Ceramic and glass technology Books

Book SynopsisThe book consists of a series of edited chapters, each written by an expert in the field and focusing on a particular characterization technique as applied to glass.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Contributors xv 1 DENSITY, THERMAL PROPERTIES, AND THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE OF GLASSES 1Steve Feller Part I: Introduction to Physical Properties and Their Uses 1 Part II: Density 2 1.1 Density: Experimental Background and Theory 2 1.1.1 Overview 2 1.1.2 Experimental Methods and Theory 3 1.1.3 Instrumentation Used for Determining Density 7 1.1.4 Analysis of Data, Extraction of Useful Information, and Other Ways to Express Density 8 1.1.5 Case Studies from Some Glass Systems 13 1.1.6 Conclusion to Density Measurements 19 Part III: Thermal Effects with a Focus on the Glass Transition Temperature 20 1.2 OVERVIEW 20 1.3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND THEORY 20 1.3.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 22 1.4 INSTRUMENTATION USED FOR DETERMINING Tg AND RELATED THERMAL EVENTS 23 1.4.1 DSCs 23 1.4.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 23 1.5 ANALYSIS OF DATA AND EXTRACTION OF USEFUL INFORMATION 25 1.6 CASE STUDIES FROM GLASS SYSTEMS 26 1.6.1 The Glass Transition Temperatures of Barium Borosilicate Glasses [18] 26 1.6.2 Stability Parameters in Lithium Borate Glasses [18] 27 1.7 CONCLUSION TO THERMAL PROPERTIES 30 2 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES 32E.I. Kamitsos 2.1 INTRODUCTION 32 2.2 BACKGROUND AND THEORY 34 2.2.1 Refractive Index and Dielectric Function 34 2.2.2 Reflectance Spectroscopy of Bulk Materials 36 2.2.3 Infrared Spectra of Thin Films 42 2.3 INSTRUMENTATION 44 2.4 ANALYSIS OF INFRARED DATA 48 2.4.1 Bulk Glasses 48 2.4.2 Thin Films of Amorphous Materials 52 2.5 CASE STUDIES 54 2.5.1 Bulk Glasses 54 2.5.2 Glass Thin Films 63 2.6 CONCLUSIONS 68 3 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES 74Rui M. Almeida and Luis F. Santos 3.1 INTRODUCTION 74 3.2 BACKGROUND 76 3.2.1 Theory 76 3.2.2 Selection Rules 78 3.2.3 Depolarization of Raman Lines 79 3.3 INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS 80 3.3.1 Light Source 81 3.3.2 Sample Compartment 82 3.3.3 Spectrometer 82 3.3.4 Detector 83 3.3.5 Micro-Raman Spectrometers 84 3.3.6 Resolution 85 3.3.7 Data Analysis 86 3.4 CASE STUDIES 87 3.4.1 Structural Effects of Alkali Incorporation in Silicate Glasses 87 3.4.2 Phase Separation Mechanisms in Transition Metal Phosphate Glasses 92 3.4.3 Raman Study of Niobium Germanosilicate Glasses And Glass-Ceramics 96 3.4.4 Raman Spectroscopy of Chalcogenide Glasses 99 3.5 CONCLUSIONS 103 4 BRILLOUIN LIGHT SCATTERING 107John Kieffer 4.1 INTRODUCTION 107 4.2 BACKGROUND AND THEORY 110 4.3 INSTRUMENTATION 117 4.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION CONTENT 126 4.5 EXAMPLES OF CASE STUDIES 133 4.5.1 Room-Temperature Glass 133 4.5.2 Temperature Dependence, Glass Transition, and Visco-Elasticity 137 4.5.3 Spatially Confined Systems (e.g., Thin Films) 146 4.5.4 Systems Under Pressure 149 4.5.5 Mechanically Fragile Systems, Soft Matter, and Gels 151 4.6 SUMMARY 154 5 NEUTRON DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUES FOR STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF GLASSES 158Alex C. Hannon 5.1 INTRODUCTION 158 5.2 INSTRUMENTATION 159 5.2.1 The Neutron 159 5.2.2 The Interactions between a Neutron and a Sample 160 5.2.3 Neutron Sources 161 5.2.4 Neutron Diffractometers 164 5.3 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF NEUTRON DIFFRACTION ON GLASSES 169 5.3.1 The Static Approximation 169 5.3.2 Scattering from a Single Nucleus 169 5.3.3 Scattering from an Assembly of Nuclei 170 5.3.4 Isotropic Samples 171 5.3.5 Coherent and Incoherent (Distinct and Self) Scattering 171 5.3.6 Atomic Vibrations 173 5.3.7 Real-space Correlation Functions 180 5.4 THE APPLICATION OF NEUTRON DIFFRACTION TO STUDIES OF GLASS STRUCTURE 186 5.4.1 Experimental Corrections 186 5.4.2 Resolution 190 5.4.3 Peak Fitting and Integration 194 5.4.4 Normalization of Data 198 5.4.5 Scattering at low Q 200 5.4.6 Sample-Related Difficulties 203 5.4.7 Partial Correlation Functions 209 5.4.8 Interpretation of Results 218 5.4.9 Modeling 226 5.4.10 The PDF Method 229 6 X-RAY DIFFRACTION FROM GLASS 241Christopher J. Benmore 6.1 INTRODUCTION 241 6.2 BACKGROUND/THEORY 244 6.3 ANALYSIS OF DATA, EXTRACTION OF USEFUL INFORMATION 249 6.4 INSTRUMENTATION 255 6.5 CASE STUDIES 258 6.5.1 SiO2 and Oxide Glasses 258 6.5.2 Chalcogenide Glasses 263 6.5.3 Amorphous Materials, Gels, Foams and Fibers 264 6.6 CONCLUSIONS 264 7 XAFS SPECTROSCOPY AND GLASS STRUCTURE 271Giuseppe Dalba and Francesco Rocca 7.1 INTRODUCTION 271 7.2 THE ORIGINS OF X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTRA 272 7.3 XAFS INSTRUMENTATION 274 7.4 THE PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF XAFS 278 7.5 EXAFS 279 7.5.1 EXAFS Formula for Glasses 282 7.6 XAFS DATA ANALYSIS 284 7.6.1 Corrections for Instrumental Errors 284 7.6.2 Pre-edge Background Subtraction 284 7.6.3 Post-edge Background Subtraction 285 7.6.4 Normalization 286 7.6.5 Conversion to k-Space, Choice of Threshold Energy E0 and Weighting 286 7.6.6 Transformation from k-Space to R-Space 286 7.6.7 Fourier Filtering: Reverse Transformation: from R-Space to k-Space 287 7.6.8 Log Amplitude Ratio and Phases Difference Method 288 7.6.9 Fitting Procedure 288 7.7 EXAFS ACCURACY AND LIMITATIONS 289 7.8 XANES 290 7.9 XAFS SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED TO GLASS STRUCTURE: SOME EXAMPLES 291 7.9.1 Silicate Glasses 292 7.9.2 Silica Glass 294 7.9.3 Silica at High Temperature 294 7.9.4 Silica and Germania Glasses under High Pressure 297 7.9.5 Nanoparticles Embedded in Glasses 300 7.9.6 Study of Ionic Conductivity in Superionic Conducting Glasses Doped with AgI 307 7.10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 309 8 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES 315Scott Kroeker 8.1 INTRODUCTION 315 8.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 316 8.2.1 Zeeman Effect 316 8.2.2 Magnetic Shielding 318 8.2.3 Quadrupolar Interaction 319 8.2.4 Dipolar Interactions 320 8.2.5 High Resolution Methodologies 320 8.3 INSTRUMENTATION 323 8.3.1 Magnet 323 8.3.2 Probe 325 8.3.3 Radiofrequency Components 326 8.3.4 Computer Control 326 8.3.5 Measurement Uncertainty 327 8.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION 329 8.4.1 Chemical Shift Assignments 329 8.4.2 Information from Quadrupolar Effects 330 8.4.3 Low-gamma Nuclei 332 8.4.4 Paramagnetic Effects 333 8.5 CASE STUDIES 333 8.5.1 Borophosphate Glasses 333 8.5.2 Aluminosilicate Glasses 336 8.5.3 Borosilicate Glasses 337 8.5.4 Modifier Cations in Alkali Borate Glasses 340 8.6 CONCLUSIONS 341 9 ADVANCED DIPOLAR SOLID STATE NMR SPECTROSCOPY OF GLASSES 345Hellmut Eckert 9.1 INTRODUCTION 345 9.2 THEORETICAL ASPECTS 347 9.2.1 Direct Magnetic Dipole-Dipole Coupling 348 9.2.2 Indirect Magnetic Dipole-Dipole Coupling 349 9.3 HETERONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTS 349 9.3.1 Spin Echo Double Resonance 349 9.3.2 Rotational Echo Double Resonance 350 9.3.3 Rotational Echo Adiabatic Passage Double Resonance 353 9.3.4 Cross-polarization 354 9.3.5 Connectivity Studies Based on the Detection of Indirect Spin-Spin Interactions 358 9.3.6 Instrumental Considerations and Caveats. 358 9.4 HOMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTS 360 9.4.1 Static Spin Echo Decay Spectroscopy 360 9.4.2 Homonuclear Dipolar Recoupling Experiments 362 9.4.3 Instrumental Considerations and Caveats 369 9.5 CASE STUDIES 370 9.5.1 Spatial Distributions of Mobile Ions in Alkali Silicate and Borate Glasses 370 9.5.2 Connectivity Distribution in 70 SiO2-30 [(Al2 O3)x(P2O5)1-x] Glasses 374 9.5.3 Speciations and Connectivity Distributions in Borophosphate and Thioborophosphate Glasses 380 10 ATOM PROBE TOMOGRAPHY OF GLASSES 391Daniel Schreiber and Joseph V. Ryan 10.1 INTRODUCTION 391 10.2 BACKGROUND AND THEORY 392 10.3 INSTRUMENTATION 395 10.3.1 APT Specimen Preparation 399 10.3.2 Experimental Procedure and Parameters 401 10.3.3 Data Reconstruction 403 10.4 ANALYSIS METHODS 409 10.4.1 Estimating Error 412 10.5 CASE STUDIES 417 10.5.1 Composition 418 10.5.2 Interfaces 420 10.5.3 Conclusions 424 Index 431

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is the first introduction/reference to the computer simulation of glass materials, which are growing in their applications such as telephone technology, construction materials, aerospace materials and more.Trade ReviewModeling and simulation are crucial for understanding structure-property relationships in glass-forming systems and for accelerating the design of next-generation glassy materials. Atomistic Simulations of Glasses is a comprehensive volume dedicated to the topic of atomic-scale modeling of glassy materials, with particular emphasis on silicate glasses of practical industrial interest. As such, this book fills a critical gap in the literature, offering an excellent introduction for newcomers to atomistic modeling, as well as a comprehensive and state-of-the-art reference for practitioners in the field. Atomistic Simulations of Glasses, published by ACerS-Wiley, consists of 15 chapters written by experts from around the world. It is edited by two leading authorities in computational glass science: Jincheng Du (University of North Texas) and Alastair N. Cormack (Alfred University). The book itself is gorgeous, printed in full color on high-quality paper. It is designed in a reader-friendly format, including a comprehensive index, an extensive list of references at the end of each chapter, and a helpful table to decode every acronym used throughout the book. Each chapter is well written and has been carefully polished. The text also flows smoothly across chapters, which is sometimes a problem in edited volumes. The first five chapters are devoted to fundamentals of atomistic modeling techniques for glassy systems, including classical simulation methods (Chapter 1), quantum mechanical techniques (Chapter 2), reverse Monte Carlo (Chapter 3), structural analysis methods (Chapter 4), and topological constraint theory (Chapter 5). Each of these chapters does a great job at providing both foundational knowledge and discussing the state-of-the-art in methods and tools. The chapter on topological constraint theory is especially interesting because this is a family of techniques developed specifically for glassy materials. The latter 10 chapters of the book focus on application of these techniques for simulating various glass families of interest. These chapters cover a wide range of silicate, aluminosilicate, and borosilicate glasses, as well as phosphate, fluoride, and oxyfluoride systems. The coverage of transition metal and rare-earth-containing glasses is also a nice touch. There is a particular emphasis on bioactive glasses and glasses for nuclear waste immobilization. As a whole, the 10 application-focused chapters do an excellent job demonstrating the utility and versatility of atomistic simulation approaches for addressing problems of practical concern in the glass science and engineering community. These chapters also provide good perspective on specific needs for future developments in the field. There are a few missing topics that would have been valuable to include in the book. While reactive force fields are mentioned briefly, an entire chapter devoted to the principles and applications of reactive force fields such as ReaxFF would have been a nice addition, especially because reactive force fields are becoming increasingly important in the glass science community. Also, given the importance of thermal history in governing the structure and properties of glasses, it would have been worthwhile to include a chapter on accessing long time scales, e.g., using kinetic Monte Carlo, meta-dynamics, or the activation-relaxation technique, all of which have been applied to noncrystalline systems in the literature and can enable simulations to access experimental time scales. It also would have been helpful to expand the chapter on reverse Monte Carlo to include other Monte Carlo techniques more broadly; for example, Metropolis Monte Carlo is a computationally efficient alternative to molecular dynamics for calculating glass structure and static properties. Finally, given the large amount of research activity in modeling of metallic glasses, a chapter on atomistic simulations of metallic glasses would be a nice addition. Overall, Atomistic Simulations of Glasses is a very welcome addition to the literature and highly recommended for both students and professionals in the field of computational glass science.—John C. Mauro is a Dorothy Pate Enright Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at The Pennsylvania State UniversityTable of ContentsPreface Part I Fundamentals of Atomistic Simulations Chapter 1 Classical simulation methods Abstract 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Simulation techniques 1.2.1 Molecular dynamics (MD) 1.2.1.1 Integrating the equations of motion 1.2.1.2 Thermostats and barostats 1.2.2 Monte Carlo (MC) eimulations 1.2.2.1 Kinetic Monte Carlo 1.2.2.2 Reverse Monte Carlo 1.3 The Born Model 1.3.1 Ewald summation 1.3.2 Potentials 1.3.2.1 Transferability of potential parameters: Self-consistent sets 1.3.2.2 Ion polarizability 1.3.2.3 Potential models for borates 1.3.2.4 Modelling reactivity: electron transfer 1.4 Calculation of Observables 1.4.1 Atomic structure 1.4.2 Hyperdynamics and peridynamics 1.5 Glass Formation 1.5.1 Bulk structures 1.5.2 Surfaces and fibers 1.6 Geometry optimization and property calculations 1.7 References Chapter 2 Ab initio simulation of amorphous solids Abstract 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Big picture 2.1.2 The limits of experiment 2.1.3 Synergy between experiment and modeling 2.1.4 History of simulations and the need for ab initio methods 2.1.5 The difference between ab initio and classical MD 2.1.6 Ingredients of DFT 2.1.7 What DFT can provide 2.1.8 The emerging solution for large systems and long times: Machine Learning 2.1.9 A practical aid: Databases 2.2 Methods to produce models 2.2.1 Simulation Paradigm: Melt Quench 2.2.2 Information Paradigm 2.2.3 Teaching chemistry to RMC: FEAR 2.2.4 Gap Sculpting 2.3 Analyzing the models 2.3.1 Structure 2.3.2 Electronic Structure 2.3.3 Vibrational Properties 2.4 Conclusion 2.5 Acknowledgements 2.6 References Chapter 3 Reverse Monte Carlo simulations of non-crystalline solids Abstract 3.1 Introduction -- why RMC is needed? 3.2 Reverse Monte Carlo modeling 3.2.1. Basic RMC algorithm 3.2.2. Information deficiency 3.2.3. Preparation of reference structures: hard sphere Monte Carlo 3.2.4. Other methods for preparing suitable structural models 3.3 Topological analyses 3.3.1. Ring statistics 3.3.2. Cavity analyses 3.3.3. Persistent homology analyses 3.4 Applications 3.4.1 Single component liquid and amorphous materials 3.4.1.1 l-Si and a-Si 3.4.1.2 l-P under high pressure and high temperature 3.4.2 Oxide glasses 3.4.2.1 SiO2 glass 3.4.2.2 R2O-SiO2 glasses (R=Na, K) 3.4.2.3 CaO-Al2O3 glass 3.4.3 Chalcogenide glasses 3.4.4 Metallic glasses 3.5 Summary 3.6 Acknowledgments 3.7 References Chapter 4 Structure analysis and property calculations abstract 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Structure Analysis 4.2.1 Salient features of glass structures 4.2.2 Classification of the range order. 4.3 Real Space Correlation functions.Spectroscopic properties: validating the structural models 4.3.1 X-ray and Neutron diffraction spectra 4.3.2 Vibrational spectra 4.3.3 NMR spectra 4.4 Transport properties 4.4.1 Diffusion coefficient and diffusion activation energy 4.4.2 Viscosity 4.4.3 Thermal conductivity 4.5 Mechanical Properties 4.5.1 Elastic constants 4.5.2 Stress-strain diagrams and fracture mechanism 4.6 Concluding remarks 4.7 References Chapter 5 Topological constraint theory of glass: counting constraints by molecular dynamics simulations Abstract 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background and topological constraint theory 5.2.1 Rigidity of mechanical networks 5.2.2 Application to atomic networks 5.2.3 Constraint enumeration under mean-field approximation 5.2.4 Polytope-based description of glass rigidity 5.2.5 Impact of temperature 5.2.6 Need for molecular dynamics simulations 5.3 Counting constraints from molecular dynamics simulations 5.3.1 Constraint enumeration based on the relative motion between atoms 5.3.2 Computation of the internal stress 5.3.3 Computation of the floppy modes 5.3.5 Dynamical matrix analysis 5.4 Conclusions 5.5 References Part II Applications of Atomistic Simulations in Glass Research Chapter 6 History of atomistic simulations of glasses Abstract 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Simulation techniques 6.2.1 Monte Carlo techniques 6.2.2 Molecular dynamics 6.3 Classical simulations: interatomic potentials 6.3.1 Potential models for silica 6.3.1.1 Silica: quantum mechanical simulations 6.3.2 Modified silicates and aluminosilicates 6.3.3 Borate glasses 6.3.3.1 Borates: quantum mechanical simulations 6.4 Simulation of surfaces 6.5 Computer science and engineering 6.6.1 Software 6.6.2 Hardware 6.6 References Chapter 7 Silica and silicate glasses Abstract 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Atomistic simulations of silicate glasses: ingredients and critical aspects 7.3 Characterization and experimental validation of structural and dynamic features of simulated glasses 7.3.1 Structural characterizations 7.3.2 Dynamic properties of simulated glasses 7.3.3 Validation and experimental confirmation of structural and dynamic properties 7.3.3.1 Diffraction methods 7.3.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 7.3.3.3 Vibrational spectral characterization 7.4 MD simulations of silica glasses 7.5 MD simulations of alkali silicate and alkali earth silicate glasses 7.5.1 Local environments and distribution of alkali ions 7.5.2 The mixed alkali effect 7.6 MD simulations of aluminosilicate glasses 7.7 MD simulations of nanoporous silica and silicate glasses 7.8 AIMD simulations of silica and silicate glasses 7.9 Summary and Outlook Acknowledgements References Chapter 8 Borosilicate and boroaluminosilicate glasses 8.1 Abstract 8.2 Introduction 8.3 Experimental determination and theoretical models of boron N4 values in borosilicate glass 8.3.1 Experimental results on boron coordination number 8.3.2 Theoretical models in predicting boron N4 value 8.4 ab initio versus classical MD simulations of borosilicate glasses 8.5 Empirical potentials for borate and borosilicate glasses 8.5.1 Recent development of rigid ion potentials for borosilicate glasses 8.5.2 Development of polarizable potentials for borate and borosilicate glasses 8.6 Evaluation of the potentials 8.7 Effects of cooling rate and system size on simulated borosilicate glass structures 8.8 Applications of MD simulations of borosilicate glasses 8.8.1 Borosilicate glass 8.8.2 Boroaluminosilicate glasses 8.8.3 Boron oxide-containing multi-component glass 8.9 Conclusions 8.10 Appendix: Available empirical potentials for boron-containing systems 8.10.1 Borosilicate and boroaluminosilicate potentials-Kieu et al and Deng&Du 8.10.2 Borosilicate potential- Wang et al 8.10.3 Borosilicate potential-Inoue et al 8.10.4 Boroaluminosilicate potential-Ha and Garofalini 8.10.5 Borosilicate and boron-containing oxide glass potential-Deng and Du 8.10.6 Borate, boroaluminate and borosilicate potential-Sundararaman et al 8.10.7 Borate and borosilicate polarizable potential-Yu et al 8.10 Acknowledgements 8.11 References Chapter 9 Nuclear waste glasses 9.1 Preamble 9.2 Introduction to French nuclear glass 9.2.1 Chemical composition 9.2.2 About the long term behavior (irradiation, glass alteration, He accumulation) 9.2.3 What can atomistic simulations contribute? 9.3 Computational methodology 9.3.1 Review of existing classical potentials for borosilicate glasses 9.3.2 Preparation of a glass 9.3.3 Displacement cascade simulations 9.3.4 Short bibliography about simplified nuclear glass structure studies 9.4 Simulation of radiation effects in simplified nuclear glasses 9.4.1 Accumulation of displacement cascades and the thermal quench model 9.4.2 Preparation of disordered and depolymerized glasses 9.4.3 Origin of the hardness change under irradiation 9.4.4 Origin of the fracture toughness change under irradiation 9.5 Simulation of glass alteration by water 9.5.1 Contribution from ab initio calculations 9.5.2 Contribution from Monte Carlo simulations 9.6 Gas incorporation: radiation effects on He solubility 9.6.1 Solubility model 9.6.2 Interstitial sites in SiO2-B2O3-Na2O glasses 9.6.3 Discussion about He solubility in relation to the radiation effects 9.7 Conclusions 9.8 Acknowledgements 9.9 References Chapter 10 Phosphate glasses Abstract 10.1 Introduction to phosphate glasses 10.1.1 Applications of phosphate glasses 10.1.2 Synthesis of phosphate glasses 10.1.3 The modified random network model applied to phosphate glasses 10.1.4 The tetrahedral phosphate glass network 10.1.5 Modifier cations in phosphate glasses 10.2 Modelling methods for phosphate glasses 10.2.1 Configurations of atomic coordinates 10.2.2 Molecular modelling versus reverse Monte Carlo modelling 10.2.3 Classical vs. ab initio molecular modelling 10.2.4 Evaluating the simulation of interatomic interactions 10.2.5 Evaluating models of glasses by comparison with experimental data 10.3 Modelling pure vitreous P2O5 10.3.1 Modelling of crystalline P2O5 10.3.2 Modelling of vitreous P2O5 10.3.3 Cluster models of vitreous P2O5 10.4 Modelling phosphate glasses with monovalent cations 10.4.1 Modelling lithium phosphate glasses 10.4.2 Modelling sodium phosphate glasses 10.4.3 Modelling phosphate glasses with other monovalent cations 10.4.4 Modelling phosphate glasses with monovalent cations and addition of halides 10.4.5 Cluster models of alkali phosphate glasses 10.5 Modelling phosphate glasses with divalent cations 10.5.1 Modelling zinc phosphate glasses 10.5.2 Modelling zinc phosphate glasses with additional cations 10.5.3 Modelling alkaline earth phosphate glasses 10.5.4 Modelling lead phosphate glasses 10.6 Modelling phosphate based glasses for biomaterials applications 10.6.1 Modelling Na2O-CaO-P2O5 glasses with 45 mol% P2O5 10.6.2 Modelling Na2O-CaO-P2O5 glasses with 50 mol% P2O5 10.6.3 Modelling Na2O-CaO-P2O5 glasses with additional cations 10.7 Modelling phosphate glasses with trivalent cations 10.7.1 Modelling iron phosphate glasses 10.7.2 Cluster models of iron phosphate glasses 10.7.3 Modelling trivalent rare earth phosphate glasses 10.7.4 Modelling aluminophosphate glasses 10.8 Modelling phosphate glasses with tetravalent and pentavalent cations 10.9 Modelling phosphate glasses with mixed network formers 10.9.1 Modelling borophosphate glasses 10.9.2 Modelling phosphosilicate glasses 10.10 Modelling bioglass 45S and related glasses 10.10.1 Modelling bioglass 45S and related glasses from the same system 10.10.2 Modelling bioglass 45S and related glasses with additional components 10.11 Summary 10.12 References Chapter 11 Bioactive glasses Abstract 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 11.3 Development of interatomic potentials 11.4 Structure of 45S5 Bioglass 11.5 Inclusion of ions into bioactive glass and the effect on structure and bioactivity 11.6 Glass nanoparticles and surfaces 11.7 Discussion and future work Bibliography Chapter 12 Rare earth and transition metal containing glasses Abstract 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Transition metal and rare earth oxides in glasses: importance and potential applications 12.1.2 Effects of local structures and clustering behaviors of RE and TM ions on properties 12.1.3 Redox reaction and multioxidation states of TM and RE ions 12.1.4 Effect of composition on multioxidation states in glasses containing TM 12.1.5 The role of MD in investigating TM and RE containing glasses 12.2 Simulation methodologies 12.2.1 Interatomic potentials and glass simulations 12.2.2 Cation environment and clustering analysis 12.2.3 Diffusion and dynamic property calculations 12.2.4 Electronic structure calculations 12.3 Case studies of MD simulations of RE and TM containing glasses 12.3.1 Rare earth doped silicate and aluminophosphate glasses for optical applications 12.3.1.1 Erbium doped silica and silicate glasses: from melt-quench to ion implantation 12.3.1.2 Europium and praseodymium doped silicate glasses 12.3.1.3 Cerium doped aluminophosphate glasses: atomic structure and charge trapping 12.3.2 Alkali vanadophosphate glasses as a mixed conductor 12.3.2.1 General features of vanadophosphate glasses 12.3.2.2 Sodium vanadophosphate glass 12.3.2.3 Lithium vanadophosphate glass 12.3.3 Zirconia containing aluminosilicate and borosilicate glasses for nuclear waste disposal 12.4 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Chapter 13 Halide and oxyhalide glasses Abstract 13.1 Introduction 13.2 General Structure Features of Fluoride and Oxyfluoride Glasses 13.2.1 Structure Features of Fluoride Glasses 13.2.2 Structure Features of Oxyfluoride Glasses 13.2.3 Phase Separation in Fluoride and Oxyfluoride Glasses 13.3 Structures and Properties of Fluoride Glasses from MD Simulations 13.3.1 General Structures from MD simulations 13.3.2 Cation Coordination and Structural Roles 13.3.3 Fluorine Environments 13.4 MD Simulations of Fluoroaluminosilicate Oxyfluoride Glasses 13.4.1 Oxide and Fluoride Glass Phase Separation Observed from MD Simulations 13.4.2 Oxide-Fluoride Interfacial Structure Features from MD simulations 13.4.3 Correlation of Structural Features between MD and Crystallization 13.5 ab initio MD simulations of oxyfluoride glasses 13.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Chapter 14 Glass surface simulations abstract 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Classical molecular dynamics surface simulations 14.2.1 amorphous silica surfaces 14.2.2 Multicomponent oxide glass surfaces 14.2.2.1 Bioactive glasses 14.2.3 Wet glass surfaces 14.2.3.1 Reactive potentials 14.3 First Principles Surface Simulations 14.3.1 Silica glass surfaces 14.3.2 Multicomponent glass surfaces 14.3.3 Wet glass surfaces 14.4 Summary Acknowledgements References Chapter 15 Simulations of glass - water interactions Abstract 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Glass Dissolution Process and Experimental Characterizations 15.1.2 Types of Atomistic Simulation Methods for Studying Glass-Water Interactions 15.2 First-Principles Simulations of Glass-Water Interactions 15.2.1 Brief Introduction to Methods 15.2.2 Energy Barriers for Si-O-Si Bond Breakage 15.2.3 Reaction Mechanism for Si-O-Si Bond Breakage 15.2.4 Strained Si-O-Si linkages 15.2.5 Reaction Energies for Multicomponent Linkages 15.2.6 Effect of pH on Si-O-Si Hydrolysis Reactions 15.2.7 Nanoconfinement of water in porous materials 15.2.8 Oniom or QM/MM simulations 15.2.9 Areas for improvement/additional research 15.3 Classical Molecular Dynamics Simulations of water-glass interactions 15.3.1 Brief Introduction and History 15.3.2 Non-Reactive Potentials 15.3.3 Reactive Potentials 15.3.4 Silica Glass-Water Interactions 15.3.5 Silicate Glass – Water Interactions 15.3.6 Other glasses – water interactions 15.3.7 Areas for Improvement 15.4 Challenges and Outlook 15.4.1 Extending the Length and Time Scales of Atomistic Simulation 15.4.2 Reactive Potential Development 15.5 Conclusion Remarks 15.6 Acknowledgements 15.7 References

Read more less

Book SynopsisA collection of 15 papers from The American Ceramic Society's 40th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 24-29, 2016. This issue includes papers presented in Symposia 6 - Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation, Conversion, and Rechargeable Energy Storage; Symposium 13 - Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy, and Focused Session 2 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION ENERGY Low Temperature Air Braze Process for Joining Silicon Carbide Components Used in Heat Exchangers, Fusion and Fission Reactors, and Other Energy Production and Chemical Synthesis Systems 3 J. R. Fellows, C. A. Lewinsohn, Y. Katoh, and T. Koyanagi Composition, Structure, Manufacture, and Properties of SiC-SiC CMCs for Nuclear Applications: Informational Chapters in the ASME BPV Code Section III 17Michael G. Jenkins, Stephen T. Gonczy, and Yutai Katoh Hoop Tensile Strength of Composite Tubes for LWRS Applications Using Internal Pressurization: Two ASTM Test Methods 23Michael G. Jenkins, Jonathan A. Salem, and Janine E. Gallego Used Fuel Content Verification Using Lead Slowing Down Spectroscopy 31 Matthew G. Smith and Raghunath KanakalaApplication of Selective Area Laser Deposition to the Manufacture of SiC-SiC Composite Nuclear Fuel Cladding 37R. Neall, T. Abram, and M. Goodfellow Synthesis of High Purity Li5AlO4 Powder by Solid State Reaction Under the H2 Firing 49Seiya Ogawa, Kiyoto Shin-mura, Yu Otani, Eiki Niwa, Takuya Hashimoto, Tsuyoshi Hoshino, and Kazuya Sasakia Laser-Printed Ceramic Fiber Ribbons: Properties and Applications 61Shay Harrison, Joseph Pegna, John L. Schneiter, Kirk L Williams, and Ram K. Goduguchinta Development of Caulked Joint Between Zircaloy and SiC/SiC Composite Tubes by Using Diode Laser 73Hisashi Serizawa, Masahiro Tsukamoto, Yuuki Asakura, Joon-Soo Park, Akira Kohyama, Hirotaka Motoki, Daisuke Tanigawa, and Hirotatsu Kishimoto ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIALS AND PROCESSING FOR PHOTONICS AND ENERGY Processing and Optical Properties of Ge-Core Fibers 85Mustafa Ordu, Jicheng Guo, Boyin Tai, James Bird, Siddharth Ramachandran, and Soumendra Basu Development of Transthickness Tension Test Method for Ceramic Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures 93Hisato Inoue, Masahiro Takanashi, and Takeshi Nakamura Microstructure Analysis of the Epitaxial Growth of Cu2O on Gold Nano-Islands 103E. L. Kennedy, J. B. Coulter, D. P. Birnie III, and F. Cosandey Development of Low Temperature Aluminophosphate Glass Systems for High Efficiency Lighting Devices 113J. H. Liao, Y. R. Chung, and F. B. Wu ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENERGY GENERATION, CONVERSION, AND RECHARGEABLE ENERGY STORAGE Dielectric, Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Mg-Doped CaCu3Ti4O12 Ceramics by the Solid-State Reaction Method 127E. Izci Structural and Dielectric Properties of (1−x) Li2TiO3 + xMgO Ceramics Prepared by the Solid State Reaction Method 135E. Izci Lithium Loss Indicated Formation of Microcracks in LATP Ceramics 143K. Waetzig, A. Rost, U. Langklotz, and J. SchilmAuthor Index 151

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis proceedings contains a collection of 22 papers presented at the 2018 Materials Science and Technology Meeting (MS&T''18) held in Columbus, Ohio, October 14-18, 2018. Symposia topics included in this volume are: Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites International Symposium on Ceramic Matrix Composites Materials for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments Nanotechnology for Energy, Environment, Electronics, Healthcare and Industry Processing and Performance of Materials Using Microwaves, Electric and Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, Lasers, and Mechanical Work Rustum Roy Symposium Additive Manufacturing of Composites and Complex Materials Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Ceramics Table of ContentsPreface ix Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices Effect of Atmosphere on Dielectric Properties of Calcium Copper Titanate Ceramics 3 Disna P. Samarakoon, Nirmal Govindaraju, and Raj N. Singh Integrated Piezoelectric and Thermoelectric Sensing and Energy Conversion 15 Bryan Gamboa, Maximilian Estrada, Albert Djikeng, Daniel Nsek, Shuza Binzaid, Samer Dessouky, Amar S. Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Stacked Piezoelectrics for Mechanical Energy Harvesting 23 Bryan Gamboa, Ruyan Guo, and Amar S. Bhalla Temperature Dependent Measurements of Dielectric Properties for Sugary Carbonated Solutions Prepared in Various CO2 Pressure Conditions 31 Carlos Acosta, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo Pyrolytic Graphite-Copper Thermocouple for Non-Invasive Direct Temperature Measurement 39 Abdul-Sommed Hadi, Jonathan Lann, Tyler Fricks, and Bryce E. Hill Development of Ferroic and Multiferroic Nanomaterials for Drop-on-Demand Microfabrication 49 Brandon D. Young, Bryan Gamboa, Denise Alanis, Luiz Cotica, Amar Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo Synthesis of High Curie Temperature La2Ti2O7 Piezoceramic by Mechanochemical Activation: A Preliminary Investigation 59 Kaustubh Ramesh Kambale, Ajit R. Kulkarni, Narayanan Venkataramani, Amruta Vairagade, and Sandeep Butee Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites Morphological Transition and Evolution of Shapes in Glassy State; Barium Strontium Titanate Dielectric Capacitor Material 69 N. B. Singh, Ching Hua Su, Fow-Sen Choa, Brad Arnold, Lisa Kelly, K. D. Mandal, Narayan Singh, S. Pandey, and Christopher Cooper International Symposium on Ceramic Matrix Composites Advanced Environmental Barrier Coatings for SiC CMCs 83 Larry Fehrenbacher, David Kroliczek, Jeffrey Kutsch, Igor Vesnovsky, Erik Fehrenbacher, Anindya Ghoshal, Michael Walock, Muthyvel Murugan, and Andy Nieto Materials for Nuclear Energy Applications Density Functional Theory Modeling of Cation Diffusion in Bulk Tetragonal Zirconia 97 Yueh-Lin Lee, Yuhua Duan, Dane Morgan, Dan C. Sorescu, Harry Abernathy, and Gregory Hackett Identifying a First Principles Descriptor for Tritium Diffusivities in Lithium Metal Oxides for Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod Applications 111 Yueh-Lin Lee, Caroline Fedele, Hari P. Paudel, Dan C. Sorescu, Yuhua Duan Optimizing Processing Conditions for Thorium Dioxide Using Spark Plasma Sintering 121 Anil Prasad, Linu Malakkal, Lukas Bichler, and Jerzy Szpunar Nanotechnology for Energy, Environment, Electronics, Healthcare and Industry Applications The Development and Characterization of Mechanically Exfoliated Graphite Based Counter Electrode for Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) 135 M.U. Manzoor, M.T.Z. Butt, M.S. Dar, M.H. Ashraf, T. Ahmad, and M. Kamran Processing and Performance of Materials Using Microwaves, Electric and Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, Lasers, and Mechanical Work -- Rustum Roy Symposium The Effects of Microwave Radiation on the Digestion of Gibbsite by Sodium Hydroxide 143 Ben Dillinger, Carlos Suchicital, David Clark, Andrew Batchelor, Chris Dodds, and Sam Kingman Effects of Pore Size and Heating Method on Drying Porous Fused Silica 157 Peter W. Loomis and David E. Clark Microstructure and Microtexture of Induction Sintered Copper-based Powder Metal Parts 167 Daudi Waryoba Interpreting Non-Thermal Microwave Effects on Materials Process Enhancements – A Straightforward Irreversible Thermodynamic Approach 181 Boon Wong Biofilm Formation Behaviors Formed by E.Coli Under Weak Alternating Electromagnetic Fields 195 Hideyuki Kanematsu, Takaya Katsuragawa, Dana M. Barry, Keiya Yokoi, Senshin Umeki, Hidekazu Miura, Koji Suzuki, Akiko Ogawa, Nobumitsu Hirai, Takeshi Kougo, Daisuke Kuroda, and Stefan Zimmerman Advances in Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Materials Evaluation of Durability of Hydraulic Concrete with Colombian Aggregates: An Industrial Byproduct and a Mitigating Addition of The Reaction Alkali-Silica 213 Guilliana Agudelo, Carlos A. Palacio, and Henry A. Colorado Mechanical and Physical Characterization of the Natural Fiber Luffa Cylindrica for Its Possible Use in Contact Sports Equipment: 1st Stage 225 Alejandro Restrepo Carmona, and Henry A. Colorado Waste Tire Rubber in Calcium Phosphate Cement Blends 237 Carlos F. Revelo, and Henry A. Colorado Fabrication by Additive Manufacturing of Clay with Electric Arc Furnace Steel Dust (EAF Dust) 249 Edisson Ordoñez and Henry A. Colorado

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis proceedings contains a collection of 21 papers presented at the 79th Conference on Glass Problems held November 4-8, 2018 in Columbus, Ohio. Papers touch on topics critical to glass manufacturers including melting and combustion; refractories; forming; and environmental issues.Table of ContentsForeword x Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Plenary Session Challenges and Progress in Understanding Glass Melting 3 Mathieu Hubert and Irene Peterson Cullet Supply Issues and Technologies 15 David M. Rue Glass Surface Modifications for New Products in the 21st Century 29 J.W. McCamy, A. Ganjoo, and C-H Hung Flat Glass Manufacturing Before Float 37 Luke Kutilek Towards the Path for De-Carbonization-Understanding Legislative Challenges 55 Jim Nordmeyer Dry Sorbent Injection System Optimization and Cost Reduction Potential Through Data Analysis 65 Gerald Hunt, Ian Saratovsky, and Melissa Sewell Melting and Combustion Model Predictive Control and Monitoring of the Batch Coverage and Shape, and Its Effects Upon the Crown Temperature. Can this be Correlated to the Overall Glass Quality and Stability in a Glass Furnace? 87 Erik Muijsenberg, Robert Bodi, Menno Eisenga, and Glenn Neff Optimization of Energy Efficiency, Glass Quality and NOx Emissions in Oxy-Fuel Glass Furnaces Through Advanced Oxygen Staging 101 Mark D. D’Agostini, and Bill Horan Staged, Oxy-Fuel Wide Flame Burners to Mitigate Refractory Port Fouling and Foaming in Glass Furnaces 117 Gaurav Kulkarni, Uyi Iyoha, Shrikar Chakravarti, Patrick Diggins III, Arthur Francis, and Gregory J. Panuccio Industry 3.9 Thermal Imaging Using the Near Infrared Borescope (NIR-B) 125 N. G. Simpson, S. F. Turner, and M. Bennett Refractories INNOREG: Going Beyond a Well-Known Solution for Thermal Regenerators 141Stefan Postrach and Elias Carrillo Advanced Post Mortem Study, From Digital Survey to Micro Scale Analysis 151 Emile Lopez, Jean-Gaël Vuillermet, Isabelle Cabodi and Michel Gaubil Digitally Mapping the Future of Glass Furnaces with Lasers 157Bryn Snow, Crawford Murton, Corey Foster, and Ulf Hermansson SORG 340S+® Forehearths - Improvements and Operational Data 169Rüdiger Nebel Energy Recovery with a New Type of Tin Bath Cooler 177Wolf Kuhn, Peter Molcan, and Stephane Guillon Chemical Strengthening of Silicate Glasses: Dangerous and Beneficial Impurities 191 Vincenzo M. Sglavo Environment Operating Experience with the OPTIMELTTM Heat Recovery Technology on a Tableware Glass Furnace 201 M. van Valburg, F. Schuurmans, E. Sperry, S. Laux, R. Bell, A. Francis, S. Chakravarti and H. Kobayashi Continuously Measuring CO and O2 to Optimize the Combustion Process 213 Lieke de Cock, Vincent van Liebergen, and Marco van Kersbergen Mitigation Options for Respirable Crystalline Silica: Engineering Controls vs. Personal Protection 219 Kyle Billy Future of Glass Melting in a World with Stringent Reductions of Carbon Dioxide 227 Stuart Hakes

Read more less

Book SynopsisPreface to the First Edition.- Preface to the Second Edition.- Foreword.- PART I: History and Introduction.- Chapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: Some History.- PART II: Materials.- Chapter 3: Background You Need to Know.- Chapter 4: Bonds and Energy Bands.- Chapter 5: Models, Crystals and Chemistry.- Chapter 6: Binary Compounds.- Chapter 7: Complex Crystal and Glass Structures.- Chapter 8: Equilibrium Phase Diagrams.- PART III: Tools.- Chapter 9: Furnaces.- Chapter 10: Characterizing Structure, Defects and Chemistry.- PART IV: Defects.- Chapter 11: Point Defects, Charge and Diffusion.- Chapter 12: Are Dislocations Unimportant?.- Chapter 13: Surfaces, Nanoparticles and Foams.- Chapter 14: Interfaces in Polycrystals.- Chapter 15: Phase Boundaries, Particles and Pores.- PART V: Mechanical Strength and Weakness.- Chapter 16: Mechanical Testing.- Chapter 17: Plasticity.- Chapter 18: Fracturing: Brittleness.- PART VI: Processing.- Chapter 19: Raw Materials.- Chapter 20: Powders, Fibers,PTrade ReviewFrom the book reviews:“I will definitely select this book as a textbook for a class on this subject. … The book includes general backgrounds materials, the basics of ceramic materials science and advanced applications of ceramic science and technology. Therefore, non-specialists (even non-science majors) including undergraduate, and graduate students as well as experts in the field can learn from various parts of in this book.” (Katsuhiko Ariga, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, Vol. 24, 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the First EditionPreface to the Second EditionForewordPART I: History and IntroductionChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Definitions1.2 General Properties1.3 Types of Ceramic and their Applications1.4 Market1.5 Critical Issues for the Future1.6 Relating Microstructure, Processing and Applications1.7 Safety1.8 Ceramics on the Internet1.9 On UnitsChapter 2: Some History2.1 Earliest Ceramics: the Stone Age2.2 Ceramics in Ancient Civilizations2.3 Clay2.4 Types of Pottery2.5 Glazes2.6 Development of a Ceramics Industry2.7 Plaster and Cement2.8 Brief History of Glass2.9 Brief History of Refractories2.10 Major Landmarks of the 20th Century2.11 Museums2.12 Societies2.13 Ceramic EducationPART II: MaterialsChapter 3: Background You Need to Know3.1 The Atom3.2 Energy Levels3.3 Electron Waves3.4 Quantum Numbers3.5 Assigning Quantum Numbers3.6 Ions3.7 Electronegativity3.8 Thermodynamics: the Driving Force for Change3.9 Kinetics: the Speed of ChangeChapter 4: Bonds and Energy Bands4.1 Types of Interatomic Bond4.2 Young’s Modulus4.3 Ionic Bonding4.4 Covalent Bonding4.5 Metallic Bonding in Ceramics4.6 Mixed Bonding4.7 Secondary Bonding4.8 Electron Energy BandsChapter 5: Models, Crystals and Chemistry5.1 Terms and Definitions5.2 Symmetry and Crystallography5.3 Lattice Points, Directions and Planes5.4 The Importance of Crystallography5.5 Pauling’s Rules5.6 Close-Packed Arrangements: Interstitial Sites5.7 Notation for Crystal Structures5.8 Structure, Composition and Temperature5.9 Crystals, Glass, Solids and Liquid5.10 Defects5.11 Computer ModelingChapter 6: Binary Compounds6.1 Background6.2 CsCl6.3 NaCl (MgO, TiC, PbS) 6.4 GaAs (β-SiC) 6.5 AlN (BeO, ZnO) 6.6 CaF26.7 FeS26.8 Cu2O6.9 CuO6.10 TiO26.11 Al2O36.12 MoS2 and CdI26.13 Polymorphs, Polytypes and PolytypoidsChapter 7: Complex Crystal and Glass Structures7.1 Introduction7.2 Spinel7.3 Perovskite7.4 The Silicates and Structures Based on SiO47.5 Silica7.6 Olivine7.7 Garnets7.8 Ring Silicates7.9 Micas and Other Layer Materials7.10 Clay Minerals7.11 Pyroxene7.12 β-Aluminas and Related Materials7.13 Calcium Aluminate and Related Materials7.14 Mullite7.15 Monazite7.16 YBa2Cu3O7 and Related HTSCs7.17 Si3N4, SiAlONs and Related Materials7.18 Fullerenes and Nanotubes7.19 Zeolites and Microporous Compounds7.20 Zachariasen’s Rules for the Structure of Glass7.21 Revisiting Glass StructuresChapter 8: Equilibrium Phase Diagrams8.1 What’s Special About Ceramics? 8.2 Determining Phase Diagrams8.3 Phase Diagrams for Ceramists: The Books8.4 Gibbs Phase Rule8.5 One Component (C = 1) 8.6 Two Components (C = 2) 8.7 Three and More Components8.8 Composition with Variable Oxygen Partial Pressure8.9 Ternary Diagrams and Temperature8.10 Congruent and Incongruent Melting8.11 Miscibility Gaps in GlassPART III: ToolsChapter 9: Furnaces9.1 The Need for High Temperatures9.2 Types of Furnace9.3 Combustion Furnaces9.4 Electrically Heated Furnaces9.5 Batch or Continuous Operation9.6 Indirect Heating9.7 Heating Elements9.8 Refractories9.9 Furniture, Tubes and Crucibles9.10 Firing Process9.11 Heat Transfer9.12 Measuring Temperature9.13 SafetyChapter 10: Characterizing Structure, Defects and Chemistry10.1 Characterizing Ceramics10.2 Imaging using Visible-Light, IR and UV10.3 Imaging using X-rays and CT scans10.4 Imaging in the SEM10.5 Imaging in the TEM10.6 Scanning-Probe Microscopy10.7 Scattering and Diffraction Techniques10.8. Photon Scattering10.9 Raman and IR Spectroscopy10.10 NMR Spectroscopy and Spectrometry10.11 Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Spectrometry10.12 Diffraction in the EM10.13 Ion Scattering (RBS) 10.14 X-ray Diffraction and Databases10.15 Neutron Scattering10.16 Mass Spectrometry10.17 Spectrometry in the EM10.18 Electron Spectroscopy10.19 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) 10.20 Thermal AnalysisPART IV: DefectsChapter 11: Point Defects, Charge and Diffusion11.1 Are Defects in Ceramics Different? 11.2 Types of Point Defects11.3 What is Special for Ceramics? 11.4 What Type of Defects Form? 11.5 Equilibrium Defect Concentrations11.6 Writing Equations for Point Defects11.7 Solid Solutions11.8 Association of Point Defects11.9 Color Centers11.10 Creation of Point Defects in Ceramics11.11 Experimental Studies of Point Defects11.12 Diffusion11.13 Diffusion in Impure, or Doped, Ceramics11.14 Movement of defects11.15 Diffusion and Ionic Conductivity11.16 ComputingChapter 12: Are Dislocations Unimportant?12.1 A Quick Review of Dislocations12.2 Summary of Dislocation Properties12.3 Observation of Dislocations12.4 Dislocations in Ceramics12.5 Structure of the Core12.6 Detailed Geometry12.7 Defects on Dislocations12.8 Dislocations and Diffusion12.9 Movement of Dislocations12.10 Multiplication of Dislocations12.11 Dislocation Interactions12.12 At the Surface12.13 Indentation, Scratching and Cracks12.14 Dislocations with Different CoresChapter 13: Surfaces, Nanoparticles and Foams13.1 Background to surfaces13.2 Ceramic Surfaces13.3 Surface Energy13.4 Surface structure13.5 Curved Surfaces and Pressure13.6 Capillarity13.7 Wetting and Dewetting13.8 Foams13.9 Epitaxy and Film Growth13.10 Film Growth in 2D: Nucleation13.11 Film Growth in 2D: Mechanisms13.12 Characterizing Surfaces13.13 Steps13.14 In situ13.15 Surfaces and Nano13.16 Computer modeling13.17 Introduction to propertiesChapter 14: Interfaces in Polycrystals14.1 What are Grain Boundaries? 14.2 For Ceramics14.3 GB Energy14.4 Low-angle GBs14.5 High-angle GBs14.6 Twin Boundaries14.7 General Boundaries14.8 GB Films14.9 Triple Junctions and GB Grooves14.10 Characterizing GBs14.11 GBs in Thin Films14.12 Space Charge and Charged Boundaries14.13 Modeling14.14 Some PropertiesChapter 15: Phase Boundaries, Particles and Pores15.1 The importance15.2 Different types15.3 Compare to other materials15.4 Energy15.5 The structure of PBs15.6 Particles15.7 Use of particles15.8 Nucleation and growth of particles15.9 Pores15.10 Measuring porosity15.11 Porous ceramics15.12 Glass/crystal phase boundaries15.13 Eutectics15.14 Metal/ceramic PBs15.15 Forming PBs by joiningPART V: Mechanical Strength and WeaknessChapter 16: Mechanical Testing16.1 Philosophy16.2 Types of testing16.3 Elastic Constants and Other ‘Constants’16.4. Effect of Microstructure on Elastic Moduli16.5. Test Temperature16.6. Test Environment16.7 Testing in Compression and Tension16.8 Three- and Four-point Bending16.9 KIc from Bend Test16.10 Indentation16.11 Fracture Toughness From Indentation16.12 Nanoindentation16.13 Ultrasonic Testing16.14 Design and Statistics16.15 SPT DiagramsChapter 17: Plasticity17.1 Plastic Deformation17.2 Dislocation Glide17.3 Slip in Alumina17.4 Plastic Deformation in single crystals17.5 Plastic Deformation in Polycrystals17.6 Dislocation Velocity and Pinning17.7 Creep17.8 Dislocation Creep17.9 Diffusion-Controlled Creep17.10 Grain-Boundary Sliding17.11 Tertiary Creep and Cavitation17.12 Creep Deformation Maps17.13 Viscous Flow17.14 SuperplasticityChapter 18: Fracturing: Brittleness18.1 The importance of brittleness18.2 Theoretical Strength—The Orowan Equation18.3 The Effect of Flaws—the Griffith Equation18.4 The Crack Tip—The Inglis Equation18.5 Stress Intensity Factor18.6 R Curves18.7 Fatigue and Stress Corrosion Cracking18.8 Failure and Fractography18.9 Toughening and Ceramic Matrix Composites18.10 Machinable Glass-Ceramics18.11 Wear18.12 Grinding and polishingPART VI: ProcessingChapter 19: Raw Materials19.1 Geology, Minerals, and Ores19.2 Mineral Formation19.3 Beneficiation19.4 Weights and Measures19.5 Silica19.6 Silicates19.7 Oxides19.8 Non OxidesChapter 20: Powders, Fibers, Platelets and Composites20.1 Making Powders20.2. Types of powders20.3 Mechanical Milling20.4 Spray Drying20.5 Powders by Sol-gel Processing20.6 Powders by Precipitation20.7 Chemical Routes to Non-oxide powders20.8 Platelets20.9 Nanopowders by Vapor-Phase reactions20.10 Characterizing Powders20.11 Characterizing Powders by Microscopy20.12 Sieving20.13 Sedimentation20.14 The Coulter counter20.15 Characterizing Powders by Light Scattering20.16 Characterizing Powders by X-Ray Diffraction20.17 Measuring Surface Area (The BET method) 20.18 Determining Particle composition and purity20.19 Making Fibers and whiskers20.20 Oxide fibers20.21 Whiskers20.22 Glass fibers20.23 Coating Fibers20.24 Making CMCs20.25 CMCs From Powders and slurries20.26 CMCs By Infiltration20.27 In-situ processesChapter 21: Glass and Glass-Ceramics21.1 Definitions21.2 History21.3 Viscosity, η21.4 Glass—A Summary of its Properties, or not21.5 Defects in Glass21.6 Heterogeneous Glass21.7 YA glass21.8 Coloring Glass21.9 Glass laser21.10 Precipitates in Glass21.11 Crystallizing Glass21.12 Glass as Glaze and Enamel21.13 Corrosion of Glass and Glaze21.14 Types of Ceramic Glasses21.15 Natural glass21.16 The Physics of GlassChapter 22: Sols, Gels and Organic Chemistry22.1 Sol-gel processing22.2 Structure and synthesis of alkoxides22.3 Properties of alkoxides22.4 The sol-gel process using metal alkoxides22.5 Characterization of the sol-gel Process22.6 Powders, coatings, fibers, crystalline or glass? Chapter 23: Shaping and Forming23.1 The Words23.2 Binders and Plasticizers23.3 Slip and Slurry23.4 Dry Pressing23.5 Hot Pressing23.6 Cold Isostatic Pressing23.7 Hot Isostatic Pressing23.8 Slip Casting23.9 Extrusion23.10 Injection molding23.11 Rapid prototyping23.12 Green machining23.13 Binder burnout23.14 Final machining23.15 Making Porous Ceramics23.16 Shaping Pottery23.17 Shaping GlassChapter 24: Sintering and Grain Growth24.1 The sintering process24.2 The terminology of sintering24.3 Capillary forces and Surface Forces24.4 Sintering spheres and wires24.5 Grain growth24.6 Sintering and Diffusion24.7 LPS24.8 Hot pressing24.9 Pinning Grain Boundaries24.10 Grain Growth24.11 Grain boundaries, surfaces and sintering24.12 Exaggerated grain growth24.13 Fabricating complex shapes24.14 Pottery24.15 Pores and Porous Ceramics24.16 Sintering with 2- and 3-phases24.17 Examples of sintering in action24.18 Computer ModelingChapter 25: Solid-State Phase Transformations & Reactions25.1 Transformations & reactions: The link25.2 The Terminology25.3 Technology25.4 Phase transformations without changing chemistry25.5 Phase transformations changing chemistry25.6 Methods for studying kinetics25.7 Diffusion through a layer: slip casting25.8 Diffusion through a layer: solid-state reactions25.9 The spinel-forming reaction25.10 Inert markers and reaction barriers25.11 Simplified Darken equation25.12 The incubation period25.13 Particle growth and the effect of misfit25.14 Thin-film reactions25.15 Reactions in an electric field25.16 Phase transformations involving glass25.17 Pottery25.18 Cement25.19 Reactions involving a gas phase25.20 Curved interfacesChapter 26: Processing Glass and Glass-Ceramics26.1 The Market for Glass and Glass Products26.2 Processing Bulk Glasses26.3 Bubbles26.4 Flat Glass26.5 Float-Glass26.6 Glass Blowing26.7 Coating Glass26.8 Safety Glass26.9 Foam Glass26.10 Sealing glass26.11 Enamel26.12 Photochromic Glass26.13 Ceramming: Changing Glass to Glass-Ceramics26.14 Glass for Art and Sculpture26.15 Glass for Science and EngineeringChapter 27: Coatings and Thick Films27.3 Dip Coating27.4 Spin Coating27.5 Spraying27.6 Electrophoretic Deposition27.7 Thick Film CircuitsChapter 28: Thin Films and Vapor Deposition28. 1 The Difference Between Thin Films and Thick Films28.2 Acronyms, Adjectives and Hyphens28.3 Requirements for Thin Ceramic Films28.4 CVD28.5. Thermodynamics of CVD28.6 CVD of Ceramic Films for Semiconductor Devices28.7 Types of CVD28.8 CVD Safety28.9 Evaporation28.10 Sputtering28.11 Molecular-beam Epitaxy28.12 Pulsed-laser Deposition28.13 Ion-beam-assisted Deposition28.14 SubstratesChapter 29: Growing Single Crystals29.1 Why Single Crystals? 29.2 A Brief History of Growing Ceramic Single Crystals29.3 Methods for Growing Single Crystals of Ceramics29.4 Melt Technique: Verneuil (Flame-Fusion) 29.5 Melt Technique: Arc-image Growth29.6 Melt Technique: Czochralski29.7 Melt Technique: Skull Melting29.8 Melt Technique: Bridgman-Stockbarger29.9 Melt Technique: HEM29.10 Applying Phase Diagrams to Single-crystal Growth29.11 Solution Technique: Hydrothermal29.12 Solution Technique: Hydrothermal Growth at Low T29.13 Solution Technique: Flux Growth29.14 Solution Technique: Growing Diamonds29.15 Vapor Technique: VLS29.16 Vapor Technique: Sublimation29.17 Preparing Substrates for Thin-film Applications29.18 Growing Nanowires and Nanotubes by VLS and notPART VII: Properties and ApplicationsChapter 30: Conducting Charge or not30.1 Ceramics as electrical conductors30.2 Conduction mechanisms in ceramics30.3 Number of conduction electrons30.4 Electron mobility30.5 Effect of temperature30.6 Ceramics with metal-like conductivity30.7 Applications for high-s ceramics30.8 Semiconducting ceramics30.9 Examples of extrinsic semiconductors30.10 Varistors30.11 Thermistors30.12 Wide-band-gap semiconductors30.13 Ion conduction30.14 Fast ion conductors30.15 Batteries30.16 Fuel cells30.17 Ceramic insulators30.18 Substrates and packages for integrated circuits30.19 Insulating layers in integrated circuits30.20 Superconductivity30.21 Ceramic superconductorsChapter 31: Locally Redistributing Charge31.1 Background on Dielectrics31.2 Ferroelectricity31.3 BaTiO3 – The Prototypical Ferroelectric31.4 Solid Solutions with BaTiO331.5 Other Ferroelectric Ceramics31.6 Relaxor Dielectrics31.7 Ceramic Capacitors31.8 Ceramic Ferroelectrics for Memory Applications31.9 Piezoelectricity31.10 Lead Zirconate-Lead Titanate (PZT) Solid Solutions31.11 Applications for Piezoelectric Ceramics31.12 Piezoelectric Materials for MEMS31.13 Pyroelectricity31.14 Applications for Pyroelectric CeramicsChapter 32: Interacting with & Generating Light32.1 Some background for optical ceramics32.2 Transparency32.3 The Refractive Index32.4 Reflection from Ceramic Surfaces32.5 Color in Ceramics32.6 Coloring Glass and Glazes32.7 Ceramic Pigments and Stains32.8 Translucent Ceramics32.9 Lamp Envelopes32.10 Fluorescence32.11 The Basics of Optical Fibers32.12 Phosphors and Emitters32.13 Solid-State Lasers32.14 Electro-Optic Ceramics for Optical Devices32.15 Reacting to Other Parts of the Spectrum32.16 Optical Ceramics in Nature32.17. Quantum Dots and Size EffectsChapter 33: Using Magnetic Fields & Storing Data33.1 A Brief History of Magnetic Ceramics33.2 Magnetic Dipoles33.3 The Basic Equations, the Words and the Units33.4 The Five Classes of Magnetic Material33.5 Diamagnetic Ceramics33.6. Superconducting Magnets33.7. Paramagnetic Ceramics33.8 Measuring χ33.9 Ferromagnetism33.10 Antiferromagnetism and CMR33.11 Ferrimagnetism33.12 Estimating the Magnetization of Ferrimagnets33.13 Magnetic Domains and Bloch Walls33.14 Imaging Magnetic Domains33.15 Motion of Domain Walls and Hysteresis Loops33.16 Hard and Soft Ferrites33.17 Microwave Ferrites33.18 Data Storage and Recording33.19. Magnetic NanoparticlesChapter 34: Responding to Temperature Changes34.1 Summary of Terms and Units34.2 Absorption and Heat Capacity34.3. Melting34.4 Vaporization34.5. Thermal Conductivity34.6 Measuring Thermal Conductivity34.7 Microstructure and Thermal Conductivity34.8 Using High Thermal Conductivity34.9 Thermal Expansion34.10 Effect of Crystal Structure on α34.11 Thermal Expansion Measurement34.12 Importance of Matching αs34.13 Applications for Low-α34.14 Thermal ShockChapter 35: Ceramics in Biology & Medicine35.1 What are Bioceramics?35.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramics35.3 Ceramic Implants & The Structure of Bone35.4 Alumina and Zirconia35.5 Bioactive Glasses35.6 Bioactive Glass-ceramics35.7 Hydroxyapatite35.8 Bioceramics in Composites35.9 Bioceramic Coatings35.10 Radiotherapy Glasses35.11 Pyrolytic Carbon Heart Valves35.12 Nanobioceramics35.13 Dental Ceramics35.14 BiomimeticsChapter 36: Minerals & Gems 36.1 Minerals36.2 What is a gem? 36.3 In the rough36.4 Cutting and polishing36.5 Light and Optics in Gemology36.6 Color in gems and minerals36.7 Optical Effects36.8 Identifying Minerals & Gems36.9 Chemical Stability (durability) 36.10 Diamonds, Sapphires, Rubies and Emeralds36.11 Opal36.12 Other Gems36.13 Minerals with Inclusions36.14 Treatment of Gems36.15 The Mineral & Gem Trade Chapter 37: Energy Production and Storage37.1 Some reminders37.2 Nuclear Fuel and Waste Disposal37.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells37.4 Photovoltaic Solar Cells37.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells37.6 Ceramics in Batteries37.7 Lithium-Ion Batteries37.8 Ultracapacitors37.9 Producing and Storing Hydrogen37.10 Energy Harvesting37.11 Catalysts and Catalyst SupportsChapter 38: Industry and the Environment38.1 The beginning of the modern ceramics industry38.2 Growth and globalization38.3 Types of market38.4 Case studies38.5 Emerging Areas38.6 Mining38.7 Recycling38.8 As Green MaterialsIndexDetails for Figures and Tables

Read more less

Book SynopsisPreface to the First Edition.- Preface to the Second Edition.- Foreword.- PART I: History and Introduction.- Chapter 1: Introduction.- Chapter 2: Some History.- PART II: Materials.- Chapter 3: Background You Need to Know.- Chapter 4: Bonds and Energy Bands.- Chapter 5: Models, Crystals and Chemistry.- Chapter 6: Binary Compounds.- Chapter 7: Complex Crystal and Glass Structures.- Chapter 8: Equilibrium Phase Diagrams.- PART III: Tools.- Chapter 9: Furnaces.- Chapter 10: Characterizing Structure, Defects and Chemistry.- PART IV: Defects.- Chapter 11: Point Defects, Charge and Diffusion.- Chapter 12: Are Dislocations Unimportant?.- Chapter 13: Surfaces, Nanoparticles and Foams.- Chapter 14: Interfaces in Polycrystals.- Chapter 15: Phase Boundaries, Particles and Pores.- PART V: Mechanical Strength and Weakness.- Chapter 16: Mechanical Testing.- Chapter 17: Plasticity.- Chapter 18: Fracturing: Brittleness.- PART VI: Processing.- Chapter 19: Raw Materials.- Chapter 20: Powders, Fibers,PTrade ReviewFrom the book reviews:“I will definitely select this book as a textbook for a class on this subject. … The book includes general backgrounds materials, the basics of ceramic materials science and advanced applications of ceramic science and technology. Therefore, non-specialists (even non-science majors) including undergraduate, and graduate students as well as experts in the field can learn from various parts of in this book.” (Katsuhiko Ariga, Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, Vol. 24, 2014)Table of ContentsPreface to the First EditionPreface to the Second EditionForewordPART I: History and IntroductionChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Definitions1.2 General Properties1.3 Types of Ceramic and their Applications1.4 Market1.5 Critical Issues for the Future1.6 Relating Microstructure, Processing and Applications1.7 Safety1.8 Ceramics on the Internet1.9 On UnitsChapter 2: Some History2.1 Earliest Ceramics: the Stone Age2.2 Ceramics in Ancient Civilizations2.3 Clay2.4 Types of Pottery2.5 Glazes2.6 Development of a Ceramics Industry2.7 Plaster and Cement2.8 Brief History of Glass2.9 Brief History of Refractories2.10 Major Landmarks of the 20th Century2.11 Museums2.12 Societies2.13 Ceramic EducationPART II: MaterialsChapter 3: Background You Need to Know3.1 The Atom3.2 Energy Levels3.3 Electron Waves3.4 Quantum Numbers3.5 Assigning Quantum Numbers3.6 Ions3.7 Electronegativity3.8 Thermodynamics: the Driving Force for Change3.9 Kinetics: the Speed of ChangeChapter 4: Bonds and Energy Bands4.1 Types of Interatomic Bond4.2 Young’s Modulus4.3 Ionic Bonding4.4 Covalent Bonding4.5 Metallic Bonding in Ceramics4.6 Mixed Bonding4.7 Secondary Bonding4.8 Electron Energy BandsChapter 5: Models, Crystals and Chemistry5.1 Terms and Definitions5.2 Symmetry and Crystallography5.3 Lattice Points, Directions and Planes5.4 The Importance of Crystallography5.5 Pauling’s Rules5.6 Close-Packed Arrangements: Interstitial Sites5.7 Notation for Crystal Structures5.8 Structure, Composition and Temperature5.9 Crystals, Glass, Solids and Liquid5.10 Defects5.11 Computer ModelingChapter 6: Binary Compounds6.1 Background6.2 CsCl6.3 NaCl (MgO, TiC, PbS) 6.4 GaAs (β-SiC) 6.5 AlN (BeO, ZnO) 6.6 CaF26.7 FeS26.8 Cu2O6.9 CuO6.10 TiO26.11 Al2O36.12 MoS2 and CdI26.13 Polymorphs, Polytypes and PolytypoidsChapter 7: Complex Crystal and Glass Structures7.1 Introduction7.2 Spinel7.3 Perovskite7.4 The Silicates and Structures Based on SiO47.5 Silica7.6 Olivine7.7 Garnets7.8 Ring Silicates7.9 Micas and Other Layer Materials7.10 Clay Minerals7.11 Pyroxene7.12 β-Aluminas and Related Materials7.13 Calcium Aluminate and Related Materials7.14 Mullite7.15 Monazite7.16 YBa2Cu3O7 and Related HTSCs7.17 Si3N4, SiAlONs and Related Materials7.18 Fullerenes and Nanotubes7.19 Zeolites and Microporous Compounds7.20 Zachariasen’s Rules for the Structure of Glass7.21 Revisiting Glass StructuresChapter 8: Equilibrium Phase Diagrams8.1 What’s Special About Ceramics? 8.2 Determining Phase Diagrams8.3 Phase Diagrams for Ceramists: The Books8.4 Gibbs Phase Rule8.5 One Component (C = 1) 8.6 Two Components (C = 2) 8.7 Three and More Components8.8 Composition with Variable Oxygen Partial Pressure8.9 Ternary Diagrams and Temperature8.10 Congruent and Incongruent Melting8.11 Miscibility Gaps in GlassPART III: ToolsChapter 9: Furnaces9.1 The Need for High Temperatures9.2 Types of Furnace9.3 Combustion Furnaces9.4 Electrically Heated Furnaces9.5 Batch or Continuous Operation9.6 Indirect Heating9.7 Heating Elements9.8 Refractories9.9 Furniture, Tubes and Crucibles9.10 Firing Process9.11 Heat Transfer9.12 Measuring Temperature9.13 SafetyChapter 10: Characterizing Structure, Defects and Chemistry10.1 Characterizing Ceramics10.2 Imaging using Visible-Light, IR and UV10.3 Imaging using X-rays and CT scans10.4 Imaging in the SEM10.5 Imaging in the TEM10.6 Scanning-Probe Microscopy10.7 Scattering and Diffraction Techniques10.8. Photon Scattering10.9 Raman and IR Spectroscopy10.10 NMR Spectroscopy and Spectrometry10.11 Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Spectrometry10.12 Diffraction in the EM10.13 Ion Scattering (RBS) 10.14 X-ray Diffraction and Databases10.15 Neutron Scattering10.16 Mass Spectrometry10.17 Spectrometry in the EM10.18 Electron Spectroscopy10.19 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) 10.20 Thermal AnalysisPART IV: DefectsChapter 11: Point Defects, Charge and Diffusion11.1 Are Defects in Ceramics Different? 11.2 Types of Point Defects11.3 What is Special for Ceramics? 11.4 What Type of Defects Form? 11.5 Equilibrium Defect Concentrations11.6 Writing Equations for Point Defects11.7 Solid Solutions11.8 Association of Point Defects11.9 Color Centers11.10 Creation of Point Defects in Ceramics11.11 Experimental Studies of Point Defects11.12 Diffusion11.13 Diffusion in Impure, or Doped, Ceramics11.14 Movement of defects11.15 Diffusion and Ionic Conductivity11.16 ComputingChapter 12: Are Dislocations Unimportant?12.1 A Quick Review of Dislocations12.2 Summary of Dislocation Properties12.3 Observation of Dislocations12.4 Dislocations in Ceramics12.5 Structure of the Core12.6 Detailed Geometry12.7 Defects on Dislocations12.8 Dislocations and Diffusion12.9 Movement of Dislocations12.10 Multiplication of Dislocations12.11 Dislocation Interactions12.12 At the Surface12.13 Indentation, Scratching and Cracks12.14 Dislocations with Different CoresChapter 13: Surfaces, Nanoparticles and Foams13.1 Background to surfaces13.2 Ceramic Surfaces13.3 Surface Energy13.4 Surface structure13.5 Curved Surfaces and Pressure13.6 Capillarity13.7 Wetting and Dewetting13.8 Foams13.9 Epitaxy and Film Growth13.10 Film Growth in 2D: Nucleation13.11 Film Growth in 2D: Mechanisms13.12 Characterizing Surfaces13.13 Steps13.14 In situ13.15 Surfaces and Nano13.16 Computer modeling13.17 Introduction to propertiesChapter 14: Interfaces in Polycrystals14.1 What are Grain Boundaries? 14.2 For Ceramics14.3 GB Energy14.4 Low-angle GBs14.5 High-angle GBs14.6 Twin Boundaries14.7 General Boundaries14.8 GB Films14.9 Triple Junctions and GB Grooves14.10 Characterizing GBs14.11 GBs in Thin Films14.12 Space Charge and Charged Boundaries14.13 Modeling14.14 Some PropertiesChapter 15: Phase Boundaries, Particles and Pores15.1 The importance15.2 Different types15.3 Compare to other materials15.4 Energy15.5 The structure of PBs15.6 Particles15.7 Use of particles15.8 Nucleation and growth of particles15.9 Pores15.10 Measuring porosity15.11 Porous ceramics15.12 Glass/crystal phase boundaries15.13 Eutectics15.14 Metal/ceramic PBs15.15 Forming PBs by joiningPART V: Mechanical Strength and WeaknessChapter 16: Mechanical Testing16.1 Philosophy16.2 Types of testing16.3 Elastic Constants and Other ‘Constants’16.4. Effect of Microstructure on Elastic Moduli16.5. Test Temperature16.6. Test Environment16.7 Testing in Compression and Tension16.8 Three- and Four-point Bending16.9 KIc from Bend Test16.10 Indentation16.11 Fracture Toughness From Indentation16.12 Nanoindentation16.13 Ultrasonic Testing16.14 Design and Statistics16.15 SPT DiagramsChapter 17: Plasticity17.1 Plastic Deformation17.2 Dislocation Glide17.3 Slip in Alumina17.4 Plastic Deformation in single crystals17.5 Plastic Deformation in Polycrystals17.6 Dislocation Velocity and Pinning17.7 Creep17.8 Dislocation Creep17.9 Diffusion-Controlled Creep17.10 Grain-Boundary Sliding17.11 Tertiary Creep and Cavitation17.12 Creep Deformation Maps17.13 Viscous Flow17.14 SuperplasticityChapter 18: Fracturing: Brittleness18.1 The importance of brittleness18.2 Theoretical Strength—The Orowan Equation18.3 The Effect of Flaws—the Griffith Equation18.4 The Crack Tip—The Inglis Equation18.5 Stress Intensity Factor18.6 R Curves18.7 Fatigue and Stress Corrosion Cracking18.8 Failure and Fractography18.9 Toughening and Ceramic Matrix Composites18.10 Machinable Glass-Ceramics18.11 Wear18.12 Grinding and polishingPART VI: ProcessingChapter 19: Raw Materials19.1 Geology, Minerals, and Ores19.2 Mineral Formation19.3 Beneficiation19.4 Weights and Measures19.5 Silica19.6 Silicates19.7 Oxides19.8 Non OxidesChapter 20: Powders, Fibers, Platelets and Composites20.1 Making Powders20.2. Types of powders20.3 Mechanical Milling20.4 Spray Drying20.5 Powders by Sol-gel Processing20.6 Powders by Precipitation20.7 Chemical Routes to Non-oxide powders20.8 Platelets20.9 Nanopowders by Vapor-Phase reactions20.10 Characterizing Powders20.11 Characterizing Powders by Microscopy20.12 Sieving20.13 Sedimentation20.14 The Coulter counter20.15 Characterizing Powders by Light Scattering20.16 Characterizing Powders by X-Ray Diffraction20.17 Measuring Surface Area (The BET method) 20.18 Determining Particle composition and purity20.19 Making Fibers and whiskers20.20 Oxide fibers20.21 Whiskers20.22 Glass fibers20.23 Coating Fibers20.24 Making CMCs20.25 CMCs From Powders and slurries20.26 CMCs By Infiltration20.27 In-situ processesChapter 21: Glass and Glass-Ceramics21.1 Definitions21.2 History21.3 Viscosity, η21.4 Glass—A Summary of its Properties, or not21.5 Defects in Glass21.6 Heterogeneous Glass21.7 YA glass21.8 Coloring Glass21.9 Glass laser21.10 Precipitates in Glass21.11 Crystallizing Glass21.12 Glass as Glaze and Enamel21.13 Corrosion of Glass and Glaze21.14 Types of Ceramic Glasses21.15 Natural glass21.16 The Physics of GlassChapter 22: Sols, Gels and Organic Chemistry22.1 Sol-gel processing22.2 Structure and synthesis of alkoxides22.3 Properties of alkoxides22.4 The sol-gel process using metal alkoxides22.5 Characterization of the sol-gel Process22.6 Powders, coatings, fibers, crystalline or glass? Chapter 23: Shaping and Forming23.1 The Words23.2 Binders and Plasticizers23.3 Slip and Slurry23.4 Dry Pressing23.5 Hot Pressing23.6 Cold Isostatic Pressing23.7 Hot Isostatic Pressing23.8 Slip Casting23.9 Extrusion23.10 Injection molding23.11 Rapid prototyping23.12 Green machining23.13 Binder burnout23.14 Final machining23.15 Making Porous Ceramics23.16 Shaping Pottery23.17 Shaping GlassChapter 24: Sintering and Grain Growth24.1 The sintering process24.2 The terminology of sintering24.3 Capillary forces and Surface Forces24.4 Sintering spheres and wires24.5 Grain growth24.6 Sintering and Diffusion24.7 LPS24.8 Hot pressing24.9 Pinning Grain Boundaries24.10 Grain Growth24.11 Grain boundaries, surfaces and sintering24.12 Exaggerated grain growth24.13 Fabricating complex shapes24.14 Pottery24.15 Pores and Porous Ceramics24.16 Sintering with 2- and 3-phases24.17 Examples of sintering in action24.18 Computer ModelingChapter 25: Solid-State Phase Transformations & Reactions25.1 Transformations & reactions: The link25.2 The Terminology25.3 Technology25.4 Phase transformations without changing chemistry25.5 Phase transformations changing chemistry25.6 Methods for studying kinetics25.7 Diffusion through a layer: slip casting25.8 Diffusion through a layer: solid-state reactions25.9 The spinel-forming reaction25.10 Inert markers and reaction barriers25.11 Simplified Darken equation25.12 The incubation period25.13 Particle growth and the effect of misfit25.14 Thin-film reactions25.15 Reactions in an electric field25.16 Phase transformations involving glass25.17 Pottery25.18 Cement25.19 Reactions involving a gas phase25.20 Curved interfacesChapter 26: Processing Glass and Glass-Ceramics26.1 The Market for Glass and Glass Products26.2 Processing Bulk Glasses26.3 Bubbles26.4 Flat Glass26.5 Float-Glass26.6 Glass Blowing26.7 Coating Glass26.8 Safety Glass26.9 Foam Glass26.10 Sealing glass26.11 Enamel26.12 Photochromic Glass26.13 Ceramming: Changing Glass to Glass-Ceramics26.14 Glass for Art and Sculpture26.15 Glass for Science and EngineeringChapter 27: Coatings and Thick Films27.3 Dip Coating27.4 Spin Coating27.5 Spraying27.6 Electrophoretic Deposition27.7 Thick Film CircuitsChapter 28: Thin Films and Vapor Deposition28. 1 The Difference Between Thin Films and Thick Films28.2 Acronyms, Adjectives and Hyphens28.3 Requirements for Thin Ceramic Films28.4 CVD28.5. Thermodynamics of CVD28.6 CVD of Ceramic Films for Semiconductor Devices28.7 Types of CVD28.8 CVD Safety28.9 Evaporation28.10 Sputtering28.11 Molecular-beam Epitaxy28.12 Pulsed-laser Deposition28.13 Ion-beam-assisted Deposition28.14 SubstratesChapter 29: Growing Single Crystals29.1 Why Single Crystals? 29.2 A Brief History of Growing Ceramic Single Crystals29.3 Methods for Growing Single Crystals of Ceramics29.4 Melt Technique: Verneuil (Flame-Fusion) 29.5 Melt Technique: Arc-image Growth29.6 Melt Technique: Czochralski29.7 Melt Technique: Skull Melting29.8 Melt Technique: Bridgman-Stockbarger29.9 Melt Technique: HEM29.10 Applying Phase Diagrams to Single-crystal Growth29.11 Solution Technique: Hydrothermal29.12 Solution Technique: Hydrothermal Growth at Low T29.13 Solution Technique: Flux Growth29.14 Solution Technique: Growing Diamonds29.15 Vapor Technique: VLS29.16 Vapor Technique: Sublimation29.17 Preparing Substrates for Thin-film Applications29.18 Growing Nanowires and Nanotubes by VLS and notPART VII: Properties and ApplicationsChapter 30: Conducting Charge or not30.1 Ceramics as electrical conductors30.2 Conduction mechanisms in ceramics30.3 Number of conduction electrons30.4 Electron mobility30.5 Effect of temperature30.6 Ceramics with metal-like conductivity30.7 Applications for high-s ceramics30.8 Semiconducting ceramics30.9 Examples of extrinsic semiconductors30.10 Varistors30.11 Thermistors30.12 Wide-band-gap semiconductors30.13 Ion conduction30.14 Fast ion conductors30.15 Batteries30.16 Fuel cells30.17 Ceramic insulators30.18 Substrates and packages for integrated circuits30.19 Insulating layers in integrated circuits30.20 Superconductivity30.21 Ceramic superconductorsChapter 31: Locally Redistributing Charge31.1 Background on Dielectrics31.2 Ferroelectricity31.3 BaTiO3 – The Prototypical Ferroelectric31.4 Solid Solutions with BaTiO331.5 Other Ferroelectric Ceramics31.6 Relaxor Dielectrics31.7 Ceramic Capacitors31.8 Ceramic Ferroelectrics for Memory Applications31.9 Piezoelectricity31.10 Lead Zirconate-Lead Titanate (PZT) Solid Solutions31.11 Applications for Piezoelectric Ceramics31.12 Piezoelectric Materials for MEMS31.13 Pyroelectricity31.14 Applications for Pyroelectric CeramicsChapter 32: Interacting with & Generating Light32.1 Some background for optical ceramics32.2 Transparency32.3 The Refractive Index32.4 Reflection from Ceramic Surfaces32.5 Color in Ceramics32.6 Coloring Glass and Glazes32.7 Ceramic Pigments and Stains32.8 Translucent Ceramics32.9 Lamp Envelopes32.10 Fluorescence32.11 The Basics of Optical Fibers32.12 Phosphors and Emitters32.13 Solid-State Lasers32.14 Electro-Optic Ceramics for Optical Devices32.15 Reacting to Other Parts of the Spectrum32.16 Optical Ceramics in Nature32.17. Quantum Dots and Size EffectsChapter 33: Using Magnetic Fields & Storing Data33.1 A Brief History of Magnetic Ceramics33.2 Magnetic Dipoles33.3 The Basic Equations, the Words and the Units33.4 The Five Classes of Magnetic Material33.5 Diamagnetic Ceramics33.6. Superconducting Magnets33.7. Paramagnetic Ceramics33.8 Measuring χ33.9 Ferromagnetism33.10 Antiferromagnetism and CMR33.11 Ferrimagnetism33.12 Estimating the Magnetization of Ferrimagnets33.13 Magnetic Domains and Bloch Walls33.14 Imaging Magnetic Domains33.15 Motion of Domain Walls and Hysteresis Loops33.16 Hard and Soft Ferrites33.17 Microwave Ferrites33.18 Data Storage and Recording33.19. Magnetic NanoparticlesChapter 34: Responding to Temperature Changes34.1 Summary of Terms and Units34.2 Absorption and Heat Capacity34.3. Melting34.4 Vaporization34.5. Thermal Conductivity34.6 Measuring Thermal Conductivity34.7 Microstructure and Thermal Conductivity34.8 Using High Thermal Conductivity34.9 Thermal Expansion34.10 Effect of Crystal Structure on α34.11 Thermal Expansion Measurement34.12 Importance of Matching αs34.13 Applications for Low-α34.14 Thermal ShockChapter 35: Ceramics in Biology & Medicine35.1 What are Bioceramics?35.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramics35.3 Ceramic Implants & The Structure of Bone35.4 Alumina and Zirconia35.5 Bioactive Glasses35.6 Bioactive Glass-ceramics35.7 Hydroxyapatite35.8 Bioceramics in Composites35.9 Bioceramic Coatings35.10 Radiotherapy Glasses35.11 Pyrolytic Carbon Heart Valves35.12 Nanobioceramics35.13 Dental Ceramics35.14 BiomimeticsChapter 36: Minerals & Gems 36.1 Minerals36.2 What is a gem? 36.3 In the rough36.4 Cutting and polishing36.5 Light and Optics in Gemology36.6 Color in gems and minerals36.7 Optical Effects36.8 Identifying Minerals & Gems36.9 Chemical Stability (durability) 36.10 Diamonds, Sapphires, Rubies and Emeralds36.11 Opal36.12 Other Gems36.13 Minerals with Inclusions36.14 Treatment of Gems36.15 The Mineral & Gem Trade Chapter 37: Energy Production and Storage37.1 Some reminders37.2 Nuclear Fuel and Waste Disposal37.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells37.4 Photovoltaic Solar Cells37.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells37.6 Ceramics in Batteries37.7 Lithium-Ion Batteries37.8 Ultracapacitors37.9 Producing and Storing Hydrogen37.10 Energy Harvesting37.11 Catalysts and Catalyst SupportsChapter 38: Industry and the Environment38.1 The beginning of the modern ceramics industry38.2 Growth and globalization38.3 Types of market38.4 Case studies38.5 Emerging Areas38.6 Mining38.7 Recycling38.8 As Green MaterialsIndexDetails for Figures and Tables

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book examines recent developments in inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis. It describes the composition and application of the most promising metal ceramic inert anode materials and nickel-oxide nanotechnology in the aluminum industry. The volume addresses concepts, analysis, properties, conductivity and corrosion, microstructure and microanalysis, and machinability of inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis. The book will be valuable to the aluminum industry, where inert anodes are having a profound impact in creating more energy saving, greener, and more functional aluminum materials in high-strength and high-temperature applications.Table of ContentsResearch background of inert anodes for aluminum electrolysis.- Nanomaterials and Nanocermets.- Nancermet anodes for aluminum electrolysis.- Metallographic analysis of cermet materials.- X-ray diffraction analysis of nanocermets.- Bulk density, apparent porosity, and density of nanocermets.- Conductivity of nanocermets.- Corrosion resistance of nanocermet.- Post processing of samples.- Characterization of specimen structure of nanocermets.- Measurement of mechanical properties of NiFe2O4 nanocermet.- Microstructure and microanalysis of cermet materials.- Optimization and machinability of nanocermets for aluminum electrolysis.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis handbook provides comprehensive treatment of the current state of glass science from the leading experts in the field. Opening with an enlightening contribution on the history of glass, the volume is then divided into eight parts. The first part covers fundamental properties, from the current understanding of the thermodynamics of the amorphous state, kinetics, and linear and nonlinear optical properties through colors, photosensitivity, and chemical durability. The second part provides dedicated chapters on each individual glass type, covering traditional systems like silicates and other oxide systems, as well as novel hybrid amorphous materials and spin glasses. The third part features detailed descriptions of modern characterization techniques for understanding this complex state of matter. The fourth part covers modeling, from first-principles calculations through molecular dynamics simulations, and statistical modeling. The fifth part presents a range of laboratory and industrial glass processing methods. The remaining parts cover a wide and representative range of applications areas from optics and photonics through environment, energy, architecture, and sensing. Written by the leading international experts in the field, the Springer Handbook of Glass represents an invaluable resource for graduate students through academic and industry researchers working in photonics, optoelectronics, materials science, energy, architecture, and more.Table of Contents

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn dem Buch stellen die Autoren das Thema Silikon-Verbundisolatoren umfassend dar. Sie beschreiben die mechanischen und elektrotechnischen Grundlagen, berücksichtigen neueste Entwicklungen und gehen auf alle wesentlichen Aspekte ein: von der Auswahl der Werkstoffe über die Dimensionierung bis zur Anwendung in Hochspannungsnetzen. Die Autoren sind Pioniere auf dem Gebiet der Verbundisolatoren und legen höchsten Wert auf die Praxisrelevanz ihres Wissens. So eignet sich der Band als Einführung in das Thema ebenso wie als Nachschlagewerk für die Praxis.Table of ContentsMaterialauswahl für Verbundisolatoren.- Herstellungsverfahren.- Auslegung aus Sicht des Koronaschutzes.- Lichtbogenschutzarmaturen.- Fremdschichtisoliervermögen von Polymerisolatoren.- Langstabisolatoren.- Stützisolatoren.- Kompaktleitungen.- Phasenabstandshalter.- Hohlisolatoren.- Laborbewertung von Verbundisolatoren nach deren Entnahme aus dem Netz.- Übersicht zur Normung und Prüfung von Verbundisolatoren.- Trends.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explains the refractories from different fundamental aspects, even with the support of phase diagrams, and also details the prominent applications of these industrial materials. The initial chapters cover fundamentals of refractories, classifications, properties, and testing, while later chapters describe different common shaped and unshaped refractories in detail and special refractories in a concise manner. The second edition includes new classifications, microstructures, the effect of impurities with binary and ternary phase diagrams, and recent trends in refractories including homework problems and an updated bibliography.Features: Provides exclusive material on refractories Discusses detailed descriptions of different shaped and unshaped refractories Covers concepts like environmental issues, recycling, and nanotechnology Explores details on testing and specifications including thermochemical and corrosion behavior IncTable of Contents1. Refractory . 2. Classifications of refractories. 3. Idea of properties. 4. Standards and testing. 5. Silica refractories. 6. Alumina refractories. 7. Fire clay refractories. 8. Magnesia refractories. 9. Dolomite refractories. 10. Chromite, mag-chrome and chrome-mag refractories. 11. Magnesia-carbon refractories. 12. Special refractories. 13. Unshaped (monolithic) refractories. 14. Trend of refractories and other issues.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less