Chemistry Books
The University of Chicago Press Of Prairie Woods and Water Two Centuries of
Book SynopsisChicago's landscape inspired musings from residents and visitors alike. This title contains these musings from the land to present a green portrait of Chicago. It concludes with biographical essays.Trade Review"A defining piece of history.... What Mike Royko's Boss did for Chicago politics, Greenberg's book does for the region's natural history." - Dale Bowman, Chicago Sun-Times "We may not regain the awe of the French explorers, but if nothing else, Greenberg's book will induce some renewed respect for a rich, obstinate, parallel universe. And that call for esteem, or at least tolerance, makes the book a little revolution in itself, as beautifully stubborn as the lakeside daisy, the scraps of prairie grass and the wildflowers sprouting, against all odds, beside the railway tracks." - Raphael Kadushin, Chicago Tribune"
£24.00
The University of Chicago Press The Experimental Self
Book Synopsis
£26.00
The University of Chicago Press Sound Reporting
Book SynopsisOffers a tour of the world of a professional broadcaster. This book narrates a day in the life of a host and lays out the nuts and bolts of production. It also explains the importance of writing the way you speak, and reveals how NPR books guests ranging from world leaders to neighborhood newsmakers.Trade Review"In an age when good and bad information mix freely, it is essential that sources of credible, accurate journalism remain so. Jonathan Kern's work helps ensure those sources will stay strong and, in the process, provides a fascinating inside look at the imperfect science we call journalism. His attention-getting, real-world examples from NPR and elsewhere illustrate how journalists succeed (and fail) at being fair and accurate in pursuit of truth, making this guide essential reading for anyone - from the newsroom reporter to the investigating blogger to the public radio fan - who is committed to fair and compelling reporting." - John Keefe, senior executive producer for news, WNYC, New York Public Radio"
£18.05
The University of Chicago Press What Is Biodiversity
Book SynopsisArguing that we can not make rational decisions about what it is to be protected without knowing what biodiversity is, this title offers a theoretical and conceptual exploration of the biological world and how diversity is valued. It explains the different types of biodiversity important in evolutionary theory, developmental biology, and ecology.Trade Review"Researchers in several different fields will benefit from the breadth of Maclaurin and Sterelny's tour of the biodiversity literature and from their often penetrating analyses. What Is Biodiversity? deserves to be widely read; if its central messages are absorbed, the level of debate about this vitally important topic will improve." - Todd Grantham, College of Charleston"
£28.00
The University of Chicago Press Promethean Ambitions
Book SynopsisIn this book, the author uses alchemy as a means to discuss the thinning boundary between the natural and the artificial. Focusing primarily on the period between 1200 and 1700, he examines the labors of pioneering alchemists and the responses to their efforts. This book imbues a millennium-old scientific and ethical debate with modern relevance.Trade Review"With close attention to historical and textual detail that is never less than engaging, Newman unpacks the historical accidents and political machinations that led to alchemy's marginalization, bringing sympathy, wit, and imagination to his account." - Simon Ings, New Scientist "Newman chooses the fascinating topic of alchemy as his case study in the long history of human efforts to breach the barriers between nature and human artifice....A thought-provoking book." - Iwan Rhys Morus, Science "Newman argues [that] the methods and ideas of modern science, including concepts of experimentation, far from breaking with alchemical researches, evolved out of them....Newman, a clear and graceful writer, keeps his goal in view. He is an initiate - tapping, testing, and transmuting - until something different, still called alchemy, gradually takes shape." - Edward Rothstein, New York Times"
£999.99
The University of Chicago Press The Life and Science of Harold C. Urey
Book SynopsisHarold C. Urey (1893-1981) was one of the most famous American scientists of the twentieth century. Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium and heavy water, Urey later participated in the Manhattan Project and NASA's lunar exploration program. In this, the first ever biography of the chemist, Matthew Shindell shines new light on Urey's achievements and efforts to shape his public and private lives. Shindell follows Urey through his orthodox religious upbringing, the scientific work that won him the Nobel, and his subsequent efforts to use his fame to intervene in political, social, and scientific matters. At times, Urey succeeded, including when he helped create the fields of isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry. But other endeavors, such as his promotion of world governance of atomic weapons, failed. By exploring those efforts, as well as Urey's evolution from farm boy to scientific celebrity, we can discern broader changes in the social and intellectual l
£22.80
The University of Chicago Press The Chemical Age How Chemists Fought Famine and
Book SynopsisTrade Review"The story of Fritz Haber’s work to feed humanity on the one hand and gas it on the other lies at the center of The Chemical Age. . . . Von Hippel is interested in the ways people have solved problems with chemicals and, in the process, created new problems." * New York Review of Books *"Ecologist Von Hippel delves into historical accounts to tell the stories of the scientists who developed pesticides and chemical weapons, and trace their impact on the world." * Nature *"Reveals that while the chemical industry has averted famines and vanquished diseases, it has also driven countless species towards extinction." * New Scientist *"The Chemical Age is a timely exploration of our environmental present." * Physics Today *"Von Hippel’s leisurely and wide-ranging history will raise readers’ awareness about the power of toxic chemical compounds introduced into our environment.” * Library Journal *"Von Hippel has accomplished something remarkable in having written a book on science and modern history covering famine, plagues, wars, and ecology that is very readable and even compelling. . . . Highly recommended." * Choice *"It's the most fascinating book I've read in years." * George Schaller *"The Chemical Age by Frank A. von Hippel is a rich source of information on human inventions related to the fight against diseases and hunger, as well as a thought-provoking compilation of issues emphasizing the great need for humanitarian and environmental ethics." * Ecocycles *"I recommend The Chemical Age to everyone that is curious or concerned about the current pandemic. Von Hippel's narratives on epidemics should help lay public understand how natural epidemics arise and are characterized. . . . [Buy], read, and enjoy." * Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management Journal *"Von Hippel takes us through the surprising relationship of disease and war, from how the treatment of malaria facilitated colonialism, how weapons against disease carrying pests were used against human beings in war and riot, the development of tear gas, and the coming insect apocalypse." * Jessa Crispin, Public Intellectual Podcast *“A superbly written and riveting account of scientific myopia: the employment of chemistry to solve major problems while doggedly oblivious to the consequent ravages those solutions cast upon life on earth. Destined to be a classic, this would top the fiction bestseller list, except it is solid truth. The Chemical Age should be required reading for everyone.” * Thomas E. Lovejoy, coeditor of Biodiversity and Climate Change: Transforming the Biosphere *“Our love affair with industrial chemicals may have heroic origins, but it also has Promethean consequences that we are only beginning to fully comprehend. The Chemical Age is an essential addition to this comprehension, and a delightful mix of deep research and vivid anecdotal storytelling.” * McKay Jenkins, author of Food Fight: GMOs and the Future of the American Diet *“The Chemical Age is a vital and refreshing synthesis of public health, agricultural development, war, and pesticide history. With crisp writing, von Hippel draws from an impressive breadth of sources to tell a revealing and truly thought-provoking story.” * David Kinkela, author of DDT and the American Century *"I’ve focused on human-chemical interactions for 67 years and shared enemies with Rachel Carson, yet I learned a great deal from this fascinating book. Chemicals can avert hunger and disease, but unwisely used could destroy our future. Read The Chemical Age and donate copies to your local high schools and colleges!" * Paul R. Ehrlich, author of 'The Population Bomb' *“This book confirmed for me so much of what has shaped my environmental concern, and I found many aspects of it especially powerful and appealing. For one, it has a strong narrative force and telling anecdotes that will engage a broad reading audience. Second, like all good narratives it is informed by a moral sensibility. It is a rich diversion, with broad temporal and geographic coverage.” * Mark Lytle, author of 'The Gentle Subversive: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, and the Rise of the Environmental Movement' *"There is much to appreciate about The Chemical Age." * H-Environment *"The book is a fascinating account of the unintended consequences of humanity’s battle with famine and disease." * Chemical & Engineering News *Table of ContentsPrologue Author’s NotePart 1: Famine Chapter 1. Potato Blight (1586–1883)Part 2: Plague Chapter 2. Marsh Fever (2700 BCE–1902) Chapter 3. Black Vomit (1793–1953) Chapter 4. Jail Fever (1489–1958) Chapter 5. Black Death (541–1922)Part 3: War Chapter 6. Synthetic Chemicals of War (423 BCE–1920) Chapter 7. Zyklon (1917–1947) Chapter 8. DDT (1939–1950) Chapter 9. I. G. Farben (1916–1959)Part 4: Ecology Chapter 10. Resistance (1945–1962) Chapter 11. Silent Spring (1962–1964) Chapter 12. Wonder and Humility (1962–The Future) Epilogue Acknowledgments Map of Place Names Literature Cited Index
£26.00
The University of Chicago Press French DNA Trouble in Purgatory
Book Synopsis"Can a country claim to have its own genetic material?" Rabinow demonstrates that the answer to this question is far from simple. The work is cross-disciplinary, marrying news events, science and philosophical analysis to see how past events influenced current thinking.Trade Review"Can a country claim to have its own genetic material?... Rabinow demonstrates that the answer to this question is far from simple.... The wide variety of subjects that he treats guarantees the interest of a large group of readers: students, researchers, scientific managers from academic institutions as well as from industry, politicians, and interested laymen." - Wilhelm Ansorge, Science "A fast-paced story of personalities and research organizations, interspersed with chapters delving into French history and politics to analyse how past events influenced current thinking and decision making.... The author has done an excellent job of marrying presentation of 'news events,' science, and philosophical analysis, and a book such as this is valuable for its cross-disciplinary insights." - Clare Robinson, Endeavour "Rabinow's book introduces a dramatis personae that could fill the pages of a bio-tech corporate thriller." - Gary Lachman, Times Literary Supplement
£28.00
The University of Chicago Press Analyzing Animal Societies Quantitative Methods
Book SynopsisPresents a framework for analyzing social behavior and demonstrates how to put this framework into practice by collecting suitable data on the interactions and associations of individuals so that relationships can be described, and, from these, models can be derived.Trade Review"Analyzing Animal Societies introduces readers to the application of quantitative analyses to animal relationships and social structuring within populations. It is a powerful handbook that is timely and much needed." - Susanne Shultz, University of Liverpool"
£31.35
The University of Chicago Press The Natures of Maps
Book SynopsisCartographers know that maps are more than just representations of the world; rather, every map reflects the agendas and intentions of its creators. Employing several nature maps, this book explores the different aspects of maps' self-presentation: from place names to titles and legends.Trade Review"This book presents an absolutely unique understanding of cartography and mapping, what they are and what they do. The ideas are groundbreaking, but the presentation is clear and readable - and the book is drop-dead gorgeous, an art book masquerading as a book on cartography." - Tom Koch, author of Cartographies of Disease: Maps, Mapping, and Medicine"
£56.40
Columbia University Press NotebyNote Cooking The Future of Food Arts and
Book SynopsisThe visionary food chemist surveys a vast new world of flavor.Trade ReviewIf anyone is going to change the way we cook, it will be him. -- Heston Blumenthal, as quoted in the Observer Taking kitchen science to a whole new (molecular) level, Herve This is changing the way France-and the world-cooks. Gourmet Once again, Herve This makes a compelling case for the science of deliciousness with his latest book, breaking ingredients down into their constituent compounds. Sometimes controversial yet always thought-provoking, such 'note by note' deconstructing of dishes in the pursuit of flavor challenges culinary convention-food for thought on the future of cooking, of interest to both professional chefs and home cooks alike. -- Michael Laiskonis, creative director of the Institute of Culinary Education No matter what level home cook or professional chef you are, Herve This's detailed, scientific approach to the kitchen provides a fascinating perspective on the chemistry of cooking. These notes are useful for chefs and cooks of all levels and an entertaining and practical guide that every chef would benefit from reading. -- Chef Daniel Boulud This... explores the science behind shape, consistency, odor and color, giving readers the knowledge to create their own magnum opus in the kitchen. Discover Keen cooks...will devour the latest work by molecular gastronomist Herve This. New Scientist This writes the way he speaks - with subtle irony, whim and humour, and each of his books, apart from being scientifically revealing, is an almost taste-able and invariably delicious literary delight. Engineering and Technology Inspiring. Chemistry World Valuable for readers interested in how the food system may evolve in the future. ChoiceTable of ContentsA Note on the Translation Tables, Figures, and Color Plates Introduction: Why the Need for Note-by-Note Cooking Should Be Obvious 1. Shape Polyhedrons Nonpolyhedral Solids The Fable of the Man with the Golden Brain 2. Consistency A Woeful Misunderstanding The Relation Between Consistency and Flavor Not Everything Has to Be Soft Thinking in Physical Terms Additives Contrasting Consistencies 3. Taste Misdirection and Misperception The Impossible Description of Unknown Tastes Sapid Compounds Mineral Salts Organic and Mineral Acids Amino Acids and Their Derivatives Sugars Alcohols and Polyols Intense Sweeteners Flavoring Agents Bitterants Matrix Effects A New Basic Taste 4. Odor Manipulating Odorant Compounds Methods of Extraction and Processing Natural, Same as Natural, Artificial Volatility, Threshold Perception, Toxic Risk A Lexicon of Basic Culinary Odors Odorant Compounds On the Properties of Odorigenic Extracts and Compositions Trigeminal Sensations 5. Color The Eye Precedes the Palate Legally Approved Coloring Agents Natural Versus Artificial Redux 6. Artistic Choice and Culinary Nomenclature Substance and Form The Construction of Flavors Naming Dishes The First Generation of Note-by-Note Menus 7. Nutrition, Toxicology, Market Dynamics, Public Interest The Mixed Blessings of Abundance A World of Plenty, Filled with Danger Selection and Supply of Compounds Political Considerations Appendix: A Few Recipes Index
£13.29
Columbia University Press Environmental Success Stories
Book SynopsisEnvironmental Success Stories delves into the most daunting ecological and environmental challenges humankind has faced and shows how scientists, citizens, and a responsive public sector have dealt with them successfully. Frank M. Dunnivant explains how we might confront the world’s largest and most complex environmental crisis: climate change.Trade ReviewWalking the narrow line between technological optimist and doom-and-gloom environmentalist by presenting cases where society has addressed major ecological challenges, Dunnivant shows how advances in environmental science and regulation have helped to solve some of humanity's biggest problems. Providing an excellent background to those who are interested in environmental issues and their solutions, Environmental Success Stories shows how science, in concert with social movements, can affect real change. -- Walter Dodds, author of Humanity's Footprint: Momentum, Impact, and Our Global Environment Dunnivant's book is a tonic for the societal malaise of environmental 'post-truth,' the concept that facts are less important than emotion in the formation of public opinion. Currently, climate change seems positioned to topple into the maelstrom of post-truth, with ample disinformation to speed the drop. Environmental Success Stories effectively argues that our history of environmental problem-solving implies hope for the resolution of global-scale environmental damage. Approachable, optimistic, and science-based, it will appeal to a broad readership. -- H. H. Shugart, author of Foundations of the Earth: Global Ecological Change and the Book of JobTable of ContentsAuthor's Note Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Securing Safe, Inexpensive Drinking Water 2. Effective Treatment of Our Wastewaters 3. The Removal of Anthropogenic Lead, and Soon Mercury, from Our Environment 4. Elimination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons from Our Environment 5. The Safety of Chemicals in Our Food and Water: Risk Assessment 6. Saving Our Atmosphere for Our Children 7. Legislating Industry: The Need and the Success 8. The Rapid Advancement of Technology: Our Best Hope 9. Humans' Greatest Challenge: Climate Change 10. Conclusion and Transition to a Bright Future Afterword: Imagination, Imagination, Responsibility, and Climate Change, by Kari Marie Norgaard Bibliography Index
£25.20
Columbia University Press Hot Carbon
Book SynopsisThere are few fields of science that carbon-14 has not touched. In Hot Carbon, John F. Marra tells the untold story of this scientific revolution, weaving together the workings of the many disciplines that employ carbon-14 with gripping tales of the individuals who pioneered its possibilities.Trade ReviewWonderfully engaging...Hot Carbon offers a timely perspective on how mind-bogglingly connected our planet is — and how 14C will continue to be important in helping us to understand what lies ahead. * Nature *It has been a joy to read an academic book where the author did not seek to dazzle by his own brilliance. It was even a greater joy to find a narrative strong enough to sustain my interest from beginning to end. -- Richard Joyner * Times Higher Education *[A] remarkable history of carbon-14. * Observer *You may never have heard of carbon-14, but from chemistry to physiology to oceanography, no isotope has affected more aspects of modern life. With precision and verve, oceanographer John F. Marra profiles the most important isotope on earth. -- Eli Kintisch, correspondent, Science magazineThis is an engaging and witty account of the discovery of carbon-14 – there are surprising twists and turns along the way. With its entertaining descriptions of carbon-14’s role in understanding fundamental life processes, dating archaeological specimens, and chronicling past climate, this book is a page-turner for anyone interested in the history of scientific discovery. -- James J. McCarthy, Alexander Agassiz Professor of Biological Oceanography, Harvard UniversityThe more times I read this book, the more favorably impressed I am with the clarity and drama of the narrative. Marra’s work will be very well received and appreciated by those interested in how science advances. This is true particularly now, when there is so much controversy surrounding the validity of science per se. -- Richard T. Barber, Harvey W. Smith Professor Emeritus of Biological Oceanography in the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke UniversityHot Carbon offers a timely perspective on how mind-bogglingly connected our planet is – and how 14 C will continue to be important in helping us to understand what lies ahead. * True Viral News *Table of ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPrologue: Aboard the Research Vessel Endeavor, South of Iceland, May 19911. Discovery2. Discovery’s Wake3. The “Invisible Phenomenon”4. Dating5. Photosynthesis6. Calvin’s Cycle7. Scintillations and Accelerations8. The Shroud of Turin and Other Relics9. Ocean Circulation10. Carbon-14 in the Ocean11. Ocean Fertility12. Resolution: Plankton Rate Processes in Oligotrophic Oceans13. Carbon-14 and ClimateEpilogueAppendix 1. List of Nobel Prize Winners MentionedAppendix 2. The Periodic Table of ElementsNotesReferencesIndex
£27.00
WW Norton & Co Chemistry
Book SynopsisThe first atoms-focused text and assessment package for the AP course
£128.25
WW Norton & Co Calculations in Chemistry
Book Synopsis
£36.57
W. W. Norton & Company Organic Chemistry Principles and Mechanisms Study
Book Synopsis
£87.40
John Wiley & Sons Inc New Drug Discovery and Development
Book SynopsisA case history approach to drug synthesis and discovery Discover the origins of some of today's most popular drug therapies. Explore case histories and gain insight into major classes of antibiotics, antiviral drugs, analgesics, steroids, compounds designed to lower cholesterol, and more.Trade Review"...a useful addition to the literature on the history of drugs." (Pharmacy in History, Vol. 49 (2007) No. 1) "...a very enjoyable trip through pharmaceutical history." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, April 5, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Antibiotics. 2. Antiviral Drugs. 3. Antihypertensive Agents. 4. Lipid Lowering Drugs. 5. Centrally Acting Analgesics. 6. Nonopiate Analgesic Agents. 7. Steroids. 8. Histamine. 9. From Lab Bench to Pharmacy Shelf. Appendix. Index.
£115.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Named Organic Reactions
Book SynopsisThis Second edition contains consise information on 134 carefully chosen named organic reactions - the standard set of undergraduate and graduate synthetic organic chemistry courses. Each reaction is detailed with clearly drawn mechanisms, references from the primary literature, and well-written accounts covering the mechanical aspects of the reactions, and the details of side reactions and substrate limitations. For the 2nd edition the complete text has been revised and updated, and four new reactions have been added: Baylis-Hillmann Reaction, Sonogashira Reaction, Pummerer Reaction, and the Swern Oxidation und Cyclopropanation. An essential text for students preparing for exams in organic chemistry.Trade Review"…the clarity of the text and the extensive coverage would make this an excellent book for a graduate student or upper level chemistry major. Practicing organic chemists…might also find it a worthy addition to their personal libraries." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, January 26, 2006) "…an indispensable resource…the essential nature of each of the reactions addressed in the book is presented in sufficient detail…" (Journal of Chemical Education, December 2005) "This book is an essential guide to named organic reactions for chemistry students, organic chemists, and chemists in general." (Chemical Educator, May/June 2005)Table of ContentsIntroduction to the 2nd Edition. Acyloin Ester Condensation. Aldol Reaction. Alkene Metathesis. Arbuzov Reaction. Arndt–Eistert Synthesis. Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation. Bamford–Stevens Reaction. Barton Reaction. Baylis–Hillman Reaction. Beckmann Rearrangement. Benzidine Rearrangement. Benzilic Acid Rearrangement. Benzoin Condensation. Bergman Cyclization. Birch Reduction. Blanc Reaction. Bucherer Reaction. Cannizzaro Reaction. Chugaev Reaction. Claisen Ester Condensation. Claisen Rearrangement. Clemmensen Reduction. Cope Elimination Reaction. Cope Rearrangement. Corey–Winter Fragmentation. Curtius Reaction. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition. [2Y2 ] Cycloaddition. Darzens Glycidic Ester Condensation. Del´epine Reaction. Diazo Coupling. Diazotization. Diels–Alder Reaction. Di-p-Methane Rearrangement. D¨otz Reaction. Elbs Reaction. Ene Reaction. Ester Pyrolysis. Favorskii Rearrangement. Finkelstein Reaction. Fischer Indole Synthesis. Friedel–Crafts Acylation. Friedel–Crafts Alkylation. Friedl¨ander Quinoline Synthesis. Fries Rearrangement. Gabriel Synthesis. Gattermann Synthesis. Glaser Coupling Reaction. Glycol Cleavage. Gomberg–Bachmann Reaction. Grignard Reaction. Haloform Reaction. Hantzsch Pyridine Synthesis. Heck Reaction. Hell–Volhard–Zelinskii Reaction. Hofmann Elimination Reaction. Hofmann Rearrangement. Hunsdiecker Reaction. Hydroboration. Japp-Klingemann Reaction. Knoevenagel Reaction. Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis. Kolbe Electrolytic Synthesis. Kolbe Synthesis of Nitriles. Kolbe–Schmitt Reaction. Leuckart–Wallach Reaction. Lossen Reaction. Malonic Ester Synthesis. Mannich Reaction. McMurry Reaction. Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley Reduction. Michael Reaction. Mitsunobu Reaction. Nazarov Cyclization. Neber Rearrangement. Nef Reaction. Norrish Type I Reaction. Norrish Type II Reaction. Ozonolysis. Paterno–B¨uchi Reaction. Pauson–Khand Reaction. Perkin Reaction. Peterson Olefination. Pinacol Rearrangement. Prilezhaev Reaction. Prins Reaction. Ramberg–B¨acklund Reaction. Reformatsky Reaction. Reimer–Tiemann Reaction. Robinson Annulation. Rosenmund Reduction. Sakurai Reaction. Sandmeyer Reaction. Schiemann Reaction. Schmidt Reaction. Sharpless Epoxidation. Simmons–Smith Reaction. Skraup Quinoline Synthesis. Stevens Rearrangement. Stille Coupling Reaction. Stork Enamine Reaction. Strecker Synthesis. Suzuki Reaction. Swern Oxidation. Tiffeneau–Demjanov Reaction. Vilsmeier Reaction. Vinylcyclopropane Rearrangement. Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement. Weiss Reaction. Willgerodt Reaction. Williamson Ether Synthesis. Wittig Reaction. Wittig Rearrangement. Wohl–Ziegler Bromination. Wolff Rearrangement. Wolff–Kishner Reduction. Wurtz Reaction. Index.
£56.00
Wiley Inorganic Mass Spectrometry
Book SynopsisProviding an exhaustive review of this topic, Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applicationsprovides details on all aspects of inorganic mass spectrometry, from a historical overview of the topic to the principles and functions of mass separation and ion detection systems. Offering a comprehensive treatment of inorganic mass spectrometry, topics covered include: Recent developments in instrumentation Developing analytical techniques for measurements of trace and ultratrace impurities in different materials This broad textbook in inorganic mass spectrometry, presents the most important mass spectrometric techniques used in all fields of analytical chemistry. By covering recent developments and advances in all fields of inorganic mass spectrometry, this text provides researchers and students with information to answer any questions on this topic as well as providing the basic fundamentals for understanding this potentially complex, but inTrade Review"This book fits very well into the curriculum for graduate courses in inorganic analysis and inorganic mass spectrometry … It is a pleasure to recommend this up-to-date and thorough book." (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, May 2008) "A volume that belongs on the shelf of every practicing mass spectrometrist and worthy of consideration for any graduate level course dealing with the subject … .It is far more coherent and cohesive than most other volumes that are merely edited collections of individually written chapters." (International Journal of Mass Spectrometry) "Standing ovations for this book! It is very homogenous, well written, excellently illustrated, and well rounded." (Analytical & Bioanalytical Chemistry, September 2008) This overview would benefit researchers in all of these fields…may provide them with some useful answers would be well advised to secure a copy of this text. (Journal of the American Chemical Society, July 2, 2008) "This book fits very well into the curriculum for graduate courses in inorganic analysis and inorganic mass spectrometry. It will also server as an easy-to-use and extremely valuable source of information for all practitioners in the board field of mass spectrometry. It is a pleasure to recommend this up-to-date and thorough book." (Angewandte Chemie, 2008-47/23)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Introduction to Mass Spectrometry 1 1 History of Mass Spectrometric Techniques 7 References 22 2 Ion Sources 25 2.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source 28 2.1.1 Laser Ablation Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source 38 2.1.2 Electrothermal Vaporization Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source 43 2.1.3 Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Source 43 2.2 Spark Ion Source 44 2.3 Laser Ion Source 46 2.3.1 Laser Plasma Ionization 46 2.3.2 Resonant Laser Ionization 50 2.4 Glow Discharge Ion Source 51 2.5 Thermal Surface Ionization Source 56 2.6 Ion Sources for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS) 60 2.7 Electron Ionization Source 65 2.8 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Source 69 2.9 Electrospray Ionization Source 70 References 73 3 Ion Separation 77 3.1 Sector Field Analyzer 78 3.1.1 Magnetic Sector Field Analyzer 78 3.1.2 Electric Sector Field Analyzer 81 3.1.3 Combination of Magnetic and Electric Sector Fields – Double-focusing Sector Field Mass Spectrometer 83 3.2 Dynamic Mass Separation Systems 87 3.2.1 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer 87 3.2.2 Time-of-flight Analyzer 91 3.2.3 Ion Trap Mass Analyzer 94 3.2.4 Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Analyzer 95 3.3 Mass Resolution and Abundance Sensitivity 98 References 101 4 Ion Detection Systems 103 4.1 Faraday Cup 103 4.2 Secondary Electron Multiplier 105 4.3 Combination of Faraday Cup and Secondary Electron Multiplier 107 4.4 Channel Electron Multiplier and Microchannel Plates 108 4.5 Daly Detector 109 4.6 Multiple Ion Collection System 111 4.7 Fluorescence Screen and Photographic Ion Detection 113 References 114 5 Instrumentation 117 5.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (ICP-MS) 120 5.1.1 Quadrupole Based ICP Mass Spectrometers (ICP-QMS) 121 5.1.2 ICP Mass Spectrometers with Collision or Dynamic Reaction Cell or Collision Reaction Interface 123 5.1.3 Double-focusing Sector Field ICP Mass Spectrometers with Single Ion Collector (ICP-SFMS) 131 5.1.4 Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometers (ToF-MS) 133 5.1.5 Multiple Ion Collector ICP Mass Spectrometers (mc-icp-ms) 135 5.1.6 Solution Introduction Systems in ICP-MS 141 5.1.7 Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique 146 5.1.8 Flow Injection and Hyphenated Techniques 147 5.1.9 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (la-icp-ms) 150 5.2 Spark Source Mass Spectrometers (SSMS) 153 5.3 Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometers (LIMS) 154 5.4 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometers (RIMS) 155 5.5 Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometers (GDMS) 157 5.6 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers (TIMS) 160 5.7 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometers (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometers (SNMS) 161 5.8 Accelerator Mass Spectrometers (AMS) 167 5.9 Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometers for Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements 169 5.10 Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometers 170 References 171 6 Analytical and Practical Considerations 177 6.1 Qualitative Analysis 177 6.1.1 Isotopic Pattern 178 6.1.2 Mass Determination 180 6.1.3 Interference Problems 180 6.2 Quantification Procedures 187 6.2.1 Semi-quantitative Analysis 188 6.2.2 One Point Calibration in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using a Certified Reference Material 189 6.2.3 Quantification of Analytical Data via Calibration Curves in Mass Spectrometry Using Certified Reference Materials or Defined Standard Solutions 193 6.2.4 Isotope Dilution Technique 196 6.2.5 Quantification in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using Synthetic Laboratory Standards 199 6.2.6 Solution Based Calibration in LA-ICP-MS 201 6.3 Sample Preparation and Pretreatment 208 6.3.1 Sample Preparation for Analysis of Solids 209 6.3.2 Sample Preparation for ICP-MS 209 6.3.3 Trace Matrix Separation and Preconcentration Steps 211 References 212 7 Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Analysis of Gaseous Materials and Volatile Compounds 215 7.1 Sampling and Sample Preparation of Gases and Volatile Compounds 215 7.2 Applications of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Gases and Volatile Compounds 216 7.3 Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements of Gases and Volatile Compounds 220 References 221 8 Isotope Ratio Measurements and their Application 223 8.1 Capability of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Isotope Ratio Measurements 226 8.2 Limits for Precision and Accuracy of Isotope Ratio Measurements and How to Solve the Problems 228 8.3 Isotope Ratio Measurements by Gas Source Mass Spectrometry 232 8.4 Isotope Ratio Measurements by Quadrupole based ICP-MS 232 8.5 Isotope Ratio Measurements by Laser Ablation ICP-MS 234 8.6 Multiple Ion Collector Mass Spectrometry for High Precision Isotope Ratio Measurements 237 8.7 Applications of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry 239 8.8 Isotope Ratio Measurement of Long-Lived Radionuclides 241 8.9 Applications of Isotope Ratio Measurements in Geochemistry and Geochronology 246 References 250 9 Fields of Application in Trace, Ultratrace and Surface Analysis 255 9.1 Materials Science 256 9.1.1 Trace and Ultratrace (Bulk) Analysis of Metals and Alloys 260 9.1.2 Semiconductors 268 9.1.3 Ceramics, Glasses, Polymers and Other Non-conductors 272 9.1.4 Thin and Thick Film Analysis 277 9.1.5 Analysis of Surface Contamination and of Process Chemicals Used in Semiconductor Technology 287 9.1.6 Microlocal Analysis in Materials Research 291 9.1.7 Imaging by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Materials Science 292 References I 293 9.2 Environmental Science and Environmental Control 298 9.2.1 Analysis of Water Samples 300 9.2.2 Analysis of Air Samples, Particles and Smoke 304 9.2.3 Multi-elemental Analysis of Environmental Samples for Environmental Control 306 9.2.4 Environmental Monitoring of Selected Elements, Group Elements and Trace Element Species 306 9.2.5 Isotope Ratio Measurements in Environmental Samples 308 9.2.6 Monitoring of Radionuclides in the Environment 311 References II 313 9.3 Biology 317 9.3.1 Analysis of Trace Elements in Biological Samples 318 9.3.2 Elemental Speciation in Biological Samples 322 9.3.3 Analysis of Phosphorus, Metals and Metalloids Bonded to Proteins 326 9.3.4 Isotope Ratio Measurements of Biological Systems 331 9.3.5 Trace and Imaging Analysis on Biological Tissues and Single Cells 333 References III 336 9.4 Bioengineering 338 9.4.1 Activities in Bioengineering and Analytics 339 9.4.2 Nanobiotechnology 340 References IV 343 9.5 Medicine 344 9.5.1 Sampling, Sample Handling and Storage of Medical Samples 344 9.5.2 Body Fluids 345 9.5.3 Hair, Nail, Tooth and Bone Analysis 349 9.5.4 Microanalysis of Small Amounts of Medical Samples 352 9.5.5 P, S, Se and Metal Determination in Proteins 353 9.5.6 Analysis of Tissues 362 9.5.7 Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Medical Tissues 366 9.5.8 Single Cell Analysis 372 9.5.9 Ultrafine Particles and Health 375 References V 375 9.6 Food Analysis 380 9.6.1 Determination of Trace Elements and Species in Foodstuffs 381 9.6.2 Analysis of Mineral and Bottled Water 385 9.6.3 Fingerprinting of Foods by Trace Analysis and Isotope Ratio Measurements 385 References VI 386 9.7 Geology and Geochemistry 388 9.7.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for Geological Samples 388 9.7.2 Fractionation Effects in LA-ICP-MS 390 9.7.3 Multi-element Analysis of Geological Samples 391 9.7.4 Trace Analysis of Selected Elements in Geological Materials 396 9.7.5 Isotope Analysis Including Age Determination of Minerals and Rocks by Mass Spectrometry 398 9.7.6 Mass Spectrometric Microlocal and Imaging Analysis of Geological Samples 407 References VII 407 9.8 Cosmochemistry, Planetary and Space Science 410 9.8.1 Cosmochemical Trace Analysis 410 9.8.2 Isotope Analysis in Cosmochemistry 412 9.8.3 Cosmogenic Radionuclides and Age Dating 413 References VIII 414 9.9 Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides 415 9.9.1 Determination of Half-life of Long-lived Radionuclides 418 9.9.2 Methodological Developments and Applications of ICP-MS for Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides Including Trace/Matrix Separation 419 9.9.3 Ultratrace Analysis of Long-lived Radionuclides in Very Small Sample Volumes 424 9.9.4 Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides by LA-ICP-MS and Etv-icp-ms 427 9.9.5 Particle Analysis by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 430 References IX 431 9.10 Forensic Analysis 433 9.10.1 Fingerprinting in Forensic Studies 434 9.10.2 Multi-element Analysis for Forensic Studies 435 9.10.3 Trace Element Analysis of Selected Elements and Speciation 436 9.10.4 Nuclear Forensic Studies 437 9.10.5 Forensic Investigations by Isotope Ratio Measurements 438 References X 439 9.11 Study of Cluster and Polyatomic Ion Formation by Mass Spectrometry 440 9.11.1 Carbon and Boron Nitride Cluster Ion Formation 441 9.11.2 Formation of Selected Heteronuclear Cluster Ions 446 9.11.3 Clusters From Metal Oxide/Graphite Mixtures 446 9.11.4 Argon Diatomic Ions 450 9.11.5 Oxide Ion Formation of Long-lived Radionuclides in Icp-ms 453 References XI 455 9.12 Further Applications 456 9.12.1 Pharmaceutical Applications and Analysis of Drugs 457 9.12.2 Archaeology 457 References XII 458 10 Future Developments and Trends in Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 459 Appendices Appendix I 463 Appendix II 470 Appendix III 473 Appendix IV 478 Appendix V 481 Index 483
£157.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry
Book SynopsisThe issue of quality assurance in the analytical chemistry laboratory has become of great importance in recent years. Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry introduces the reader to the whole concept of quality assurance.Trade Review"An excellent open learning text.... Everyone will learn something from this book and I recommend it to anyone involved in analytical chemistry from junior laboratory technician to UKAS assessor." (The Higher Education Academy Physical Sciences Centre, June 2008) "The benefit of this book is the comprehensive and up to date approach to the topic is reliability in analytical measurements." (Accreditation and Quality Assurance: Journal for Quality, Comparability and Reliability in Chemical Measurement, August 2008) "Offers analysts a new learning route to achieving the quality objectives in their work." (International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols. 1. The Need for Reliable Results. 2. General Principles of Quality Assurance and Quality Control. 3. Sampling. 4. Preparing for Analysis. 5. Making Measurements. 6. Data Treatment. 7. Benchmarking Your Laboratory. 8. Documentation and its Management. 9. Managing Quality. Appendix: Two-Tailed Critical Values for Student t -Tests. Responses to Self Assessment Questions. Bibliography. Glossary of Terms. SI Units and Physical Constants Periodic Table. Index.
£130.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry
Book SynopsisThe issue of quality assurance in the analytical chemistry laboratory has become of great importance in recent years. Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry introduces the reader to the whole concept of quality assurance.Trade ReviewAn excellent open learning text. (Reviews, June 2008)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols. About the Authors. 1. The Need for Reliable Results. 2. General Principles of Quality Assurance and Quality Control. 3. Sampling. 4. Preparing for Analysis. 5. Making Measurements. 6. Data treatment. 7. Benchmarking Your Laboratory. 8. Documentation and its Management. 9. Managing Quality. Appendix:Two-Tailed Critical Values for Student t-Tests. Responses to Self-Assessment Questions. Bibliography. Glossary of Terms. SI Units and Physical Constants. Periodic Table. Index.
£58.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Analytical Techniques in Materials Conservation
Book SynopsisThis book introduces the reader to the wide variety of analytical techniques that are employed by those working on the conservation of materials. An introduction to each technique is provided with explanations of how data may be obtained and interpreted. Examples and case studies are included to illustrate how each technique is used in practice.Trade Review"Offers a unique source of useful up-to-date information about a vast variety of modern analytical techniques." (Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 2008) "...An excellent starting point when mastering a specific technique..." (ABC, Monday 10th September 2007)Table of Contents1. Conservation materials. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Proteins. 1.3 Lipids. 1.4 Carbohydrates. 1.5 Natural resins. 1.6 Natural materials. 1.7 Synthetic polymers. 1.8 Dyes and pigments. 1.9 Textiles. 1.10 Paintings. 1.11 Written material. 1.12 Glass. 1.13 Ceramics. 1.14 Stone. 1.15 Metals. 2. Basic identification techniques. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Visual examination. 2.3 Chemical tests. 2.4 Density and specific gravity. 2.5 Solubility. 2.6 Heat tests. 3. Light examination and microscopy. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Infrared techniques. 3.3 Ultraviolet techniques. 3.4 Radiography. 3.5 Refractometry. 3.6 Optical microscopy. 3.7 Transmission electron microscopy. 3.8 Scanning electron microscopy. 3.9 Scanning probe microscopy. 4. Molecular spectroscopy. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Infrared spectroscopy. 4.3 Raman spectroscopy. 4.4 Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. 4.5 Photoluminescence spectroscopy. 4.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 4.7 Electron spin resonance spectroscopy. 4.8 Mössbauer spectroscopy. 5. Atomic spectroscopy. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy. 5.3 Atomic emission spectroscopy. 5.4 Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. 6. X-ray techniques. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 X-ray diffraction. 6.3 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. 6.4 Electron microprobe analysis. 6.5 Proton induced X-ray emission. 6.6 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy. 7. Mass spectrometry. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Molecular mass spectrometry. 7.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry. 7.4 Atomic mass spectrometry. 8. Chromatography and electrophoresis. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Paper chromatography. 8.3 Thin layer chromatography. 8.4 Gas chromatography. 8.5 High performance liquid chromatography. 8.6 Size exclusion chromatography. 8.7 Ion chromatography. 8.8 Capillary electrophoresis. 9. Thermal and mechanical analysis. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Thermogravimetric analysis. 9.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis. 9.4 Tensile Testing. 9.5 Flexural Testing. 9.6 Thermal Mechanical Analysis. 9.7 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. 9.8 Hardness. 10. Nuclear methods. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Radioisotopic dating. 10.3 Neutron activation analysis. 10.4 Luminescence. 10.5 Neutron diffraction. Appendix Infrared spectra of polymers. Index.
£65.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Quantum in Chemistry An Experimentalists View
Book SynopsisThis book explores the way in which quantum theory has become central to our understanding of the behaviour of atoms and molecules. It looks at the way in which this underlies so many of the experimental measurements we make, how we interpret those experiments and the language which we use to describe our results.Trade Review"…recommended for upper-division undergraduates and first-year graduates...a pleasure to read…and deserves a place on the shelf of any physical chemist who has an interest in quantum mechanics." (Journal of Chemical Education, June 2007) "…a stimulating treatment of selected aspects of quantum chemistry." (CHOICE, May 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1: The Role of Theory in the Physical Sciences. 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 What is the role of theory in science? 1.2 The gas laws of Boyle and Gay-Lussac. 1.3 An absolute zero of temperature. 1.4 The gas equation of Van der Waals. 1.5 Physical laws. 1.6 Laws, postulates, hypotheses, etc. 1.7 Theory at the end of the 19th century. 1.8 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 2: From Classical to Quantum Mechanics. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 The motion of the planets: Tycho Brahe and Kepler. 2.2 Newton, Lagrange and Hamilton. 2.3 The power of classical mechanics. 2.4 The failure of classical physics. 2.5 The black-body radiator and Planck’s quantum hypothesis. 2.6 The photoelectric effect. 2.7 The emission spectra of atoms. 2.8 de Broglie’s proposal. 2.9 The Schrödinger equation. 2.10 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 3: The Application of Quantum Mechanics. 3.0 Introduction. 3.1 Observables, operators, eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. 3.2 The Schrödinger method. 3.3 An electron on a ring. 3.4 Hückel’s (4N + 2) rule: aromaticity. 3.5 Normalisation and orthogonality. 3.6 An electron in a linear box. 3.7 The linear and angular momenta of electrons confined within a one-dimensional box or on a ring. 3.8 The eigenfunctions of different operators. 3.9 Eigenfunctions, eigenvalues and experimental measurements. 3.10 More about measurement: the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. 3.11 The commutation of operators. 3.12 Combinations of eigenfunctions and the superposition of states. 3.13 Operators and their formulation. 3.14 Summary. 3.15 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 4: Angular Momentum. 4.0 Introduction. 4.1 Angular momentum in classical mechanics. 4.2 The conservation of angular momentum. 4.3 Angular momentum as a vector quantity. 4.4 Orbital angular momentum in quantum mechanics. 4.5 Spin angular momentum. 4.6 Total angular momentum. 4.7 Angular momentum operators and eigenfunctions. 4.8 Notation. 4.9 Some examples. 4.10 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 5: The Structure and Spectroscopy of the Atom. 5.0 Introduction. 5.1 The eigenvalues of the hydrogen atom. 5.2 The wave functions of the hydrogen atom. 5.3 Polar diagrams of the angular functions. 5.4 The complete orbital wave functions. 5.5 Other one-electron atoms. 5.6 Electron spin. 5.7 Atoms and ions with more than one electron. 5.8 The electronic states of the atom. 5.9 Spin-orbit coupling. 5.10 Selection rules in atomic spectroscopy. 5.11 The Zeeman effect. 5.12 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 6: The Covalent Chemical Bond. 6.0 Introduction. 6.1 The binding energy of the hydrogen molecule. 6.2 The Hamiltonian operator for the hydrogen molecule. 6.3 The Born–Oppenheimer approximation. 6.4 Heitler and London: The valence bond (VB) model. 6.5 Hund and Mulliken: the molecular orbital (MO) model. 6.6 Improving the wave functions. 6.7 Unification: Ionic structures and configuration interaction. 6.8 Electron correlation. 6.9 Bonding and antibonding Mos. 6.10 Why is there no He–He Bond? 6.11 Atomic orbital overlap. 6.12 The Homonuclear diatomic molecules from lithium to fluorine. 6.13 Heteronuclear diatomic molecules. 6.14 Charge distribution. 6.15 Hybridisation and resonance. 6.16 Resonance and the valence bond theory. 6.17 Molecular geometry. 6.18 Computational developments. 6.19 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 7: Bonding, Spectroscopy and Magnetism in Transition-Metal Complexes. 7.0 Introduction. 7.1 Historical development. 7.2 The crystal field theory. 7.3 The electronic energy levels of transition-metal complexes. 7.4 The electronic spectroscopy of transition-metal complexes. 7.5 Pairing energies; low-spin and high-spin complexes. 7.6 The magnetism of transition-metal complexes. 7.7 Covalency and the ligand field theory. 7.8 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 8: Spectroscopy. 8.0 The interaction of radiation with matter. 8.1 Electromagnetic radiation. 8.2 Polarised light. 8.3 The electromagnetic spectrum. 8.4 Photons and their properties. 8.5 Selection rules. 8.6 The quantum mechanics of transition probability. 8.7 The nature of the time-independent interaction. 8.8 Spectroscopic time scales. 8.9 Quantum electrodynamics. 8.10 Spectroscopic units and notation. 8.11 The Einstein coefficients. 8.12 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 9: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 9.0 Introduction. 9.1 The magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. 9.2 The frequency region of NMR spectroscopy. 9.3 The NMR selection rule. 9.4 The chemical shift. 9.5 Nuclear spin–spin coupling. 9.6 The energy levels of a nuclear spin system. 9.7 The intensities of NMR spectral lines. 9.8 Quantum mechanics and NMR spectroscopy. 9.9 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 10: Infrared Spectroscopy. 10.0 Introduction. 10.1 The origin of the infrared spectra of molecules. 10.2 Simple harmonic motion. 10.3 The quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator. 10.4 Rotation of a diatomic molecule. 10.5 Selection rules for vibrational and rotational transitions. 10.6 Real diatomic molecules. 10.7 Polyatomic molecules. 10.8 Anharmonicity. 10.9 The ab-initio calculation of IR spectra. 10.10 The special case of near infrared spectroscopy. 10.11 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 11: Electronic Spectroscopy. 11.0 Introduction. 11.1 Atomic and molecular orbitals. 11.2 The spectra of covalent molecules. 11.3 Charge transfer (CT) spectra. 11.4 Many-electron wave functions. 11.5 The 1s12s1 configuration of the helium atom; singlet and triplet states. 11.6 The Π-electron spectrum of benzene. 11.7 Selection rules. 11.8 Slater determinants (Appendix 6). 11.9 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 12: Some Special Topics. 12.0 Introduction. 12.1 The Hückel molecular orbital (HMO) theory. 12.2 Magnetism in chemistry. 12.3 The band theory of solids. 12.4 Bibliography and further reading. Appendices. 1. Fundamental Constants and Atomic Units. 2. The Variation Method and the Secular Equations. 3. Energies and Wave Functions by Matrix Diagonalisation. 4. Perturbation Theory. 5. The Spherical Harmonics and Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions. 6. Slater Determinants. 7. Spherical Polar Co-ordinates. 8. Numbers: Real, Imaginary and Complex. 9. Dipole and Transition Dipole Moments. 10. Wave Functions for the 3F States of d2 using Shift Operators. Index.
£72.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Particle Technology
Book SynopsisThis textbook is a comprehensive introduction to the many concepts of this broad subject. Case studies are provided alongside real-life industrial applications illustrating the techniques and theory. This book will be essential reading for students of chemical engineering on particle technology courses.Table of ContentsAbout the Contributors. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Introduction.. 1. Particle Size Analysis. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Describing The Size Of A Single Particle. 1.3 Description Of Populations Of Particles. 1.4 Conversion Between Distributions. 1.5 Describing The Population By A Single Number. 1.6 Equivalence Of Means. 1.7 Common Methods Of Displaying Size Distributions. 1.8 Methods Of Particle Size Measurement. 1.9 Sampling. 1.10 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 2. Single Particles in a Fluid. 2.1 Motion Of Solid Particles In A Fluid. 2.2 Particles Falling Under Gravity Through A Fluid. 2.3 Non-Spherical Particles. 2.4 Effect Of Boundaries On Terminal Velocity. 2.5 Further Reading. 2.6 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 3. Multiple Particle Systems. 3.1 Settling Of A Suspension Of Particles. 3.2 Batch Settling. 3.3 Continuous Settling. 3.4 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 4. Slurry Transport. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Flow Condition. 4.3 Rheological Models For Homogeneous Slurries. 4.4 Heterogeneous Slurries. 4.5 Components Of A Slurry Flow System. 4.6 Further Reading. 4.7 Worked Examples. Exercises. Test Yourself. 5. Colloids and Fine Particles. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Brownian Motion. 5.3 Surface Forces. 5.4 Result of Surface Forces on Behaviour in Air and Water. 5.5 Influences of Particle Size and Surface Forces on Solid/Liquid Separation by Sedimentation. 5.6 Suspension Rheology. 5.7 Influence of Surface Forces on Suspension Flow. 5.8 Nanoparticles. 5.9 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 6. Fluid Flow Through a Packed Bed of Particles. 6.1 Pressure Drop–Flow Relationship. 6.2 Filtration. 6.3 Further Reading. 6.4 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 7. Fluidization. 7.1 Fundamentals. 7.2 Relevant Powder And Particle Properties. 7.3 Bubbling And Non-Bubbling Fluidization. 7.4 Classification Of Powders. 7.5 Expansion Of A Fluidized Bed. 7.6 Entrainment. 7.7 Heat Transfer In Fluidized Beds. 7.8 Applications Of Fluidized Beds. 7.9 A Simple Model For The Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor. 7.10 Some Practical Considerations. 7.11 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 8. Pneumatic Transport and Standpipes. 8.1 Pneumatic Transport. 8.2 Standpipes. 8.3 Further Reading. 8.4 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 9. Separation of Particles From a Gas: Gas Cyclones. 9.1 Gas Cyclones – Description. 9.2 Flow Characteristics. 9.3 Efficiency Of Separation. 9.4 Scale-Up Of Cyclones. 9.5 Range Of Operation. 9.6 Some Practical Design And Operation Details. 9.7 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 10. Storage and Flow of Powders – Hopper Design. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Mass Flow And Core Flow. 10.3 The Design Philosophy. 10.4 Shear Cell Test. 10.5 Analysis Of Shear Cell Test Results. 10.6 Summary Of Design Procedure. 10.7 Discharge Aids. 10.8 Pressure On The Base Of A Tall Cylindrical Bin. 10.9 Mass Flow Rates. 10.10 Conclusions. 10.11 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 11. Mixing and Segregation. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Types Of Mixture. 11.3 Segregation. 11.4 Reduction Of Segregation. 11.5 Equipment For Particulate Mixing. 11.6 Assessing The Mixture. 11.7 Worked Examples. Exercises. 12. Particle Size Reduction. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Particle Fracture Mechanisms. 12.3 Model Predicting Energy Requirement And Product Size Distribution. 12.4 Types Of Comminution Equipment. 12.5 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 13. Size Enlargement. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Interparticle Forces. 13.3 Granulation. 13.4 Worked Examples. Exercises. 14. Health Effects of Fine Powders. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 The Human Respiratory System. 14.3 Interaction of Fine Powders with the Respiratory System. 14.4 Pulmonary Delivery of Drugs. 14.5 Harmful Effects of Fine Powders. Test Yourself. Exercises. 15. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Fine Powders. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Combustion Fundamentals. 15.3 Combustion In Dust Clouds. 15.4 Control Of The Hazard. 15.5 Worked Examples. Test Yourself. Exercises. 16. Case Studies. 16.1 Case Study 1. 16.2 Case Study 2. 16.3 Case Study 3. 16.4 Case Study 4. 16.5 Case Study 5. 16.6 Case Study 6. 16.7 Case Study 7. 16.8 Case Study 8. Notation. References. Index.
£49.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Practical Fermentation Technology
Book SynopsisA hands-on book which begins by setting the context;- defining 'fermentation' and the possible uses of fermenters, and setting the scope for the book. It then proceeds in a methodical manner to cover the equipment for research scale fermentation labs, the different types of fermenters available, their uses and modes of operation.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Acknowledgements. Preface. 1 Fermentation: An Art from the Past, a Skill for the Future (Brian McNeil and Linda M. Harvey). 2 Fermentation Equipment Selection: Laboratory Scale Bioreactor Design Considerations (Guy Matthews). 3 Equipping a Research Scale Fermentation Laboratory for Production of Membrane Proteins (Peter C.J. Roach, John O’Reilly, Halina T. Norbertczak, Ryan J. Hope, Henrietta Venter, Simon G. Patching, Mohammed Jamshad, Peter G. Stockley, Stephen A. Baldwin, Richard B. Herbert, Nicholas G. Rutherford, Roslyn M. Bill and Peter J.F. Henderson). 4 Modes of Fermenter Operation (Sue Macauley-Patrick and Beverley Finn). 5 The Design and Preparation of Media for Bioprocesses (Linda M. Harvey and Brian McNeil). 6 Preservation of Cultures for Fermentation Processes (James R. Moldenhauer). 7 Modelling the Kinetics of Biological Activity in Fermentation Systems (Ferda Mavituna and Charles G. Sinclair). 8 Scale Up and Scale Down of Fermentation Processes (Frances Burke). 9 On-line, In-situ, Measurements within Fermenters (Andrew Hayward).
£147.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Principles and Applications of Photochemistry
Book SynopsisPrinciples and Applications of Photochemistry provides a modern introduction to photochemistry, which starts by covering the principles, and then moves on to cover the applications. The many and varied applications are drawn from such diverse subjects as lasers, the atmosphere, biochemistry, medicine and industry.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introductory Concepts 1 Aims and Objectives 1 1.1 The Quantum Nature of Matter and Light 2 1.2 Modelling Atoms: Atomic Orbitals 6 1.3 Modelling Molecules: Molecular Orbitals 9 1.4 Modelling Molecules: Electronic States 13 1.5 Light Sources Used in Photochemistry 16 1.6 Efficiency of Photochemical Processes: Quantum Yield 25 2 Light Absorption and Electronically-excited States 29 Aims and Objectives 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 The Beer–Lambert Law 30 2.3 The Physical Basis of Light Absorption by Molecules 32 2.4 Absorption of Light by Organic Molecules 35 2.5 Linearly-conjugated Molecules 39 2.6 Some Selection Rules 42 2.7 Absorption of Light by Inorganic Complexes 43 3 The Physical Deactivation of Excited States 47 Aims and Objectives 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Jablonski Diagrams 49 3.3 Excited-state Lifetimes 53 4 Radiative Processes of Excited States 59 Aims and Objectives 59 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 Fluorescence and Fluorescence Spectra 61 4.3 An Exception to Kasha’s Rule 63 4.4 Fluorescence Quantum Yield 64 4.5 Factors Contributing to Fluorescence Behaviour 65 4.6 Molecular Fluorescence in Analytical Chemistry 67 4.7 Phosphorescence 70 4.8 Delayed Fluorescence 73 4.9 Lanthanide Luminescence 74 5 Intramolecular Radiationless Transitions of Excited States 77 Aims and Objectives 77 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 The Energy Gap Law 79 5.3 The Franck–Condon Factor 79 5.4 Heavy Atom Effects on Intersystem Crossing 82 5.5 El-Sayed’s Selection Rules for Intersystem Crosssing 83 6 Intermolecular Physical Processes of Excited States 87 Aims and Objectives 87 6.1 Quenching Processes 88 6.2 Excimers 90 6.3 Exciplexes 93 6.4 Intermolecular Electronic Energy Transfer 96 6.5 The Trivial or Radiative Mechanism of Energy Transfer 97 6.6 Long-range Dipole–Dipole (Coulombic) Energy Transfer 98 6.7 Short-range Electron-exchange Energy Transfer 105 6.8 Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) 110 7 Some Aspects of the Chemical Properties of Excited States 119 Aims and Objectives 119 7.1 The Pathway of Photochemical Reactions 120 7.2 Differences between Photochemical and Thermal Reactions 124 7.3 Photolysis 127 7.4 An Introduction to the Chemistry of Carbon-centred Radicals 133 7.5 Photochemistry of the Complexes and Organometallic Compounds of d-block Elements 135 8 The Photochemistry of Alkenes 145 Aims and Objectives 145 8.1 Excited States of Alkenes 146 8.2 Geometrical Isomerisation by Direct Irradiation of C=C Compounds 147 8.3 Photosensitised Geometrical Isomerisation of C=C Compounds 149 8.4 Concerted Photoreactions 151 8.5 Photocycloaddition Reactions 157 8.6 Photoaddition Reactions 159 9 The Photochemistry of Carbonyl Compounds 161 Aims and Objectives 161 9.1 Excited States of Carbonyl Compounds 162 9.2 α-cleavage Reactions 163 9.3 Intermolecular Hydrogen-abstraction Reactions 166 9.4 Intramolecular Hydrogen-abstraction Reactions 167 9.5 Photocyloaddition Reactions 168 9.6 The Role of Carbonyl Compounds in Polymer Chemistry 169 10 Investigating Some Aspects of Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms 173 Aims and Objectives 173 10.1 Introduction 174 10.2 Information from Electronic Spectra 174 10.3 Triplet-quenching Studies 176 10.4 Sensitisation 180 10.5 Flash Photolysis Studies 182 10.6 Low-temperature Studies 195 Further Reading 196 11 Semiconductor Photochemistry 197 Aims and Objectives 197 11.1 Introduction to Semiconductor Photochemistry 198 11.2 Solar-energy Conversion by Photovoltaic Cells 199 11.3 Semiconductors as Sensitisers for Water Splitting 204 11.4 Semiconductor Photocatalysis 208 11.5 Semiconductor-photoinduced Superhydrophilicity 211 Further Reading 212 12 An Introduction to Supramolecular Photochemistry 213 Aims and Objectives 213 12.1 Some Basic Ideas 214 12.2 Host–Guest Supramolecular Photochemistry 215 12.3 Supramolecular Photochemistry in Natural Systems 221 12.4 Artificial Photosynthesis 229 12.5 Photochemical Supramolecular Devices 233 Further Reading 238 Index 241
£41.75
John Wiley & Sons Inc Block Copolymers in Solution Fundamentals and
Book SynopsisA unique text discussing solution self-assembly of block copolymers, covering all aspects from basic physical chemistry to applications in soft nanotechnology. It covers the principles of self-assembly in both dilute and concentrated solution (micellization, mesophase formation etc).Trade Review"…this book nicely summarizes the field, touching on all the important subjects…vital to scientists and engineering working with these materials." (Journal of the American Chemical Society, February 1, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface xi 1. Introduction 1 References 5 2. Neutral Block Copolymers in Dilute Solution 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Techniques for Studying Micellization 7 2.2.1 Cryo-TEM 7 2.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 8 2.2.3 Dynamic Light Scattering 8 2.2.4 Ellipsometry 10 2.2.5 Fluorescence Probe Experiments 10 2.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 10 2.2.7 Rheology 11 2.2.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy 11 2.2.9 Small-angle X-ray and Neutron Scattering 12 2.2.10 Static Light Scattering 14 2.2.11 Surface Pressure–Area Isotherms 16 2.2.12 Surface Tensiometry 16 2.2.13 Viscometry 17 2.2.14 X-ray and Neutron Reflectivity 17 2.3 Micellization in PEO-based Block Copolymers 18 2.4 Micellization in Styrenic Block Copolymers 20 2.5 Determination of cmc 20 2.6 Thermodynamics of Micellization 22 2.6.1 Chain Length Dependence of Micellization 25 2.6.2 Effect of Architecture 27 2.6.3 Effect of Solvents and Salts on Micellization 32 2.7 Micellization and Micelle Dimensions: Theory and Simulation 33 2.7.1 Scaling Models 33 2.7.2 The Brush Model 37 2.7.3 The Self-consistent Mean Field Theory 40 2.7.4 The Model of Nagarajan and Ganesh 43 2.7.5 Computer Simulations 44 2.7.6 Theory: ABC Triblock Micelles 45 2.8 Micelle Dimensions: Comparison Between Experiment and Theory 47 2.9 Interaction between Micelles 51 2.10 Dynamics of Micellization 52 2.11 Dynamic Modes 56 2.12 Specific Types of Micelles 60 2.12.1 Micelles from Telechelics 60 2.12.2 Micelles from ABC Triblocks 62 2.12.3 Micelles from Rod–Coil Copolymers 66 2.12.4 Cross-linked Micelles 68 2.12.5 Janus Micelles 71 2.12.6 Nonspherical Micelles 71 2.12.7 Micelles Formed due to Specific Interactions 74 2.13 Micellization in Mixed Solvents 75 2.14 Mixed Micelles 75 2.15 Block Copolymer/Surfactant Complexes 76 2.16 Complex Morphologies 79 2.17 Vesicles 83 2.18 Crystallization in Micelles 90 References 91 3. Concentrated Solutions 105 3.1 Understanding Phase Diagrams 105 3.2 Phase Behaviour of PEO-containing Block Copolymers 111 3.3 Gelation 117 3.3.1 Rheology 117 3.3.2 Structure – Packing of Micelles 124 3.3.3 Thermodynamics of Gelation and Micellization in Concentrated Solution 126 3.3.4 Effect of Added Homopolymer, Salt or Surfactant 127 3.3.5 Influence of Architecture 129 3.4 Order–Disorder Phase Transition 132 3.5 Order–Order Phase Transitions 135 3.5.1 Structural Aspects 135 3.5.2 Ordering Kinetics 139 3.6 Domain Spacing Scaling, and Solvent Distribution Profiles 140 3.7 Semidilute Block Copolymer Solution Theory 143 3.8 Theoretical Understanding of Phase Diagrams 146 3.9 Flow Alignment 149 3.9.1 Lamellar Phase 149 3.9.2 Hexagonal Phase 151 3.9.3 Cubic Micellar Phases 152 3.10 Dynamics 159 3.10.1 Dynamic Modes 159 3.10.2 Dynamics of Gelation 160 References 164 4. Polyelectrolyte Block Copolymers 173 4.1 Micellization 173 4.1.1 General Remarks 173 4.1.2 Micellization in Block Copolymers Containing Anionic Blocks 175 4.1.3 Micellization in Block Copolymers Containing Cationic Blocks 179 4.1.4 Micellization of Polyampholyte Block Copolymers 182 4.1.5 Micellization of Polyelectrolyte-containing ABC triblocks 182 4.1.6 Micellization of Block Copolymers Containing Grafted Polyelectrolytes 183 4.1.7 Micellization in Block Copolymers Containing Sulfonated Polyisoprene 183 4.2 Chain Conformation 184 4.3 Theory 188 4.4 Polyion Complexes 195 4.5 Copolymer–Surfactant Complexes 198 4.6 Complexation with other Molecules 199 4.7 Gelation 200 4.8 Hierarchical Order in Peptide Block Copolyelectrolyte Solutions 200 4.8.1 α Helix Structures 202 4.8.2 β Sheet Structures 204 4.8.3 Hydrogels 206 4.8.4 Polypeptide Block Copolymer-based Complexes 207 References 208 5. Adsorption 215 5.1 Introduction 215 5.2 Adsorption at the Air–Water Interface 215 5.2.1 Adsorption of Neutral Block Copolymers 215 5.2.2 Adsorption of Polyelectrolyte Block Copolymers 221 5.3 Adsorption on Solid Substrates 222 5.3.1 Adsorption of Neutral Block Copolymers 222 5.3.2 Adsorption of Polyelectrolyte Block Copolymers 225 5.3.3 Surface Micelles 226 5.4 Surface Forces Experiments 231 5.5 Modelling Adsorption 234 References 236 6. Applications 241 6.1 Surfactancy/Detergency 241 6.2 Solubilization, Emulsification and Stabilization 241 6.2.1 Solubilization 241 6.2.2 Emulsification and Stabilization 245 6.3 Drug Delivery 247 6.4 Biodegradable Block Copolymer Micelles 253 6.5 Thermoresponsive Micellar Systems 254 6.6 Metal-containing Copolymer Micelles and Nanoreactors 255 6.7 Vesicles 261 6.8 Separation Media 268 6.9 Templating 268 6.10 Membranes 274 6.11 Other Applications 275 References 276 Index 285
£161.95
Wiley-Blackwell Development of Sustainable Bioprocesses Modeling
Book Synopsis
£150.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics
Book SynopsisThis is the first modern approach to thermodynamics written specifically for a first undergraduate course.Trade Review"The book is excellent at capturing and keeping the interest of the reader. The historical perspective and the biographical sketches of the major developers of thermodynamics are exceptionally good." (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, January 5, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface. Part I: The Formalism of Modern Thermodynamics. 1. Basic Concepts and the Laws of Gases. 2. The First Law of Thermodynamics. 3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Arrow of Time. 4. Entropy in the Realm of Chemical Reactions. 5. Extremum Principles and General Thermodynamic Relations. Part II: Applications: Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Systems. 6. Basic Thermodynamics of Gases, Liquids and Solids. 7. Thermodynamics of Phase Change. 8. Thermodynamics of Solutions. 9. Thermodynamics of Chemical Transformations. 10. Fields and Internal Degrees of Freedom. 11. Introduction to Nonequilibrium Systems. Part III: Additional Topics. 12. Thermodynamics of Radiation. 13. Biological Systems. 14. Thermodynamics of Small Systems. 15. Classical Stability Theory. 16. Critical Phenomena and Configurationally Heat Capacity. 17. Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics. List of Variables. Standard Thermodynamic Properties. Physical Constants and Data. Name Index. Subject Index.
£51.25
John Wiley & Sons Inc Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
Book SynopsisEllipsometry is a powerful tool used for the characterization of thin films and multi-layer semiconductor structures. This book deals with fundamental principles and applications of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Beginning with an overview of SE technologies the text moves on to focus on the data analysis of results obtained from SE, Fundamental data analyses, principles and physical backgrounds and the various materials used in different fields from LSI industry to biotechnology are described. The final chapter describes the latest developments of real-time monitoring and process control which have attracted significant attention in various scientific and industrial fields.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction to Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. 1.1 Features of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. 1.2 Applications of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. 1.3 Data Analysis. 1.4 History of Development. 1.5 Future Prospects. References. 2 Principles of Optics. 2.1 Propagation of Light. 2.2 Dielectrics. 2.3 Reflection and Transmission of Light. 2.4 Optical Interference. References. 3 Polarization of Light. 3.1 Representation of Polarized Light. 3.2 Optical Elements. 3.3 Jones Matrix. 3.4 Stokes Parameters. References. 4 Principles of Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. 4.1 Principles of Ellipsometry Measurement. 4.2 Ellipsometry Measurement. 4.3 Instrumentation for Ellipsometry. 4.4 Precision and Error of Measurement. References. 5 Data Analysis. 5.1 Interpretation of (Ψ, Δ). 5.2 Dielectric Function Models. 5.3 Effective Medium Approximation. 5.4 Optical Models. 5.5 Data Analysis Procedure. References. 6 Ellipsometry of Anisotropic Materials. 6.1 Reflection and Transmission of Light by Anisotropic Materials. 6.2 Fresnel Equations for Anisotropic Materials. 6.3 4×4 Matrix Method. 6.4 Interpretation of (Ψ, Δ) for Anisotropic Materials. 6.5 Measurement and Data Analysis of Anisotropic Materials. References. 7 Data Analysis Examples. 7.1 Insulators. 7.2 Semiconductors. 7.3 Metals/Semiconductors. 7.4 Organic Materials/Biomaterials. 7.5 Anisotropic Materials. References. 8 Real-Time Monitoring by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. 8.1 Data Analysis in Real-Time Monitoring. 8.2 Observation of Thin-Film Growth by Real-Time Monitoring. 8.3 Process Control by Real-Time Monitoring. References. Appendices. 1 Trigonometric Functions. 2 Definitions of Optical Constants. 3 Maxwell’s Equations for Conductors. 4 Jones–Mueller Matrix Conversion. 5 Kramers–Kronig Relations. Index.
£153.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Process Dynamics and Control Modeling for Control
Book SynopsisOffering a different approach to other textbooks in the area, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the subject. Divided in three broad parts, the first part deals with building physical models, the second part with developing empirical models and the final part discusses developing process control solutions.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgement. 1 Introduction to Process Modelling. 2 Process Modelling Fundamentals. 3 Extended Analysis of Modelling for Process Operation. 4 Design for Process Modelling and Behavioural Models. 5 Transformation Techniques. 6 Linearization of Model Equations. 7 Operating points. 8 Process Simulation. 9 Frequency Response Analysis. References. 10 General Process Behaviour 11 Analysis of a Mixing Process. 12 Dynamics of Chemical Stirred Tank Reactors. 13 Dynamic Analysis of Tubular Reactors. 14 Dynamic Analysis of Heat Exchangers. 15 Dynamics of Evaporators and Separators. 16 Dynamic Modelling of Distillation Columns. 17 Dynamic Analysis of Fermentation Reactors 18 Physiological Modeling: Glucose-Insulin Dynamics and Cardiovascular Modelling. 19 Introduction to Black Box Modelling. 20 Basics of Linear Algebra. 21 Data Conditioning. 22 Principal Component Analysis 23 Partial Least Squares 24 Time-series Identification. 25 Discrete Linear and Non-linear State Space Modelling. 26 Model Reduction. 27 Neural Networks. 28 Fuzzy Modelling. 29 Neuro Fuzzy Modelling. 30 Hybrid Models. 31 Introduction to Process Control and Instrumentation. 32 Behaviour of Controlled Processes. 33 Design of Control Schemes. 34 Control of Distillation Columns. 35 Control of a Fluid Catalytic Cracker. Appendix A. Modelling an Extraction Process. A1: Problem Analysis. A2: Dynamic Process Model Development. A3 Dynamic Process Model Analysis. A4 Dynamic Process Simulation. A5: Process Control Simulation. Hints. Index.
£151.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Process Dynamics and Control
Book SynopsisOffering a different approach to other textbooks in the area, this book is a comprehensive introduction to the subject. Divided in three broad parts, the first part deals with building physical models, the second part with developing empirical models and the final part discusses developing process control solutions.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgement. 1 Introduction to Process Modelling. 2 Process Modelling Fundamentals. 3 Extended Analysis of Modelling for Process Operation. 4 Design for Process Modelling and Behavioural Models. 5 Transformation Techniques. 6 Linearization of Model Equations. 7 Operating points. 8 Process Simulation. 9 Frequency Response Analysis. References. 10 General Process Behaviour 11 Analysis of a Mixing Process. 12 Dynamics of Chemical Stirred Tank Reactors. 13 Dynamic Analysis of Tubular Reactors. 14 Dynamic Analysis of Heat Exchangers. 15 Dynamics of Evaporators and Separators. 16 Dynamic Modelling of Distillation Columns. 17 Dynamic Analysis of Fermentation Reactors 18 Physiological Modeling: Glucose-Insulin Dynamics and Cardiovascular Modelling. 19 Introduction to Black Box Modelling. 20 Basics of Linear Algebra. 21 Data Conditioning. 22 Principal Component Analysis 23 Partial Least Squares 24 Time-series Identification. 25 Discrete Linear and Non-linear State Space Modelling. 26 Model Reduction. 27 Neural Networks. 28 Fuzzy Modelling. 29 Neuro Fuzzy Modelling. 30 Hybrid Models. 31 Introduction to Process Control and Instrumentation. 32 Behaviour of Controlled Processes. 33 Design of Control Schemes. 34 Control of Distillation Columns. 35 Control of a Fluid Catalytic Cracker. Appendix A. Modelling an Extraction Process. A1: Problem Analysis. A2: Dynamic Process Model Development. A3 Dynamic Process Model Analysis. A4 Dynamic Process Simulation. A5: Process Control Simulation. Hints. Index.
£55.05
John Wiley & Sons Inc Essentials of Organic Chemistry
Book SynopsisEssentials of Organic Chemistry provides an accessible introduction to the fundamentals of the subject needed by pharmacy, medicinal, and biological chemistry students taking organic chemistry courses.Trade Review"…I look forward to using Dewick's book in coming years to add even more 'life' to the subject of organic chemistry." (Journal of Chemical Education, February 2008)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Molecular representations and nomenclature. 2. Atomic structure and bonding. 3. Stereochemistry. 4. Acids and bases. 5. Reaction mechanisms. 6. Nucleophilic reactions: nucleophilic substitution. 7. Nucleophilic reactions of carbonyl groups. 8. Electrophilic reactions. 9. Radical reactions. 10. Nucleophilic reactions involving enolate anions. 11. Heterocycles. 12. Carbohydrates. 13. Amino acids, peptides and proteins. 14. Nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. 15. The organic chemistry of intermediary metabolism. 16. How to approach examination questions: selected problems and answers. Index.
£157.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Essentials of Organic Chemistry
Book SynopsisEssentials of Organic Chemistry is an accessible introduction to the subject for students of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Chemistry. Designed to provide a thorough grounding in fundamental chemical principles, the book focuses on key elements of organic chemistry and carefully chosen material is illustrated with the extensive use of pharmaceutical and biochemical examples. In order to establish links and similarities the book places prominence on principles and deductive reasoning with cross-referencing. This informal text also places the main emphasis on understanding and predicting reactivity rather than synthetic methodology as well as utilising a mechanism based layout and featuring annotated schemes to reduce the need for textual explanations. * tailored specifically to the needs of students of Pharmacy Medical Chemistry and Biological Chemistry * numerous pharmaceutical and biochemical examples * mechanism based layout * focus Trade Review"The ease with which the author conveys predictability in fundamental chemical reaction pathways distinguishes this book." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2007) "...the textbook accomplishes its distinctive purpose with clear writing and appropriately selected content" (Journal of Natural Products, 2007) "Do you want to add life to your organic chemistry course? If so, Essentials of Organic Chemistry (1) may be for you." (Journal of Chemical Education, February 2008) "...the book is a very good experience of an organic chemistry mechanistic approach to the study of biochemistry…" (Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, December 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Molecular representations and nomenclature. 2. Atomic structure and bonding. 3. Stereochemistry. 4. Acids and bases. 5. Reaction mechanisms. 6. Nucleophilic reactions: nucleophilic substitution. 7. Nucleophilic reactions of carbonyl groups. 8. Electrophilic reactions. 9. Radical reactions. 10. Nucleophilic reactions involving enolate anions. 11. Heterocycles. 12. Carbohydrates. 13. Amino acids, peptides and proteins. 14. Nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. 15. The organic chemistry of intermediary metabolism. 16. How to approach examination questions: selected problems and answers. Index.
£50.30
John Wiley & Sons Inc Applied Chemometrics for Scientists
Book SynopsisThe book introduces most of the basic tools of chemometrics including experimental design, signal analysis, statistical methods for analytical chemistry and multivariate methods.Trade Review"…useful for introducing chemometrics in undergraduate classes…a valuable encyclopedia for researchers…" (Journal of Chemical Education, December 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Development of Chemometrics. 1.2 Application Areas. 1.3 How to Use this Book. 1.4 Literature and Other Sources of Information. References. 2 Experimental Design. 2.1 Why Design Experiments in Chemistry? 2.2 Degrees of Freedom and Sources of Error. 2.3 Analysis of Variance and Interpretation of Errors. 2.4 Matrices, Vectors and the Pseudoinverse. 2.5 Design Matrices. 2.6 Factorial Designs. 2.7 An Example of a Factorial Design. 2.8 Fractional Factorial Designs. 2.9 Plackett–Burman and Taguchi Designs. 2.10 The Application of a Plackett–Burman Design to the Screening of Factors Influencing a Chemical Reaction. 2.11 Central Composite Designs. 2.12 Mixture Designs. 2.13 A Four Component Mixture Design Used to Study Blending of Olive Oils. 2.14 Simplex Optimization. 2.15 Leverage and Confidence in Models. 2.16 Designs for Multivariate Calibration. References. 3 Statistical Concepts. 3.1 Statistics for Chemists. 3.2 Errors. 3.3 Describing Data. 3.4 The Normal Distribution. 3.5 Is a Distribution Normal? 3.6 Hypothesis Tests. 3.7 Comparison of Means: the t-Test. 3.8 F-Test for Comparison of Variances. 3.9 Confidence in Linear Regression. 3.10 More about Confidence. 3.11 Consequences of Outliers and How to Deal with Them. 3.12 Detection of Outliers. 3.13 Shewhart Charts. 3.14 More about Control Charts. References. 4 Sequential Methods. 4.1 Sequential Data. 4.2 Correlograms. 4.3 Linear Smoothing Functions and Filters. 4.4 Fourier Transforms. 4.5 Maximum Entropy and Bayesian Methods. 4.6 Fourier Filters. 4.7 Peakshapes in Chromatography and Spectroscopy. 4.8 Derivatives in Spectroscopy and Chromatography. 4.9 Wavelets. References. 5 Pattern Recognition. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Principal Components Analysis. 5.3 Graphical Representation of Scores and Loadings. 5.4 Comparing Multivariate Patterns. 5.5 Preprocessing. 5.6 Unsupervised Pattern Recognition: Cluster Analysis. 5.7 Supervised Pattern Recognition. 5.8 Statistical Classification Techniques. 5.9 K Nearest Neighbour Method. 5.10 How Many Components Characterize a Dataset? 5.11 Multiway Pattern Recognition. References. 6 Calibration. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Univariate Calibration. 6.3 Multivariate Calibration and the Spectroscopy of Mixtures. 6.4 Multiple Linear Regression. 6.5 Principal Components Regression. 6.6 Partial Least Squares. 6.7 How Good is the Calibration and What is the Most Appropriate Model? 6.8 Multiway Calibration. References. 7 Coupled Chromatography. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Preparing the Data. 7.3 Chemical Composition of Sequential Data. 7.4 Univariate Purity Curves. 7.5 Similarity Based Methods. 7.6 Evolving and Window Factor Analysis. 7.7 Derivative Based Methods. 7.8 Deconvolution of Evolutionary Signals. 7.9 Noniterative Methods for Resolution. 7.10 Iterative Methods for Resolution. 8 Equilibria, Reactions and Process Analytics. 8.1 The Study of Equilibria using Spectroscopy. 8.2 Spectroscopic Monitoring of Reactions. 8.3 Kinetics and Multivariate Models for the Quantitative Study of Reactions 8.4 Developments in the Analysis of Reactions using On-line Spectroscopy. 8.5 The Process Analytical Technology Initiative. References. 9 Improving Yields and Processes Using Experimental Designs. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Use of Statistical Designs for Improving the Performance of Synthetic Reactions. 9.3 Screening for Factors that Influence the Performance of a Reaction. 9.4 Optimizing the Process Variables. 9.5 Handling Mixture Variables using Simplex Designs. 9.6 More about Mixture Variables. 10 Biological and Medical Applications of Chemometrics. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Taxonomy. 10.3 Discrimination. 10.4 Mahalanobis Distance. 10.5 Bayesian Methods and Contingency Tables. 10.6 Support Vector Machines. 10.7 Discriminant Partial Least Squares. 10.8 Micro-organisms. 10.9 Medical Diagnosis using Spectroscopy. 10.10 Metabolomics using Coupled Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. References. 11 Biological Macromolecules. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Sequence Alignment and Scoring Matches. 11.3 Sequence Similarity. 11.4 Tree Diagrams. 11.5 Phylogenetic Trees. References. 12 Multivariate Image Analysis. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Scaling Images. 12.3 Filtering and Smoothing the Image. 12.4 Principal Components for the Enhancement of Images. 12.5 Regression of Images. 12.6 Alternating Least Squares as Employed in Image Analysis. 12.7 Multiway Methods In Image Analysis. References. 13 Food. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 How to Determine the Origin of a Food Product using Chromatography. 13.3 Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 13.4 Other Information. 13.5 Sensory Analysis: Linking Composition to Properties. 13.6 Varimax Rotation. 13.7 Calibrating Sensory Descriptors to Composition. References. Index.
£84.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Handbook of Biosensors and Biochips 2 Volume Set
Book SynopsisWith contributions from experts in the field, the Handbook of Biosensors and Biochips provides an essential reference, underpinning many of the applications used in medical diagnostics, environmental control and pharmaceutical and food industries. It presents an invaluable addition for those in both academia and industry.Trade Review"It presents an invaluable addition for those in both academia and industry." (Biotechnology, Agronomy Society and Environment, 2007)Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction to biosensor and biochip technologies Part II: Biological and molecular recognitions systems Part III: The biology – materials interface: interfacial science and receptor integration Part IV: Transducer technologies for biosensors and bio-array technologies Part V: Miniaturised, micro-engineered and particle systems Part VI: Array technologies Part VII: Data analysis, conditioning and presentation Part VIII: Areas and examples of biosensor applications Part IX: Commercialisation, business and regulatory issues Part X: Future implications, trends and perspectives
£682.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Feedstock Recycling and Pyrolysis of Waste
Book SynopsisThis new book provides an overview of the science and technology of pyrolysis of waste plastics. It describes: the types of plastics that are suitable for pyrolysis recycling; the mechanism of pyrolytic degradation of various plastics; characterization of the pyrolysis products; and details of commercially mature pyrolysis technologies.Trade Review"…contains a wealth of information…anyone interested in the field must consult this text." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, August 17, 2007) "…an invaluable addition to any technical or university library…" (CHOICE, July 2007)Table of ContentsContributors. Series Preface. Preface. About the Editors. I INTRODUCTION. 1 Introduction to Feedstock Recycling of Plastics (A. Buekens). II CATALYTIC CRACKING. 2 Acid-Catalyzed Cracking of Polyolefins: Primary Reaction Mechanisms (Robert L. White). 3 Catalytic Upgrading of Plastic Wastes (J. Aguado, D. P. Serrano and J. M. Escola). 4 Thermal and Catalytic Conversion of Polyolefins (Jerzy Walendziewski). 5 Thermal and Catalytic Degradation of Waste HDPE (Kyong-Hwan Lee). 6 Development of a Process for the Continuous Conversion of Waste Plastics Mixtures to Fuel (Takao Masuda and Teruoki Tago). 7 Catalytic Degradation of Plastic Waste to Fuel over Microporous Materials (George Manos). 8 Liquefaction of Municipal Waste Plastics over Acidic and Nonacidic Catalysts (Jale Yanik and Tamer Karayildirim). 9 Kinetic Model of the Chemical and Catalytic Recycling of Waste Polyethylene into Fuels (Norbert Miskolczi). III QUALITY OF FUELS. 10 Production of Gaseous and Liquid Fuels by Pyrolysis and Gasification of Plastics: Technological Approach (C. Gisèle Jung and André Fontana). 11 Yield and Composition of Gases and Oils/Waxes from the Feedstock Recycling of Waste Plastic (Paul T. Williams). 12 Composition of Liquid Fuels Derived from the Pyrolysis of Plastics (Marianne Blazsó). 13 Production of Premium Oil Products from Waste Plastic by Pyrolysis and Hydroprocessing (S.J. Miller, N. Shah and G.P. Huffman). 14 The Conversion of Waste Plastics/Petroleum Residue Mixtures to Transportation Fuels (Mohammad Farhat Ali and Mohammad Nahid Siddiqui). IV REACTOR TYPES. 15 Overview of Commercial Pyrolysis Processes for Waste Plastics (John Scheirs). 16 Fluidized Bed Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes (Umberto Arena and Maria Laura Mastellone). 17 The Hamburg Fluidized-bed Pyrolysis Process to Recycle Polymer Wastes and Tires (Walter Kaminsky). 18 Liquefaction of PVC Mixed Plastics (Thallada Bhaskar and Yusaku Sakata). 19 Liquid Fuel from Plastic Wastes Using Extrusion–Rotary Kiln Reactors (Sam Behzadi and Mohammed Farid). 20 Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis of Polymers Containing Heteroatoms (Andreas Hornung and Helmut Seifert). 21 Microwave Pyrolysis of Plastic Wastes (C. Ludlow-Palafox and H.A. Chase). 22 Continuous Thermal Process for Cracking Polyolefin Wastes to Produce Hydrocarbons (Jean Dispons). 23 Waste Plastic Pyrolysis in Free-Fall Reactors (Ali Y. Bilgesü, M. Çetin Koçak, and Ali Karaduman). V MONOMER RECOVERY. 24 Monomer Recovery of Plastic Waste in a Fluidized Bed Process (Walter Kaminsky). 25 Feedstock Recycling of PET (Toshiaki Yoshioka and Guido Grause). VI ASIAN DEVELOPMENTS. 26 The Liquefaction of Plastic Containers and Packaging in Japan (A. Okuwaki, T. Yoshioka, M. Asai, H. Tachibana, K. Wakai, K. Tada). 27 Process and Equipment for Conversions of Waste Plastics into Fuels (Alka Zadgaonkar). 28 Converting Waste Plastics into Liquid Fuel by Pyrolysis: Developments in China (Yuan Xingzhong). Index.
£307.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Statistics for Forensic
Book SynopsisIntroduction to Statistics for Forensic Scientists is an essential introduction to the subject, gently guiding the reader through the key statistical techniques used to evaluate various types of forensic evidence.Trade Review“It deserves a place in the library of any serious forensic scientist and I congratulate the author on his achievement.” (Significance, 1 March 2006) "…it does a wonderful job of connecting forensic science to the field of statistics." (Technometrics, August 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Figures. 1. A short history of the statistics in the law. 1.1 History. 1.2 Some recent uses of statistics in forensic science. 1.3 What is probability?. 2. Data types, location and dispersion. 2.1 Types of data. 2.2 Populations and samples. 2.3 Distributions. 2.4 Location. 2.5 Dispersion. 2.6 Hierarchies of variation. 3. Probability. 3.1 Aleatory probability. One throw of a six-sided die. A single throw with more than one outcome of interest. Two-sided dice. 3.2 Binomial probability. 3.3 Poisson probability. 3.4 Empirical probability. Modelled empirical probabilities. Truly empirical probabilities. 4. The normal distribution. 4.1 The normal distribution. 4.2 Standard deviation and standard error of the mean. 4.3 Percentage points of the normal distribution. 4.4 The t-distribution and the standard error of the mean. 4.5 t-testing between two independent samples. 4.6 Testing between paired observations. 4.7 Confidence, significance and p-values. 5. Measures of nominal and ordinal association. 5.1 Association between discrete variables. 5.2 X2 test for 2 x 2 table. 5.3 Yules Q. 5.4 X2 tests for greater than 2 x 2 tables. 5.5 02 and Cramers V2. 5.6 The limitations of X2 testing. 5.7 Interpretation and conclusions. 6. Correlation. 6.1 Significance tests for correlation coefficients. 6.2 Correlation coefficients for non-linear data. 6.3 The coefficient of determination. 6.4 Partial correlation. 6.5 Partial correlation controlling for two or more covariates. 7. Regression and calibration. 7.1 Linear models. 7.2 Calculation of a linear regression model. 7.3 Testing 'goodness of fit'. 7.4 Testing coefficients a and b. 7.5 Residuals. 7.6 Calibration. A linear calibration model. Calculation of a confidence interval for a point. 7.7 Points to remember. 8. Evidence evaluation. 8.1 Verbal statements of evidential value. 8.2 Evidence types. 8.3 The value of evidence. 8.4 Significance testing and evidence evaluation. 9. Conditional probability and Bayes' theorem. 9.1 Conditional probability. 9.2 Bayes' theorem. 9.3 The value of evidence. 10. Relevance and the formulation of propositions. 10.1 Relevance. 10.2 Hierarchy of propositions. 10.3 Likelihood ratios and relevance. 10.4 The logic of relevance. 10.5 The formulation of propositions. 10.6 What kind of propositions can we not evaluate?. 11. Evaluation of evidence in practice. 11.1 Which database to use. Type and geographic factors. DNA and database selection. 11.2 Verbal equivalence of the likelihood ratio. 11.3 Some common criticisms of statistical approaches. 12. Evidence evaluation examples. 12.1 Blood group frequencies. 12.2 Trouser fibres. 12.3 Shoe types. 12.4 Airweapon projectiles. 12.5 Height description from eyewitness. 13. Errors in interpretation. 13.1 Statistically based errors of interpretation. Transposed conditional. Defender's fallacy. Another match error. Numerical conversion error. 13.2 Methodological errors of interpretation. Different level error. Defendant's database fallacy. independence assumption. 14. DNA I. 14.1 Loci and alleles. 14.2 Simple case genotypic frequencies. 14.3 Hardy-weinberg equilibrium. 14.4 Simple case allelic frequencies. 14.5 Accounting for sub-populations. 15. DNA II. 15.1 Paternity - mother and father unrelated. 15.2 Database searches and value of evidence. 15.3 Discussion. 16. Sampling and sample size estimation. 16.1 Estimation of a mean. 16.2 Sample sizes for t-tests. Two sample t-test. One sample t-test. 16.3 How many drugs to sample. 16.4 Concluding comments. 17. Epilogue. 17.1 Graphical models and bayesian networks. Graphical models. Bayesian networks. 17.2 Kernel density estimation. 17.3 Multivariate continuous matching. Appendix A: Worked solutions to questions. Appendix B: Percentage points of the standard normal distribution. Appendix C: Percentage points of t-distributions. Appendix D: Percentage points of X2-distributions. Appendix E: Percentage points of beta-beta distributions. Appendix F: Percentage points of f-distributions. Appendix G: Calculating partial correlations using excel software. Appendix H: Further algebra using the "third law". References. Index.
£122.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc RenewablesBased Technology Sustainability
Book SynopsisSustainability is a key driving force for industries in the chemical, food, packaging, agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors, and quantitative sustainability indicators are being incorporated into company reports. This is driving the uptake of renewable resources and the adoption of renewables.Table of ContentsContributors. Foreword. Series Preface. Preface. List of Abbreviations. Part I: Renewables as a Resource and Sustainability Performance Indicators. 1 The Contribution of Renewables to Society (Göran Berndes). 2 The Potential of Renewables as a Feedstock for Chemistry and Energy (Wilfried G. J. H. M. van Sark, Martin K. Patel, André P. C. Faaij and Monique M. Hoogwijk). 3 Sustainability Performance Indicators (Alexei Lapkin). Part II: Relevant Assessment Tools. 4 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis Applied to Renewable Resources (Niels Jungbluth and Rolf Frischknecht). 5 Net Energy Balancing and Fuel-Cycle Analysis (Hosein Shapouri, Michael Wang and James A. Duffield). 6 Life Cycle Assessment as an Environmental Sustainability Tool (Adisa Azapagic). 7 Exergy (Jo Dewulf and Herman Van Langenhove). 8 Material Flow Analysis and the Use of Renewables from a Systems Perspective (Stefan Bringezu). 9 Ecological Footprints and Biocapacity: Essential Elements in Sustainability Assessment (William E. Rees). 10 The Sustainable Process Index (SPI) (Michael Narodoslawsky and Anneliese Niederl). Part III:Case Studies. 11 Assessment of Sustainable Land Use in Producing Biomass (Helmut Haberl and Karl-Heinz Erb). 12 Assessment of the Forest Products Industries (Klaus Richter, Frank Werner and Hans-Jörg Althaus). 13 Assessment of the Energy Production Industry: Modern Options for Producing Secondary Energy Carriers from Biomass (André Faaij). 14 Assessment of Biofuels (James A. Duffield, Hosein Shapouri and Michael Wang). 15 Assessment of Organic Waste Treatment (Jan-Olov Sundqvist). 16 Oleochemical and Petrochemical Surfactants: An Overall Assessment (Erwan Saouter, Gert Van Hoof, Mark Stalmans and Alan Brunskill). 17 Assessment of Bio-Based Packaging Materials (Andreas Detzel, Martina Krüger and Axel Ostermayer). 18 Assessment of Biotechnology-Based Chemicals (Peter Saling and Andreas Kicherer). 19 Assessment of Bio-Based Pharmaceuticals: The Cephalexin Case (Alle Bruggink and Peter Nossin). Part IV:Conclusions. 20 Conclusions (Jo Dewulf and Herman Van Langenhove). Index.
£121.46
Wiley Frontiers in Crystal Engineering
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£200.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Chromatographic Methods in Clinical Chemistry and
Book SynopsisChromatographic Methods in Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology fills the gap that exists between theoretical treatments of chromatography, and clinical chemistry and toxicology texts that focus almost exclusively on clinical relevance and applications.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Contributors xiii 1. Quality Assurance, Quality Control and Method Validation in Chromatographic Applications 1Michele L. Merves and Bruce A. Goldberger 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 History 1 1.3 Definition of Quality Assurance and Quality Control 3 1.4 Professional Organizations 4 1.5 Internal Quality Assurance and Control 5 1.5.1 Standard operating procedure manual 5 1.5.2 Method development 5 1.5.3 Method validation 6 1.5.4 Accuracy 7 1.5.5 Precision 7 1.5.6 Recovery 7 1.5.7 Lower limits of detection (sensitivity) and quantitation 8 1.5.8 Range of linearity 8 1.5.9 Specificity 9 1.5.10 Stability 9 1.5.11 Carryover 9 1.5.12 Ruggedness 9 1.5.13 Selection of a reference standard 10 1.5.14 Selection of an internal standard and standard addition 10 1.5.15 Selection of derivatization agent 10 1.5.16 Selection of ions for selected-ion monitoring or full-scan analysis 11 1.5.17 Chromatographic performance 11 1.5.18 Statistical evaluation of quality control 11 1.6 External Quality Assurance 13 References 13 2. Liquid Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Measurement of Anabolic Steroids 15Don H. Catlin, Yu-Chen Chang, Borislav Starcevic and Caroline K. Hatton 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 LC-MS Analysis of Synthetic Steroids or Animal Samples 16 2.3 LC-MS Analysis of Natural Androgens in Human Samples 19 2.4 Conclusion 29 References 29 3. High-performance Liquid Chromatography in the Analysis of Active Ingredients in Herbal Nutritional Supplements 33Amitava Dasgupta 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 St John’s Wort 35 3.2.1 Drug interactions with St John’s wort 35 3.2.2 Measurement of active ingredients of St John’s wort using HPLC 36 3.2.3 Analysis of St John’s wort extract with other analytical techniques 38 3.2.4 Measurement of hypericin and hyperforin in human plasma using HPLC 38 3.3 Herbal Supplements with Digoxin-like Immunoreactivity 39 3.3.1 Use of HPLC for the determination of chan su, danshen and ginsengs 40 3.4 Herbal Remedies and Abnormal Liver Function Tests 41 3.4.1 Use of GC-MS and HPLC for the measurement of active components 43 3.5 Ginkgo Biloba 43 3.5.1 Analysis of components of ginkgo biloba by HPLC 44 3.6 Echinacea 45 3.6.1 Analysis of active components of echinacea by HPLC 45 3.7 Valerian 46 3.7.1 Analysis of components of valerian by HPLC 46 3.8 Feverfew 46 3.8.1 Analysis of parthenolide by HPLC 47 3.9 Garlic 47 3.9.1 Measurement of components of garlic by HPLC 48 3.10 Ephedra (Ma Huang) and Related Drugs 48 3.10.1 Analysis of active components of ephedra-containing products 49 3.11 Conclusions 50 References 50 4. Measurement of Plasma L-DOPA and L-Tyrosine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Tumor Marker in Melanoma 56Thierry Le Bricon, Sabine Letellier, Konstantin Stoitchkov and Jean-Pierre Garnier 4.1 Introduction 56 4.2 Melanogenesis 57 4.2.1 Overview of the pathway 57 4.2.2 Potential tumor markers 58 4.3 L-DOPA Alone 59 4.3.1 Urine analysis 59 4.3.2 Blood (plasma or serum) analysis 59 4.4 L-DOPA/L-Tyrosine Ratio 60 4.4.1 Technical aspects 60 4.4.2 Clinical results 61 4.4.3 Future directions 63 4.5 Conclusion 64 References 65 5. Hypersensitive Measurement of Proteins by Capillary Isoelectric Focusing and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 67Feng Zhou and Murray Johnston 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 A Robust CIEF-RPLC Interface 69 5.3 First-Generation CIEF-RPLC-MS System for Proteins 71 5.4 Second-Generation CIEF-RPLC-MS System 76 5.5 Future Improvements 83 Acknowledgment 83 References 83 6. Chromatographic Measurement of Transferrin Glycoforms for Detecting Alcohol Abuse and Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation 87Anders Helander 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Transferrin Microheterogeneity 88 6.3 Carbohydrate-deficient Transferrin (CDT) 89 6.4 Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG) 89 6.5 Analytical Methods for Transferrin Microheterogeneity 90 6.6 Chromatographic Methods for CDT 91 6.6.1 HPLC conditions and potential interferences 91 6.6.2 Chromatographic separation of transferrin glycoforms 92 6.6.3 Genetic transferrin variants and glycoform types 94 6.6.4 Sensitivity and reproducibility 94 6.7 Chromatographic Methods for CDG 94 6.7.1 HPLC testing for CDG 95 6.7.2 LC-MS testing for CDG 95 6.8 Summary and Conclusions 96 References 97 7. Chromatographic Measurements of Catecholamines and Metanephrines 101Eric C. Y. Chan and Paul C. L. Ho 7.1 Background 101 7.1.1 Total or individual assays 104 7.2 Analytical Measurements of Catecholamines and Metanephrines 105 7.3 Early Methods 105 7.3.1 Catecholamines 105 7.3.2 Metanephrines 106 7.4 Current Chromatographic Methods 106 7.4.1 Chemistry of catecholamines 106 7.4.2 Specimen preparation 107 7.4.3 Fluorescence detection 109 7.4.4 Electrochemical detection 110 7.4.5 Chemiluminescence detection 112 7.4.6 Mass spectrometry 115 7.5 Practical Considerations for the Stability of Urinary Catecholamines and Metanephrines During Storage 117 7.6 Future Developments 118 Dedication 119 References 119 8. Chromatographic Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 127Larry A. Broussard 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 General Considerations 127 8.3 Intended Use 128 8.4 Volatility of Compounds 128 8.5 Sample Collection, Handling and Storage 129 8.6 Headspace Gas Chromatographic Methods 129 8.7 Columns and Detectors 130 8.8 Identification, Quantitation and Confirmation 130 8.9 Ethanol and Other Volatile Alcohols 131 8.10 Inhalants and Screening for Multiple VOCs 132 8.11 Interpretation 134 8.12 Conclusion 136 References 136 9. Chromatographic Techniques for Measuring Organophosphorus Pesticides 139H. Wollersen and F. Musshoff 9.1 Introduction 139 9.2 Organophosphorus Pesticides (OPs) 141 9.2.1 Mechanism of action 141 9.2.2 Intoxication 141 9.2.3 Progression of intoxication and longer term risks 145 9.2.4 Therapy 146 9.2.5 Analytical procedures 146 9.3 Conclusion 163 References 164 10. Chromatographic Analysis of Nerve Agents 170Jeri D. Ropero-Miller 10.1 Introduction 170 10.2 Neuromuscular Blockers 170 10.2.1 Background and uses 170 10.2.2 Classification, mechanism and duration of action 171 10.2.3 Effects and toxicity 173 10.2.4 Analysis 173 10.3 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning: Saxitoxin 185 10.3.1 Background 185 10.3.2 Toxicity 187 10.3.3 Analysis 188 10.4 Summary 191 References 195 11. History and Pharmacology of c-Hydroxybutyric Acid 197Laureen Marinetti 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 History of Illicit Use of GHB 198 11.3 Clinical Use of GHB in Humans 200 11.4 History of Illicit Use of GBL and 1,4BD 200 11.5 Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of GHB, GBL and 1,4BD 202 11.6 GHB Interpretation Issues and Post-mortem Production 204 11.7 Analysis for GHB, GBL and 1,4BD 208 References 213 12. Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Detection for Element Speciation: Clinical and Toxicological Applications 217Katarzyna Wrobel, Kazimierz Wrobel and Joseph A. Caruso 12.1 Introduction 217 12.2 Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Detection 218 12.3 Analytical Applications of Clinical and Toxicological Relevance 219 12.3.1 Arsenic 219 12.3.2 Iodine 234 12.3.3 Mercury 234 12.3.4 Platinum 240 12.3.5 Selenium 245 12.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 260 12.5 Abbreviations 260 References 262 13. Applications of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to the Determination of Toxic Metals 274Suresh K. Aggarwal, Robert L. Fitzgerald and David A. Herold 13.1 Introduction 274 13.2 Instrumentation 275 13.3 Experimental Procedure 276 13.3.1 Preparation of internal standard solutions 276 13.3.2 Digestion of biological sample 276 13.3.3 Preparation of metal chelate 277 13.4 GC-MS Studies 278 13.4.1 Memory effect evaluation 278 13.4.2 Precision and accuracy in measuring isotope ratios 281 13.4.3 Results of concentration determination of toxic metals in biological samples 283 13.5 Conclusions 284 References 284 Index 287
£134.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Prebiotics Development and Application
Book SynopsisThe prebiotic concept works on the basis that many potentially health-promoting microorganisms are already present in humans. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate activity in targeted microorganisms, to improve the health of the individual.Trade Review"…a valuable addition to the literature and recommended for libraries supporting food and pharmaceutical microbiology." (Journal of the Agricultural & Food Information, January 2008) "…they have assembled a surprisingly uniform book that progresses through the topic of prebiotics in an orderly and organized fashion." (Doody's Health Services)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. 1. Human Colonic Microbiology and the Role of Dietary Intervention: Introduction to Prebiotics (C.L. Vernazza, B.A. Rabiu and G.R. Gibson). 2. Manufacture of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides (T. Casci and R.A. Rastall). 3. Inulin-type Fructans as Prebiotics (J. Van Loo). 4. Galacto-oligosaccharides as Prebiotics (R.A. Rastall). 5. Emerging Prebiotic Carbohydrates (R. Crittenden). 6. Molecular Microbial Ecology of the Human Gut (K.M. Tuohy and A.L. McCartney). 7. Dietary Intervention for Improving Human Health: Acute Disorders (W. Brück). 8. Dietary Intervention for Improving Human Health: Chronic Disorders (N.R. Bullock and M.R. Jones). 9. Extra Intestinal Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics (G. Reid). 10. Prebiotic Impacts on Companion Animals (K.S. Swanson and G.C. Fahey Jr.). 11. Prebiotics: Past, Present and Future (J. Leach, R.A. Rastall and G.R. Gibson). Index.
£138.56
Wiley Environmental Colloids and Particles Behaviour Separation and Characterisation Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems
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£341.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Quantitative Applications of Mass Spectrometry
Book SynopsisThis text presents the information needed to design a successful quantitative analysis using mass spectrometric techniques currently available and widely employed. It is devoted to the researchers of different areas, who use mass spectrometry as a detector suitable for the measurements of their interest.Trade Review"…anyone needing to do serious quantitative work using GC/MS could learn from these authors." (CHOICE, January 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1 What Instrumental Approaches are Available. 1.1 Ion Sources. 1.1.1 Electron Ionization. 1.1.2 Chemical Ionization. 1.1.3 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. 1.1.4 Electrospray Ionization. 1.1.5 Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. 1.1.6 Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization. 1.2 Mass Analysers. 1.2.1 Mass Resolution. 1.2.2 Sector Analysers. 1.2.3 Quadrupole Analysers. 1.2.4 Time-of-flight. 1.3 GC/MS. 1.3.1 Total Ion Current (TIC) Chromatogram. 1.3.2 Reconstructed Ion Chromatogram (RIC). 1.3.3 Multiple Ion Detection (MID). 1.4 LC/MS. 1.5 MS/MS. 1.5.1 MS/MS by Double Focusing Instruments. 1.5.2 MS/MS by Triple Quadrupoles. 1.5.3 MS/MS by Ion Traps. 1.5.4 MS/MS by Q-TOF. References. 2 How to Design a Quantitative Analysis. 2.1 General Strategy. 2.1.1 Project. 2.1.2 Sampling. 2.1.3 Sample Treatment. 2.1.4 Instrumental Analysis. 2.1.5 Method Validation. References. 3 How to Improve Specificity. 3.1 Choice of a Suitable Chromatographic Procedure. 3.1.1 GC/MS Measurements in Low and High Resolution Conditions. 3.1.2 LC/ESI/MS and LC/APCI/MS Measurements. 3.2 Choice of a Suitable Ionization Method. 3.3 An Example of High Specificity and Selectivity Methods: The Dioxin Analysis. 3.3.1 Use of High Resolution MID Analysis. 3.3.2 NICI in the Analysis of Dioxins, Furans and PCBs. 3.3.3 MS/MS in the Detection of Dioxins, Furans and PCBs. 3.4 An Example of MALDI/MS in Quantitative Analysis of Polypeptides: Substance P. References. 4 Some Thoughts on Calibration and Data Analysis. 4.1 Calibration Designs. 4.2 Homoscedastic and Heteroscedastic Data. 4.2.1 Variance Model. 4.3 Calibration Models. 4.3.1 Unweighted Regression. 4.3.2 Weighted Regression. 4.3.3 A Practical Example. 4.4 Different Approaches to Estimate Detection and Quantification Limits. References. Index.
£42.70
John Wiley & Sons Inc Bioavailability Bioaccessibility and Mobility of
Book SynopsisEnvironmental Contaminants: Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility covers all aspects of bioavailability, as related to environmental contaminants. After a discussion of the definition of bioavailability and its context, focus is placed on the role of risk assessment and bioavailability.Trade Review“… it will be a valuable and useful source of material for both individual students and teachers." (International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, October 2007)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xix About the Author xxiii 1 Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Soil Guideline Values 2 1.2.1 Residential 5 1.2.2 Allotments 5 1.2.3 Commercial/Industrial 5 1.3 Risk to Humans 7 1.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline Values 8 1.4.1 Mean-Value Test 9 1.4.2 Maximum-Value Test 11 References 14 2 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 17 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis 18 2.2.1 Solid Samples 18 2.2.2 Liquid Samples 21 2.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 25 2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 33 2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 40 2.5.1 Interferences in ICP–MS 45 2.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 49 2.7 Electrochemistry 51 2.8 Hyphenated Techniques 52 2.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques 53 2.10 Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques 56 2.10.1 Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy 56 2.10.2 Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques 58 3 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 59 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis 60 3.2.1 Solid Samples 60 3.2.2 Liquid Samples 67 3.3 Gas Chromatography 72 3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 74 3.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry 78 3.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques 84 3.7 Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques 85 3.7.1 Specific Books on Chromatography 85 4 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals 89 4.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals 89 4.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals 90 4.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals 99 4.4 Earthworms 107 4.4.1 Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies 111 4.4.2 Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate Bioavailability of Metals by Earthworms 124 4.5 Plant Uptake 126 4.6 Certified Reference Materials 127 References 141 5 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs 146 5.2.1 Selective or ‘Mild-Solvent’ Extraction 148 5.2.2 Cyclodextrin Extraction 164 5.2.3 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 168 5.2.4 Other Approaches 174 5.3 Earthworm Studies 176 5.3.1 Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the Bioavailability of POPs by Earthworms 178 5.4 Plant Uptake 183 References 189 6 Methods Used to Assess Oral Bioaccessibility 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Introduction to Human Physiology 193 6.3 Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated in vitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Method 195 6.3.1 Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 195 6.3.2 Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 196 6.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals 198 6.5 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic Pollutants 210 6.6 Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility 213 References 213 7 Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants 215 7.1 Bioavailability of Metals by Plants 215 7.1.1 Background 215 7.1.2 Experimental 216 7.1.3 Results and Discussion 218 7.1.4 Conclusions 224 7.1.5 Specific References 224 7.2 Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants 227 7.2.1 Background 227 7.2.2 Experimental 227 7.2.3 Results and Discussion 229 7.2.4 Conclusions 232 7.3 Bioavailability of POPs by Plants 232 7.3.1 Background 232 7.3.2 Experimental 232 7.3.3 Results and Discussion 234 7.3.4 Conclusions 235 7.4 Bioaccessibility of POPs from Plants 235 7.4.1 Background 235 7.4.2 Experimental 235 7.4.3 Results and Discussion 237 7.4.4 Conclusions 238 8 Recording of Information and Selected Resources 241 8.1 Safety 241 8.2 Recording of Information in the Laboratory 242 8.2.1 Introduction 242 8.2.2 Examples of Data Sheets 243 8.3 Selected Resources 253 Responses to Self-Assessment Questions 259 Glossary of Terms 275 SI Units and Physical Constants 281 Periodic Table 285 Index 287
£150.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Bioavailability Bioaccessibility and Mobility of
Book SynopsisThis book covers all aspects of bioavailability, as related to environmental contaminants. After a discussion of the definition of bioavailability and its context, focus is placed on the role of risk assessment and bioavailability.Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface. Acknowledgements. Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols. About the Author. 1. Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Soil Guideline Values. 1.3 Risk to Humans. 1.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline Values. References. 2. Sample Preparation and Analytical techniques for Elemental Analysis of Environmental Contaminants. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis. 2.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. 2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. 2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectroscopy. 2.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. 2.7 Electrochemistry. 2.8 Hyphenated Techniques. 2.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques. 2.10 Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques. 3. Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis. 3.3 Gas Chromatography. 3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography. 3.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. 3.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques. 3.7 Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques. 4. Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals. 4.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals. 4.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals. 4.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals. 4.4 Earthworms. 4.5 Plant Uptake. 4.6 Certified Reference Materials. References. 5. Methods Used to Assess bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs. 5.3 Earthworm Studies. 5.4 Plant Uptake. References. 6. Methods Used to Assess oral Bioaccessibility. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Introduction to Human Physiology. 6.3 Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated in vitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Method. 6.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals. Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic Pollutants. 6.6 Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility. References. 7. Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants. 7.1 Bioavailability of Metals by Plants. 7.2 Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants. 7.3 Bioavailability of POPs by Plants. 7.4 Bioaccessibility of POPs from Plants. 8. Recording of Information and Selected Resources. 8.1 Safety. 8.2 Recording of Information in the Laboratory. 8.3 Selected Resources. Responses to Self-Assessment Questions. Glossary of Terms. SI Units and Physical Constants. Periodic Table. Index.
£60.75
John Wiley & Sons Inc Medicinal Chemistry
Book SynopsisWritten in an accessible style, Medicinal Chemistry: An Introduction, Second Edition carefully explains fundamental principles of the subject while assuming little in the way of prior knowledge. The book focuses on the chemical principles used for drug discovery and design covering physiology and biology where relevant.Trade Review"The many strengths of this introductory text include its seamless integration of biochemistry and pharmacology to direct drug discovery." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, September 2008)Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 An introduction to drugs, their action and discovery 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What are drugs and why do we need new ones? 1 1.3 Drug discovery and design: a historical outline 3 1.3.1 The general stages in modern-day drug discovery and design 7 1.4 Leads and analogues: some desirable properties 9 1.4.1 Bioavailability 9 1.4.2 Solubility 10 1.4.3 Structure 10 1.4.4 Stability 11 1.5 Sources of leads and drugs 14 1.5.1 Ethnopharmaceutical sources 15 1.5.2 Plant sources 15 1.5.3 Marine sources 17 1.5.4 Microorganisms 18 1.5.5 Animal sources 20 1.5.6 Compound collections, data bases and synthesis 20 1.5.7 The pathology of the diseased state 21 1.5.8 Market forces and ‘me-too drugs’ 21 1.6 Methods and routes of administration: the pharmaceutical phase 21 1.7 Introduction to drug action 24 1.7.1 The pharmacokinetic phase (ADME) 25 1.7.2 The pharmacodynamic phase 32 1.8 Classification of drugs 33 1.8.1 Chemical structure 33 1.8.2 Pharmacological action 34 1.8.3 Physiological classification 34 1.8.4 Prodrugs 35 1.9 Questions 35 2 Drug structure and solubility 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Structure37 2.3 Stereochemistry and drug design 38 2.3.1 Structurally rigid groups 38 2.3.2 Conformation 39 2.3.3 Configuration 41 2.4 Solubility 44 2.4.1 Solubility and the physical nature of the solute 44 2.5 Solutions 46 2.6 The importance of water solubility 47 2.7 Solubility and the structure of the solute 49 2.8 Salt formation 50 2.9 The incorporation of water solubilising groups in a structure 52 2.9.1 The type of group 52 2.9.2 Reversible and irreversible groups 53 2.9.3 The position of the water solubilising group 53 2.9.4 Methods of introduction 54 2.9.5 Improving lipid solubility 59 2.10 Formulation methods of improving water solubility 59 2.10.1 Cosolvents 59 2.10.2 Colloidal solutions 59 2.10.3 Emulsions 60 2.11 The effect of pH on the solubility of acidic and basic drugs 61 2.12 Partition 63 2.12.1 Practical determination of partition coefficients 65 2.12.2 Theoretical determination of partition coefficients 66 2.13 Surfactants and amphiphiles 66 2.13.1 Drug solubilisation 69 2.13.2 Mixed micelles as drug delivery systems 71 2.13.3 Vesicles and liposomes 72 2.14 Questions 72 3 Structure–activity and quantitative structure relationships 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Structure–activity relationship (SAR) 76 3.3 Changing size and shape 77 3.3.1 Changing the number of methylene groups in chains and rings 77 3.3.2 Changing the degree of unsaturation 78 3.3.3 Introduction or removal of a ring system 78 3.4 Introduction of new substituents 80 3.4.1 Methyl groups 81 3.4.2 Halogen groups 83 3.4.3 Hydroxy groups 84 3.4.4 Basic groups 84 3.4.5 Carboxylic and sulphonic acid groups 85 3.4.6 Thiols, sulphides and other sulphur groups 85 3.5 Changing the existing substituents of a lead 86 3.6 Case study: a SAR investigation to discover potent geminal bisphosphonates 87 3.7 Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) 90 3.7.1 Regression analysis 93 3.7.2 The lipophilic parameters 94 3.7.3 Electronic parameters 99 3.7.4 Steric parameters 102 3.8 Questions 110 4 Computer-aided drug design 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.1.1 Models 114 4.1.2 Molecular modelling methods 115 4.1.3 Computer graphics 116 4.2 Molecular mechanics 117 4.2.1 Creating a molecular model using molecular mechanics 120 4.3 Molecular dynamics 123 4.3.1 Conformational analysis 124 4.4 Quantum mechanics 124 4.5 Docking 127 4.5.1 De novo design 128 4.6 Comparing three-dimensional structures by the use of overlays 130 4.6.1 An example of the use of overlays 132 4.7 Pharmacophores and some of their uses 133 4.7.1 High-resolution X-ray crystallography or NMR 133 4.7.2 Analysis of the structures of different ligands 134 4.8 Modelling protein structures 135 4.9 Three-dimensional QSAR 136 4.9.1 Advantages and disadvantages 140 4.10 Other uses of computers in drug discovery 141 4.11 Questions 143 5 Combinatorial chemistry 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.1.1 The design of combinatorial syntheses 147 5.1.2 The general techniques used in combinatorial synthesis 148 5.2 The solid support method 148 5.2.1 General methods in solid support combinatorial chemistry 150 5.2.2 Parallel synthesis 152 5.2.3 Furka’s mix and split technique 155 5.3 Encoding methods 157 5.3.1 Sequential chemical tagging 157 5.3.2 Still’s binary code tag system 160 5.3.3 Computerised tagging 161 5.4 Combinatorial synthesis in solution 161 5.4.1 Parallel synthesis in solution 162 5.4.2 The formation of libraries of mixtures 163 5.4.3 Libraries formed using monomethyl polyethylene glycol (OMe-PEG) 164 5.4.4 Libraries produced using dendrimers as soluble supports 164 5.4.5 Libraries formed using fluorocarbon reagents 165 5.4.6 Libraries produced using resin-bound scavenging agents 166 5.4.7 Libraries produced using resin-bound reagents 168 5.4.8 Resin capture of products 168 5.5 Deconvolution 169 5.6 High-throughput screening (HTS) 170 5.6.1 Biochemical assays 171 5.6.2 Whole cell assays 173 5.6.3 Hits and hit rates 173 5.7 Automatic methods of library generation and analysis 174 5.8 Questions 175 6 Drugs from natural sources 177 6.1 Introduction 177 6.2 Bioassays 179 6.2.1 Screening tests 180 6.2.2 Monitoring tests 183 6.3 Dereplication 185 6.4 Structural analysis of the isolated substance 186 6.5 Active compound development 188 6.6 Extraction procedures 189 6.6.1 General considerations 190 6.6.2 Commonly used methods of extraction 191 6.6.3 Cleaning up procedures 195 6.7 Fractionation methods 195 6.7.1 Liquid–liquid partition 196 6.7.2 Chromatographic methods 199 6.7.3 Precipitation 200 6.7.4 Distillation 200 6.7.5 Dialysis 202 6.7.6 Electrophoresis 202 6.8 Case history: the story of Taxol 202 6.9 Questions 206 7 Biological membranes 207 7.1 Introduction 207 7.2 The plasma membrane 208 7.2.1 Lipid components 209 7.2.2 Protein components 211 7.2.3 The carbohydrate component 213 7.2.4 Similarities and differences between plasma membranes in different cells 213 7.2.5 Cell walls 214 7.2.6 Bacterial cell exterior surfaces 217 7.2.7 Animal cell exterior surfaces 218 7.2.8 Virus 218 7.2.9 Tissue 219 7.2.10 Human skin 219 7.3 The transfer of species through cell membranes 220 7.3.1 Osmosis 220 7.3.2 Filtration 221 7.3.3 Passive diffusion 221 7.3.4 Facilitated diffusion 223 7.3.5 Active transport 223 7.3.6 Endocytosis 224 7.3.7 Exocytosis 225 7.4 Drug action that affects the structure of cell membranes and walls 225 7.4.1 Antifungal agents 226 7.4.2 Antibacterial agents (antibiotics) 230 7.4.3 Local anaesthetics 244 7.5 Questions 249 8 Receptors and messengers 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 The chemical nature of the binding of ligands to receptors 252 8.3 Structure and classification of receptors 254 8.4 General mode of operation 256 8.4.1 Superfamily Type 1 259 8.4.2 Superfamily Type 2 260 8.4.3 Superfamily Type 3 263 8.4.4 Superfamily Type 4 264 8.5 Ligand–response relationships 265 8.5.1 Experimental determination of ligand concentration–response curves 266 8.5.2 Agonist concentration–response relationships 267 8.5.3 Antagonist concentration–receptor relationships 268 8.5.4 Partial agonists 271 8.5.5 Desensitisation 272 8.6 Ligand–receptor theories 272 8.6.1 Clark’s occupancy theory 272 8.6.2 The rate theory 277 8.6.3 The two-state model 278 8.7 Drug action and design 279 8.7.1 Agonists 279 8.7.2 Antagonists 281 8.7.3 Citalopram, an antagonist antidepressant discovered by a rational approach 282 8.7.4 b-Blockers 285 8.8 Questions 289 9 Enzymes 291 9.1 Introduction 291 9.2 Classification and nomenclature 293 9.3 Active sites and catalytic action 295 9.3.1 Allosteric activation 297 9.4 Regulation of enzyme activity 298 9.4.1 Covalent modification 298 9.4.2 Allosteric control 298 9.4.3 Proenzyme control 300 9.5 The specific nature of enzyme action 300 9.6 The mechanisms of enzyme action 302 9.7 The general physical factors affecting enzyme action 302 9.8 Enzyme kinetics 303 9.8.1 Single substrate reactions 303 9.8.2 Multiple substrate reactions 305 9.9 Enzyme inhibitors 306 9.9.1 Reversible inhibitors 307 9.9.2 Irreversible inhibition 312 9.10 Transition state inhibitors 318 9.11 Enzymes and drug design: some general considerations 320 9.12 Examples of drugs used as enzyme inhibitors 321 9.12.1 Sulphonamides 321 9.12.2 Captopril and related drugs 323 9.12.3 Statins 326 9.13 Enzymes and drug resistance 329 9.13.1 Changes in enzyme concentration 330 9.13.2 An increase in the production of the substrate 331 9.13.3 Changes in the structure of the enzyme 331 9.13.4 The use of an alternative metabolic pathway 332 9.14 Ribozymes 332 9.15 Questions 332 10 Nucleic acids 335 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 336 10.2.1 Structure 337 10.3 The general functions of DNA 338 10.4 Genes 339 10.5 Replication 340 10.6 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 341 10.7 Messenger RNA (mRNA) 342 10.8 Transfer RNA (tRNA) 343 10.9 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 345 10.10 Protein synthesis 345 10.10.1 Activation 345 10.10.2 Initiation 346 10.10.3 Elongation 347 10.10.4 Termination 348 10.11 Protein synthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 348 10.11.1 Prokaryotic cells 348 10.11.2 Eukaryotic cells 350 10.12 Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors (antimicrobials) 350 10.12.1 Aminoglycosides 351 10.12.2 Chloramphenicol 355 10.12.3 Tetracyclines 356 10.12.4 Macrolides 359 10.12.5 Lincomycins 360 10.13 Drugs that target nucleic acids 362 10.13.1 Antimetabolites 362 10.13.2 Enzyme inhibitors 368 10.13.3 Intercalating agents 372 10.13.4 Alkylating agents 374 10.13.5 Antisense drugs 377 10.13.6 Chain cleaving agents 379 10.14 Viruses 380 10.14.1 Structure and replication 380 10.14.2 Classification 381 10.14.3 Viral diseases 383 10.14.4 Antiviral drugs 384 10.15 Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) 389 10.15.1 Gene cloning 389 10.15.2 Medical applications 392 10.16 Questions 401 11 Pharmacokinetics 403 11.1 Introduction 403 11.1.1 General classification of pharmacokinetic properties 405 11.1.2 Drug regimens 405 11.1.3 The importance of pharmacokinetics in drug discovery 406 11.2 Drug concentration analysis and its therapeutic significance 407 11.3 Pharmacokinetic models 409 11.4 Intravascular administration 411 11.4.1 Distribution 412 11.5 Extravascular administration 425 11.5.1 Dissolution 428 11.5.2 Absorption 429 11.5.3 Single oral dose 430 11.5.4 The calculation of tmax and Cmax 433 11.5.5 Repeated oral doses 434 11.6 The use of pharmacokinetics in drug design 435 11.7 Extrapolation of animal experiments to humans 435 11.8 Questions 436 12 Drug metabolism 439 12.1 Introduction 439 12.1.1 The stereochemistry of drug metabolism 439 12.1.2 Biological factors affecting metabolism 440 12.1.3 Environmental factors affecting metabolism 443 12.1.4 Species and metabolism 443 12.1.5 Enzymes and metabolism 443 12.2 Secondary pharmacological implications of metabolism 443 12.2.1 Inactive metabolites 444 12.2.2 Metabolites with a similar activity to the drug 444 12.2.3 Metabolites with a dissimilar activity to the drug 444 12.2.4 Toxic metabolites 445 12.3 Sites of action 445 12.4 Phase I metabolic reactions 446 12.4.1 Oxidation 446 12.4.2 Reduction 448 12.4.3 Hydrolysis 448 12.4.4 Hydration 449 12.4.5 Other Phase I reactions 449 12.5 Examples of Phase I metabolic reactions 449 12.6 Phase II metabolic routes 454 12.7 Pharmacokinetics of metabolites 457 12.8 Drug metabolism and drug design 458 12.9 Prodrugs 460 12.9.1 Bioprecursor prodrugs 461 12.9.2 Carrier prodrugs 462 12.9.3 Photoactivated prodrugs 464 12.9.4 The design of carrier prodrug systems for specific purposes 465 12.10 Questions 475 13 Complexes and chelating agents 477 13.1 Introduction 477 13.2 The shapes and structures of complexes 478 13.2.1 Ligands 479 13.2.2 Bridging ligands 483 13.2.3 Metal–metal bonds 483 13.2.4 Metal clusters 483 13.3 Metal–ligand affinities 485 13.3.1 Affinity and equilibrium constants 485 13.3.2 Hard and soft acids and bases 487 13.3.3 The general medical significance of complex stability 488 13.4 The general roles of metal complexes in biological processes 488 13.5 Therapeutic uses 491 13.5.1 Metal poisoning 491 13.5.2 Anticancer agents 494 13.5.3 Antiarthritics 497 13.5.4 Antimicrobial complexes 498 13.5.5 Photoactivated metal complexes 499 13.6 Drug action and metal chelation 501 13.7 Questions 501 14 Nitric oxide 503 14.1 Introduction 503 14.2 The structure of nitric oxide 503 14.3 The chemical properties of nitric oxide 504 14.3.1 Oxidation 505 14.3.2 Salt formation 506 14.3.3 Reaction as an electrophile 507 14.3.4 Reaction as an oxidising agent 507 14.3.5 Complex formation 508 14.3.6 Nitric oxide complexes with iron 508 14.3.7 The chemical properties of nitric oxide complexes 510 14.3.8 The chemistry of related compounds 512 14.4 The cellular production and role of nitric oxide 514 14.4.1 General mode of action 516 14.4.2 Suitability of nitric oxide as a chemical messenger 518 14.4.3 Metabolism 518 14.5 The role of nitric oxide in physiological and pathophysiological states 519 14.5.1 The role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system 519 14.5.2 The role of nitric oxide in the nervous system 520 14.5.3 Nitric oxide and diabetes 522 14.5.4 Nitric oxide and impotence 522 14.5.5 Nitric oxide and the immune system 523 14.6 Therapeutic possibilities 524 14.6.1 Compounds that reduce nitric oxide generation 524 14.6.2 Compounds that supply nitric oxide 526 14.6.3 The genetic approach 529 14.7 Questions 529 15 An introduction to drug and analogue synthesis 531 15.1 Introduction 531 15.2 Some general considerations 532 15.2.1 Starting materials 532 15.2.2 Practical considerations 532 15.2.3 The overall design 532 15.2.4 The use of protecting groups 533 15.3 Asymmetry in syntheses 534 15.3.1 The use of non-stereoselective reactions to produce stereospecific centres 535 15.3.2 The use of stereoselective reactions to produce stereogenetic centres 535 15.3.3 General methods of asymmetric synthesis 541 15.3.4 Methods of assessing the purity of stereoisomers 547 15.4 Designing organic syntheses 548 15.4.1 An introduction to the disconnection approach 548 15.4.2 Convergent synthesis 554 15.5 Partial organic synthesis of xenobiotics 556 15.6 Questions 557 16 Drug development and production 559 16.1 Introduction 559 16.2 Chemical development 560 16.2.1 Chemical engineering issues 561 16.2.2 Chemical plant: health and safety considerations 562 16.2.3 Synthesis quality control 563 16.2.4 A case study 563 16.3 Pharmacological and toxicological testing 565 16.4 Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics 569 16.5 Formulation development 570 16.6 Production and quality control 570 16.7 Patent protection 571 16.8 Regulation 572 16.9 Questions 573 Selected further reading 575 Answers to questions 579 Index 601
£126.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Medicinal Chemistry
Book SynopsisWritten in an accessible style, Medicinal Chemistry: An Introduction, Second Edition carefully explains fundamental principles of the subject while assuming little in the way of prior knowledge. The book focuses on the chemical principles used for drug discovery and design covering physiology and biology where relevant.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 An introduction to drugs, their action and discovery 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What are drugs and why do we need new ones? 1 1.3 Drug discovery and design: a historical outline 3 1.3.1 The general stages in modern-day drug discovery and design 7 1.4 Leads and analogues: some desirable properties 9 1.4.1 Bioavailability 9 1.4.2 Solubility 10 1.4.3 Structure 10 1.4.4 Stability 11 1.5 Sources of leads and drugs 14 1.5.1 Ethnopharmaceutical sources 15 1.5.2 Plant sources 15 1.5.3 Marine sources 17 1.5.4 Microorganisms 18 1.5.5 Animal sources 20 1.5.6 Compound collections, data bases and synthesis 20 1.5.7 The pathology of the diseased state 21 1.5.8 Market forces and ‘me-too drugs’ 21 1.6 Methods and routes of administration: the pharmaceutical phase 21 1.7 Introduction to drug action 24 1.7.1 The pharmacokinetic phase (ADME) 25 1.7.2 The pharmacodynamic phase 32 1.8 Classification of drugs 33 1.8.1 Chemical structure 33 1.8.2 Pharmacological action 34 1.8.3 Physiological classification 34 1.8.4 Prodrugs 35 1.9 Questions 35 2 Drug structure and solubility 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Structure37 2.3 Stereochemistry and drug design 38 2.3.1 Structurally rigid groups 38 2.3.2 Conformation 39 2.3.3 Configuration 41 2.4 Solubility 44 2.4.1 Solubility and the physical nature of the solute 44 2.5 Solutions 46 2.6 The importance of water solubility 47 2.7 Solubility and the structure of the solute 49 2.8 Salt formation 50 2.9 The incorporation of water solubilising groups in a structure 52 2.9.1 The type of group 52 2.9.2 Reversible and irreversible groups 53 2.9.3 The position of the water solubilising group 53 2.9.4 Methods of introduction 54 2.9.5 Improving lipid solubility 59 2.10 Formulation methods of improving water solubility 59 2.10.1 Cosolvents 59 2.10.2 Colloidal solutions 59 2.10.3 Emulsions 60 2.11 The effect of pH on the solubility of acidic and basic drugs 61 2.12 Partition 63 2.12.1 Practical determination of partition coefficients 65 2.12.2 Theoretical determination of partition coefficients 66 2.13 Surfactants and amphiphiles 66 2.13.1 Drug solubilisation 69 2.13.2 Mixed micelles as drug delivery systems 71 2.13.3 Vesicles and liposomes 72 2.14 Questions 72 3 Structure–activity and quantitative structure relationships 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Structure–activity relationship (SAR) 76 3.3 Changing size and shape 77 3.3.1 Changing the number of methylene groups in chains and rings 77 3.3.2 Changing the degree of unsaturation 78 3.3.3 Introduction or removal of a ring system 78 3.4 Introduction of new substituents 80 3.4.1 Methyl groups 81 3.4.2 Halogen groups 83 3.4.3 Hydroxy groups 84 3.4.4 Basic groups 84 3.4.5 Carboxylic and sulphonic acid groups 85 3.4.6 Thiols, sulphides and other sulphur groups 85 3.5 Changing the existing substituents of a lead 86 3.6 Case study: a SAR investigation to discover potent geminal bisphosphonates 87 3.7 Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) 90 3.7.1 Regression analysis 93 3.7.2 The lipophilic parameters 94 3.7.3 Electronic parameters 99 3.7.4 Steric parameters 102 3.8 Questions 110 4 Computer-aided drug design 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.1.1 Models 114 4.1.2 Molecular modelling methods 115 4.1.3 Computer graphics 116 4.2 Molecular mechanics 117 4.2.1 Creating a molecular model using molecular mechanics 120 4.3 Molecular dynamics 123 4.3.1 Conformational analysis 124 4.4 Quantum mechanics 124 4.5 Docking 127 4.5.1 De novo design 128 4.6 Comparing three-dimensional structures by the use of overlays 130 4.6.1 An example of the use of overlays 132 4.7 Pharmacophores and some of their uses 133 4.7.1 High-resolution X-ray crystallography or NMR 133 4.7.2 Analysis of the structures of different ligands 134 4.8 Modelling protein structures 135 4.9 Three-dimensional QSAR 136 4.9.1 Advantages and disadvantages 140 4.10 Other uses of computers in drug discovery 141 4.11 Questions 143 5 Combinatorial chemistry 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.1.1 The design of combinatorial syntheses 147 5.1.2 The general techniques used in combinatorial synthesis 148 5.2 The solid support method 148 5.2.1 General methods in solid support combinatorial chemistry 150 5.2.2 Parallel synthesis 152 5.2.3 Furka’s mix and split technique 155 5.3 Encoding methods 157 5.3.1 Sequential chemical tagging 157 5.3.2 Still’s binary code tag system 160 5.3.3 Computerised tagging 161 5.4 Combinatorial synthesis in solution 161 5.4.1 Parallel synthesis in solution 162 5.4.2 The formation of libraries of mixtures 163 5.4.3 Libraries formed using monomethyl polyethylene glycol (OMe-PEG) 164 5.4.4 Libraries produced using dendrimers as soluble supports 164 5.4.5 Libraries formed using fluorocarbon reagents 165 5.4.6 Libraries produced using resin-bound scavenging agents 166 5.4.7 Libraries produced using resin-bound reagents 168 5.4.8 Resin capture of products 168 5.5 Deconvolution 169 5.6 High-throughput screening (HTS) 170 5.6.1 Biochemical assays 171 5.6.2 Whole cell assays 173 5.6.3 Hits and hit rates 173 5.7 Automatic methods of library generation and analysis 174 5.8 Questions 175 6 Drugs from natural sources 177 6.1 Introduction 177 6.2 Bioassays 179 6.2.1 Screening tests 180 6.2.2 Monitoring tests 183 6.3 Dereplication 185 6.4 Structural analysis of the isolated substance 186 6.5 Active compound development 188 6.6 Extraction procedures 189 6.6.1 General considerations 190 6.6.2 Commonly used methods of extraction 191 6.6.3 Cleaning up procedures 195 6.7 Fractionation methods 195 6.7.1 Liquid–liquid partition 196 6.7.2 Chromatographic methods 199 6.7.3 Precipitation 200 6.7.4 Distillation 200 6.7.5 Dialysis 202 6.7.6 Electrophoresis 202 6.8 Case history: the story of Taxol 202 6.9 Questions 206 7 Biological membranes 207 7.1 Introduction 207 7.2 The plasma membrane 208 7.2.1 Lipid components 209 7.2.2 Protein components 211 7.2.3 The carbohydrate component 213 7.2.4 Similarities and differences between plasma membranes in different cells 213 7.2.5 Cell walls 214 7.2.6 Bacterial cell exterior surfaces 217 7.2.7 Animal cell exterior surfaces 218 7.2.8 Virus 218 7.2.9 Tissue 219 7.2.10 Human skin 219 7.3 The transfer of species through cell membranes 220 7.3.1 Osmosis 220 7.3.2 Filtration 221 7.3.3 Passive diffusion 221 7.3.4 Facilitated diffusion 223 7.3.5 Active transport 223 7.3.6 Endocytosis 224 7.3.7 Exocytosis 225 7.4 Drug action that affects the structure of cell membranes and walls 225 7.4.1 Antifungal agents 226 7.4.2 Antibacterial agents (antibiotics) 230 7.4.3 Local anaesthetics 244 7.5 Questions 249 8 Receptors and messengers 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 The chemical nature of the binding of ligands to receptors 252 8.3 Structure and classification of receptors 254 8.4 General mode of operation 256 8.4.1 Superfamily Type 1 259 8.4.2 Superfamily Type 2 260 8.4.3 Superfamily Type 3 263 8.4.4 Superfamily Type 4 264 8.5 Ligand–response relationships 265 8.5.1 Experimental determination of ligand concentration–response curves 266 8.5.2 Agonist concentration–response relationships 267 8.5.3 Antagonist concentration–receptor relationships 268 8.5.4 Partial agonists 271 8.5.5 Desensitisation 272 8.6 Ligand–receptor theories 272 8.6.1 Clark’s occupancy theory 272 8.6.2 The rate theory 277 8.6.3 The two-state model 278 8.7 Drug action and design 279 8.7.1 Agonists 279 8.7.2 Antagonists 281 8.7.3 Citalopram, an antagonist antidepressant discovered by a rational approach 282 8.7.4 b-Blockers 285 8.8 Questions 289 9 Enzymes 291 9.1 Introduction 291 9.2 Classification and nomenclature 293 9.3 Active sites and catalytic action 295 9.3.1 Allosteric activation 297 9.4 Regulation of enzyme activity 298 9.4.1 Covalent modification 298 9.4.2 Allosteric control 298 9.4.3 Proenzyme control 300 9.5 The specific nature of enzyme action 300 9.6 The mechanisms of enzyme action 302 9.7 The general physical factors affecting enzyme action 302 9.8 Enzyme kinetics 303 9.8.1 Single substrate reactions 303 9.8.2 Multiple substrate reactions 305 9.9 Enzyme inhibitors 306 9.9.1 Reversible inhibitors 307 9.9.2 Irreversible inhibition 312 9.10 Transition state inhibitors 318 9.11 Enzymes and drug design: some general considerations 320 9.12 Examples of drugs used as enzyme inhibitors 321 9.12.1 Sulphonamides 321 9.12.2 Captopril and related drugs 323 9.12.3 Statins 326 9.13 Enzymes and drug resistance 329 9.13.1 Changes in enzyme concentration 330 9.13.2 An increase in the production of the substrate 331 9.13.3 Changes in the structure of the enzyme 331 9.13.4 The use of an alternative metabolic pathway 332 9.14 Ribozymes 332 9.15 Questions 332 10 Nucleic acids 335 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 336 10.2.1 Structure 337 10.3 The general functions of DNA 338 10.4 Genes 339 10.5 Replication 340 10.6 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) 341 10.7 Messenger RNA (mRNA) 342 10.8 Transfer RNA (tRNA) 343 10.9 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 345 10.10 Protein synthesis 345 10.10.1 Activation 345 10.10.2 Initiation 346 10.10.3 Elongation 347 10.10.4 Termination 348 10.11 Protein synthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells 348 10.11.1 Prokaryotic cells 348 10.11.2 Eukaryotic cells 350 10.12 Bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors (antimicrobials) 350 10.12.1 Aminoglycosides 351 10.12.2 Chloramphenicol 355 10.12.3 Tetracyclines 356 10.12.4 Macrolides 359 10.12.5 Lincomycins 360 10.13 Drugs that target nucleic acids 362 10.13.1 Antimetabolites 362 10.13.2 Enzyme inhibitors 368 10.13.3 Intercalating agents 372 10.13.4 Alkylating agents 374 10.13.5 Antisense drugs 377 10.13.6 Chain cleaving agents 379 10.14 Viruses 380 10.14.1 Structure and replication 380 10.14.2 Classification 381 10.14.3 Viral diseases 383 10.14.4 Antiviral drugs 384 10.15 Recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) 389 10.15.1 Gene cloning 389 10.15.2 Medical applications 392 10.16 Questions 401 11 Pharmacokinetics 403 11.1 Introduction 403 11.1.1 General classification of pharmacokinetic properties 405 11.1.2 Drug regimens 405 11.1.3 The importance of pharmacokinetics in drug discovery 406 11.2 Drug concentration analysis and its therapeutic significance 407 11.3 Pharmacokinetic models 409 11.4 Intravascular administration 411 11.4.1 Distribution 412 11.5 Extravascular administration 425 11.5.1 Dissolution 428 11.5.2 Absorption 429 11.5.3 Single oral dose 430 11.5.4 The calculation of tmax and Cmax 433 11.5.5 Repeated oral doses 434 11.6 The use of pharmacokinetics in drug design 435 11.7 Extrapolation of animal experiments to humans 435 11.8 Questions 436 12 Drug metabolism 439 12.1 Introduction 439 12.1.1 The stereochemistry of drug metabolism 439 12.1.2 Biological factors affecting metabolism 440 12.1.3 Environmental factors affecting metabolism 443 12.1.4 Species and metabolism 443 12.1.5 Enzymes and metabolism 443 12.2 Secondary pharmacological implications of metabolism 443 12.2.1 Inactive metabolites 444 12.2.2 Metabolites with a similar activity to the drug 444 12.2.3 Metabolites with a dissimilar activity to the drug 444 12.2.4 Toxic metabolites 445 12.3 Sites of action 445 12.4 Phase I metabolic reactions 446 12.4.1 Oxidation 446 12.4.2 Reduction 448 12.4.3 Hydrolysis 448 12.4.4 Hydration 449 12.4.5 Other Phase I reactions 449 12.5 Examples of Phase I metabolic reactions 449 12.6 Phase II metabolic routes 454 12.7 Pharmacokinetics of metabolites 457 12.8 Drug metabolism and drug design 458 12.9 Prodrugs 460 12.9.1 Bioprecursor prodrugs 461 12.9.2 Carrier prodrugs 462 12.9.3 Photoactivated prodrugs 464 12.9.4 The design of carrier prodrug systems for specific purposes 465 12.10 Questions 475 13 Complexes and chelating agents 477 13.1 Introduction 477 13.2 The shapes and structures of complexes 478 13.2.1 Ligands 479 13.2.2 Bridging ligands 483 13.2.3 Metal–metal bonds 483 13.2.4 Metal clusters 483 13.3 Metal–ligand affinities 485 13.3.1 Affinity and equilibrium constants 485 13.3.2 Hard and soft acids and bases 487 13.3.3 The general medical significance of complex stability 488 13.4 The general roles of metal complexes in biological processes 488 13.5 Therapeutic uses 491 13.5.1 Metal poisoning 491 13.5.2 Anticancer agents 494 13.5.3 Antiarthritics 497 13.5.4 Antimicrobial complexes 498 13.5.5 Photoactivated metal complexes 499 13.6 Drug action and metal chelation 501 13.7 Questions 501 14 Nitric oxide 503 14.1 Introduction 503 14.2 The structure of nitric oxide 503 14.3 The chemical properties of nitric oxide 504 14.3.1 Oxidation 505 14.3.2 Salt formation 506 14.3.3 Reaction as an electrophile 507 14.3.4 Reaction as an oxidising agent 507 14.3.5 Complex formation 508 14.3.6 Nitric oxide complexes with iron 508 14.3.7 The chemical properties of nitric oxide complexes 510 14.3.8 The chemistry of related compounds 512 14.4 The cellular production and role of nitric oxide 514 14.4.1 General mode of action 516 14.4.2 Suitability of nitric oxide as a chemical messenger 518 14.4.3 Metabolism 518 14.5 The role of nitric oxide in physiological and pathophysiological states 519 14.5.1 The role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system 519 14.5.2 The role of nitric oxide in the nervous system 520 14.5.3 Nitric oxide and diabetes 522 14.5.4 Nitric oxide and impotence 522 14.5.5 Nitric oxide and the immune system 523 14.6 Therapeutic possibilities 524 14.6.1 Compounds that reduce nitric oxide generation 524 14.6.2 Compounds that supply nitric oxide 526 14.6.3 The genetic approach 529 14.7 Questions 529 15 An introduction to drug and analogue synthesis 531 15.1 Introduction 531 15.2 Some general considerations 532 15.2.1 Starting materials 532 15.2.2 Practical considerations 532 15.2.3 The overall design 532 15.2.4 The use of protecting groups 533 15.3 Asymmetry in syntheses 534 15.3.1 The use of non-stereoselective reactions to produce stereospecific centres 535 15.3.2 The use of stereoselective reactions to produce stereogenetic centres 535 15.3.3 General methods of asymmetric synthesis 541 15.3.4 Methods of assessing the purity of stereoisomers 547 15.4 Designing organic syntheses 548 15.4.1 An introduction to the disconnection approach 548 15.4.2 Convergent synthesis 554 15.5 Partial organic synthesis of xenobiotics 556 15.6 Questions 557 16 Drug development and production 559 16.1 Introduction 559 16.2 Chemical development 560 16.2.1 Chemical engineering issues 561 16.2.2 Chemical plant: health and safety considerations 562 16.2.3 Synthesis quality control 563 16.2.4 A case study 563 16.3 Pharmacological and toxicological testing 565 16.4 Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics 569 16.5 Formulation development 570 16.6 Production and quality control 570 16.7 Patent protection 571 16.8 Regulation 572 16.9 Questions 573 Selected further reading 575 Answers to questions 579 Index 601
£39.85
