its Cross-talk with Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer 923 Subhabrata Majumder and Soumen Kanti Manna 28. Principles of Drug Metabolism and Interactions in Cardio-Oncology 967Sherry-Ann Brown, Craig Beavers, Sailaja Kamaraju, Meera Mohan, Olubadewa Fatunde, Gift Echefu, Svetlana Zaharova, Brianna Wallace, and Carolyn Oxencis Index 993

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Contributors xix Preface xxiii Section I Introduction 1 1 Introduction to AAV-based in vivo Gene Therapy 3 Oscar Segurado 1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.1 History of Gene Therapy 3 1.1.2 AAV-based in vivo Gene Therapy: A Revolution in Medicine 4 1.1.3 The AAV Vector Structure 11 1.1.4 Cell Entry and Transduction Pathway 12 1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages for AAV in vivo 13 1.2.1 Effectiveness and Advantages of AAV Vectors for in vivo Gene Therapy 13 1.2.2 Challenges of AAV Vectors for in vivo Gene Therapy 14 1.3 Technology Platforms of AAV-based in vivo Gene Therapy 14 1.3.1 cDNA Replacement 15 1.3.2 Genome Editing 15 1.3.2.1 Zfn 16 1.3.2.2 TALENs 16 1.3.2.3 CRISPR/Cas 9 16 1.3.3 Base Editing and Prime Editing 17 1.3.4 RNAi Gene Silencing 17 1.3.5 Gene Addition 18 1.4 AAV Serotypes and Tissue Affinity 18 1.4.1 The Liver as a Biofactory 19 1.4.2 The CNS as a Biofactory 19 1.4.3 The Muscle as a Biofactory 19 1.5 Precision Medicine: Screening and Monitoring Biomarkers, Companion Diagnostics 19 1.5.1 Gene Therapy Clinical Trials: Spotlight on Hemophilia A 20 1.6 Predictions for Scientific and Medical Progress 22 1.6.1 Predictions for Challenges in the Field 22 1.6.2 Addressing Durability 23 1.6.3 Addressing Immunogenicity 24 1.6.4 Addressing Malignancy 24 1.7 Predictions for Market Adoption 24 1.7.1 Patients and Patient Advocacy Groups 25 1.7.2 Physicians, Clinical Guidelines, Regulatory Agencies 25 1.7.3 Payers 26 1.8 Final Thoughts 26 1.8.1 Can We Afford in vivo Gene Therapies? 26 1.8.2 Can in vivo Gene Editing Replace Gene Therapy? 27 References 28 2 Recent Development in in vivo Clinical Gene Therapy Platforms 35 John Murphy and Jane Owens 2.1 Introduction 35 2.1.1 rAAV-cDNA Replacement Therapies 35 2.1.1.1 Introduction: Approved rAAV-cDNA Replacement Therapies 36 2.1.1.2 Glybera (alipogene tiparvovec), Marketed by uniQure 36 2.1.1.3 Luxturna (voretigene neparvovec-rzyl), Marketed by Spark Therapeutics 38 2.1.1.4 Zolgensma (onasemnogene abeparvovec), Marketed by Novartis 40 2.1.2 Introduction: rAAV-cDNA (gene) Therapy Candidates in Clinical Development 46 2.1.2.1 AAV-Gene Replacement Clinical Trials for the Eye 47 2.1.2.2 Clinical Trials for Heart Disease 47 2.1.2.3 Clinical Trials for Hematologic and Metabolic Disease (Targeting the Liver) 48 2.1.2.4 Clinical Trials for Skeletal Muscle 48 2.1.3 Introduction: rAAV-as a Vehicle for in vivo Gene Editing 48 2.1.3.1 Non-nuclease Mediated Methods 48 2.1.3.2 Nuclease-mediated Homology Directed Repair 52 2.1.4 Nuclease-mediated Gene Disruption following AAV Delivery 54 2.1.5 Challenges and Opportunities with AAV as a Delivery Vehicle for Nuclease-Mediated Gene Editing 56 References 56 Section II Translational Biomarkers for Gene Therapy 61 3 Biomarker and Bioanalytical Readouts for the Development of AAV Gene Therapy 63 Yanmei Lu and Wibke Lembke 3.1 Introduction 63 3.1.1 AAV-Mediated in vivo Gene Therapy 63 3.1.2 Biomarker Category and Utility 65 3.2 Pharmacokinetic (PK) and Pharmacodynamic (PD) Biomarkers 66 3.2.1 Viral Biodistribution and Shedding 66 3.2.2 Transgene mRNA Expression 68 3.2.3 Transgene and Target Protein Activity and Concentration 68 3.2.4 Substrate and Other Distal PD Biomarkers 70 3.3 Safety and Monitoring Biomarkers and Readouts 71 3.3.1 Assessment of genotoxicity 72 3.3.1.1 AAV Integration/Insertional Mutagenesis Risk 72 3.3.1.2 AAV Germline Transmission Risk 73 3.3.1.3 Off-Target Gene Editing 73 3.3.2 Biomarkers for Immune-Mediated Toxicity 74 3.3.2.1 Hepatotoxicity 74 3.3.2.2 Thrombotic Microangiopathy 76 3.3.2.3 Muscle Toxicity 77 3.3.2.4 Immunogenicity Assessment for rAAV Gene Therapy 77 3.3.3 Safety Biomarkers for Nonimmune Organ-Specific Toxicity 78 3.3.3.1 Dorsal Root Ganglia Toxicity 78 3.3.3.2 Other Target Organ Toxicity Biomarkers 79 3.4 Predictive and Diagnostic Biomarkers for Study Enrollment and Patient Stratification 80 3.4.1 Preexisting Anti-Capsid Antibody 80 3.4.1.1 Companion Diagnostic 81 3.4.2 Preexisting Anti-Transgene Protein Antibody 81 3.5 Summary 82 References 82 4 Nonclinical and Clinical Study Considerations for Biodistribution, Shedding, and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics 87 Manuela Braun and Kefeng Sun 4.1 Biodistribution and Viral Shedding 87 4.1.1 Introduction to Biodistribution and Viral Shedding 87 4.1.1.1 Definition and Terminology for Biodistribution and Shedding 88 4.1.1.2 Global Regulatory Guidance on Conducting Biodistribution and Shedding Studies 88 4.1.2 Nonclinical Biodistribution and Shedding Studies for AAV Vectors 89 4.1.2.1 Design, Execution, and Reporting 90 4.1.2.2 Examples 95 4.1.3 Clinical Biodistribution and Shedding Studies for AAV Vectors 96 4.1.3.1 General Considerations in Viral Shedding Studies in the Clinical Setting 97 4.1.3.2 Biodistribution Characterization in Human: Necessity and Concerns 98 4.1.3.3 Examples 98 4.1.4 Gaps and Challenges on Biodistribution and Shedding Characterization 99 4.2 Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) Modeling and Clinical Dose Selection of Gene Therapy 100 4.2.1 Overview on PK/PD and Dose Selection Strategies for Gene Therapy 100 4.2.1.1 AAV Dosing Regimen – Safety Relationship and Safety-based Clinical Dose Projection 101 4.2.1.2 AAV Dose – Pharmacodynamics/Efficacy Relationship and Projection of Pharmacologically-Active Dose (PAD) 102 4.2.2 Dose Scaling Approaches: Allometric and Activity-Based Methods 102 4.2.3 Mechanistic Approaches to Modeling Gene Therapy 105 4.2.3.1 Modeling and Simulation of AAV Biodistribution 106 4.2.3.2 Modeling Transgene Product PK and PD of the Transgene Product 106 4.2.4 Clinical Pharmacology Considerations for Gene Therapy 106 4.2.4.1 Variability in Transgene Product Levels and/or Treatment Response 106 4.2.4.2 Durability of Transgene Expression and/or Treatment Response 107 4.2.5 Gaps and Challenges on PK/PD and Clinical Dose Selection 108 4.2.5.1 Interspecies difference in AAV Transduction and Immunogenicity 108 4.2.5.2 Availability of Clinical Samples and Bioanalytical Assays 109 4.2.5.3 Availability of Long-Term Follow-Up Data 109 4.3 Summary 109 References 110 5 Immunogenicity of AAV Gene Therapy Products 117 Vibha Jawa and Bonnie Wu 5.1 Innate and Adaptive Immunity Induced by AAV-Based Gene Therapies 117 5.1.1 Innate Immune Response 117 5.1.2 Adaptive Immune Response 119 5.2 Preclinical Immunogenicity Risk Assessment 119 5.2.1 Product-related Risk Factors 120 5.2.2 Process and Manufacturing-Related Risk Factors 120 5.2.3 Patient-Related Risk Factors 121 5.2.4 Nonclinical Assessment of Immunogenicity 121 5.2.5 Animal Models for Assessing Innate Immunity 122 5.2.6 Animal Models for Assessing Adaptive Immunity 122 5.2.7 Impact of Immunogenicity on Animal Selection and Interpretation of Study Results 123 5.3 Clinical Manifestation Associated with Immunogenicity 123 5.3.1 Pre-existing Immunity Against AAV Vector May Compromise Therapeutic Efficacy and Patient Safety 124 5.3.2 Treatment Induced Anti-AAV Capsid Antibodies may Prevent Re-dosing 124 5.3.3 Antibody Specific to Transgene Protein could lead to Toxicity or Unwanted Immunity 125 5.3.4 Risk of Immunogenicity Associated with Different Administration Routes 125 5.3.4.1 Gene Delivery to the Eye or Central Nervous System 126 5.3.4.2 Gene Delivery to Liver 126 5.3.4.3 Gene Delivery to Muscle 126 5.3.5 Product- and Process-related Impurity Related Immunogenicity 127 5.4 Clinical Mitigation Strategy 127 References 129 Section III Bioanalysis for Gene Therapy 135 6 Bioanalytical Methods to Detect Preexisting and Post-administration Humoral Immune Responses Against AAV Capsid Proteins 137 Christian Vettermann and Boris Gorovits 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Considerations for AAV Total Antibody Assays 138 6.2.1 Nature of AAV TAb Assay Analyte 138 6.2.2 Primary Analytical Methodologies applied for AAV TAb Detection 139 6.2.3 Tab Assay Critical Reagent Considerations 140 6.2.3.1 Positive and Negative Control Selection 140 6.2.3.2 Capture and Detection Reagents 141 6.2.3.3 Sample Testing Strategy 142 6.2.4 Key Assay Qualification/Validation Parameters 142 6.2.4.1 Assay Sensitivity 142 6.2.4.2 Serotype Specificity 142 6.2.4.3 Precision 143 6.2.4.4 Matrix Interference and Selectivity 143 6.2.4.5 Assay Cut-Point 143 6.2.5 TAb Assay Data Interpretation 144 6.3 Considerations for Cell-based Transduction Inhibition Assays 145 6.3.1 Principle and Methodology of Cell-based AAV TI Assays 145 6.3.2 AAV TI Assay Development: Designing for Clinical Relevance 146 6.3.3 Key Assay Validation Parameters 147 6.3.3.1 Screening and Titer Cut-Points 147 6.3.3.2 Limit of Detection 148 6.3.3.3 Precision 150 6.3.3.4 Specificity 150 6.3.3.5 Confirmatory Steps to Ensure Specific Detection of Neutralizing AAV Antibodies 150 6.3.3.6 Selectivity/Matrix Interference 151 6.3.3.7 Stability 151 6.3.4 Sample Testing Strategy and Monitoring Assay Performance 152 6.3.5 Data Interpretation: Preexisting TI Titer and Clinical Efficacy 152 6.3.6 Value and Challenges of Standardizing TAb and TI Assays 156 References 157 7 Bioanalytical Methods to Study Biodistribution and Shedding of AAV-Based Gene Therapy Vectors 163 Christian Vettermann and Russell Soon 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Choice of Platform: qPCR vs. Digital PCR 164 7.3 Aspects of Method Development 168 7.4 Back-Calculation Formulas and Extraction Efficiency Assessments 172 7.5 Sensitivity Requirements 177 7.6 Specificity Requirements 179 7.7 Standard Curve Performance, Colinearity, Precision, and Accuracy 180 7.8 Selectivity Assessment and Matrix Interference 181 7.9 Sample Stability Considerations 182 7.10 Data Reporting Formats, Acceptance Criteria, and Trending 184 7.11 Immunocapture qPCR: An Ultra-Sensitive Method to Detect Intact AAV Capsids 187 References 189 8 Transgene mRNA Expression Analysis 193 Venkata Vepachedu and Hsing-Yin Liu 8.1 Purpose of Measuring Transgene mRNA 193 8.1.1 Transgene Encodes Therapeutic Protein Entity 194 8.1.2 Transgene Encodes Other Entities 196 8.2 Technologies to Quantify Transgene Expression in Tissues 196 8.2.1 RT-qPCR or RT-dPCR 196 8.2.1.1 RNA Extraction (Separate vs. DNA/RNA Co-extraction), Quality Testing, and Quantification 197 8.2.1.2 Co-extraction of DNA and RNA from same Sample 199 8.2.1.3 Quantification and Quality Testing of total RNA in Purified Extracts 200 8.2.1.4 Quantification Using DNA vs. RNA Standards 201 8.2.1.5 Assay Qualification/Validation and Report 201 8.2.1.6 Reporting 205 8.2.2 In Situ Hybridization (ISH) 206 8.2.2.1 Values of ISH for Discovery Studies 207 8.2.2.2 Semi-quantitative, Tissue Fixation, Probe to Reference Classic Procedure 208 8.3 Summary 211 References 211 9 Quantification of Transgene Protein Expression and Biochemical Function 215 Robert Dodge and Liching Cao 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Transgene Protein Concentration Determination 216 9.2.1 Human Transgene in Preclinical Species 216 9.2.2 Human Transgene Assessment for Intracellular Proteins 216 9.2.3 Human Transgene Protein Assessment for Non-secreted Proteins 218 9.2.4 Human Transgene Protein Assessment for Secreted Proteins 220 9.2.5 Human Transgene Protein Assessment for Expressed Therapeutics 221 9.2.6 Transgene Protein Assay Format Considerations 221 9.2.6.1 Immunoassays 222 9.2.6.2 Mass Spectrometry Assays 222 9.2.6.3 Semiquantitative Assay Formats 223 9.3 Transgene Protein Activity Determination 224 9.3.1 Method Development Considerations 224 9.3.1.1 Enzyme Kinetics, the Initial Rate of Reaction, and Substrate Concentration 224 9.3.1.2 Reference Standard 226 9.3.1.3 Sample Processing 228 9.3.1.4 Buffers and Incubation Temperature 230 9.3.1.5 Assay Dynamic Range, Minimum Required Dilution, Matrix Interference, and Parallelism 230 9.3.1.6 Specificity and Selectivity 231 9.3.1.7 Quality Controls (QCs) 232 9.3.2 Method Validation 234 9.4 Summary 234 References 235 10 Substrate and Distal Pharmacodynamic Biomarker Measurements for Gene Therapy 239 Liching Cao, Kai Wang, John Lin, and Venkata Vepachedu 10.1 Introduction 239 10.2 Technologies to Quantify Substrate and Distal PD Biomarker 241 10.2.1 Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) 241 10.2.1.1 Method Development Challenges and Resolutions 241 10.2.1.2 Method Validation by LC-MS/MS 245 10.2.2 Histology 246 10.2.3 Functional Activity and Immunoassays 248 10.2.3.1 Method Validation of Immunoassay 249 10.2.4 mRNA Detection of Downstream Target Expression as a PD Biomarker 253 10.2.4.1 RT-qPCR for Relative Gene Expression Analysis 254 10.2.4.2 RNA-seq 259 10.2.4.3 Nanostring Technology 260 10.2.4.4 Regulatory Considerations for RNA Quantitation in GLP Studies 261 10.2.5 Single-cell Analysis 263 10.3 Summary 265 References 266 11 Detection of Cellular Immunity to Viral Capsids and Transgene Proteins 271 Maurus de la Rosa and Magdalena Tary-Lehmann 11.1 Introduction 271 11.1.1 Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to Gene Therapy 271 11.1.2 Selected Clinical Observations Showing the Lack of Understanding About T-Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and the Need for Sensitive T-Cell Analytics 272 11.2 Methods for the Detection of Cellular Immune Responses 274 11.2.1 Methods to Detect T-Cell Responses in Clinical Trials 274 11.2.1.1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay 274 11.2.1.2 Intracellular Cytokine Staining 276 11.2.1.3 Tetramer Staining 276 11.2.1.4 Proliferation Assays 276 11.2.1.5 Cytokine Bead Array 276 11.2.1.6 Gene Expression Profiling 277 11.2.1.7 Multiplexed Epitope Mapping 277 11.2.1.8 Conclusion 277 11.2.2 Technical Challenges of Detecting Cellular Immune Responses 277 11.3 Validation of Cellular Assays Using PBMC (Example ELISPOT) 278 11.3.1 Validation Strategies 278 11.3.1.1 Precision 279 11.3.1.2 Specificity 279 11.3.1.3 Limit of Detection and Range 280 11.3.1.4 Common Exceptions for ELISPOT Validation: Accuracy, Linearity, and Reproducibility 281 11.3.2 Parameters Affecting ELISPOT Assay Performance 282 11.3.2.1 PBMC Sample Handling: Temperature, Resting, and Serum 282 11.3.2.2 Antigen Concentration and Number of Replicates 285 References 286 12 Detection of Humoral Response to Transgene Protein and Gene Editing Reagents 291 George Buchlis and Boris Gorovits 12.1 Pre- and Post-dose Humoral Immunity to Transgene-expressed Proteins 291 12.1.1 Risk-based Analysis of Response Probability and Impact 291 12.1.1.1 Route of Administration 291 12.1.1.2 Biodistribution of Vector, Vector Serotype, Dose, and Expression Level 293 12.1.1.3 Patient Immune Status: Age, Prior Exposure, No Endogenous Production, Immunosuppression, and Autoimmunity 293 12.1.1.4 Response Induction vs. Response Boosting 294 12.2 Relevance of Analytical Protocols Applied in Determining Immune Response to Protein Therapeutics to the Detection of Anti-Transgene Protein Responses 294 12.3 Analysis of Immune Response by Binding and Functional Antibody Assay Protocols 295 12.4 Comparative Analysis of the Immune Response Evaluation for Transgene Proteins that are Expressed Extracellularly vs. Intracellularly 297 12.5 Humoral Immune Response to Gene Editing Reagents 298 12.5.1 Diversity of Gene Editing Systems 298 12.5.2 Immunological Potential of CRISPR-Cas System 299 12.5.3 Detection of Anti-Cas9 Protein Immunity in Animal and Human Matrix 301 12.5.4 Strategies Proposed to Mitigate Anti-Cas9 Immunity 304 References 304 13 rAAV Integration: Detection and Risk Assessment 317 Jing Yuan, Irene Gil-Farina, Raffaele Fronza, and Laurence O. Whiteley 13.1 Introduction 317 13.1.1 Biology of AAV Vectors as it Relates to Mechanisms of AAV Integration 318 13.1.2 Literature Review of AAV Studies in Relation to Neoplasia Development 318 13.2 Review of Regulatory Guidance and Discussion Points that Are Raised on AAV Carcinogenesis 324 13.2.1 Factors to Consider in the Design of Nonclinical Studies Evaluating AAV Integration 325 13.2.2 Methods for rAAV Integration Analysis 326 13.2.3 AAV Data Analysis Methods 328 13.2.3.1 AAV Primary Analysis 331 13.2.3.2 Impurity Analysis 332 13.2.3.3 AAV Genome Rearrangements 332 13.2.3.4 Integration Site Analysis 332 13.2.3.5 Clonality Analysis 333 13.2.3.6 Genotoxic Integrations 334 13.3 Assessing the Biologic Relevance of AAV Integration Profile 335 13.4 Conclusion and Future Direction 337 References 338 14 Detection and Quantification of Genome Editing Events in Preclinical and Clinical Studies 347 Marina Falaleeva, Shengdar Tsai, Kathleen Meyer, and Yanmei Lu 14.1 Introduction 347 14.1.1 Genome Editing Modalities and Molecular Outcomes 348 14.1.2 Clinical Trials Using Genome Editing Technologies 350 14.2 Regulatory Guidance on Engineered Nuclease On- and Off-target Assessment 352 14.3 Strategies and Methodologies to Evaluate On-target and Off-target Activities 353 14.3.1 Strategies to Evaluate Off-target Sites in Preclinical and Clinical Studies 353 14.3.2 Techniques to Identify Genome Wide Off-target Sites 355 14.3.3 Targeted Approaches to Measure Short Insertions and Deletions 356 14.3.3.1 Droplet Digital™ PCR 365 14.3.3.2 Endonuclease Mismatch Cleavage Assays 366 14.3.3.3 Sanger Sequencing Combined with Sequence Trace Decomposition 368 14.3.3.4 Indel Detection by Amplicon Analysis (IDAA) 369 14.3.4 Technologies to Measure Large Genomic Rearrangements 369 14.3.5 Discussion 374 14.4 Concluding Remarks 376 References 376 Section IV Companion Diagnostic Development for Gene Therapy 383 15 Introduction to Companion Diagnostics for Gene Therapy 385 Paul Bartel and Jennifer Granger 15.1 Introduction to Companion Diagnostics 385 15.2 Role in Gene Therapy 386 15.3 Overall Strategy 387 15.4 Development Process 387 15.5 Considerations for Commercialization 390 15.6 Conclusion 391 References 391 16 Validation for Gene Therapy Companion Diagnostics 393 Karen L. Richards and Kennon Daniels 16.1 Introduction 393 16.1.1 Overview of FDA Oversight for the Use of Assays in Gene Therapy Clinical Trials and the Path to Commercialization with Corresponding Level of Validation 393 16.1.2 Summary of Validation Requirements for Gene Therapy Companion Diagnostics (GTx CDx) 395 16.1.3 Role of CDx in Therapeutic Development and Unique Challenges to Validating GTx CDx 395 16.1.4 Key Considerations for Developing GTx cdx 396 16.2 Development of CTAs for Use in GTx Clinical Trials 397 16.2.1 Stratification vs. Selection 397 16.2.2 Regulatory Risk Determination: Significant or Nonsignificant? 398 16.2.3 CTA Design Considerations 400 16.2.4 CTA Validation Requirements 401 16.3 Best Practices for Sample Banking and Consent of Subjects 401 16.3.1 Validation Strategies for CDxs for Commercial Use 401 16.4 Design Considerations 402 16.4.1 Single-site vs. Distributable Kit 402 16.4.2 Validation Requirements 402 16.5 Bridging Studies 404 16.6 Commensurate Regulatory Review and Approval of GTx cdx 406 16.7 Concluding Sections 406 16.7.1 Summary of Validation Considerations for CTAs/CDx in GTx Clinical Trials 406 16.7.2 Summary of Validation Considerations for CTAs/CDx to Enable GTx Marketing 407 References 407 17 Regulatory Considerations for Gene Therapy Companion Diagnostics 409 Mica Elizalde and Paul Bartel 17.1 Introduction 409 17.2 US Fda 409 17.2.1 Clinical Trials for Investigational Device Exemption 410 17.2.2 US FDA Marketing Authorization Pathways 413 17.2.2.1 510(k) process 413 17.2.2.2 PMA Process 414 17.2.2.3 HDE Process 414 17.2.2.4 Differences Between 510(k) and PMA 415 17.2.3 US FDA Pre-submission Feedback 416 17.3 European Union 416 17.3.1 European Union Clinical Trials 416 17.3.2 European Union Marketing Authorization Pathways 418 17.4 Other Regulated Markets 420 17.4.1 Global Regulatory Strategy 421 17.5 Development Strategy with the Therapeutic 422 17.5.1 Considerations for Rare Disease Indications 423 17.6 Partner Relationship 424 17.6.1 Importance of the Partner Relationship 424 17.7 Commercial and Post-Approval Considerations 425 17.7.1 Future Proofing the Companion Diagnostic 425 17.7.2 Modifications of the Companion Diagnostic 426 17.8 Final Word 426 References 426 Section V Regulatory Perspectives on Gene Therapy 429 18 Current Regulatory Landscape for Gene Therapy Product Development and the Role of Biomarkers 431 Laura I. Salazar-Fontana PhD and Mike Havert PhD 18.1 Introduction 431 18.2 What is Gene Therapy? 432 18.3 Biomarkers Defined 433 18.4 Early Gene Therapy Biomarkers 434 18.5 Current Expectations for Gene Therapy Biomarkers 437 18.6 Safety Biomarkers for Gene Therapy Products 438 18.6.1 Immune Toxicities to in vivo gene therapy 438 18.6.2 Immune Toxicities to Ex Vivo GT 441 18.6.3 Long-Term Risks 442 18.7 Concluding Remarks 442 References 443 Index 449

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xvii About the Authors xix Part I Introduction to Viruses 1 1 Overview of Molecular Biology 3 Contributing Author: Sarah Forster 1.1 Cell Basics 4 1.1.1 Cytoplasm 5 1.1.2 Ribosomes 5 1.1.3 Nucleus 6 1.2 Cell Replication 6 1.2.1 Nucleic Acids 6 1.2.2 DNA Replication 7 1.2.3 RNA Structure and Role 9 1.2.4 Protein Synthesis 9 1.3 Cellular Transport 11 1.3.1 Plasma Membrane 11 1.3.2 Cell Signaling 11 1.4 Immune Defense 12 1.4.1 Innate Immunity 12 1.4.2 Adaptive Immunity 13 1.4.2.1 Humoral Immunity 13 1.4.2.2 Cellular Immunity 14 1.5 Applications 14 1.6 Chapter Summary 16 1.7 Problems 16 References 16 2 Basics of Virology 19 2.1 Viral Basics and Terminology 19 2.2 Viral Life Cycle 21 2.2.1 Attachment (Connection) 21 2.2.2 Penetration (Entry) 22 2.2.3 Uncoating 22 2.2.4 Replication 23 2.2.5 Assembly 23 2.2.6 Maturation and Release 23 2.3 Virus Structure and Classification 24 2.3.1 DNA Viruses 25 2.3.2 RNA Viruses 25 2.3.3 Reverse Transcription Viruses (Retroviruses) 27 2.4 Viruses in Context of the Tree of Life 27 2.5 Viral Genetics 28 2.5.1 Antigenic Shift 28 2.5.2 Antigenic Drift 29 2.5.3 Phenotypic Mixing 29 2.5.4 Complementation 29 2.6 Applications 29 2.7 Chapter Summary 31 2.8 Problems 31 References 32 3 Pandemics, Epidemics, and Outbreaks 33 3.1 Human Viral Diseases 34 3.2 Ebola and Marburg Viruses 35 3.2.1 Symptoms 36 3.2.2 Diagnosis 37 3.2.3 Prevention and Treatment 37 3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Disease (HIV) 38 3.3.1 HIV Symptoms 39 3.3.1.1 Stage 1: Acute Infection 39 3.3.1.2 Stage 2: Chronic HIV Infection (Latent Phase) 39 3.3.1.3 Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 39 3.3.2 Diagnosis 40 3.3.3 HIV Prevention and Treatment 40 3.4 Influenza 41 3.4.1 Influenza Symptoms 41 3.4.2 Influenza Diagnosis 42 3.4.3 Influenza Prevention and Treatment 42 3.4.4 Influenza Pandemics 43 3.5 Coronaviruses 44 3.5.1 Symptoms 45 3.5.1.1 Typical Acute Symptoms 45 3.5.1.2 Post-COVID Conditions 46 3.5.1.3 COVID-19 Multiorgan System Effects (MIS) 46 3.5.2 COVID-19 Diagnosis 47 3.5.3 COVID-19 Prevention and treatment 48 3.6 Current and Emerging Viral Threats 48 3.7 Applications 51 3.8 Chapter Summary 52 3.9 Problems 53 References 53 4 Virus Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment 57 4.1 Vaccination Successes and Challenges 58 4.2 Current Vaccine Technology 59 4.2.1 Live-attenuated vaccines 60 4.2.2 Inactivated vaccines 61 4.2.3 Recombinant Subunit Vaccines 61 4.2.4 Viral Vector Vaccines 62 4.2.5 Messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccines 62 4.3 U.S.-Approved Vaccines and Requirements 63 4.3.1 Commercially Available Viral Vaccines 63 4.3.2 Vaccination Requirements 63 4.4 Viral Testing and Diagnosis 64 4.4.1 Viral Testing 65 4.4.2 Antibody Testing 66 4.5 Antiviral Treatment Options 66 4.5.1 HIV 67 4.5.1.1 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) 67 4.5.1.2 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) 67 4.5.1.3 Protease Inhibitors (PIs) 67 4.5.1.4 Fusion Inhibitors (FIs) 67 4.5.1.5 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) 67 4.5.1.6 CCR5 Antagonists 67 4.5.1.7 Attachment Inhibitors 68 4.5.1.8 Post-Attachment Inhibitors 68 4.5.1.9 Pharmacokinetic Enhancers 68 4.5.2 Influenza 68 4.5.3 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 68 4.5.4 Other Treatment Options 69 4.6 Applications 70 4.7 Chapter Summary 71 4.8 Problems 72 References 72 5 Safety Protocols and Personal Protection Equipment 75 Contributing Author: Emma Parente 5.1 Regulations and Oversight of Safety Protocols 76 5.2 Protective and Safety Systems 76 5.2.1 Personal Protective Devices and Practices 76 5.2.2 Antimicrobial Suppression And Eradication 77 5.3 Disinfection Categories and Procedures 78 5.4 Occupational Health and Safety Administration Hazmat Regulations 79 5.4.1 HAZMAT Level A Protection 80 5.4.2 HAZMAT Level B Protection 81 5.4.3 Level C Protection 82 5.4.4 Level D Protection 83 5.5 Bio Level Safety and Security 83 5.6 COVID-Related Safety Precautions 84 5.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment 84 5.6.2 Transmission Control 85 5.7 Applications 85 5.8 Summary 87 5.9 Problems 87 References 88 6 Epidemiology and Virus Transmission 91 6.1 Overview of Epidemiology 92 6.2 Government Agencies’ Contributions to Public Health 94 6.2.1 The Role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 94 6.2.2 The World Health Organization (WHO): Successes and Challenges 95 6.3 Epidemiologic Study Design 96 6.3.1 Outbreak Case Example 98 6.3.2 Clinical Trials 99 6.4 Virus Transmission 100 6.4.1 Modes of Transmission 101 6.5 Applications 102 6.6 Chapter Summary 104 6.7 Problems 105 References 105 Part II Practical and Technical Considerations 109 7 Engineering Principles and Fundamentals 111 Contributing Author: Vishal Bhatty 7.1 History of Engineering 112 7.2 Problem Solving: The Engineering Approach 113 7.2.1 Problem-Solving Methodology 114 7.2.2 Engineering and Scientific Sources 115 7.3 Units and Conversion Constants 115 7.3.1 The Metric System 115 7.3.2 The SI System 117 7.4 Dimensional Analysis 117 7.5 Process Variables 119 7.6 The Conservation Laws 121 7.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 125 7.8 Applications 126 7.9 Chapter Summary 130 7.10 Problems 130 References 131 8 Legal and Regulatory Considerations 133 8.1 The Regulatory System 134 8.1.1 Laws, Regulations, Plans and policy: The Differences 135 8.1.2 Policies and Plans 137 8.2 The Role of Individual States 138 8.3 Key Government Agencies 140 8.3.1 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 140 8.3.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 141 8.3.3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 141 8.3.4 Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) 141 8.3.5 Legal Considerations during a Public Health Crisis 142 8.4 Public Health Emergency Declarations 143 8.5 Key Environmental Acts 145 8.6 The Clean Air Act 145 8.7 Regulation of Toxic Substances 147 8.7.1 Toxic Water Pollutants: Control and Classification 150 8.7.2 Drinking Water 150 8.7.3 Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTR) 151 8.8 Regulations Governing Infectious Diseases 153 8.8.1 Vaccination Laws 155 8.8.2 State Healthcare Worker and Patient Vaccination Laws 155 8.8.3 State-Mandated Childhood Vaccinations 155 8.9 Applications 155 8.10 Chapter Summary 159 8.11 Problems 159 References 160 9 Emergency Planning and Response 163 9.1 The Importance of Emergency Planning and Response 164 9.2 Planning for Emergencies 166 9.2.1 Preparedness Training 166 9.3 Plan Implementation 167 9.3.1 Notification of Public and Regulatory Officials 168 9.4 EP&R for Epidemics and Pandemics 169 9.4.1 Federal Public Health and Medical Emergency Preparedness 170 9.4.2 Emergency Operations Center 170 9.4.3 Disease Containment 172 9.4.4 Public Notification of Pandemic Quarantines and Lockdowns 173 9.4.5 The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza (NSPI) 173 9.5 EP&R for Industrial Accidents 174 9.5.1 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (epcra) 175 9.5.2 The Planning Committee 177 9.6 EP&R for Natural Disasters 179 9.7 Current and Future Trends 181 9.8 Applications 181 9.9 Chapter Summary 184 9.10 Problems 184 References 185 10 Ethical Considerations within Virology 189 Contributing Author: Paul DiGaetano, Jr. 10.1 Core Ethics Principles 190 10.2 Important Tenets of Ethical Research 191 10.2.1 Conducting Research During a Health Crisis 192 10.2.2 Scientific Cooperation During a Health Crisis 192 10.2.3 Fair and Ethical Study Design and Implementation 193 10.3 Ethical Dilemmas in Public Health 193 10.3.1 Public Health Surveillance 193 10.3.2 Ethical Evaluation of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions 195 10.3.3 Ethical Consideration Involving Restrictions of Movement 197 10.4 Ethical Considerations Regarding Medical Interventions 199 10.4.1 Emergency Use Of Medical Interventions 200 10.5 Applications 201 10.6 Chapter Summary 202 10.7 Problems 203 References 203 11 Health and Hazard Risk Assessment 205 11.1 Introduction to Risk Assessment 207 11.2 The Health Risk Assessment Process 209 11.3 Dose–Response Assessment 211 11.4 The Hazard Risk Assessment Process 213 11.5 Hazard Risk Versus Health Risk 214 11.5.1 Health Risk Assessment (HRA) Example 215 11.5.2 Hazard Risk Assessment (HRZA) Example 215 11.6 COVID-19 Pandemic Hazard Risk 216 11.7 The Uncertainty Factor 217 11.8 Applications 218 11.9 Chapter Summary 220 11.10 Problems 220 References 221 Part III Engineering Considerations 223 12 Introduction to Mathematical Methods 225 Contributing Author: Julian Theodore 12.1 Differentiation 226 12.2 Integration 228 12.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 228 12.2.2 Simpson’s Rule 229 12.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations 230 12.3.1 Gauss–Jordan Reduction 231 12.3.2 Gauss Elimination 232 12.3.3 Gauss–Seidel Approach 232 12.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 233 12.5 Ordinary Differential Equations 234 12.6 Partial Differential Equations 237 12.7 Applications 237 12.8 Chapter Summary 240 12.9 Problems 240 References 241 13 Probability and Statistical Principles 243 13.1 Probability Definitions and Interpretations 244 13.2 Introduction to Probability Distributions 246 13.3 Discrete Probability Distributions 247 13.3.1 The Binomial Distribution 248 13.3.2 Multinomial Distribution 248 13.3.3 Hypergeometric Distribution 249 13.3.4 Poisson Distribution 250 13.4 Continuous Probability Distributions 250 13.4.1 Measures of Central Tendency and Scatter 251 13.4.2 The Normal Distribution 252 13.4.3 The Lognormal Distribution 256 13.4.4 The Exponential Distribution 257 13.4.5 The Weibull Distribution 258 13.5 Contemporary Statistics 259 13.5.1 Confidence Intervals for Means 260 13.5.2 Confidence Intervals for Proportions 260 13.5.3 Hypothesis Testing 261 13.5.4 Hypothesis Test for Means and Proportions 261 13.5.5 The F Distribution 262 13.5.6 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 262 13.5.7 Nonparametric Tests 264 13.6 Applications 264 13.7 Chapter Summary 268 13.8 Problems 268 References 269 14 Linear Regression 271 14.1 Rectangular Coordinates 272 14.2 Logarithmic Coordinates 273 14.3 Methods of Plotting Data 275 14.4 Scatter Diagrams 275 14.5 Curve Fitting 278 14.6 Method of Least Squares 280 14.7 Applications 284 14.8 Chapter Summary 287 14.9 Problems 288 References 288 15 Ventilation 289 15.1 Introduction to Industrial Ventilation Systems 290 15.2 Components of Ventilation Systems 291 15.3 Fans, Valves and Fittings, and Ductwork 293 15.3.1 Fans 293 15.3.2 Valves and Fittings 295 15.4 Selecting Ventilation Systems 296 15.5 Key Process Equations 298 15.5.1 Regarding Friction Losses 299 15.6 Ventilation Models 300 15.7 Model Limitations 302 15.8 Infection Control Implications 303 15.9 Applications 305 15.10 Chapter Summary 309 15.11 Problems 310 References 310 16 Pandemic Health Data Modeling 313 16.1 COVID-19: A Rude Awakening 315 16.2 Earlier Work 316 16.3 Planning for Pandemics 318 16.4 Generating Mathematical Models 319 16.5 Pandemic Health Data Models 324 16.6 In Review 329 16.7 Applications 331 16.8 Chapter Summary 338 16.9 Problems 338 References 339 17 Optimization Procedures 341 17.1 The History of Optimization 342 17.2 The Scope of Optimization 344 17.3 Conventional Optimization Procedures 346 17.4 Analytical Fomulation of the Optimum 347 17.5 Contemporary Optimization: Concepts in Linear Programming 350 17.6 Applied Concepts in Linear Programming 351 17.7 Applications 355 17.8 Chapter Summary 357 17.9 Problems 358 References 359 Index 361

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Book SynopsisRemediation of Heavy Metals Meet the challenge of contaminated water with a range of sustainable tools The treatment of water which has been polluted by heavy metals is an increasingly significant environmental challenge in an industrialized global economy. The ongoing revolution in green technologies, however, has seen a range of sustainable methods emerge for treating water, soils, and other parts of the environment polluted by trace metals. By putting these methods into practice, environmental researchers and industrial professionals can improve water quality, and public health globally. Remediation of Heavy Metals offers a clear, accessible reference on these methods and their applications. It offers an overview of the major effects of heavy metal contamination and works through each of the methods or protocols available to remediate soil and minimize pollution at the source. Remediation of Heavy Metals readers will also find: Comparison of different approaches for heavy metal removal Detailed discussion of physical, chemical, and biological remediation methods Case studies demonstrating proper remediation Remediation of Heavy Metals provides key knowledge for environmental scientists, environmental toxicologists, and other researchers or industrial professionals working in heavy metal removal, as well as advanced graduate students in these areas. Rangabhashiyam Selvasembian, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, India Binota Thokchom, PhD, DST-Inspire faculty member at the Centre of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India. Pardeep Singh, PhD, Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. Ali H. Jawad, PhD, Associate Professor in the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia. Willis Gwenzi, PhD, Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bio-economy e.V. (ATB), Potsdam, Germany, and Universität Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv Preface xix 1 Biocatalysis 101 – A Chemist’s Guide to Starting Biocatalysis 1 Pablo Díaz- Kruik, David Lim, and Francesca Paradisi Glossary 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Enzymes – the Green and Sustainable Way of the Future 1 1.1.2 Enzymatic and Organic Catalysis Are Not too Different from Each Other 3 1.1.3 Enzymes 101 4 1.2 When Should I Choose an Enzyme over a Chemical Catalyst? 4 1.3 Key Considerations for Running Biocatalytic Reactions 6 1.3.1 Dispelling Myths 6 1.3.1.1 Enzymes Are Not Safe to Use 7 1.3.1.2 Enzymes Are Not as Readily Available as Chemical Catalysts 7 1.3.1.3 Enzymes Are Seldom Useful Due to Their Limited Substrate Scope 7 1.3.1.4 The Cost of Enzyme Production Is Very High 8 1.3.1.5 Enzymes Are Functionally Unstable Under Organic Conditions 9 1.3.1.6 Sustainability 9 1.3.2 Challenges of Using Enzymes: the Need for Strict Reaction Conditions 9 1.3.2.1 Enzymes from Extremophiles 10 1.3.2.2 Solvents (and Co- solvents) 10 1.3.2.3 Concentration and Ionic Strength of the Buffer 10 1.3.2.4 pH Dependence 11 1.3.2.5 Concentration of Reactants 11 1.3.2.6 Enzyme Concentration 12 1.3.2.7 Enzyme Forms 12 1.3.2.8 Toxicity 13 1.3.3 What Do I Need to Start Biocatalytic Experiments in My Lab? 13 1.3.4 Additional Considerations 14 1.4 Transformations Catalyzed by Enzymes 15 1.4.1 EC – The Enzyme Commission Number 15 1.4.1.1 EC 1 – Oxoreductases 15 1.4.1.2 EC 2 – Transferases 16 1.4.1.3 EC 3 – Hydrolases 16 1.4.1.4 EC 4 – Lyases 17 1.4.1.5 EC 5 – Isomerases 18 1.4.1.6 EC 6 – Ligases 18 1.4.1.7 EC 7 – Translocases 18 1.4.2 Some Applications of Selected Commercially Available Enzymes 19 1.4.2.1 Horseradish Peroxidase 19 1.4.2.2 Lysozyme 19 1.4.2.3 Trypsin 20 1.4.2.4 Candida Lipase B 20 1.4.2.5 Amino Acid Dehydrogenase 20 1.4.2.6 Glycosidases 21 1.4.3 Engineered (Unnatural) Reactions 21 1.5 New Trends and Technologies in Biocatalysis 21 1.5.1 Flow Biocatalysis and New Technologies 21 1.5.1.1 What Is Flow Biocatalysis? 21 1.5.1.2 How Does Flow Biocatalysis Work? 21 1.5.1.3 When Is a Flow Process More Beneficial for a Specific Transformation? 23 1.5.1.4 Should One Implement Every Enzymatic Reaction in Flow? 23 1.5.2 Enzyme Engineering 24 1.5.3 Photobiocatalysis 25 1.6 Flow Chart to Biocatalysis 25 1.7 Case Study: Setting up a Biotransformation 27 1.8 Concluding Remarks 31 Additional Resources 31 References 31 2 Introduction to Photochemistry for the Synthetic Chemist 37 Stefano Protti, Davide Ravelli, and Maurizio Fagnoni Glossary 37 2.1 Introduction 38 2.1.1 Light to Make Your Synthesis Greener 38 2.1.2 A Way to Overcome HOMO/LUMO Interactions 39 2.2 How to Plan a Photochemical Synthesis 45 2.2.1 The Choice of the Solvent 45 2.2.2 Concentration of the Absorbing Species 47 2.2.3 The Reaction Vessel 48 2.2.4 Light Sources 48 2.2.4.1 Low- Pressure Mercury Arcs 49 2.2.4.2 Medium- and High- Pressure Mercury Arcs 50 2.2.4.3 Other Light Sources 50 2.2.5 From Batch to Flow Conditions 52 2.2.6 Preparation of the Sample 54 2.2.7 Safety Equipment 54 2.3 Selected Applications of Photochemical/Photocatalyzed Reactions 55 2.3.1 Reactions Involving the C═C Double Bond 55 2.3.2 Reactions Involving the C═O Double Bond 58 2.3.3 Reactions Involving a Photoinduced Homolysis 60 2.3.4 Reactions Involving Singlet Oxygen 62 2.3.5 Reactions Involving a Photocatalytic Step 62 2.4 Conclusions 67 Acknowledgment 67 References 67 3 How to Confidently Become an Electrosynthetic Practitioner 73 Sylvain Charvet, Taline Kerackian, Camille Z. Rubel, and Julien C. Vantourout Glossary 73 Abbreviations 76 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 General Definition of Organic Electrosynthesis 78 3.3 Why is Organic Electrosynthesis Used? 78 3.4 How is Organic Electrosynthesis Performed? 78 3.5 Where to Start with Electrosynthesis? 79 Selected General Reviews 79 Selected General Guides 79 3.6 Electrasyn 2.0 80 3.6.1 Machine and Consumables 80 3.6.1.1 Opening the IKA ElectraSyn 2.0 Box 80 3.6.1.2 Cell (Vial and Cap) 81 3.6.1.3 Electrodes 82 3.6.2 Interface 83 3.6.2.1 Hardware 83 3.6.2.2 Menus 84 3.6.3 How to Set Up the Cell 84 3.6.4 How to Start an Experiment 85 3.6.5 During the Reaction 88 3.6.6 After the Reaction 89 3.7 Case Study 90 3.7.1 Project Overview 90 3.7.2 Optimization of Parameters 92 3.7.2.1 Designing an Electrochemical Experiment 92 3.7.3 Proof of Concept 94 3.7.3.1 Optimization 94 3.7.3.2 Substrate Scope 102 3.8 Conclusion 103 References 103 4 Flow Chemistry 107 Yosuke Ashikari and Aiichiro Nagaki Glossary 107 4.1 Introduction 109 4.1.1 What is Flow Microchemistry 109 4.1.1.1 Reaction Time Controllability 110 4.1.1.2 Fast Mixing 111 4.1.1.3 Temperature Controllability 112 4.1.2 Reactions Enabled by Flow Microreactors 112 4.1.2.1 Competitive Sequential Reactions 112 4.1.2.2 Reactions Mediated by Unstable Intermediates 114 4.1.2.3 Reactions Occurring at the Surface: Two- Phase Reactions, Electrochemical Reactions, and Photoreactions 117 4.1.3 Further Applicability of Flow Microsynthesis 118 4.1.3.1 Scalability 118 4.1.3.2 Safety Operation 118 4.2 General Information for Flow Microreactors 118 4.2.1 Tools and Equipment for Flow Chemistry 119 4.2.1.1 Micromixer 119 4.2.1.2 Tube Reactor 120 4.2.1.3 Pump 120 4.2.1.4 Pre- Cooling Tubes 121 4.2.1.5 PTFE Tubes 121 4.2.2 How to Perform Experiments 122 4.2.2.1 Selection of Reaction Conditions 122 4.2.2.2 Preparation of Reagent Solution 125 4.2.2.3 Preparation for Reactions 126 4.2.2.4 Preparation for Reaction Evaluation 128 4.2.2.5 Cleaning Up 129 4.3 Case Studies 129 4.3.1 Competitive Sequential Reaction (General Procedure) 129 4.3.1.1 Preparation 130 4.3.1.2 Experiment 132 4.3.1.3 Screening of Reaction Conditions 133 4.3.1.4 Analysis 134 4.3.1.5 Clean Up 136 4.3.2 Reactions Mediated by Short- Lived Intermediates 136 4.3.3 Reaction Integration 139 4.4 Further Expertise 142 4.4.1 Reaction Integration 142 4.4.2 Chemoselective Reactions 143 4.4.3 Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 143 4.5 Summary and Outlook 144 References 144 5 Reaction Optimization Using Design of Experiments 149 Laura Forfar and Paul Murray Glossary 149 5.1 Introduction 151 5.1.1 How Do We Experiment and DoE Terminology 151 5.1.2 OVAT vs. DoE 153 5.1.2.1 A Simple Chemical Example 153 5.1.3 A Note on Error, Accuracy, and Precision 156 5.2 When and How Can DoE Be Used? 157 5.3 What Information Can I Get from a DoE and How Is It Obtained? 158 5.3.1 Which Factors Are Important? 159 5.3.2 How Are the Models Generated? 161 5.4 What Types of Design Are Available? 164 5.4.1 Screening Designs 164 5.4.1.1 Fractional Factorial Designs 165 5.4.1.2 Definitive Screening Designs 166 5.4.2 Designs for Optimizing Reactions 167 5.4.3 Response Surface Designs 167 5.5 The DoE Process 169 5.5.1 Aim and Objective 170 5.5.2 Selecting Factors and Ranges 171 5.5.2.1 Factors 171 5.5.2.2 Ranges 173 5.5.3 Selecting Responses 175 5.5.4 Select a Design to Answer the Objective 176 5.5.5 Carry Out Design and Analyze Samples 177 5.5.6 Check Results 178 5.5.7 Model Data 179 5.5.7.1 General Steps for Developing a Model 180 5.5.7.2 Wittig Reaction 181 5.5.7.3 Complementing the Design 187 5.5.8 Validate Predictions 189 5.6 Combining DoE with Other Screening and Optimization Techniques 191 5.7 Software 192 5.8 “I Tried Experimental Design But It Did Not Work” 193 5.9 Conclusion 194 References 195 6 Introduction to High- Throughput Experimentation (HTE) for the Synthetic Chemist 197 Stephanie Felten, Michael Shevlin, and Marion H. Emmert Glossary 197 6.1 What Is HTE? 199 6.2 Why HTE and What Can It Achieve? 199 6.2.1 Commonly Perceived Barriers to Employing HTE in Synthetic Chemistry 200 6.2.1.1 Cost 200 6.2.1.2 Availability of Dedicated HTE Facilities 200 6.2.1.3 Access to Knowledge and Training 201 6.2.1.4 Perception of HTE as Antithesis of Hypothesis- driven Research 201 6.2.2 Advantages of HTE Workflows vs. Traditional Reaction Setup 203 6.2.2.1 Setup Time per Reaction 203 6.2.2.2 Miniaturization and Efficient Reagent Use 203 6.2.2.3 Multivariable vs. Sequential Optimization 203 6.2.2.4 Visualizing Reactivity Patterns 204 6.2.2.5 Serendipity in Reaction Discovery 204 6.2.2.6 Avoiding Cross- contamination 206 6.3 Practical Considerations and Tools for HTE 206 6.3.1 Outline of a Typical HTE Workflow 207 6.3.2 Types of HTE Designs 209 6.3.2.1 HTE for Reaction Discovery 209 6.3.2.2 HTE for Reaction Optimization 210 6.3.3 HTE Design Software: Tools for Building Arrays 211 6.3.4 HTE Reactors and Consumables 214 6.3.4.1 Reaction Blocks 214 6.3.4.2 HTE Vials 214 6.3.4.3 Reaction Blocks with Sealing Top Plate 215 6.3.4.4 Special Reactors for Photochemistry, Electrochemistry, and High- Pressure Reactions 215 6.3.4.5 Reaction Stirring and Temperature Control 217 6.3.4.6 Consumables 219 6.3.5 Considerations for Experimental Setup 220 6.3.5.1 Reaction Atmosphere 220 6.3.5.2 Reagent Preparation and Dispensing 221 6.3.5.3 Storage of Preplated Reagents 223 6.3.5.4 Pipetting 224 6.3.5.5 Solvent Evaporation 225 6.3.6 Analysis of HTE Screens 226 6.3.6.1 Suitable Instrumentation 226 6.3.6.2 Autosampler Configurations 226 6.3.6.3 Analytical Methods 227 6.3.6.4 Internal Standards and Assay Yields 227 6.3.6.5 Data Visualization and Analysis 228 6.3.7 The Role of Automation and Robotics in HTE 229 6.4 Section Summary and Outlook 232 6.5 Case Study 1: Development of an HTE Platform for Nickel- Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions 233 6.5.1 Motivation 233 6.5.2 Design of Test Reaction and Initial Ligand Screen 233 6.5.3 Second Round of Ligand/Base/Solvent Screens 235 6.5.4 Final Platform Design 237 6.5.5 Validation of Platform Design 237 6.6 Case Study 2: HTE Enabled Reaction Discovery and Optimization of Silyl- Triflate- Mediated C–H Aminoalkylation of Azoles 240 6.6.1 Motivation 240 6.6.2 Reaction Discovery Plate Design 240 6.6.3 Ligand Screen 243 6.6.4 Parallel Optimization of Three Reagents 244 6.6.5 Base Screen 244 6.7 Current Challenges and the Future of HTE 247 6.7.1 Summary and Conclusions 247 6.7.2 Remaining Challenges: The Next Frontiers 248 6.7.2.1 Biphasic Reaction Mixtures 248 6.7.2.2 Flow Chemistry and HTE 248 6.7.2.3 Reaction Profiling 249 6.7.2.4 Building Machine Learning Models to Predict Reactivity 249 6.7.2.5 Addressing Future Challenges 250 Acknowledgments 250 Further Recommended Reading 250 References 250 7 Concepts and Practical Aspects of Computational Chemistry 259 Martin Breugst Glossary 259 7.1 Introduction 261 7.2 Hardware and Software Requirements for Computational Investigations 264 7.3 Typical Methods in Computational Organic Chemistry 265 7.3.1 General Aspects 265 7.3.2 Molecular Mechanics and Force Fields 266 7.3.3 Wave- Function Methods I – Hartree–Fock Theory 267 7.3.4 Wave- Function Methods II – Post- Hartree–Fock Theory 267 7.3.5 Semiempirical Methods 269 7.3.6 Density Functional Theory 269 7.3.7 Dispersion- Corrected Density Functional Theory 271 7.3.8 Typical Computational Times 272 7.4 Basis Sets Used in Computational Organic Chemistry 273 7.4.1 General Aspects of Basis Sets 273 7.4.2 Introduction to the Mathematical Formalism in Basis Sets 274 7.4.3 Polarization and Diffuse Functions 275 7.4.4 Basis Set Families 276 7.4.5 Effective Core Potentials (Pseudopotentials) 278 7.4.6 The Basis Set Superposition Error (BSSE) 279 7.5 Typical Computational Tasks in Organic Chemistry 279 7.5.1 Preliminary Remarks 279 7.5.2 Single- Point Calculations 281 7.5.3 Geometry Optimizations 281 7.5.4 Frequency Calculations 282 7.5.5 Intrinsic Reaction Coordinate (IRC) Calculations 284 7.5.6 Conformational Analysis 285 7.6 Notation of the Model Chemistry 286 7.7 The Diels–Alder Reaction as a Tutorial Case Study 286 7.7.1 General Aspects and Requirements 286 7.7.2 Preparing Input Files 288 7.7.3 Conformational Sampling – Generation of Initial Geometries 290 7.7.4 Geometry Optimizations of Starting Materials and Products 291 7.7.5 Locating the Transition States 294 7.7.6 Verifying the Nature of the Transition State 298 7.8 More Advanced Aspects 300 7.8.1 General Comments 300 7.8.2 Influence of Solvation 300 7.8.3 Integration Grid 302 7.8.4 Standard States 302 7.8.5 Treating Unpaired Electrons 303 7.9 Important and Frequently Used Keywords 304 7.10 Practical Considerations 304 7.11 Conclusions 306 References 306 8 NMR Prediction with Computational Chemistry 313 Amy T. Merrill, Wentao Guo, and Dean J. Tantillo Glossary 313 8.1 Introduction 314 8.2 Quantum- Chemistry- Based Computational NMR 315 8.2.1 Methods 315 8.2.1.1 Time/Resources for Calculations 316 8.2.1.2 Structural Considerations in Modeling 317 8.2.1.3 Geometry Optimizations 323 8.2.1.4 Calculating Isotropic Shielding Constants 324 8.2.1.5 Common Pitfalls and How to Address Them 328 8.2.1.6 Converting to Chemical Shifts 329 8.2.1.7 Calculating Coupling Constants 330 8.2.2 Confidence Analysis 330 8.2.3 Computer- Aided Automated Approaches 332 8.2.3.1 Case 332 8.2.4 A Case Study 336 8.2.5 Practicing 1 H and 13 C Chemical Shift Prediction 338 8.3 Summary and Outlook 339 Key References 339 References 340 9 Introduction to Programming for the Organic Chemist 347 Jason M. Stevens 9.1 Introduction 347 9.2 Better Visualizations: Communicating Structure–Data Relationships 351 9.3 Text Extraction: Automating Density Functional Theory Calculations 354 9.4 Statistical Analysis: Deriving Insight from Historical Data 357 9.5 Machine Learning: A Predictive Model for Deoxyfluorination 359 9.6 Working with Public Datasets: Identifying Reactivity Cliffs 364 9.7 Running Simulations: Process Greenness 367 9.8 Application Development: Process Mass Intensity Predictor 371 9.9 Machine Learning for Reaction Optimization 374 9.10 Executing Robotic Tasks 378 9.11 Autonomous Reaction Optimization 381 9.12 Conclusion 384 References 385 10 Machine Learning for the Optimization of Chemical Reaction Conditions 393 A. Filipa de Almeida and Tiago Rodrigues Glossary 393 10.1 Introduction 394 10.2 Prior Art and Alternative Methods for Rational Reaction Optimization 396 10.3 Reaction Optimization Using LabMate.ML 400 10.3.1 Step One: Accessing the LabMate.ML Code and Installation 401 10.3.2 Step Two: Initializing the Optimization Routine in LabMate.ML 402 10.3.3 Step Three: Iterative Optimization Routine 404 10.3.4 Examples 406 10.4 Primer on Evaluation Guidelines 408 10.4.1 Code and Dataset Availability 408 10.4.2 Retrospective Evaluation 409 10.4.3 Baselines and Comparing Tools 410 10.4.4 Prospective Evaluation 412 10.5 Outlook 414 References 416 11 Computer- Assisted Synthesis Planning 423 Zhengkai Tu, Itai Levin, and Connor W. Coley Glossary 423 11.1 Introduction to Computer- Aided Synthesis Planning 424 11.1.1 Defining the Tasks and Use Cases 424 11.1.2 Historical Approaches to Computer- Aided Synthesis Planning 425 11.1.3 The Inflection Point of CASP Methods 425 11.1.4 Preliminaries on Molecular Representation and Cheminformatics 426 11.1.5 Outline of the Rest of the Chapter 428 11.2 Approaches and Algorithms for Retrosynthesis 428 11.2.1 Data- driven v. Expert- Driven Programs 428 11.2.2 Template- Based Approaches 429 11.2.3 Template- free Approaches with Graphs and Sequences 431 11.2.4 Multistep Planning Algorithms 433 11.3 Approaches and Algorithms for Condition Recommendation and Forward Synthesis 436 11.3.1 Condition Recommendation Approaches 436 11.3.2 Forward Synthesis Approaches 437 11.4 Select Examples of Software Tools for CASP 439 11.4.1 Open- Source Tools 439 11.4.1.1 Askcos 439 11.4.1.2 AiZynthFinder 440 11.4.1.3 Retro* 442 11.4.2 Closed- Source Tools 443 11.4.3 CASP Tools for Enzymatic Catalysis 446 11.4.4 Practical Considerations for CASP Programs 446 11.4.4.1 Traceability to Literature Precedent 447 11.4.4.2 How to Use CASP: Command Line Versus Graphical User Interface 447 11.4.4.3 Data Privacy 448 11.4.4.4 Customization Ability 448 11.5 Case Studies 448 11.5.1 Segler et al.’s Data- driven Program and A/B Testing Success 449 11.5.2 MIT’s ASKCOS Program and Robotic Synthesis Demonstration 449 11.5.3 Grzybowski’s Chematica/Synthia Program’s Experimental Validations and Acquisition 450 11.6 Conclusion 451 Key References 453 References 453 Index 461

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Book SynopsisMaterials Engineering and Science Understand the relationship between processing and material properties with this streamlined introduction Materials engineering focuses on the complex and crucial relationship between the physical properties of materials and the chemical bonds that comprise them. Specifically, this field of study seeks to understand how materials can be designed to meet specific design and performance criteria. This materials paradigm' has, in recent years, become integral to numerous cutting-edge areas of technological development. Materials Engineering and Science seeks to introduce this vital and fast-growing subject to a new generation of scientists and engineers. It integrates core thermodynamic, kinetic, and transport principles into its analysis of the structural, mechanical, and physical properties of materials, creating a streamlined and intuitive approach that fosters understanding. Now fully revised to reflect the latest research and educational paradigms, this is an essential resource. Readers of the second edition will also find: Detailed discussion of all major classes of materials, including polymers, composites, and biologicsNew and expanded treatment of nanomaterials, additive manufacturing (3D printing), and molecular simulationWeb-based and physical supplementary materials including an instructor guide, solutions manual, and sample lecture slides Materials Engineering and Science is ideal for all advanced undergraduate and early graduate students in engineering, materials science, and related subjects.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 The Structure of Materials 1 1.0 Introduction and Objectives 1 1.1 Structure of Metals and Alloys 25 1.2 Structure of Ceramics and Glasses 54 1.3 Structure of Polymers 66 1.4 Structure of Composites 90 1.5 Structure of Biologics 102 References 116 Problems 118 2 Thermodynamics of Condensed Phases 125 2.0 Introduction and Objectives 125 2.1 Thermodynamics of Metals and Alloys 129 2.2 Thermodynamics of Ceramics and Glasses 153 2.3 Thermodynamics of Polymers 173 2.4 Thermodynamics of Composites 178 2.5 Thermodynamics of Biologics 181 References 187 Problems 188 3 Kinetic Processes in Materials 193 3.0 Introduction and Objectives 193 3.1 Kinetic Processes in Metals and Alloys 196 3.2 Kinetic Processes in Ceramics and Glasses ∗ 210 3.3 Kinetic Processes in Polymers 223 3.4 Kinetic Processes in Composites ∗ 242 3.5 Kinetic Processes in Biologics ∗ 249 References 252 Problems 253 4 Transport Properties of Materials 257 4.0 Introduction and Objectives 257 4.1 Momentum Transport Properties of Materials ∗ 259 4.2 Heat Transport Properties of Materials 285 4.3 Mass Transport Properties of Materials ∗ 311 References 340 Problems 341 5 Mechanics of Materials 345 5.0 Introduction and Objectives 345 5.1 Mechanics of Metals and Alloys 346 5.2 Mechanics of Ceramics and Glasses 381 5.3 Mechanics of Polymers 404 5.4 Mechanics of Composites 424 5.5 Mechanics of Biologics 440 References 455 Problems 458 6 Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Materials 463 6.0 Electrical Properties of Materials 464 6.1 Magnetic Properties of Materials 522 6.2 Optical Properties of Materials 554 References 579 Problems 581 7 Processing of Materials 585 7.0 Introduction and Objectives 585 7.1 Processing of Metals and Alloys 589 7.2 Processing of Ceramics and Glasses 603 7.3 Processing of Polymers 623 7.4 Processing of Composites 656 7.5 Processing of Biologics 663 References 668 Problems 669 Appendix 1: Structure of Some Common Polymers 671 Appendix 2: Composition of Common Alloys 675 Appendix 3: Surface and Interfacial Energies 685 Appendix 4: Thermal Conductivities of Selected Materials 689 Appendix 5: Diffusivities in Selected Systems 697 Appendix 6: Mechanical Properties of Selected Materials 699 Appendix 7: Electrical Conductivity of Selected Materials 707 Appendix 8: Refractive Index of Selected Materials 713 Index 717

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsTable of Contents v List of Figures xi List of Tables xiii List of Example Incidents xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Glossary xxi Acknowledgments xxxi Preface xxxv Dedication xxxvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Book 1 1.2 What Are Abnormal Situations? 2 1.3 The Business Case for Managing Abnormal Situations 4 1.4 Content and Organization of the Book 5 2 Process Safety and Management of Abnormal Situations 9 2.1 Impact on Process Safety 9 2.2 The Case for Positive Management of Abnormal Situations 11 2.3 Adverse Outcomes of Abnormal Situations 13 2.4 Importance of Training for Abnormal Situations 22 2.5 Safety Culture and the Management of Abnormal Situations 23 3 Abnormal Situations and Key Relevance to Process Plant Operations 27 3.1 Focus Areas for Abnormal Situation Management 27 3.1.1 ASM Research Areas 27 3.1.2 Additional Focus Areas 30 3.2 Abnormal Situations Affecting Process Plant Operations 32 3.2.1 Process Control Systems –the First Line of Defense 40 3.2.2 Frontline Operators 44 3.3 Management of Abnormal Situations and Links to Risk Based Process Safety 48 3.3.1 Commitment to Process Safety 50 3.3.2 Understand Hazards and Risk 50 3.3.3 Manage Risk 50 3.3.4 Learn from Experience 51 3.3.5 Additional RBPS Elements Related to Management of Abnormal Situations 52 3.4 Procedures and Operating Modes for Managing Abnormal Situations 53 3.4.1 General Principles for Procedure Development 53 3.4.2 Operating Modes 58 3.4.3 Types of Material Being Processed 78 4 Education for Managing Abnormal Situations 85 4.1 Educating the Trainer 85 4.2 Primary Target Populations for Training 86 4.2.1 Front-line Operators 87 4.2.2 Operations Management 89 4.2.3 Plant Engineers/Technicians 90 4.2.4 Process Safety Engineers 91 4.2.5 Design Engineers 91 4.2.6 Environmental Health, Safety and Security (EHSS) Personnel 100 4.2.7 Technical Experts 100 4.2.8 Other Parties 102 4.3 Guidance for Organizing and Structuring Training 102 4.3.1 Organization of Training 102 4.3.2 Structure of Training Topics 103 4.3.3 Skills and Competencies of Trainers 106 4.4 Summary 106 5 Tools and Methods for Managing Abnormal Situations 107 5.1 Tools and Methods for Control of Abnormal Situations 108 5.2 Predictive Hazard Identification 112 5.2.1 Hazard Recognition for Abnormal Situations 113 5.2.2 HIRA Approach to Hazard Prediction 113 5.3 Process Control Systems 115 5.3.1 Process Trend Monitoring 117 5.3.2 Alarm Management 119 5.3.3 Big Data 122 5.3.4 Advanced Diagnostics and Artificial Intelligence 123 5.4 Policies and Administrative Procedures 124 5.4.1 Expectations of Policies and Administrative Procedures 126 5.4.2 The Relationship of Policies to Abnormal Situation Management 126 5.4.3 Process Metrics 129 5.5 Operating Procedures 130 5.5.1 Standard Operating Procedures 131 5.5.2 Emergency Procedures 132 5.5.3 Transient Operation Procedures 133 5.5.4 Preparing Written Procedures 134 5.6 Training and Drills 135 5.7 Ergonomics and Other Human Factors 139 5.7.1 HMI (Human Machine Interface) System 140 5.7.2 Control Room Ergonomics/ Human Factor Assessment 142 5.7.3 Crew Resource Management 143 5.8 Learning from Abnormal Situation Incidents 147 5.9 Change Management 149 5.9.1 Management of Change Guideline Tools 150 5.9.2 Management of Organizational Change 153 5.9.3 Pre-Startup Safety Review 154 6 Continuous Improvement for Managing Abnormal Situations 155 6.1 General 155 6.2 Landscape of Available Metrics for Improvement 156 6.3 Abnormal Situations and Incident Investigations 158 6.4 Auditing 159 6.5 Management Review and Continuous Improvement 162 6.6 Summary 163 7 Case Studies/lessons Learned 165 7.1 Case Study 7.1 – Air France, 2009 166 7.1.1 Background 166 7.1.2 Incident Overview – Air France AF 447 169 7.1.3 Speed Measurement on A330 Aircraft 169 7.1.4 A330 Flight Control Systems 171 7.1.5 Airbus Pitot Tube History 173 7.1.6 The Incident - Air France AF 447 173 7.1.7 Lessons Learned Relevant to Abnormal Situation Management 178 7.1.8 Epilogue 182 7.2 Case Study 7.2 – Texaco Refinery, Milford Haven, Wales, July 1994 184 7.2.1 Background 184 7.2.2 Incident Overview – Texaco Milford Haven 185 7.2.3 Outline Process Description of Milford Haven Refinery 186 7.2.4 Controls and Instrumentation 188 7.2.5 Some Relevant History at the Refinery 189 7.2.6 The Incident 190 7.2.7 Immediate Cause 193 7.2.8 Lessons Learned Relevant to Abnormal Situation Management 193 7.2.9 Epilogue 198 7.3 Case Study 7.3 – The Hickson And Welch Fire, 1992, Castleford, UK 199 7.3.1 Background 199 7.3.2 Incident Overview – Hickson and Welch fire 200 7.3.3 Outline Process Description of Meissner Plant 201 7.3.4 History of Meissner Plant Prior to Incident 203 7.3.5 The Incident 205 7.3.6 Immediate Causes 206 7.3.7 Lessons Learned Relevant to Abnormal Situation Management 207 7.3.8 Epilogue 210 Appendix A Managing Abnormal Situations – Training Materials 211 Appendix B ASM Joint Research and Development Consortium: Background 213 References 215 Index 225

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Book SynopsisBIOMASS-BASED SUPERCAPACITORS Authoritative resource addressing the fundamentals, design, manufacturing, and industrial applications of supercapacitors based on biomass Biomass-Based Supercapacitors presents a systematic overview and recent developments in the research, design, and fabrication of supercapacitors using biomass, discussing fundamentals, advancements, industrial applications, and the manufacturing process of biomass-derived supercapacitors. The text also considers environmental and economic aspects of the technology, along with biomass-based supercapacitors in the context of circular economy. Written by a team of international experts in the field of supercapacitors, Biomass-Based Supercapacitors covers sample topics such as: Basic foundational knowledge surrounding supercapacitors, electrochemical techniques for supercapacitors, and different types of supercapacitors Biomass derived electrode materials for supercapaciTable of ContentsAbout the Editors ix Preface xi List of Contributors xiii Part 1 Biomass 1 1 Introduction to Biomass 3Md. Almujaddade Alfasane, Ashika Akhtar, Nasrin Siraj Lopa, and Md. Mahbubur Rahman 2 Environmental Aspects of Biomass Utilization in Supercapacitors 23Runa Akter, Jaber Bin Abdul Bari, Saidur R. Chowdhury, Muhammad Muhitur Rahman, and Syed Masiur Rahman 3 Biomass Utilization in Supercapacitors for the Circular Economy 41Runa Akter, Md. Raquibul Hassan Bhuiyan, Saidur R. Chowdhury, Muhammad Muhitur Rahman, and Syed Masiur Rahman Part 2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors 61 4 Introduction to Supercapacitors 63Syed Shaheen Shah, Mohammad Rezaul Karim, Md. Abdul Wahab, Muhammad Ali Ehsan, and Md. Abdul Aziz 5 Electrochemical Techniques for Supercapacitors 81Syed Shaheen Shah, Md Abdul Aziz, and Munetaka Oyama 6 Types of Supercapacitors 93Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, Wael Mahfoz, and Md. Akhtaruzzaman Part 3 Biomass Derived Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors 105 7 Non-activated Carbon for Supercapacitor Electrodes 107Md. Akib Hasan, Mohammad Anikur Rahman, and Md. Mominul Islam 8 Carbon from Pre-Treated Biomass 121Syeda Ramsha Ali, Mian Muhammad Faisal, and K.C. Sanal 9 Carbonate Salts-activated Carbon 143Syed Shaheen Shah , Md. Abdul Aziz , Laiq Zada, Haroon Ur Rahman, Falak Niaz, and Khizar Hayat 10 KOH/NaOH-activated Carbon 161Nasrin Siraj Lopa, Biswa Nath Bhadra, Nazmul Abedin Khan, Serge Zhuiykov, and Md. Mahbubur Rahman 11 Chloride Salt-activated Carbon for Supercapacitors 179Eman Gul, Syed Adil Shah, and Syed Niaz Ali Shah 12 CO2-activated Carbon 201Salman Farsi, Thuhin Kumar Dey, Mushfiqur Rahman, and Mamun Jamal 13 Steam-activated Carbon for Supercapacitors 213Madhusudan Roy and Hasi Rani Barai 14 Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon for Supercapacitors 237Himadri Tanaya Das, Swapnamoy Dutta, Muhammad Usman, T. Elango Balaji, and Nigamananda Das 15 Carbon Nanofibers 249Nasrin Sultana, Ahtisham Anjum, S. M. Abu Nayem, Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Hasan Zahir , A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz 16 Biomass-Derived Graphene-Based Supercapacitors 269Nafeesa Sarfraz, Ibrahim Khan, and Abdulmajeed H. Hendi 17 Biomass-derived N-doped Carbon for Electrochemical Supercapacitors 289Syed Niaz Ali Shah, Eman Gul, Narayan Chandra Deb Nath, and Guodong Du 18 Biomass Based S-doped Carbon for Supercapacitor Application 315S. M. Abu Nayem, Santa Islam, Syed Shaheen Shah, Nasrin Sultana, Wael Mahfoz, A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz 19 Biomass-derived Carbon and Metal Oxides Composites for Supercapacitors 329Muhammad Ammar, Himadri Tanaya Das, Awais Ali, Sami Ullah, Abuzar Khan, Abbas Saeed Hakeem, Naseem Iqbal, Muhammad Humayun, Muhammad Zahir Iqbal, and Muhammad Usman 20 Composites of Biomass-derived Materials and Conducting Polymers 347Wael Mahfoz, Abubakar Dahiru Shuaibu, Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, and Abdul-Rahman Al-Betar 21 Composite of Biomass-derived Material and Conductive Material Excluding Conducting Polymer Material 367Nasrin Sultana, Ahmar Ali, S. M. Abu Nayem, Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Hasan Zahir, A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz Part 4 Binding Materials, Electrolytes, Separators, and Packaging Materials from Biomass for Supercapacitors 383 22 Biomass-based Electrolytes for Supercapacitor Applications 385S. M. Abu Nayem, Santa Islam, Syed Shaheen Shah, Nasrin Sultana, M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh, Md. Abdul Aziz, and A. J. Saleh Ahammad 23 Biomass-based Separators for Supercapacitor Applications 403S. M. Abu Nayem, Santa Islam, Syed Shaheen Shah, Abdul Awal, Nasrin Sultana, A. J. Saleh Ahammad, and Md. Abdul Aziz 24 Binding Agents and Packaging Materials of Supercapacitors from Biomass 417Md. Mehedi Hasan and Md. Rajibul Akanda Part 5 Biomass-Based Supercapacitors: Future Outlooks and Challenges 435 25 Biomass-based Supercapacitors: Lab to Industry 437Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Usman, Abbas Saeed Hakeem, Shahid Ali, and Atif Saeed Alzahrani 26 Future Directions and Challenges in Biomass-Based Supercapacitors 461Syed Shaheen Shah, Md. Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Usman, Sikandar Khan, Farrukh Shehzad, Syed Niaz Ali Shah, and Sami Ullah Index 485

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Book SynopsisASPEN PLUS Comprehensive resource covering Aspen Plus V12.1 and demonstrating how to implement the program in versatile chemical process industries Aspen Plus: Chemical Engineering Applications facilitates the process of learning and later mastering Aspen Plus, the market-leading chemical process modeling software, with step-by-step examples and succinct explanations. The text enables readers to identify solutions to various process engineering problems via screenshots of the Aspen Plus platforms in parallel with the related text. To aid in information retention, the text includes end-of-chapter problems and term project problems, online exam and quiz problems for instructors that are parametrized (i.e., adjustable) so that each student will have a standalone version, and extra online material for students, such as Aspen Plus-related files, that are used in the working tutorials throughout the entire tTable of ContentsCh1. Introducing Aspen Plus 1.1 What does ASPEN stand for? 1.2 What is Aspen Plus Process Simulation Model? 1.3 Launching Aspen Plus V12.0 1.4 Beginning a Simulation 1.5 Entering Components 1.6 Specifying the Property Method 1.7 Improvement of the Property Method Accuracy 1.8 File Saving 1.9 Exercise 1.1 1.10 Good Flowsheeting Practice 1.11 Aspen Plus Built-in Help 1.12 For More Information 1.13 Home/Class Work 1.1 (Pxy) 1.14 Home/Class Work 1.2 (Gmix) 1.15 Home/Class Work 1.3 (Likes Dissolve Likes) as Envisaged by NRTL Property Method 1.16 Home/Class Work 1.4 (The Mixing Rule) Ch2. More on Aspen Plus Flowsheet Features (1) 2.1 Problem Description 2.2 Entering and Naming Compounds 2.3 Binary Interactions 2.4 The “Simulation” Environment: Activation Dashboard 2.5 Placing a Block and Material Stream from Model Palette 2.6 Block and Stream Manipulation 2.7 Data Input, Project Title, & Report Options 2.8 Running the Simulation 2.9 The Difference among Recommended Property Methods 2.10 NIST/TDE Experimental Data 2.11 Home-/Class-Work 2.1 (Water-Alcohol System) 2.12 Home-/Class-Work 2.2 (Water-Acetone-EIPK System with NIST/DTE Data) 2.13 Home-/Class-Work 2.3 (Water-Acetone-EIPK System without NIST/DTE Data) Ch3. More on Aspen Plus Flowsheet Features (2) 3.1 Problem Description: Continuation to Chapter Two Problem 3.2 The Clean Parameters Step 3.3 Simulation Results Convergence 3.4 Adding Stream Table 3.5 Property Sets 3.6 Adding Stream Conditions 3.7 Printing from Aspen Plus 3.8 Viewing the Input Summary 3.9 Report Generation 3.10 Stream Properties 3.11 Adding a Flash Separation Unit 3.12 The Required Input for “Flash3”-Type Separator 3.13 Running the Simulation and Checking the Results 3.14 Home-/Class-Work 3.1 (Output of Input Data & Results) 3.15 Home-/Class-Work 3.2 (Output of Input Data & Results) 3.16 Home-/Class-Work 3.3 (Output of Input Data & Results) 3.17 Home-/Class-Work 3.4 (The Partition Coefficient of a Solute) Ch4. Flash Separation & Distillation Columns 4.1 Problem Description 4.2 Adding a Second Mixer and Flash 4.3 Design Specifications Study 4.4 Exercise 4.1 (Design Spec) 4.5 Aspen Plus Distillation Column Options 4.6 “DSTWU” Distillation Column 4.7 “Distl” Distillation column 4.8 “RadFrac” Distillation Column 4.9 Home/Class Work 4.1 (Water-Alcohol System) 4.10 Home/Class Work 4.2 (Water-Acetone-EIPK System with NIST/DTE Data) 4.11 Home/Class Work 4.2 (Water-Acetone-EIPK System without NIST/DTE Data) 4.12 Home/Class Work 4.4 (Scrubber) Ch5. Liquid-Liquid Extraction Process 5.1 Problem Description 5.2 The Proper Selection for Property Method for Extraction Processes 5.3 Defining New Property Sets 5.4 Property Method Validation versus Experimental Data Using Sensitivity Analysis 5.5 A Multi-Stage Extraction Column 5.6 The Triangle Diagram 5.7 References 5.8 Home/Class Work 5.1 (Separation of MEK from Octanol) 5.9 Home/Class Work 5.2 (Separation of MEK from Water Using Octane) 5.10 Home/Class Work 5.3 (Separation of Acetic Acid from Water Using Iso-Propyl Butyl Ether) 5.11 Home/Class Work 5.4 (Separation of Acetone from Water Using Tri-Chloro-Ethane) 5.12 Home/Class Work 5.5 (Separation of Propionic Acid from Water Using MEK) Ch6. Reactors with Simple Reaction Kinetic Forms 6.1 Problem Description 6.2 Defining Reaction Rate Constant to Aspen Plus Environment 6.3 Entering Components and Method of Property 6.4 The Rigorous Plug Flow Reactor (RPLUG) 6.5 Reactor and Reaction Specifications for RPLUG (PFR) 6.6 Running the Simulation (PFR Only) 6.7 Exercise 6.1 6.8 Compressor (CMPRSSR) and RadFrac Rectifying Column (RECTIF) 6.9 Running the Simulation (PFR + CMPRSSR + RECTIF) 6.10 Exercise 6.2 6.11 RadFrac Distillation Column (DSTL) 6.12 Running the Simulation (PFR + CMPRSSR + RECTIF+DSTL) 6.13 Reactor and Reaction Specifications for RCSTR 6.14 Running the Simulation (PFR + CMPRSSR + RECTIF+DSTL+RCSTR) 6.15 Exercise 6.3 6.16 Sensitivity Analysis: The Reactor’s Optimum Operating Conditions 6.17 References 6.18 Home/Class Work 6.1 (Hydrogen Peroxide Shelf-Life) 6.19 Home/Class Work 6.2 (Esterification Process) 6.20 Home/Class Work 6.3 (Liquid-Phase Isomerization of n-Butane) Ch7. Reactors with Complex (Non-Conventional) Reaction Kinetic Forms 7.1 Problem Description 7.2 Non-Conventional Kinetics: LHHW Type Reaction 7.3 General Expressions for Specifying LHHW Type Reaction in Aspen Plus 7.3.1 The “Driving Force” for the Non-Reversible (Irreversible) Case 7.3.2 The “Driving Force” for the Reversible Case 7.3.3 The “Adsorption Expression” 7.4 The Property Method: “SRK” 7.5 RPLUG Flowsheet for Methanol Production 7.6 Entering Input Parameters 7.7 Defining Methanol Production Reactions as LHHW Type 7.8 Sensitivity Analysis: Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Selectivity 7.9 References 7.10 Home/Class Work 7.1 (Gas-Phase Oxidation of Chloroform) 7.11 Home/Class Work 7.2 (Formation of Styrene from Ethyl-Benzene) 7.12 Home/Class Work 7.3 (Combustion of Methane over Steam-Aged Pt-Pd Catalyst) Ch8. Pressure Drop, Friction Factor, NPSHA, and Cavitation 8.1 Problem Description 8.2 The Property Method: “STEAMNBS” 8.3 A Water Pumping Flowsheet 8.4 Entering Pipe, Pump, & Fittings Specifications 8.5 Results: Frictional Pressure Drop, the Pump Work, Valve Choking, and ANPSH versus RNPSH 8.6 Exercise 8.1 8.7 Model Analysis Tools: Sensitivity for the Onset of Cavitation or Valve Choking Condition 8.8 References 8.9 Home/Class Work 8.1 (Pentane Transport) 8.10 Home/Class Work 8.2 (Glycerol Transport) 8.11 Home/Class Work 8.3 (Air Compression) Ch9. The Optimization Tool 9.1 Problem Description: Defining the Objective Function 9.2 The Property Method: “STEAMNBS” 9.3 A Flowsheet for Water Transport 9.4 Entering Stream, Pump, and Pipe Specifications 9.5 Model Analysis Tools: The Optimization Tool 9.6 Model Analysis Tools: The Sensitivity Tool 9.7 Last Comments 9.8 References 9.9 Home/Class Work 9.1 (Swamee-Jain Equation) 9.10 Home/Class Work 9.2 (A Simplified Pipe Diameter Optimization) 9.11 Home/Class Work 9.3 (The Optimum Diameter for a Viscous Flow) 9.12 Home/Class Work 9.4 (The Selectivity of Parallel Reactions) Ch10. Heat Exchanger (H.E.) Design 10.1 Problem Description 10.2 Types of Heat Exchanger Models in Aspen Plus 10.3 The Simple Heat Exchanger Model (“Heater”) 10.4 The Rigorous Heat Exchanger Model (“HeatX”) 10.5 The Rigorous Exchanger Design and Rating (EDR) Procedure 10.5.1 The EDR Exchanger Feasibility Panel 10.5.2 The Rigorous Mode within the “HeatX” Block 10.6 General Footnotes on EDR Exchanger 10.7 References 10.8 Home/Class Work 10.1 (Heat Exchanger with Phase Change) 10.9 Home/Class Work 10.2 (High Heat Duty Heat Exchanger) 10.10 Home/Class Work 10.3 (Design Spec Heat Exchanger) Ch11. Electrolytes 11.1 Problem Description: Water De-Souring 11.2 What is an Electrolyte? 11.3 The Property Method for Electrolytes 11.4 The Electrolyte Wizard 11.5 Water De-Souring Process Flowsheet 11.6 Entering the Specifications of Feed Streams and the Stripper 11.7 Appendix: Development of “ELECNRTL” Model 11.8 References 11.9 Home/Class Work 11.1 (An Acidic Sludge Neutralization) 11.10 Home/Class Work 11.2 (CO2 Removal from Natural Gas) 11.11 Home/Class Work 11.3 (pH of Aqueous Solutions of Salts) Ch12. Polymerization Processes 12.1 The Theoretical Background 12.1.1 Polymerization Reactions 12.1.2 Catalyst Types 12.1.3 Ethylene Process Types 12.1.4 Reaction Kinetic Scheme 12.1.5 Reaction Steps 12.1.6 Catalyst States 12.2 High-Density Poly-Ethylene (HDPE) High Temperature Solution Process 12.2.1 Problem Definition 12.2.2 Process Conditions 12.3 Creating Aspen Plus Flowsheet for HDPE 12.4 Improving Convergence 12.5 Presenting the Property Distribution of Polymer 12.6 Home/Class Work 12.1 (Maximizing the Degree of HDPE Polymerization) 12.7 Home/Class Work 12.2 (Styrene Acrylo-Nitrile (SAN) Polymerization) 12.8 References 12.9 Appendix A: The Main Features & Assumptions of Aspen Plus Chain Polymerization Model 12.9.1 Polymerization Mechanism 12.9.2 Co-polymerization Mechanism 12.9.3 Rate Expressions 12.9.4 Rate Constants 12.9.5 Catalyst Pre-Activation 12.9.6 Catalyst Site Activation 12.9.7 Site Activation Reactions 12.9.8 Chain Initiation 12.9.9 Propagation 12.9.10 Chain Transfer to Small Molecules 12.9.11 Chain Transfer to Monomer 12.9.12 Site Deactivation 12.9.13 Site Inhibition 12.9.14 Co-Catalyst Poisoning 12.9.15 Terminal Double Bond Polymerization 12.9.16 Phase Equilibria 12.9.17 Rate Calculations 12.9.18 Calculated Polymer Properties 12.10 Appendix B: The Number Average Molecular Weight (MWN) and Weight Average Molecular Weight (MWW) Ch13. Characterization of Drug-Like Molecules Using Aspen Properties 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Problem Description 13.3 Creating Aspen Plus Pharmaceutical Template 13.3.1 Entering the User-Defined Benzamide (BNZMD-UD) as Conventional 13.3.2 Specifying Properties to Estimate 13.4 Defining Molecular Structure of BNZMD-UD 13.5 Entering Property Data 13.6 Contrasting Aspen Plus Databank (BNZMD-DB) versus BNZMD-UD 13.7 References 13.8 Home/Class Work 13.1 (Vanillin) 13.9 Home/Class Work 13.2 (Ibuprofen) Ch14. Solids Handling 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Problem Description #1: The Crusher 14.3 Creating Aspen Plus Flowsheet 14.3.1 Entering Components Information 14.3.2 Adding the Flowsheet Objects 14.3.3 Defining the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) 14.3.4 Calculation of the Outlet PSD 14.4 Exercise 14.1: (Determine Crusher Outlet PSD from Comminution Power) 14.5 Exercise 14.2: (Specifying Crusher Outlet PSD) 14.6 Problem Description #2: The Fluidized Bed for Alumina Dehydration 14.7 Creating Aspen Plus Flowsheet 14.7.1 Entering Components Information 14.7.2 Adding the Flowsheet Objects 14.7.3 Entering Input Data 14.7.4 Results 14.8 Exercise 14.3: (Re-Converging the Solution for an Input Change) 14.9 References 14.10 Home/Class Work 14.1 (KCl Drying) 14.11 Home/Class Work 14.2 (KCl Crystallization) 14.12 APPENDIX A: Solids Unit Operations 14.12.1 Unit Operation Solids Models 14.12.2 Solids Separators Models 14.12.3 Solids Handling Models 14.13 APPENDIX B: Solids Classification 14.14 APPENDIX C: Predefined Stream Classification 14.15 APPENDIX D: Substream Classes 14.16 APPENDIX E: Particle Size Distribution (PSD) 14.17 APPENDIX F: Fluidized Beds Ch15. Aspen Plus Dynamics 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Problem Description 15.3 Preparing Aspen Plus Simulation for Aspen Plus Dynamics (APD) 15.4 Conversion of Aspen Plus Steady-State into Dynamic Simulation 15.4.1 Modes of Dynamic CSTR Heat Transfer 15.4.2 Creating Pressure-Driven Dynamic Files for APD 15.5 Opening a Dynamic File Using APD 15.6 The “Simulation Messages” Window 15.7 The Running Mode: Initialization 15.8 Adding Temperature Control (TC) Unit 15.9 Snapshots Management for Captured Successful Old Runs 15.10 The Controller Faceplate 15.11 Communication Time for Updating/Presenting Results 15.12 The Closed-Loop Auto-Tune Variation (ATV) Test versus Open-Loop Tune-Up Test 15.13 The Open-Loop (Manual Mode) Tune-Up for Liquid Level Controller 15.14 The Closed-Loop Dynamic Response for Liquid Level Load Disturbance 15.15 The Closed-Loop Dynamic Response for Liquid Level Set-Point Disturbance 15.16 Accounting for Dead/Lag Time in Process Dynamics 15.17 The Closed-Loop (Auto Mode) ATV Test for Temperature Controller (TC) 15.18 The Closed-Loop Dynamic Response: “TC” Response to Temperature Load Disturbance 15.19 Interactions between “LC” and “TC” Control Unit 15.20 The Stability of a Process without Control 15.21 The Cascade Control 15.22 Monitoring of Variables as Functions of Time 15.23 Final Notes on the Virtual (Dry) Process Control in APD 15.24 References 15.25 Home/Class Work 15.1 (A Cascade Control of a Simple Water Heater) 15.26 Home/Class Work 15.2 (A CSTR Control with “LMTD” Heat Transfer Option) 15.27 Home/Class Work 15.3 (A PFR Control for Ethyl-Benzene Production) Ch16. Safety & Energy Aspects of Chemical Processes 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Problem Description 16.3 The “Safety Analysis” Environment 16.4 Adding a Pressure Safety Valve (PSV) 16.5 Adding a Rupture Disk (RD) 16.6 Presentation of Safety-Related Documents 16.7 Preparation of Flowsheet for “Energy Analysis” Environment 16.8 The “Energy Analysis” Activation 16.9 The “Energy Analysis” Environment 16.10 The Aspen Energy Analyzer 16.11 Home/Class Work 16.1 (Adding a Storage Tank Protection) 16.12 Home/Class Work 16.2 (Separation of C2/C3/C4 Hydrocarbon Mixture) Ch17. Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (APEA) 17.1 Optimized Process Flowsheet for Acetic Anhydride Production 17.2 Costing Options in Aspen Plus 17.2.1 Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (APEA) Estimation Template 17.2.2 Feed and Product Stream Prices 17.2.3 Utility Association with a Flowsheet Block 17.3 The First Route for Chemical Process Costing 17.4 The Second Route for Chemical Process Costing 17.4.1 Project Properties 17.4.2 Loading Simulator Data 17.4.3 Mapping and Sizing 17.4.4 Project Evaluation 17.4.5 Fixing Geometrical Design-Related Errors 17.4.6 Executive Summary 17.4.7 Capital Costs Report 17.4.8 Investment Analysis 17.5 Home/Class Work 17.1 (Feed/Product Unit Price Effect on Process Profitability) 17.6 Home/Class Work 17.2 (Using European Economic Template) 17.7 Home/Class Work 17.3 (Process Profitability of Acetone Recovery from Spent Solvent) 17.8 Appendix 17.8.1 Net Present Value (NPV) for a Chemical Process Plant 17.8.2 Discounted Payout (Payback) Period (DPP) 17.8.3 Profitability Index 17.8.4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 17.8.5 Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) Ch18. Term Projects (TP) 18.1 What is Aspen Custom Modeler 18.2 Main Feature of ACM 18.3 Modeling and Simulation of a Simple Constant-Temperature Mixing Tank 18.4 Modeling and Simulation of a non-Isothermal Mixing Tank 18.5 Modeling and Simulation of a Flash Drum 18.6 Modeling and Simulation of Heat Slab 18.7 Modeling and Simulation of an Absorber 18.8 Modeling and Simulation of a Jacketed Reactor 18.9 Modeling and Simulation of a Heat Exchanger 18.10 Merging of ACM models into AP Model Palette Ch19. Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) 19.1 TP #1: Production of Acetone via the Dehydration of Iso-Propanol 19.2 TP #2: Production of Formaldehyde from Methanol (Sensitivity Analysis) 19.3 TP #3: Production of Di-Methyl Ether (Process Economics & Control) 18.3.1 Economic Analysis 18.3.2 Process Dynamics & Control 19.4 TP #4: Production of Acetic Acid via Partial Oxidation of Ethylene Gas 19.5 TP #5: Pyrolysis of Benzene 19.6 TP #6: Re-Use of Spent Solvents 19.7 TP#7: Solids Handling: Production of Potassium Sulfate from Sodium Sulfate 19.8 TP #8: Solids Handling: Production of CaCO3-Based Agglomerate as a General Additive 19.9 TP #9: Solids Handling: Formulation of Di-Ammonium Phosphate and Potassium Nitrate Blend Fertilizer 19.10 TP #10: “Flowsheeting Options” | “Calculator”: Gas De-Souring and Sweetening Process 19.11 TP #11: Using More Than One Property Method and Stream Class: Solid Catalyzed Direct Hydration of Propylene to Iso-Propyl Alcohol (IPA) 19.12 TP #12: Polymerization: Production of Poly-Vinyl Acetate (PVAC) 19.13 TP #13: Polymerization: Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene and Butadiene to Produce SBR 19.14 TP #14: Polymerization: Free Radical Polymerization of Methyl-Methacrylate to Produce Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) 19.15 TP #15: LHHW Kinetics: Production of Cyclo-Hexanone-Oxime (CYCHXOXM) via Cyclo-Hexanone Ammoximation Using Clay-Based Titanium Silicalite (TS) Catalyst

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Book SynopsisCatalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils A comprehensive guide to a cutting-edge and cost-effective refinement process for heavy oil Oil sufficiently viscous that it cannot flow normally from production wells is called heavy oil and constitutes as much as 70% of global oil reserves. Extracting and refining this oil can pose significant challenges, including very high transportation costs. As a result, processes which produce and partially refine heavy oil in situ, known as catalytic upgrading, are an increasingly important part of the heavy oil extraction process, and the reduced carbon footprint associated with these methods promises to make them even more significant in the coming years. Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils provides a comprehensive introduction to these processes. It introduces the properties and characteristics of heavy and extra-heavy oil before discussing different catalysts and catalTable of ContentsList of Contributors xv About the Editors xix Preface xxi 1 Properties of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils 1 Alexis Tirado, Guillermo Félix, Fernando Trejo, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Chengdong Yuan, Danis K. Nurgaliev, Vicente Sámano, and Jorge Ancheyta 2 Advanced Characterization of Heavy Crude Oils and their Fractions 39 3 Applications of Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques of Heavy Crudes 153 Chengdong Yuan, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Mustafa V. Kok, Danis K. Nurgaliev, and Airat H. Gabbasov 4 Fundamentals of In Situ Upgrading 168 Alexey Vakhin, Firdavs Aliev, Galina Kaukova, Ameen A. Al-Muntaser, Muneer A. Suwaid, Chengdong Yuan, Jorge Ancheyta, and Mikhail A. Varfolomeev 5 Catalyst for In Situ Upgrading of Heavy Oils 237 Persi Schacht, Pablo Torres-Mancera, and Jorge Ancheyta 6 Nanoparticles for Heavy Oil In Situ Upgrading 263 Muneer A. Suwaid, Sergey A. Sitnov, Ameen Al-Muntaser, Chengdong Yuan, Alexey Vakhin, Jorge Ancheyta, and Mikhail A. Varfolomeev 7 Catalytic Mechanism and Kinetics 309 Guillermo Félix, Alexis Tirado, Ameen Al-Muntaser, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Chengdong Yuan, and Jorge Ancheyta 8 Application of Quantum Chemical Calculations for Studying Thermochemistry, Kinetics, and Catalytic Mechanisms of In Situ Upgrading 382 Nail Khafizov, Vadim Neklyudov, Anastasiya Mikhailova, and Oleg Kadkin 9 Behavior of Catalyst in Porous Media 435 Timur R. Zakirov, Rail I. Kadyrov, Chengdong Yuan, and Mikhail A. Varfolomeev 10 Numerical Simulation of Catalytic In Situ Oil Upgrading Process 453Allan Rojas, Denis Shevchenko, Vladislav Sudakov, Sergey Usmanov, and Michael Kwofie 11 Novel Technologies for Upgrading Heavy and Extra-Heavy Oil 489 Khusain Kadiev, Anton L. Maximov, and Jorge Ancheyta Index 521

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisParasitic Infections Understand and defeat a scourge of public health with this cutting-edge guide Parasitic diseases are considered as an important public health problem due to the high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in countries where climate and level of economic development create serious challenges to the creation of public health infrastructure, thus can make parasitic infections both graver and more difficult to contain. As we come to understand the global ramifications of public health, there has never been a more crucial time to understand these infections and the processes by which they can be managed and defeated. Parasitic Infections is a comprehensive overview of parasitic immunopathology, including the fundamentals of parasite biology, mechanisms and processes of infection, and the key steps of drug discovery and treatment. In addition to detailed coverage of the most commonly encountered infectious parasites, analysis of the immTable of ContentsList of Contributors ix Preface xv Acknowledgments xviii 1 Introduction: Back to the Future ‒ Solutions for Parasitic Problems 1 Rahime Şimşek, Aqsa Farooqui, Salah-Ud-Din Khan, and Shahanavaj Khan 2 Induction of Immune Responses and Inflammation to Parasitic Infections 47 Gurdeep Singh, Abhishek Tiwari, Varsha Tiwari, and Mukesh Kr Singh 3 Animal Parasites: Insight into Natural Resistance 60 Nasib Zaman, Muhammad Rizwan, Kishawar Sultana, Abdur Rauf, Yahya S. Al-Awthan, and Omar Bahattab 4 Immune Response against Protozoan Parasites 73 Ahmed Olatunde, Olalekan Ogunro, Habibu Tijjani, Shakir Mayowa Obidola, Mustapha Abdullahi Akpaki, Archana Yadav, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra 5 Immune Response against Helminths 100 Varsha Tiwari, Abhishek Tiwari, Gurdeep Singh, and Mukesh Kr Singh 6 Ectoparasites Host Resistance and Tolerance 124 Jacob Kehinde Akintunde and Ayodeji Mathias Adegoke 7 Microorganisms as Drivers of Host‒Parasite Interactions 141 Rahul Negi, Munni Bhandari, Rahul Kunwar Singh, and Tribhuvan Mohan Mohapatra 8 Neglected Parasitic Infections: History to Current Status 156 Sarmistha Debbarma, Jupi Talukdar, Prabhakar Maurya, Luit Moni Barkalita, and Anupam Brahma 9 Molecular Techniques for the Study and Diagnosis of Parasite Infection 176 Syed Muhammad Mukarram Shah, Saira, and Fida Hussain 10 Drugs for the Control of Parasitic Diseases: Current Status and Case Studies 205 Pratichi Singh, Swetanshu, Shikha Yadav, Adeline Lum Nde, and Vijay Jyoti Kumar 11 Opportunities and Challenges in the Development of Antiparasitic Drugs 227 Maryam Bello-Akinosho, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Harish Chandra, Dearikha Karina Mayashinta, Yulia Dwi Setia, and Carolina Pohl-Albertyn 12 Phytopharmaceuticals as an Alternative Treatment against Parasites 251 Rajesh Kumar, Seetha Harilal, Arti Gautam, Manisha Nigam, and Abhay Prakash Mishra 13 Nanoparticles for Antiparasitic Drug Delivery 303 Abdulkadir Mohammed Danyaro, Habibu Tijjani, Swinder Jeet Singh Kalra, and Ahmed Olatunde 14 Vaccination Against Parasitic Infection: From Past to Current Approaches in the Development of a Vaccine 328 Mukesh Kr Singh, Gurdeep Singh, Varsha Tiwari, and Abhishek Tiwari 15 Current Trends in Parasitic Diseases and Precautionary Measures 356 Nisha Singh Index 382

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xChapter 1 The $1000 Pill: the Fiscal Consequences of Curing Hepatitis C 1 Chapter 2 Enter the Payers: Fda Approval Does Not Guarantee Commercial Success 10 Chapter 3 Pandemic: mRNA Vaccines And The Race For A Cure 19 Chapter 4 Federal Investment in R&d: Why the Government Does Not Deserve a Piece of Biopharma’s Profits? 34 Chapter 5 Insulin: the True Cost of a 100- Year- Old Drug 44 Chapter 6 The Costly Alzheimer’s Disease Drug: a Questionable Breakthrough 50 Chapter 7 Gene Therapy: How Much Is a Life Worth? 60 Chapter 8 Proving the Value of Expensive Drugs: Should We Pay For Drugs Whose Ultimate Value Is Unknown? 70 Chapter 9 Generic Drugs: Built- in Cost Controls 74 Chapter 10 About Those Soaring Pharma Profits: Are They Driving Healthcare Costs? 80 Chapter 11 Schemes to Lower Drug Prices: the Impact of Reduced Resources on R&d 84 Final Thoughts 96 Index 98

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgements xv 1 Introduction to Sustainability 1 1.1 Sustainability Definition 1 1.1.1 Societal Impacts of Sustainability 3 1.1.2 Economic Impacts of Sustainability 4 1.1.3 Environmental Impacts of Sustainability 5 1.2 Green Chemistry Definitions 6 1.3 Green Engineering Definitions 8 1.4 Sustainability Definitions for Manufacturing 9 1.5 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 11 1.6 Lean and Green Manufacturing 11 1.7 Summary 11 References 12 2 Environmental Issues 15 2.1 The Planet Is Warming 15 2.2 Melting of Glaciers 19 2.3 Rising Seas 21 2.4 Causes of Global Warming 23 2.4.1 Increased Greenhouse Gases 23 2.4.2 Sources of CO2eq Emissions 23 2.4.3 Anti-Warming Theory 28 2.5 Ocean Pollution and Marine Debris 28 2.5.1 Plastic Marine Debris 30 2.5.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants 33 2.5.2 Worldwide Coastal Cleanup 34 2.5.3 US Coastal Cleanup 41 2.6 Chemical Pollution from Plastics 42 2.7 Landfill Trash 43 2.8 Summary 49 References 50 3 Life Cycle Information 57 3.1 Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Hazards 57 3.2 Life Cycle Assessment Definitions 58 3.2.1 LCA Step 1: Goal and Scope Development 58 3.2.2 LCA Step 2: LCI Development 59 3.2.3 LCA Step 3: LCA Development 60 3.2.4 LCA Step 4: Interpretation of Results 60 3.3 ISO 14040/14044 Life Cycle Assessment Standards 61 3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 62 3.5 Minimal Acceptable Framework for Life Cycle Assessments 64 3.6 Life Cycle Inventory for Petroleum-Based Plastics 65 3.6.1 LCI for PET Pellets 65 3.6.2 LCA Sensitivity Analysis 67 3.6.3 LCA for PET, GPPS, HDPE, and PP Pellets 67 3.7 Life Cycle Assessment for Biobased Poly Lactic Acid 67 3.7.1 LCA Sensitivity Analysis 69 3.8 Summary 70 Chapter 3 70 LCI for PLA 70 LCI for PLA 71 LCI for PLA 71 References 72 4 Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics 75 4.1 Bio-Based Plastics Definition 75 4.2 Bagasse 76 4.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 77 4.4 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 82 4.5 Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) 85 4.6 Petroleum-Based Compostable Polymers 88 4.6.1 Ecoflex 88 4.6.2 Poly-ϵ-Caprolactone, (PCL) 89 4.6.3 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) 90 References 91 Websites 92 5 Bio-Based and Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics 95 5.1 Bio-Based Conventional Plastics 95 5.1.1 Bio-Based Polyethylene 98 5.1.1.1 Composition 98 5.1.1.2 Chemistry 98 5.1.1.3 Mechanical Properties 99 5.1.1.4 Life Cycle Assessment for Bio-Based Polyethylene 100 5.1.2 Bio-Based Polypropylene 101 5.1.2.1 Composition 101 5.1.2.2 Chemistry 101 5.1.2.3 Mechanical Properties 102 5.1.3 Bio-Based Ethylene Vinyl Acetate 103 5.1.4 Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate 103 5.1.4.1 Composition 103 5.1.4.2 Chemistry 104 5.1.4.3 Mechanical Properties 104 5.1.4.4 LCA of Bio-Based PET 106 5.2 Recycled Petroleum-Based Plastics 106 5.2.1 Mechanical Recycling 108 5.2.1.1 Plastics Mechanical Recycling Process 109 5.2.2 California Plastics Recycling 111 5.2.3 Society of Plastics Industry Recycling Codes 112 5.2.4 LCAs of Recycled Plastics 112 5.2.4.1 Life Cycle Inventory 113 5.2.4.2 Sustainable Recycled Plastic Products 114 5.3 Oxodegradable Additives for Plastics 114 5.4 Summary 115 References 115 6 End-of-Life Options for Plastics 119 6.1 US EPA WARM Program 119 6.2 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics 119 6.2.1 US Plastics Recycling 120 6.2.2 Plastics Recycling Process 120 6.3 Chemical Recycling 126 6.4 Composting 128 6.4.1 LCA of Composting Process 129 6.5 Waster to Energy 129 6.5.1 Municipal Solid Waste Combustion 130 6.5.2 Blast Furnace 132 6.5.3 Cement Kiln 133 6.5.4 Pollution Issues with Waste-to-Energy Process of Plastics 134 6.6 Landfill Operations 135 6.7 Life Cycle Assessment of End-of-Life Options 136 6.8 Summary 138 References 138 7 Sustainable Plastic Products 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Sustainable Plastic Packaging 144 7.2.1 LCAs of Sustainable Plastic Packaging 144 7.2.1.1 LCA Step 1. Creation of the LCA Goal for Plastic Packaging 144 7.2.1.2 LCA Step 2. Creation of the Life Cycle Inventories for Plastic Packaging 144 7.2.1.3 LCA Step 3. Creation of the LCAs for Plastic Packaging 145 7.2.1.4 LCA Step 4. Interpretation of the Three Previous Steps for Plastic Packaging 145 7.2.2 Literature Review of LCAs for Plastic Packaging 146 7.2.2.1 Case 1: LCA of Plastic Food Service Products 146 7.2.2.2 Case 2: LCA of Plastic Packaging Products 148 7.2.2.3 Case 3: LCA of Plastic Clamshell Products 149 7.2.3 LCA of Sustainable Plastic Containers Made from Bio-Based and Petroleum-Based Plastics 152 7.2.4 Greene Sustainability Index (GSI) of Sustainable Plastic Containers 153 7.3 Sustainable Plastic Grocery Bags 155 7.3.1 Literature Review of LCA of Plastic Bags 155 7.3.1.1 LCA of Plastic Bags from Boustead Consulting 156 7.3.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis 156 7.3.2 LCA of Plastic Bags from the Paper Industry in Hong Kong 157 7.3.2.1 Greene Sustainability Index of Plastic Bags 158 7.3.3 Reusable Plastic Bags 158 7.3.3.1 Australian LCA of Reusable rPET Bags 158 7.3.3.2 Scottish LCA of Reusable rPET Bags 160 7.3.3.3 New LCA Development for Reusable Plastic Bags: Step 1 – Development of the Goal 162 7.3.3.4 New LCA Development for Reusable Plastic Bags: Step 2 – LCI Development 163 7.3.3.5 Bags Step 3: Life Cycle Assessment 167 7.3.3.6 Greene Sustainability Index (GSI) of Reusable Plastic Bags 168 7.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Plastic Bottles 169 7.4.1 LCAs Literature Review of Plastic Bottles 170 7.4.2 Greene Sustainability Index of Sustainable Plastic Bottles 171 7.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 172 7.5 Summary 172 References 173 8 Biobased and Biodegradation Standards for Polymeric Materials 177 8.1 Introduction 177 8.1.1 Biodegradation Standards 178 8.1.2 Worldwide Biodegradation 178 8.1.2.1 Standards Agencies 178 8.1.3 Certification 179 8.2 Biobased Standard Test Method 180 8.2.1 US Biobased Standard 180 8.2.1.1 ASTM D6866-10 Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis 180 8.2.2 International Biobased Standards 181 8.3 Industrial Compost Environment 181 8.3.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment 181 8.3.1.1 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ASTM D6400-04. Standard Specification for Compostable Plastics 181 8.3.1.2 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ASTM D6868–03. Standard Specification for Biodegradable Plastics Used as Coatings on Paper and Other Compostable Substrates 183 8.3.1.3 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D5338-11. Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions 185 8.3.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost Environment 186 8.3.2.1 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: EN 13432-2000. Packaging Requirements for Packaging Recoverable through Composting and Biodegradation Test Scheme and Evaluation Criteria for the Final Acceptance of Packaging 188 8.3.2.2 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ISO 17088 (EN 13432). Plastics – Evaluation of compostability – Test Scheme and Specification 190 8.3.2.3 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14855-2 (EN 14046) Packaging. Evaluation of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability and Disintegration of Packaging Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions. Method by Analysis of Released Carbon Dioxide 192 8.3.2.4 ISO 16929 (EN14045:2003) Plastics – Determination of the Degree of Disintegration of Plastic Materials under Simulated Composting Conditions in a Pilot-Scale Test 193 8.3.2.5 ISO 20200 (EN14806:2005) Plastics – Determination of the Degree of Disintegration of Plastic Materials under Simulated Composting Conditions in a Laboratory-Scale Test 194 8.3.2.6 Australian Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost 195 8.3.2.7 Japanese Biodegradation Standards for Industrial Compost 196 8.4 Marine Environment 196 8.4.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Marine Environment 197 8.4.1.1 Biodegradation Performance Specification Standard: ASTM D-7081- 05. Nonfloating Biodegradable Plastic in the Marine Environment 197 8.4.1.2 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D6691-09. Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in the Marine Environment by a Defined Microbial Consortium or Natural Seawater Inoculum 198 8.4.2 International Aqueous Biodegradation Standards 200 8.4.2.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14852-1999 (EN14047). Determination of Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous Medium – Method by Analysis of Evolved Carbon 200 8.4.2.2 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14851 (EN14048). Determination of Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous Medium – Method by Measuring the Oxygen Demand in a Closed Respirometer 201 8.5 Anaerobic Digestion 202 8.5.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion 203 8.5.1.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D5511-02. Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under High Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions 203 8.5.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Anaerobic Digestion 205 8.5.2.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ISO 14853:2005 Plastics. Determination of Ultimate Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in an Aqueous System. Method of Biogas Production 205 8.6 Active Landfill 207 8.6.1 US Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill 207 8.6.1.1 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D5526-11. Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Landfill Conditions 207 8.6.1.2 Biodegradation Test Method Standard: ASTM D7475-11. Determining Aerobic Degradation and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Landfill Conditions 209 8.6.2 International Biodegradation Standards for Active Landfill 211 8.7 Home Compost 211 8.7.1 European Home Compost Certification 211 8.7.1.1 Summary 212 8.7.1.2 Procedures 212 8.7.1.3 Specifications 213 8.7.2 US Home Composting Standards 213 8.8 Soil Biodegradation 213 8.8.1 European Soil Biodegradation Certification 213 8.8.1.1 Summary 213 8.8.1.2 Procedures 214 8.8.1.3 Specifications 214 8.8.2 US Soil Biodegradation Standards 215 8.9 Summary 215 References 216 9 Commodity Plastics 217 9.1 Definition of Commodity Plastics 217 9.2 Commodity Plastics 218 9.2.1 Low-Density Poly(ethylene) (LDPE) 222 9.2.1.1 High-Density Poly(ethene) (HDPE) 223 9.2.2 Linear Low-Density Poly(ethene) (LLDPE) 226 9.2.3 Metallocene Linear Low-Densi t Poly(ethene) (mLLDPE) 228 9.2.3.1 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) 228 9.2.3.2 Cross-Linkable Polyethylene (XLPE) 229 9.2.3.3 Copolymers of Polyethylene 229 9.2.4 Polypropylene (PP) 230 9.2.4.1 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 232 9.2.4.2 PVC Plasticizers 233 9.2.4.3 Polystyrene (PS) 235 9.2.4.4 Blends and Alloys 239 9.2.4.5 Copolymers 239 9.2.4.6 Acrylics 241 9.2.4.7 Additives for Plastics 244 References 247 Websites 248 10 Engineering Plastics 251 10.1 Engineering Plastics Definition 251 10.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 252 10.3 Acetal (Polyoxymethylene) 255 10.4 Liquid Crystal Polymer 257 10.5 PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) 260 10.6 PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) 262 10.7 Nylon (Polyamide) 263 10.8 Polyimide 266 10.9 Polyarylate 268 10.10 Polycarbonate 268 10.11 Thermoplastic Polyurethane 270 10.12 Polyether-Ether-Ketone 271 10.13 PPO, PPS and PPE 273 10.14 Polytetrafluoroethylene 275 References 277 11 Thermoset Polymers 279 11.1 Automotive Thermoset Polymers 279 11.1.1 Polyester Resin 280 11.1.1.1 Mechanical Properties 284 11.1.1.2 Processing of Polyesters 284 11.1.1.3 Mechanical Properties 285 11.1.2 Epoxy 285 11.1.2.1 Epoxy Applications 286 11.1.2.2 Processing of Epoxies 287 11.1.3 Polyurethane 287 11.1.3.1 Processing of Polyurethane 287 11.1.3.2 Polyurethane Automotive Applications 289 11.1.4 Phenolics 290 11.1.4.1 Applications for Phenolics 293 11.1.4.2 Processing of Phenolics 293 11.1.4.3 Properties of Phenolics 293 11.1.5 Silicones 295 11.1.5.1 Silicone Rubber 297 11.1.5.2 Silicone Resin 297 11.1.5.3 Chemistry 298 11.1.6 Dicyclopentadiene 298 11.2 Aerospace Thermosets 299 11.2.1 Polyimides 300 11.2.2 Amino Plastics 302 11.3 Bio-Based Thermoset Polymers 305 11.3.1 Bio-Based Polyesters 305 11.3.2 Bio-Based Epoxies 306 11.3.3 Bio-Based Polyurethanes 308 11.3.4 Bio-Based Nylon-6 310 11.4 Conclusions 311 References 313 Websites 315 12 Polymer Composites 317 12.1 Automotive Polymer Composites 317 12.2 Thermoset Polymer Composites 318 12.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 320 12.2.2 Kevlar Composites 323 12.3 Nanocomposite 324 12.4 Fiber Materials for Composites 324 12.5 Carbon Fiber Manufacturing 328 12.6 Properties of Fibers 331 12.7 Rule of Mixtures 336 12.8 Sandwich and Cored Polymer Composite Structures 340 12.9 Polymer Pre-Preg Composites 346 12.10 Processing of Polymer Composites for Automotive Parts 346 12.11 Aerospace Polymer Composites 351 12.12 Processing of Polymer Composites for Aerospace Parts 351 References 354 Websites 355 13 Natural Fiber Polymer Composites 357 13.1 Natural Fibers 357 13.2 Raw Material Information 358 13.3 Fiber Properties 360 13.4 Automotive Use of Natural Fibers 361 13.5 Processing of Natural Fibers 362 13.6 Test Results of Natural Fibers 371 References 375 14 Design Aspects in Automotive Plastics 377 14.1 Introduction 377 14.2 Design Process 378 14.3 Manufacturing Checklist for Quality 379 14.4 Plastic Materials for Automotive Use 380 14.5 Plastic Guidelines for Injection Molding 382 14.6 Plastic Prototypes and 3D Printing 385 14.7 SolidWorks Flow Simulation 387 14.8 Design for Manufacturing (DFM) with Plastics 387 14.9 Shrinkage in Plastics 388 14.10 Design Guidelines 388 14.11 Undercuts 402 14.12 Mold Stack Design 403 14.13 Mold Costs 405 References 407 Websites 408 15 Future of Sustainable Plastics 411 15.1 Sustainable Biobased Plastics Made from Renewable Sources 411 15.2 Sustainable Traditional Plastics Made from Renewable Sources 415 15.3 Growth in Biobased Plastics with Development of Durable Goods 416 15.4 Growth in Biobased Plastics for Pharmaceuticals and Medical Applications 417 15.5 Summary 418 References 419 Index 423

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