Central / national / federal government policies Books

Book SynopsisWork and the Welfare State places street-level organizations at the analytic center of welfare-state politics, policy, and management. This volume offers a critical examination of efforts to change the welfare state to a workfare state by looking at on-the-ground issues in six countries: the US, UK, Australia, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. An international group of scholars contribute organizational studies that shed new light on old debates about policies of workfare and activation. Peeling back the political rhetoric and technical policy jargon, these studies investigate what really goes on in the name of workfare and activation policies and what that means for the poor, unemployed, and marginalized populations subject to these policies. By adopting a street-level approach to welfare state research, Work and the Welfare State reveals the critical, yet largely hidden, role of governance and management reforms in the evolution of the global workfare project. It shows how these reforms have altered organizational arrangements and practices to emphasize workfare's harsher regulatory features and undermine its potentially enabling ones. As a major contribution to expanding the conceptualization of how organizations matter to policy and political transformation, this book will be of special interest to all public management and public policy scholars and students.Trade ReviewThe strength of Persuasion and Power is its exhaustive research, reflected in numerous vignettes and research that compellingly illustrate successful concepts, benefits, and failures of strategic communication. Scholars and strategic communicators alike will be impressed with Farewell's research and proposed solutions to enhance strategic communication. Persuasion and Power is a must-read for those with an interest in strategic communication. Military Review This book is the first to bring a street-level approach to international research on welfare state policy, politics, and management, offering a clear and coherent interpretation of how workfare-style policies are taking shape on the ground. Social Service Review This book is the first to bring a street-level approach to international research on welfare state policy, politics, and management, offering a clear and coherent interpretation of how workfare-style policies are taking shape on the ground. School of Social Service Administration Magazine, U of ChicagoTable of ContentsPreface Part I: Introduction1. Work and the Welfare State Evelyn Z. Brodkin2. Street-Level Organizations and the Welfare StateEvelyn Z. Brodkin Part II: What's at Issue: Politics, Policies, and Jobs3. The American Welfare State: Two Narratives Michael Lipsky 4. The Policies of Workfare: At the Boundaries between Work and the Welfare State Evelyn Z. Brodkin and Flemming Larsen5. Double Jeopardy: The Misfit between Welfare-to-Work Requirements and Job Realities Susan Lambert and Julia HenlyPart III: Governance and Management: Workfare's "Second Track" 6. Triple Activation: Introducing Welfare-to-Work into Dutch Social AssistanceRik van Berkel7. Active Labor Market Reform in Denmark: The Role of Governance in Policy Change Flemming Larsen8. Performance Management as a Disciplinary Regime: Street-Level Organizations in a Neoliberal Era of Poverty GovernanceJoe Soss, Sanford Schram, and Richard Fording Part IV: Street-Level Organizations and the Practices of Workfare9. Commodification, Inclusion, or What? Workfare in Everyday Organizational LifeEvelyn Z. Brodkin 10. Race, Respect, and Red Tape: Inside the Black Box of Racially Representative Bureaucracies Celeste Watkins-Hayes 11. Good Intentions and Institutional Blindness: Migrant Populations and the Implementation of German Activation PolicyMartin Brussig and Matthias Knuth 12. Front-line Workers as Intermediaries: The Changing Landscape of Disability and Employment Services in AustraliaGregory Marston Part V: Administrative Justice: Challenging Workfare Practices13. Challenging Workfare Practices: Conditionality, Sanctions, and the Weakness of Redress Mechanisms in the British "New Deal"Michael Adler14. Redress and Accountability in US Welfare AgenciesVicki Lens Part VI: Conclusion 15. Work and the Welfare State Reconsidered: Street-Level Organizations and the Global Workfare ProjectEvelyn Z. BrodkinReferences Contributors

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Book SynopsisEven before the publication of his seminal Animal Liberation in 1975, Peter Singer, one of the greatest moral philosophers of our time, unflinchingly challenged the ethics of eating animals. Now, in Why Vegan?, Singer brings together the most consequential essays of his career to make this devastating case against our failure to confront what we are doing to animals, to public health, and to our planet. From his 1973 manifesto for Animal Liberation to his personal account of becoming a vegetarian in “The Oxford Vegetarians” and to investigating the impact of meat on global warming, Singer traces the historical arc of the animal rights, vegetarian, and vegan movements from their embryonic days to today, when climate change and global pandemics threaten the very existence of humans and animals alike. In his introduction and in “The Two Dark Sides of COVID-19,” cowritten with Paola Cavalieri, Singer excoriates the appalling health hazards of Chinese wet markets—where thousands of animals endure almost endless brutality and suffering—but also reminds westerners that they cannot blame China alone without also acknowledging the perils of our own factory farms, where unimaginably overcrowded sheds create the ideal environment for viruses to mutate and multiply. Spanning more than five decades of writing on the systemic mistreatment of animals, Why Vegan? features a topical new introduction, along with nine other essays, including: • “An Ethical Way of Treating Chickens?,” which opens our eyes to the lives of the birds who end up on so many plates—and to the lives of their parents; • “If Fish Could Scream,” an essay exposing the utter indifference of commercial fishing practices to the experiences of the sentient beings they scoop from the oceans in such unimaginably vast numbers; • “The Case for Going Vegan,” in which Singer assembles his most powerful case for boycotting the animal production industry; • And most recently, in the introduction to this book and in “The Two Dark Sides of COVID-19,” Singer points to a new reason for avoiding meat: the role eating animals has played, and will play, in pandemics past, present, and future. Written in Singer’s pellucid prose, Why Vegan? asserts that human tyranny over animals is a wrong comparable to racism and sexism. The book ultimately becomes an urgent call to reframe our lives in order to redeem ourselves and alter the calamitous trajectory of our imperiled planet.

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Book SynopsisThe climate crisis is a crisis of leadership. Transformation to a renewable-based society requires leaders who connect social justice to climate and energy. During the Trump era, connections among white, male power; environmental destruction; and fossil fuel dependence have become more conspicuous. The inadequate and ineffective framing of climate change as a narrow, isolated, discrete problem to be "solved" by technical solutions is failing. The dominance of technocratic, white, male perspectives on climate and energy has inhibited investments in social innovations. With new leadership and diverse voices, we could strengthen climate resilience, reduce growing inequities, and promote social justice. In Diversifying Power, energy expert Jennie Stephens argues that the key to effectively addressing the climate crisis is diversifying leadership so that antiracist, feminist priorities are central. All politics is now climate politics, so all policies, from housing to health, now have to integrate climate resilience and renewable energy. Stephens takes a closer look at climate and energy leadership related to job creation and economic justice, health and nutrition, housing and transportation. She looks at why we need to resist by investing in bold diverse leadership to curb the "the polluter elite." We need to reclaim and restructure climate and energy systems so policies are explicitly linked to social, economic, and racial justices. Inspirational stories of diverse leaders who integrate antiracist, feminist values to build momentum for structural transformative change are woven throughout the book, along with Stephens' experience as a woman working on climate and energy. The shift from a divided, unequal, extractive, and oppressive society to a just, sustainable, regenerative, and healthy future has already begun. But structural change needs more bold and ambitious leaders at all levels, like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez with the Green New Deal, or the Secwepemc women of the Tiny House Warriors resisting the Trans Mountain pipeline. Diversifying Power offers hope and optimism. Stephens shows how anyone working on issues related to energy or climate (directly or indirectly) can leverage the power of collective action. By highlighting the creative individuals and organizations making change happen, she provides inspiration and encourages action on climate and energy justice.Table of ContentsForeword by Ted Landsmark Introduction: Growing the Squad Resisting The Polluter Elite Jobs and Economic Justice Health, Wellbeing, and Nutritious Food for All Clean Transportation for All Housing for All Conclusion: Collective Power

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Book SynopsisNational Book Critics Circle FinalistFinalist for the Dayton Literary Peace PrizeDina Nayeri's powerful writing confronts issues that are key to the refugee experience.—Viet Thanh Nguyen From the author of The Ungrateful Refugee—finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and the Kirkus Prize—Who Gets Believed? is a groundbreaking book about persuasion and performance that asks unsettling questions about lies, truths, and the difference between being believed and being dismissed in situations spanning asylum interviews, emergency rooms, consulting jobs, and family lifeWhy are honest asylum seekers dismissed as liars?Former refugee and award-winning author Dina Nayeri begins with this question, turning to shocking and illuminating case studies in this book, which grows into a reckoning with our culture’s views on believability. From persuading a doctor that she’d prefer a C-section to learning to “bullshit gracefully” at McKinsey to struggling, in her personal life, to believe her troubled brother-in-law, Nayeri explores an aspect of our society that is rarely held up to the light.For readers of David Grann, Malcolm Gladwell, and Atul Gawande, Who Gets Believed? is a book as deeply personal as it is profound in its reflections on morals, language, human psychology, and the unspoken social codes that determine how we relate to one another.

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Book SynopsisFor Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota people, historical trauma, chronically underfunded federal programs, and broken promises on the part of the US government have resulted in gaping health, educational, and economic disparities compared to the general population. Crazy Horse Weeps, offers a thorough historical overview of how South Dakota reservations have wound up in these tragic circumstances, showing how discrimination, a disorganized tribal government, and a devastating dissolution of Lakota culture by the US government have transformed the landscape of Native life. Yet these extraordinary challenges, Marshall argues, can be overcome. Focusing on issues of identity and authenticity, he uses his extensive experience in traditional Lakota wisdom to propose a return to traditional tribal values and to outline a plan for a hopeful future.

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Book SynopsisThe riveting and mostly untold story about the battle for financial and technological power and mastery between the West and China over the last decade.Since China joined the WTO in December 2001, the West has been developing ever closer business and political ties. China's hosting of the Olympic Games and its economic leadership in 2008 as the world faced recession were signs that China's new power and wealth would herald greater global prosperity for all. But that era is over.What was the cause of this rupture, leading China expert Andrew Small asks and what does it mean for the future? Using his deep access to the leading players in the story, Small dramatizes the intense political battles over the introduction of 5G to show how China and the West have spilt and how those abstract geopolitical rivalries translate into our daily lives—the phones we all use, the hidden wiring of the economy, and who controls it. Written with extraordinary insider access, Small's story ranges from deep inside the bowels of the Pentagon to Indian Ocean naval bases, and from the boardrooms of the world’s leading technology firms to the Taliban leadership in Kabul. The result is an engaging, lucid and even-handed account of the defining geopolitical issue of our age, and a clarion call for us to recognize the true nature of China’s global ambitions.

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Book SynopsisThrough economics, our politicians have the power to transform people's lives for better or worse. Think Deng Xiaoping who lifted millions out of poverty by opening up China; Franklin D Roosevelt whose 'New Deal' helped the USA break free of the Great Depression. Or Peron and his successors in Argentina who brought the country to the brink of ruin.In this magisterial history, economist and politician Vince Cable examines the legacy of 16 world leaders who transformed their countries' economic fortunes and who also challenged economic convention. From Thatcher to Trump, from Lenin to Bismarck, Money and Power provides a whole new perspective on the science of government. Examining the fascinating interplay of economics and politics, this is a compelling journey through some of the most significant people and events of the last 300 years.Trade ReviewVince Cable brings economics to life in this thrilling history, revealing how 16 leading politicians over the last 250 years have used it in their own totally different ways to make the world anew. * Sir Anthony Seldon, author of May at 10 *A wonderful journey through the economic ideas that have shaped leading politicians throughout history. * Dame Minouche Shafik, Director of LSE *Impressive... The essay on Robert Peel lucidly explains his pioneering influence on the politics of trade. Similarly, thechapter on Juan Peron is an excellent summary of his political career as prime minister and the Peronist model of government and economics. * Irish Times *From Hamilton and Lenin to Abe and Trump, these brilliant essays are true to the dictum that 'people don't believe in ideas, they believe in people who believe in ideas'. This is a book which will change the way you think about politics and the leaders and ideas which have driven it forward in the last three centuries. * Lord Andrew Adonis *Vince Cable brings out with spectacular clarity how important and radical leaders end up combining economic theory, political ideology and practical administration. This book needs to be read by anyone who is interested in how the world's economies are really run. * Sir Oliver Letwin *Money and Power provides a masterly analysis of how economic policy has determined the success and failure of political leaders through the ages. * Vicky Pryce, former Joint Head of the UK Government Economic Service *As a former policymaker, Cable has an eye for the sort of political detail that brings a historical episode to life. It's an accessible read that helps us see the long-standing links between money and power all over the world. * Linda Yueh, author of The Great Economists: How Their Ideas Can Help Us Today *Cable shows the influence of leaders in the course of history and the influence of economic ideas on their thoughts and actions. A brilliant project and splendidly delivered. * Professor Lord Nicholas Stern, LSE *A fast-paced, highly readable account of political leaders who transformed their countries - for better or worse - through the economic ideologies of their time. As an economist turned politician, Vince Cable is uniquely placed to provide a critical, but fair judgment of those who have shaped today's major economies. * Dame DeAnne Julius, senior adviser, Chatham House *A lucid, erudite analysis of the global economy, and Britain's place in it. * Observer on After the Storm *A remarkably rounded work... Cable has produced a book that makes a serious and relevant contribution to the continuing debate about banking, infrastructure, housing, China, executive pay, short-termism and many of the other topics which continue to top the business and political agenda. * Evening Standard on After the Storm *The undisputed heavyweight champion of the credit crunch in parliament'. * Robert Peston *Table of Contents0: Introduction: Politicians and the Politics of Economics 1: Hamilton: The Economic Founding Father 2: Peel: Free Trade 3: Bismarck: The Economics of 'Iron and Blood' 4: Lenin: From War Communism to State Capitalism 5: Roosevelt: The Keynesian Revolution Without Keynes 6: Erhard: The Social Market and Ordoliberalism 7: Erlander: The Social Democratic Model Made Real 8: Perón: Peronism and Economic Populism 9: Park: The Development State and Hypergrowth 10: Lee: The Eclectic Economics of Lee Kuan Yew 11: Thatcher: Thatcherism and Its Cousin, Reaganomics 12: Deng: China's Economic Architect 13: Manmohan Singh: The Quiet Reformer 14: Balcerowicz: Big Bang Theory and Practice 15: Abe: Japan Pioneers Abenomics 16: Trump: Trumponomics, Economic Nationalism and Pluto-populism 17: Conclusion: Sixteen Politicians: Sixteen Varieties of Economics

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Book SynopsisRethinking the open cityPlanners, privatisation, and police surveillance are laying siege to urban public spaces. The streets are becoming ever more regimented as life and character are sapped from our cities. What is to be done? Is it possible to maintain the public realm as a flexible space that adapts over time? Can disorder be designed? Fifty years ago, Richard Sennett wrote his groundbreaking work The Uses of Disorder, arguing that the ideal of a planned and ordered city was flawed, likely to produce a fragile, restrictive urban environment. The need for the Open City, the alternative, is now more urgent that ever. In this provocative essay, Pablo Sendra and Richard Sennett propose a reorganisation of how we think and plan the life of our cities. What the authors call 'infrastructures for disorder' combine architecture, politics, urban planning and activism in order to develop places that nurture rather than stifle, bring together rather than divide,

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Book SynopsisHow London was bought and sold by the Super-Rich, and what it means for the rest of usWho owns London? In recent decades, it has fallen into the hands of the super-rich. It is today the essential 'World City' for High-Net-Worth Individuals and Ultra-High-Net-Worth Individuals. Compared to New York or Tokyo, the two cities that bear the closest comparison, it has the largest number of wealthy people per head of population. Taken as a whole, London is the epicentre of the world's finance markets, an elite cultural hub, and a place to hide one's wealth.Rowland Atkinson presents a history of the property boom economy, going back to the end of Empire. It tells the story of eager developers, sovereign wealth and grasping politicians, all paving the way for the wealthy colonisation of the cityscape. The consequences of this transformation of the capital for capital is the brutal expulsion of the urban poor, austerity, cuts, demolitions, and a catalogue of social injustices. This Faustian pact has resulted in the sale and destruction of public assets, while the rich turn a blind eye toward criminal money laundering to feather their own nests.Alpha City moves from gated communities and the mega-houses of the super-rich to the disturbing rise of evictions and displacements from the city. It shows how the consequences of widening inequality have an impact on the urban landscape.Trade ReviewA fascinating interdisciplinary study, which is a must read for anyone interested in the links between emotional security, private security, surveillance and the architecture of an increasingly militarised environment. -- Anna Minton * [on Domestic Fortress] *An urgent and important book that should be read by anyone keen to get to grips with the ways homes are morphing into fortresses across the world. -- Stephen Graham * [on Domestic Fortress] *Alpha City is the heart-breaking, carefully-told, story of how London - its heart, mind and soul - was stolen from the people by the plutocrats and their minions. When, the book asks, will the greed of the super-rich end up strangling the city, whose body sustains them? Rowland Atkinson has delved deep to uncover the extent of the super-rich's grip on London. A masterpiece. -- Danny Dorling, author of Inequality and 1%Turning large swathes of London over to the Super-Rich was meant to generate a sloshing pool of wealth that would 'trickle down' to the rest of us. In practice, the detailed, informed and devastating trawl through the global capital of the ruling class in Alpha City proves the only thing that has trickled down is contempt.' -- Owen Hatherley, author of The Ministry of NostalgiaOpens the lid on a can of dangerous worms. While Britain's policies to tempt the world's mobile hot money and its owners have blessed a small section of the population, Atkinson reveals how this has cursed far larger numbers of people, as the super rich have sucked away wealth, talent, investment, culture, government attention, and opportunities from the majority. A welcome and urgently important corrective to the dominant British narrative that the super-rich benefit London and the wider nation. -- Nicholas Shaxson, author of Treasure IslandsA great book that provides vital insights into a strangely under researched group - the wealthiest people on the planet. -- Anna Minton, author of Big CapitalIn Alpha Cities, Rowland Atkinson lays bare how London has been geared up as the world's monument to inequality. It exposes the tactics of gilded elites alongside their legions of enablers and hangers on, and the ways in which they have turned an already tough city into a 21st century dystopia, where the ultra-rich glide through pristine, soulless environments while the infrastructure we all need decays around us. This fast-paced guide to the new gilded age is a timely warning of how much damage inequality can do. * Douglas Murphy, author of Nincompoopolis *Timely and relevant...Alpha City takes us through the ugly world of a mega city captured by wealth. Cities and towns have always struggled with inequality and the social and spatial realities of unequal access to power and resources. In the great global cities, such as London and New York, these inequalities have often been more stark. -- Eoin Ó Broin * Irish Times *An urgent reminder of the capital's inequalities. -- Ceri Radford * Independent *The inequalities are glaring. It is a revealing but unsettling read, whatever page you land on. -- Angela Cobbinah * Camden New Journal *Essential reading before Covid-19, is even more so now . . .vividly describes how the super-rich have distorted the socioeconomic and physical landscape of London * Morning Star *[Atkinson] writes with flair. The long-term result of the pressures he charts is starting to be felt. -- Mika Ross-Southall * Times Literary Supplement *

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Book SynopsisAfter the trauma of the war, those returning home required jobs, and with them clean and modern homes for their families. The slums and tenements of the pre-war years were not going to enable a healthy workforce that was fit to tackle the challenges of the new post-war world. At all cost Britain had to avoid the riot and revolution that had swept Europe in the later stages of the war. This book describes the re-building of the country during the decades after 1918. Bold advances were made in social provision, especially in housing, with ambitious schemes by local authorities, no longer solely through private builders. These early developments were not always able to keep ahead of the economic realities of the time, and many faltered. But through such pioneering improvements, housing was fixed firmly at the centre of British politics. It remains so today.

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Book SynopsisAs seen on The Today Show A page-turning memoir from a former opioid addict in an opioid addicted community—and an up-close look at America's new health crisis. Behind closed doors, millions of people abuse opioids. Nicholas Bush was one of them. In this beautifully raw and refreshingly honest memoir, Bush boldly allows readers into his addiction-ravaged community. We see how heroin nearly claimed his life on multiple occasions, how it stole the lives of his young siblings and friends, and how it continues to wage a deadly toll on American neighborhoods—claiming thousands of lives and decreasing the average lifespan. But we also see that there is a way off of the devastating rollercoaster of opioid addiction, even for the most afflicted. Nicholas fights for recovery, claws his way out of a criminal livelihood, and finds his footing with faith and family, providing Americans with the inspirational story that is deeply needed today.Trade Review“Bush’s memoir opens with a bang…Readers looking for the pervasiveness of despair and addiction, look no further; Bush’s family is certainly representative. That’s the central message of [One by One], which tracks matter-of-factly—without the war-story glorification of too many recovery books—what it means to be boxed in by drugs.” —Kirkus Reviews"Nicholas Bush, thank you, thank you, thank you for sharing your story. Thank you for writing this book."—Craig Melvin, host of The Today Show "A great read."—Cynthia Newsome, midday anchor for 41 Action News

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Book SynopsisFrom world-renowned environmentalist John Judge comes an astoundingly comprehensive plan to save our planet, make the outdoors the epicenter of our communities, and commit to an active outdoor lifestyle. In The Outdoor Citizen, John Judge coins the term “Outdoor Citizen” as he delivers an urgent call to action and a remarkably persuasive argument for why we must all become citizens of the natural world, reconnecting with life's most essential foundation, nature, and defending it, embracing it, and advocating for it.Judge, an international leader in conservation stewardship, covers such topics as how to turn our cities into Outdoor Cities, with a wide range of green spaces, outdoor recreation activities, eco-friendly transportation, and sustainable food sources; how to globally transition to green energy sources; what environmental policies must be implemented and how to enact them; and how to fund a sustainable economy.At a time when we are facing an unprecedented climate crisis, the continued use of carbon emissions will lead to devastating, irreversible effects on the earth. This unique and riveting volume, brimming with expert advice and case studies, is unparalleled—a game-changer for saving our planet and an entry point into a world of healthier and happier people.Trade Review“In this compelling and necessary book, John Judge offers a bold new model for environmental policy and action beginning with the truth that a personal connection with the outdoors is the first step toward preserving it. The Outdoor Citizen is a visionary blueprint for how individuals, communities, and, indeed, our entire civilization must act to become outdoor-centric in an epoch defined by both climate change and miraculous technological promise.” —Joseph E. Aoun, President of Northeastern University"With the extraordinary experience as president of America's oldest conservation and outdoors organization, John Judge maps out a new framework for global outdoor citizenship, a vision for conservation coupled with an appreciation for an active outdoor lifestyle. As a company founded to help people explore wild places and an early leader in how to be a socially and environmentally responsible business, Patagonia believes there is a sense of urgency—today more than ever—for all of us to be champions for the outdoors and our home planet." —Rose Marcario, President and CEO of Patagonia “The Outdoor Citizen sets forth a framework for all of us to participate in the fun of the outdoors, while embracing a responsibility to conservation stewardship. As the chief executive of America's oldest conservation organization, the Appalachian Mountain Club, John understands firsthand the power of nature to transform our lives through deeper outdoor recreational and conservation experiences.” —Steve Smith, CEO of L.L. Bean"Since 2013, Outdoor Afro has been working alongside the Appalachian Mountain Club with a shared mission to train the next generation of outdoor leaders and Outdoor Citizens. John Judge's efforts have prioritized making the outdoors accessible to all, which has included expanding leadership training and outdoor skills learning; building hundreds of miles of trails in underserved areas; and establishing outdoor centers and nature-based programs in urban areas." —Rue Mapp, Founder and CEO of Outdoor Afro“John Judge is uniquely qualified to outline a vision for the next generation of Outdoor Citizens. The legendary activists of the 60s and 70s made incredible progress in turning the tide of profit vs. conservation, but those victories are ancient history now and we are waiting for the next generation of heroes to emerge. The Outdoor Citizen makes a strong case for how that can happen.” —Dan Nordstrom, Owner and CEO of Outdoor Research“This compelling call to action . . . is a well-researched, exceptionally detailed blueprint for saving the planet. If even a tenth of what he recommends comes to fruition, the world would be a better place.” —Appalachia JournalTable of ContentsEmbarking on an Outdoor Journey The Outdoor City Fitness and Food Changing Our Energy Model The Next Ecology and Digital Ecosystems Outdoor Policy and the Outdoor Economy Funding the Outdoor City The Outdoor Global Economy Afterword: Stepping Up, Stepping Out Notes AMC Photo Archives Acknowledgments

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Book SynopsisThe first post-war period was the decade in which the Communist Party of Austria had the largest influence on domestic political developments. The KPÖ participated in the first government of the Second Republic as an equal partner alongside the Socialist Party of Austria and the Austrian Peoples Party. This was due to key position of the Soviet administration as well as due to its role in the antifascist resistance. In the following years, the KPÖ designed its policies between the conflicting poles of government and opposition, manoeuvring between being a constructive state party and confrontation with the two main parties. After the party abandoned government, its role changed from being a governing party to being an outsider within the Austrian party system. Now the weight of the KPÖ was determined by the Cold War: in view of the anticommunist political climate, the KPÖ was forced into isolation which was nurtured by its identification with the Soviet occupying force. From 1947 onwards, the KPÖ focussed on extra-parliamentary activities, culminating in the strike movement of September and October 1950.

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