Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems Books

Book SynopsisSince the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Act) was passed in 2010, relevant U.S. agencies have undertaken various activities related to responsible sourcing of conflict minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and adjoining countries. In response to the Act, the Department of State (State) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) developed a strategy in 2011 to address the linkages among human rights abuses, armed groups, and the mining of conflict minerals and are implementing various strategy objectives. This book examines, among other things, the extent to which relevant U.S. agencies have undertaken activities related to responsible sourcing of conflict minerals; and what is known about the status of, and information provided by, stakeholder initiatives focused on responsible sourcing of conflict minerals from the DRC and adjoining countries.

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Book SynopsisHydrothermal crystal growth offers a complementary alternative to many of the classical techniques of crystal growth used to synthesise new materials and grow bulk crystals for specific applications. This specialised technique is often capable of growing crystals at temperatures well below their melting points and thus potentially offers routes to new phases or the growth of bulk crystals with less thermal strain. Borate crystals are widely used as nonlinear optical, laser and luminescent materials due to their diversified structures, and good chemical and physical properties. The growth of high-quality borate crystals is required for their applications. A fundamental problem for borate crystal growth is the high-temperature melt structures in the crystal growth systems. This book discusses several crystals and the crystal growth processes.

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Book SynopsisBentonite are usually found in deep geographical areas. They are produced from rock, fossils, weathering of volcanic ash and disposal of high-level of radioactive waste in many countries. Bentonite mainly consist of clay mineral such as montmorillinite and kaolinite. They mainly exist in cationic form of organic compounds such as aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon and are employed to modify high cations exchange capacity, higher structural integrity, thermal conductivity, high chemical buffering capacity, and stiffness. Bentonite is a layer of natural silicate clay mineral having numerous properties such as large specific surface area, great absorption and interlayer exchangeable cation. Bentonite consists of outstanding physico-chemical properties which make it applicable in the areas such as water treatment, medical, groundwater barrier, farming, and construction. They are well known to be one of the most versatile and inexpensive treatments. The current book describes the bentonite characteristic, uses and implications for the environment in many areas of environmental science in particular, such as remediation, clean energy, water research and waste management. Researchers working in the area will benefit from the fundamental concepts and advanced approaches described in the book. The book is going to also be beneficial to researchers who are working for their graduate and postgraduate degrees in the area of science and technology. The book also provides a platform for all researchers as it covers a wide background in the subject from recent literature, abbreviations, and summaries. Additionally, this book covers a broader research area of chemistry, physics, environmental science, materials science, polymer science and engineering to present an interdisciplinary approach. This book contains the fundamental knowledge as well as recent advancements in the research and development of bentonite. The book also covers recent approaches and prospects about the current research and development of bentonite.

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Book SynopsisThe essential illustrated rocks and minerals guide.Learn how to identify rocks and minerals and appreciate the beauty of the natural world with Rocks & Minerals: An Illustrated Field Guide. Expert geologist Dr. Evelyn Mervine takes you through 50 profiles of these natural materials, including their characteristics, chemical compositions, occurrences, and key identifiers.Take a deep dive into geology and learn all about rocks and minerals, including: Granite Limestone Meteorite Quartz Diamond Gold And many, many more!Complete with a glossary of terms and beautiful illustrations by Vlad Stankovic, this visually stunning book is a must-have for rock hounds and geologists alike.

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Book SynopsisMagnetite is a naturally occurring iron-oxide mineral with applications in several industries. This monograph includes five chapters that detail various aspects of magnetite. Chapter One focuses on understanding magnetite and its modifications in the context of the cancer treatment modality magnetic hyperthermia. Chapter Two examines various aspects of synthesis and characterisations of magnetic nanoparticles, surface functionalization and enzyme immobilisation with improved catalysis, stability, and reusability. Chapter Three presents data on the effect of magnetoacoustic emission and its relation to the behaviour of the domain structure of magnetites formed under various conditions. Chapter Four highlights the detection of trace levels of pesticides and drugs in different environmental samples by using magnetite-molecularly imprinted polymers. Lastly, Chapter Five discusses the methods of synthesis and typical characteristics of magnetite-based nanocomposites that can be used for different applications.Table of ContentsPreface; FE3O4 and Its Modification in Magnetic Hyperthermia: Background, Results and Synthesis Procedure; Magnetite Nanoparticles: An Efficient Support for Continuous Improved Biocatalysis; Investigation of the Effect of Magnetoacoustic Emission and Its Relation to the Domain Structure of Magnetite; Role of Magnetite-Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Pesticide and Drug Analysis; Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Magnetite-Based Nanocomposites; Index.

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Book SynopsisPeople have been fascinated by minerals since prehistory. The attractions of minerals lie in their colours, their beautiful crystals and the discoveries of their uses and the metals that can be obtained from them. Minerals receive attention from a wide variety of people: mining executives, collectors, prospectors and scientists unravelling their molecular structure and origins. But, for someone new to mineralogy, the subject can appear to be overwhelmingly complex.In Introducing Mineralogy John Mason considers the essence of mineralogy in a clear and logical manner. The book begins with the basic chemistry of minerals and the way in which the mineral kingdom is classified. It then considers mineral occurrences, both typical, such as the minerals that largely make up common rocks like granite, and atypical, such as concentrations of rare metals in ore-deposits. The ways in which minerals are studied using microscopes and the importance of careful observation and interpretation are discussed and the topics of mineral collecting and related issues are addressed. The final chapters explore the uses of minerals, both industrial and scientific, and take a look at environmental issues associated with mineral extraction and usageLavishly illustrated in colour and complete with a glossary, the book is aimed at students embarking on courses in the Earth Sciences and at the amateur collector who wants to find out more about the colourful rocks they may find when out walking.Trade Review'The writing style is very clever, presenting concise technical information pitched at a level where even somebody with very little knowledge of science can become absorbed and learn at ease…In summary, this book does exactly what the title says: Introducing Mineralogy. It is an excellent introductory book on mineralogy, well written and covers all of the basics very well…'Mineralogical Magazine'Unlike others book about minerals, this does not provide pages of descriptions of individual minerals, for that is an area that's already well covered. Neither does it present a deep coverage of mineralogy in the style of some of the dusty old textbooks that I remember from my undergraduate days (thank goodness).What we have here is a refreshing approach to the subject from an author who knows minerals well from a collectors perspective, but who is a geology graduate - arguably the perfect person to write such a book to introduce the subject… The book is beautifully illustrated by specimens that haven't been chosen to make the book look pretty, but for good scientific reasons. I repeat that in many ways this a unique approach to the subject of mineralogy, but it is one that works and will provide anyone looking for a way in to the subject with some sound and interesting material.'Down to Earth magazine'Introducing Mineralogy is aimed at the amateur collector and anyone interested in minerals. It would also be appropriate for an introductory mineralogy class for nonscience majors. The author, John Mason, has done an outstanding job of presenting complex notions in simple terms, providing many examples to which the reader can relate. The book is divided into seven chapters, and throughout, terms defined in the exhaustive glossary are highlighted. The book is also well illustrated, with over 100 color photographs mostly illustrating examples from the UK.'ElementsTable of ContentsPrologue: a mineral prospector's tale; 1. The basics of mineralogy; 2. Typical mineral occurrences; 3. Atypical concentrations of minerals; 4. Mineral collecting: where science and leisure overlap; 5. Studying mineral assemblages and parageneses; 6. Uses of minerals; 7. Minerals and the environment. Epilogue. Glossary. Further reading and resources.

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Book SynopsisFrom small beach pebbles to huge megaliths, stones have been revered, collected, enhanced, sculpted or engraved for practical and artistic purposes throughout the ages. They have been used to delineate boundaries and to build homes and shelters, and utilized for cooking, games and competitions. This surprising and fascinating compendium of stone facts, myths and stories reveals the impact and importance of stones in our history and culture. Cally Oldershaw introduces the science in an accessible way and covers the aesthetic appeal of stones, their practical uses and metaphysical properties. With an eclectic mix of examples from the Stone Age to the present, Stones engagingly excavates the story of this essential matter.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Geology and the Science of Stones Chapter 1: Stone Tools, Weapons, Implements and Building Stones Chapter 2: Testimony in Stone Chapter 3: Stones and the Creative Mind Chapter 4: Medicinal, Health and Healing Stones Chapter 5: Collectors, Collections and Collecting Stones Appendix: Starting Your Collection References Bibliography Acknowledgements Photo Acknowledgements Index

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Book SynopsisProfessor Matthew Heddle (1828-97) was a larger-than-life character, a renowned academic and one of Scotland's most famous mineralogists. His rich legacy includes: Encyclopaedia Britannica 9th edition (section on Mineralogy) A fossil fish Heddleichthys A mineral named after him (Mattheddleite) A summary of the Mineralogy of Scotland (published posthumously) 55 scientific papers 5,700 specimens from his collection now housed in the National Museum of Scotland and the National Museums Collection Centre. 10 children This book, by Heddle's great-great-grandson, is not an account of his scientific work but is about Heddle the man; it provides a much fuller picture of him than anything that has appeared before.Trade Review' ... the book is a tribute to a mineralogist who will not soon be forgotten, written almost lovingly with great attention to detail by one with a family interest so deep that the resulting book can well serve as a model for others. It is highly recommended.' (Rocks and Minerals) ' ... The book gives a fascinating and detailed insight to Heddle the man, presenting his character and his contemporaries in a way which nicely augments his many technical publications and his fabulous collection of minerals, now in the National Museum [of Scotland]' (Journal of the Russell Society) ' ... it's pleasing to see this volume which reviews the lifetime contribution to science of this remarkable man. ... This superbly written volume will delight and enthrall you.' (Down to Earth) 'I can strongly recommend this book. It tells the story of a most interesting character who in the course of his epic collecting got to know the Scottish hills better than anyone else of his day.' (Scottish Mountaineering Club journal); 'I enjoyed reading it and found it a mass of information about Heddle, and the mineralogists, geologists, geological society, journals and museums of the day.' (Geological Curator);Table of ContentsChapter: 1 - Heddle's parentage 2 - Childhood and schooling 3 - The Edinburgh doctor 4 - Early mineralogical activities 5 - University of St Andrews 6 - Heddle's collecting and scientific papers 7 - Heddle the mountaineer 8 - The retired professor: a new beginning 9 - Heddle's last years and legacy

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Book SynopsisDiscover the common treatments and imitations plus gemstone properties, sources and typical cuts of stones, including a guide on appraisal techniques. Jewellers and designer goldsmiths, lapidaries and gem cutters, stone setters, gemologists, geologists, collectors and people who buy and sell jewellery at antique fairs and on the internet, this book is for anyone who has ever had a gemstone and wanted identification and information. Featuring a mix of gemstones and gem-set jewellery, it puts gems in context and contains historical context for those buying and selling antique and vintage gem-set jewellery, including details of the stones typically found in Georgian, Victorian and early 20th century settings. Packed with fascinating gemological details and up-to-date data on more than 70 of the most exquisite gemstones, and written by leading expert, Judith Crowe, learn the common pitfalls in identifying stones and clarify areas of confusion and misidentification.Table of ContentsAbout this Book Gemstone Identification Gemstone Appraisal Technical Methods of Identification Colour Gemmological Information Properties of Gemstone Material Optical Properties Inclusions Sources Gemstone Treatments Synthetics and Imitations Cutting Pricing and Grading Gemstone Directory Diamond Corundum Beryl Chrysoberyl Spinel Topaz Tourmaline Andalusite Iolite Quartz Zircon Garnet Jadeite Spodumene Zoisite Peridot Prehnite Orthoclase Feldspar Plagioclase Feldspar Sugilite Opal group Hematite Scapolite Diopside Turquoise lapis Lazuli Natural Glass Sphene Apatite Chrysocolla Rhodochrosite Fluorite Malachite Organic Coral Amber Birthstones Glossary Index Credits

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Book SynopsisIt is said that the sparkle from Canadian diamonds mimics the awesome and seductive radiance of the northern lights. Yet until 1991, no one thought diamonds could even be found in Canada--no one except geologists Chuck Fipke and Stu Blusson, who uncovered diamond-rich kimberlite in the Barrens at Point Lake in the Northwest Territories. Their spectacular discovery caused great excitement in international diamond circles and sparked the largest claim-staking rush in Canada since the 1896 Klondike gold rush. The two geologists sank their lives and savings into their belief that they''d find diamonds in the Barrens, and the story of their quest is a dramatic tale of perseverance in the face of immense odds.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive view of the valuable uranium ores and analytical electron microscopy methods, including electron microdiffraction principles, an essential technique for studying uranous minerals.This book also explains the laws governing the formation of uranium mineral accumulations, based on concepts published by the renowned Russian mineralogist L.N. Belova. It addresses all types of ore uranium concentrations in the hypergene region and schematizes all uranium mineral formation processes. Readers will also find selected examples of different genetic types of uranium deposits of black sooty ores; the data gathered from all findings on ningyoite worldwide, and new crystal chemistry data on tetravalent uranium phosphates. Table of ContentsIntroduction I. Practice of studying of dispersal uranium minerals by ATEM methods 1) Possibilities of TEM when studying dispersible minerals 2) Microdiffraction SAED method Methods of interpretation of electron diffraction SAED-patterns Methodical ways of interpretation 3) Contribution of EM to uranium mineralogy II. Minerals of tetravalent uranium U4+ of hypergenesis zone 1. Ore mineralization of the reduction zone of hypergenesis – uranium blacks 1) Regularities of manifestation of the uranium blacks mineralization in a hypergenesis zone 2) Examples of deposites with the industrial blacks mineralization 3) The mineral composition of uranium blacks (Uraninite. Coffinite. Ningyoite.) 4) Genetic crystalchemistry of mineral components of uranium black/sooty 2. New minerals family – U4+ phosphates 1) Ningyoite – mineral of Rhabdophane group 2) Lermontovite mineral group (Lermontovite. Vyacheslavite. Urphoite.) 3. The crystal-chemistry data ATEM for questions of uranium mineralogy 1) Questions of isomorphism and systematics of phosphates of the rhabdophane group 2) About the position of calcium in minerals of tetravalent uranium 3) About phosphosilicates of tetravalent uranium Conclusion

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Book SynopsisThe evolution of geological cartography in Cuba in its more than 135 years of history has been possible through the consultation of numerous archival reports, publications, maps and personal interviews with different authors and geologists of vast experience. A brief critical analysis is made of the increase in the degree of geological knowledge of the country since the elaboration of the Geological Sketch of the Cuban Island at a scale of 1: 2 000 000 (Fernández de Castro, 1883), first of Cuba and of Ibero-America, until the most recent Digital Geological Map of Cuba at scale 1: 100 000 (Pérez Aragón, 2016). Cuba and its surroundings are a geological mosaic in the southeast corner of the North American plate with rocks from many different origins, from Proterozoic to Quaternary, extended along the southern border of the plate. From the Eocene, this belt has been dissected by several great faults, related to the development of some great oceanic depressions (Cayman trough and Yucatan basin). The fossil record of Cuba, which covers approximately the last 200 million years of life on Earth, is rich in very varied fossils, witnessing a wide diversity of organisms, both animals and plants, that inhabited the Antillean and Caribbean region; and that constitute the inheritance of the biological diversity that the current Cuban archipelago exhibits. As a result of the preparation of the Cuban Metallogenic Map at scale 1: 250 000, forty-one models and eight sub-models of metallic mineral deposits were identified. These models, of descriptive–genetic type, together with the analysis of their spatial distribution and their relationship with geology, allowed the identification and mapping of ten mineral systems, linked to the geodynamic environments present in the Cuban territory. Cuba has large deposits of limestone, loam, dolomite, kaolin, gypsum and anhydrite, rock salt, marbles, sands and clays of different types, zeolites, peat, therapeutic peloids and many more. There are manifestations of decorative and precious rocks such as jasper, jadeite, different varieties of quartz and even xylopals. A compilation of geochemical data of oceanic basalt samples from previous works, together with data of analyzed samples during this study in order to discuss geochemical criteria based on immobile element (proxies for fractionation indices, alkalinity, mantle flow and subduction addition), provide a comprehensive ophiolite classification according to their tectonic setting. This book addresses different facets of the geological knowledge of Cuba: history of its cartography, marine geology, fossil record, stratigraphy, tectonics, classification of its ophiolites, quaternary deposits, metallogeny and minerageny. Table of Contents1. Geological Cartography of Cuba.- 2. Geology of the Marine Territory of Cuba.- 3. Synthesis of Fossil Record of Cuba.- 4. Stratigraphy of Cuba.- 5. An Overview to the Tectonics of Cuba.- 6. Geochemical Fingerprinting of Ancient Oceanic Basalts: Classification of the Cuban Ophiolites.- 7. Stratigraphy of the Quaternary Deposits in Cuba.- 8. Mineral Systems of Cuba: a Panoramic Vision of Cuban Metallogeny.- 9. The Minerageny of Cuba.

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Book SynopsisThis open access atlas is an up-to-date visual resource on the features and structures observed in soil thin sections, i.e. soil micromorphology. The book addresses the growing interest in soil micromorphology in the fields of soil science, earth science, archaeology and forensic science, and serves as a reference tool for researchers and students for fast learning and intuitive feature and structure recognition. The book is divided into six parts and contains hundreds of images and photomicrographs. Part one is devoted to the way to sample properly soils, the method of preparation of thin sections, the main tool of soil micromorphology (the microscope), and the approach of soil micromorphology as a scientific method. Part two focuses on the organisation of soil fragments and presents the concept of fabric. Part three addresses the basic components, e.g. rocks, minerals, organic compounds and anthropogenic features. Part four lists all the various types of pedogenic features observed in a soil, i.e. the imprint of pedogenesis. Part five gives interpretations of features associated with the main processes at work in soils and paleosols. Part six presents a view of what the future of soil micromorphology could be. Finally, the last part consists of the index and annexes, including the list of mineral formulas. This atlas will be of interest to researchers, academics, and students, who will find it a convenient tool for the self-teaching of soil micromorphology by using comparative photographs.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The multiscalar nature of soils.- Chapter 2. History of micromorphology.- Chapter 3. Observation and sampling of soils.- Chapter 4. How to make thin sections.- Chapter 5.The polarised light microscope.- Chapter 6. Other techniques of observation.- Chapter 7. Electron and energy imaging.- Chapter 8. Colours of minerals.- Chapter 9. The micromorphological approach.- Chapter 10. Concept of fabric.- Chapter 11. Multiscalar approach to fabric.- Chapter 12. Basic distribution patterns.- Chapter 13. c/f related distributions I.- Chapter 14. c/f related distributions II.- Chapter 15. Aggregates and aggregation.- Chapter 16. Degree of separation and accommodation of aggregates.- Chapter 17. The nature of voids.- Chapter 18. Morphology of voids I.- Chapter 19. The morphology of voids II.- Chapter 20. Microstructure I.- Chapter 21. Microstructure II.- Chapter 22. Mineral and organic constituents.- Chapter 23. Particle size and sorting.- Chapter 24. Shape of grains: equidimensionality.- Chapter 25. Shape of grains: roundness and sphericity.- Chapter 26. Basalt, granite, and gabbro.- Chapter 27. Schist, gneiss, and amphibolite.- Chapter 28. Quartzite and marble.- Chapter 29. Calcium-bearing sedimentary rocks.- Chapter 30. Sand and sandstone.- Chapter 31. Mineral grains in the soil I: quartz and chalcedony.- Chapter 32. Mineral grains in the soil II: feldspar and mica.- Chapter 33. Mineral grains in the soil III: inosilicates and nesosilicates.- Chapter 34. Mineral grains in the soil IV: carbonates.- Chapter 35. Mineral grains in the soil V: chlorides and sulfates.- Chapter 36. Biominerals I.- Chapter 37. Biominerals II.- Chapter 38. Biominerals III.- Chapter 39. Anthropogenic features I.- Chapter 40. Anthropogenic features II.- Chapter 41. Organic matter I.- Chapter 42. Organic matter II.- Chapter 43. Humus.- Chapter 44. Micromass.- Chapter 45. B-fabric I.- Chapter 46. B-fabric II.- Chapter 47. Imprints of pedogenesis.- Chapter 48. Iron- and manganese-bearing nodules.- Chapter 49. Carbonate nodules.- Chapter 50. Polygenetic nodules.- Chapter 51. Nodules: morphology and border shape.- Chapter 52. Nodules: orthic, anorthic, disorthic.- Chapter 53. Crystals and crystal intergrowths.- Chapter 54. Impregnations.- Chapter 55. Depletions.- Chapter 56. Coatings with clays I.- Chapter 57. Coatings with clays II.- Chapter 58. Micropans, coarse coatings, cappings, and crusts.- Chapter 59. Hypocoatings and quasicoatings: amorphous.- Chapter 60. Coatings and hypocoatings: crystalline.- Chapter 61. Mineral infillings.- Chapter 62. Mineral infillings of biological origin.- Chapter 63. Pedoturbations.- Chapter 64. Faecal pellets.- Chapter 65. Dung and vertebrate excrements.- Chapter 66. Composite pedogenic features.- Chapter 67. Uncommon features.- Chapter 68. Pedofeatures and soil processes.- Chapter 69. Clay dynamics I - Translocation.- Chapter 70. Clay dynamics II - Swelling.- Chapter 71. Water dynamics..- Chapter 72. Carbonate and gypsum dynamics.- Chapter 73. Processes involving iron oxyhydroxides.- Chapter 74. Biogeochemical processes I.- Chapter 75. Biogeochemical processes II.- Chapter 76. The future of soil micromorphology.- Chapter 77. Beyond the two dimensions.- Chapter 78. The prospect of chemical imaging

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Aside from water the materials which are used by mankind in highest quantities arecementitious materials and concrete. This book shows how the quality of the technical product depends on mineral phases and their reactions during the hydration and strengthening process. Additives and admixtures infl uence the course of hydration and the properties. Options of reducing the CO2-production in cementitious materials are presented and numerous examples of unhydrous and hydrous phases and their formation conditions are discussed. This editorial work consists of four parts including cement composition and hydration, Special cement and binder mineral phases, Cementitious and binder materials, and Measurement and properties. Every part contains different contributions and covers a broad range within the area. ContentsPart I: Cement composition and hydrationDiffraction and crystallography applied to anhydrous cementsDiffraction and crystallography applied to hydrating cementsSynthesis of highly reactive pure cement phasesThermodynamic modelling of cement hydration: Portland cements – blended cements – calcium sulfoaluminate cements Part II: Special cement and binder mineral phasesRole of hydrotalcite-type layered double hydroxides in delayed pozzolanic reactions and their bearing on mortar datingSetting control of CAC by substituted acetic acids and crystal structures of their calcium saltsCrystallography and crystal chemistry of AFm phases related to cement chemistry Part III: Cementitious and binder materialsChemistry, design and application of hybrid alkali activated bindersBinding materials based on calcium sulphatesMagnesia building material (Sorel cement) – from basics to applicationNew CO2-reduced cementitious systemsComposition and properties of ternary binders Part IV: Measurement and propertiesCharacterization of microstructural properties of Portland cements by analytical scanning electron microscopyCorrelating XRD data with technological propertiesNo cement production without refractories

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