Cartography, map-making and projections Books

Book SynopsisSusan Schulten tells a story of Americans beginning to see the world around them, tracing U.S. attitudes towards world geography from the end of 19th century exploration to the dawn of the Cold War. The work discusses the study of geography and its place in culture and politicsTrade Review"Schulten steps up to the challenge of producing a full-length work about the political economy of mapmaking.... An ambitious history of the rise of popular cartography in the United States." - Nicholas Lemann, The New Yorker "A well-documented account of how politics, history and culture influenced the study and presentation of geography.... Theory is wisely balanced by a hodgepodge of odd and interesting facts about maps, politics and American cultural trends." - Publishers Weekly "An important new work.... Schulten's original synthesis ranges widely and insightfully from the effects of war on map design to map projection as a reflection of how Americans saw themselves as an emergent world power." - Mark Monmonier, author of How to Lie with Maps and Air Apparent

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Book SynopsisMaps shape and communicate information, for the sake of improved orientation. This title states that maps exist for states as well as individuals, and they need to be interpreted as expressions of power and knowledge.Trade Review"No one has approached the history of East European cartography with greater dedication, energy, and scholarly objectivity than Steven Seegel. This imposing work will prove indispensable in years and decades to come for anyone who wishes to understand the historical relationship between constructions of place and power." (Timothy Snyder, Yale University)"

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Book SynopsisIn each society, maps served as critical economic, political, and personal tools, but there was little consistency in how and why they were made. This title presents an overview of cartography and its uses.

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Book SynopsisPiechocki calls for an examination of the idea of Europe as a geographical concept, tracing its development in the 15th and 16th centuries.Trade Review"Piechocki is conceptually rigorous, she reads many languages and her research is impeccable. She is a careful critic but also a deeply imaginative historian. This is a contribution to the 'darker side' of cartography and the Renaissance, emphasizing the relationship between writing and scholarship and the exercise of power and exploitation, but its analysis never departs from the measured and reflective." * Times Higher Education *"This is an ambitious book which convincingly achieves its goals. It makes great claims for Humanism, the Renaissance and especially for cartography in establishing a new idea of Europe, and presents detailed evidence for those claims in closely argued and highly detailed case studies." -- Michael Wintle * European History Quarterly *"[A] timely book...well worth a read." * Journal of Historical Geography *“Through a close reading of literary texts, Cartographic Humanism traces a shift in understanding of the shapes, meanings, relationships, and constituent parts of the globe. Piechocki’s linguistic range is astounding, and her fluid translations convey the poetry of the original passages. She has assembled a rich array of texts and images, and the imaginative ways in which she reads them add up to something new and compelling. She draws out their cartographic ideas and makes a convincing case for their centrality in defining both Europe and its swaggering presence across the globe. Her readings are fresh and energetic. The book will be a major contribution to literary and cultural studies and their intersection with the history of cartography.” -- Valerie A. Kivelson, author of Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia"Katharina Piechocki’s Cartographic Humanism is an indispensable book for scholars in many disciplines who think or write about cartography, Europeanness, or [the] Renaissance." * The Polish Review *"Cartographic Humanism is the wonderful achievement of a major critic, scholar, literary historian and multicultural thinker. With wide-ranging scholarship, philological acuteness, sensitivity to textual and poetic nuance, and enviable linguistic ease in Latin, German, Polish, French, Italian, Spanish, English and Portuguese, Katharina Piechocki offers a new understanding of the sixteenth-century cartographic invention of Europe from a pot-pourri of real and imagined borderlands. In taut analyses of writers little studied outside specialist contexts or well-known but not as mappers of a new Europe—Conrad Celtis, Maciej Miechowita, Geoffroy Tory, Girolamo Fracastoro and Luís Vaz de Camões—Piechocki tracks a cartopoietic story that 'starts' with efforts to delimit central (Germanic), eastern (Polish or 'Sarmatic') and a core (French) 'Europe' from and against indeterminate or non-existent Asian, Mediterranean and African borders, passes through attempts to establish this 'place' against an also indeterminate other—'America' or 'not-Europe,' all intimately bound, in Fracastoro, to disease and/or its cure and to the fictive imagination, and 'ends' with Camões’ nomad poetic imposition of a colonizing Mediterranean map on an age-old Indian Ocean one, a European cartography on and of the world. In the effervescent Renaissance scholarship of history as cartography Piechocki’s is a splendidly compelling new voice, one, too, that lets us see hitherto silent or 'peripheral' actors as key to modern Europe’s invention." -- Timothy Reiss, author of Mirages of the Selfe: Patterns of Personhood in Ancient and Early Modern Europe"Cartographic Humanism is a tour de force. Impeccably researched and beautifully written, this major intervention into the histories of cartography and literature asks what we mean when we say ‘Europe.’ Piechocki addresses this question—so urgent today—by exploring how early modern poets and mapmakers imagined interstitial geographies and, thus, Europe’s ever-changing borders and contact zones. Drawing from a rich multilingual archive of humanists from Germany, Poland, France, Italy, and Portugal, Cartographic Humanism shows that Europe is not a monolith and never was. A must-read not only for scholars of early modernity, but for anyone who has ever said the word ‘Europe.’” -- Phillip John Usher, author of The Exterranean: Extraction in the Humanist Anthropocene“Cartographic Humanism is a deeply ambitious, exhaustively researched, and carefully argued book that covers a number of literary and historical issues in Renaissance European culture. Piechocki successfully brings together the unwieldy materials of language, local identification, a multidisciplinary approach, and temporal breadth, providing valuable insight into Latin humanist texts that undergird more familiar vernacular cartographic texts.” -- William J. Kennedy, author of Petrarchism at Work: Contextual Economies in the Age of Shakespeare"Katharina N. Piechocki’s elegant and incisive new work on how an assemblage of sixteenth-century humanists took the classical designation of 'Europa' and transformed it from a loosely defined appendage to Asia’s landmass into a more sharply delineated territory with political and metaphysical overtones." * Isis *"How did Europe emerge through pictorial maps, and what did early Renaissance maps and cartopoetics have to do with that emergence? Cartographic Humanism is an intertextual study of the history of cartography that looks at transnational spaces of fantasy and exploration, knowledge and emotion, and symbolic places and claimed discovery. . . .In this effervescent book of literary criticism and the map, there is much creative ground to be gained." * Austrian History Yearbook *"Piechocki's study is a complex contribution to the study of the understanding of Europe in the Renaissance... Although this is never explicitly mentioned by the author herself, this book can also be understood as a serious examination of the reception of Ptolemaic geography in the 15th and 16th centuries... Piechocki's impressive contribution remeasures the broad field of early modern European research." * H-Soz-Kult (translated from German) *Table of ContentsList of Figures A Note on Translations Introduction 1. Gridding Europe’s Navel: Conrad Celtis’s Quatuor Libri Amorum secundum Quatuor Latera Germanie (1502) 2. A Border Studies Manifesto: Maciej Miechowita’s Tractatus de Duabus Sarmatiis (1517) 3. The Alpha and the Alif: Continental Ambivalence in Geoffroy Tory’s Champ fleury (1529) 4. Syphilitic Borders and Continents in Flux: Girolamo Fracastoro’s Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus (1530) 5. Cartographic Curses: Europe and the Ptolemaic Poetics of Os Lusíadas (1572) Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Index

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Book SynopsisPadrón reveals the evolution of Spain's imagining of the New World as a space in continuity with Asia. Narratives of Europe's westward expansion often tell of how the Americas came to be known as a distinct landmass, separate from Asia and uniquely positioned as new ground ripe for transatlantic colonialism. But this geographic vision of the Americas was not shared by all Europeans. While some imperialists imagined North and Central America as undiscovered land, the Spanish pushed to define the New World as part of a larger and eminently flexible geography that they called las Indias, and that by right, belonged to the Crown of Castile and León. Las Indias included all of the New World as well as East and Southeast Asia, although Spain's understanding of the relationship between the two areas changed as the realities of the Pacific Rim came into sharper focus. At first, the Spanish insisted that North and Central America were an extension of the continent of Asia. Eventually, they cTrade Review"It should be essential reading for anyone seeking a fresh approach to understanding Spain’s imperial ambitions during the Age of Discovery." * The Portolan *"Columbus thought that Cuba was an appendage of Asia, and, though it may surprise readers, it would be more than a century before more accurate accounts of the Pacific Ocean and the distinctions between the landforms of Asia and North America emerged. Padrón relays this story with comprehensive knowledge and a skillful interpretation of cartographic and narrative sources, which often rationalized Spanish imperial aims to show that the Spanish Empire had Asian components thanks to the world-encompassing meridian line that divided Spanish and Portuguese zones for exploitation. . . . This highly recommended book clarifies the history of seemingly naïve but at times politically useful sets of flawed assumptions." * CHOICE *"This is a salutary book. . . . it is immensely valuable in making us see how sixteenth-century Spaniards conceptually framed the Americas, the Pacific and beyond; it literally takes us into another world." * The Globe: Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Map Society *"Historian Ricardo Padrón’s The Indies of the Setting Sun: How Early Modern Spain Mapped the Far East as the Transpacific West attempts to understand how, in discursive and visual terms, the Spanish crown sought to project its geopolitical and historical influence in the world from the sixteenth century forward. . . . The book is a valuable contribution not only because of its rigorous and intelligent interpretations, but also because it invites us to think about two major issues. First, it shows that territories such as the Americas were not 'invented' once and for all but were revised and reinvented over time and from different places and communities. Second, the book reminds us that we must decenter our gaze from the battles of conquest and pay attention instead to the voyages and ways of understanding vast spaces such as the oceans that were key in politically configuring our modern experience of the globe." * Terrae Incognitae *"In The Indies of the Setting Sun, Ricardo Padrón explores the spatial imaginaries of elite Spaniards in the period bookended by Balboa’s “discovery” of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 in present- day Panama and the 1606 Spanish conquest of the Moluccas. " * Early American Literature *"With this work, Padrón demonstrates that the Pacific has been a fundamental issue in the invention of America, a process that, as he firmly asserts, 'has been repeatedly revised and reinvented over the course of the years, and has meant different things at different times in different discursive communities.' Padrón encourages readers to view the geopolitical imagination of Habsburg Spain in a different light and to rethink the possibilities offered by new approaches to consider the Pacific not as marginal, but as a central location of the Spanish empire." * Bulletin of the Comediantes *"The Indies of the Setting Sun is an original and thoughtful study of the ‘invention’ and subsequent reinventions of the Pacific Ocean as part of the Spanish empire. Padrón brings to this project the same lucid, elegant prose and methodology that characterized his earlier monograph, and again he provides an argument supported by a careful study of sources employing the best historical approaches, closely contextualized reading, and an expansive definition of cartography. This is a much needed intervention, highlighting the importance of Spanish Asia in the history of Spanish imperial expansion." -- María M. Portuondo, author of The Spanish Disquiet: The Biblical Natural Philosophy of Benito Arias Montano"The Indies of the Setting Sun examines the way that Spanish knowledge about the South Sea—now known as the Pacific Ocean—was developed. Challenging the historical idea that Magellan's circumnavigation had established Europeans' understanding of the Americas as divided from Asia by the vast Pacific, Padrón reveals an 'alternative European cartography' that persisted across the sixteenth century. In this odd parallel universe, America was merely the forecourt to Asia, and the South Sea was a small basin within the larger Indies, then Spain's overseas empire. This is the first book I've ever read that colors the larger 'Indies' so vividly." -- Barbara Mundy, author of The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, the Life of Mexico City"The author’s aim. . . is ambitious but the reader will not be disappointed. Padrón, in fact, leads his audience on a real journey through time, dismantling many commonplaces and prejudices about the modern perception of the way the world has been thought of and represented on maps at the dawn of modernity. The author breaks the patterns in the way we think about historical cartography between rigid categories of ‘right and wrong’, ‘precise and approximate’. Instead, Padrón highlights a complex historical process in which different cultural and political theories competed with each other in a dialectic that shaped our way of understanding geography. . . . Ricardo Padrón’s book: The Indies of the Setting Sun should be welcomed as a useful and much needed book. . . . I believe that today, in an era of redefinition of the balance between global powers with enormous interests in the Pacific area, this book is of great usefulness and relevance." * Rutter Project *"A nuanced reading of Spanish cartographic literature about the Pacific region in the sixteenth century. . . . The book’s central strength is in its analytical acuity, which dredges up tensions, contradictions, ironies and ambivalence from multivalent cartographic and written texts." * Imago Mundi *Table of ContentsList of Figures Introduction 1 The Map behind the Curtain 2 South Sea Dreams 3 Pacific Nightmares 4 Shipwrecked Ambitions 5 Pacific Conquests 6 The Location of China 7 The Kingdom of the Setting Sun 8 The Anxieties of a Paper Empire Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Works Cited Index

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary collection exploring the practices and cultures of mapping in the arts, humanities and social sciences. It features contributions from scholars in critical cartography, social anthropology, film and cultural studies, literary studies, art and visual culture, marketing, museum studies, architecture, and popular music studies. Trade Review"This collection gives a widely spread voice to the widening acknowledgement of what maps mean and do; how and where they occur. Comprising a series of related but distinctive, lively, well worked and critically engaging chapters, the book will find readers across a range of disciplines and subjects." - David Crouch, University of Derby, UK "Mapping Cultures offers a collection of innovative studies and theoretical essays, each confronting the diffusion of cartographic method and rhetoric throughout humanities and social science research over the past two decades. . . . [the book] is brimming with insight into the emergent mapping practices and vocabularies by which we might better resist authoritarian, anti-democratic practices, which themselves do work through mapping. And it helps clear a path by which researchers in the humanities and social sciences alike might better understand and express that ''it is not so much what people do with maps as it is what maps do with people'' (Wood, p. 300). For this alone, the book is an important bridge between the relatively recent innovations of critical cartography, in particular, and a host of other fields just as recently innovated by the methods and metaphors of cartography in general." - Cartographica 48 (2), 2013. "The book closes with a call for a more explicit critical reorientation towards mapping, and map use a project of the anthropology of cartography (D. Wood). This call seems to be still valid and one can admit that Mapping Cultures is a significant step towards achieving the goal. Readers from different disciplines will find valuable contributions both theoretical and empirical in the collection. For a tourism researcher or student, the book is thought-provoking for several reasons, not only because of the enhancing awareness of cartography in relation to areas such as cinema, music, travel..." - Tourism, Culture and Communication 12, 2013.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Mapping Cultures – a Spatial Anthropology; L.Roberts PART I: PLACE/TEXT/TOPOGRAPHY Critical Literary Cartography: Text, Maps and a Coleridge Notebook; D.Cooper Mapping Rohmer: Cinematic Cartography in Post-war Paris; R.Misek Cinematic Cartography: Projecting Place Through Film; L.Roberts Walking, Witnessing, Mapping: An Interview with Iain Sinclair; D.Cooper & L.Roberts Maps, Memories and Manchester: the Cartographic Imagination of the Hidden Networks of the Hydraulic City; M.Dodge & C.Perkins PART II: PERFORMANCE/MEMORY/LOCATION Urban Musicscapes: Mapping Music-making in Liverpool; S.Cohen Mapping the Soundscapes of Popular Music Heritage; P.Long & J.Collins Walking Through Time: Use of Locative Media to Explore Historical Maps; C.Speed Salford 7/ District Six. The Use of Participatory Mapping and Material Artefacts in Cultural Memory Projects; L.Cassidy PART III: PRACTICE/APPARATUS/CARTOGRAPHICS 'Spatial Stories': Maps and the Marketing of the Urban Experience; G.Warnaby Mapping My Way: Map-making and Analysis in Participant Observation; H.Andrews Mental Maps and Spatial Perceptions: The Fragmentation of Israel-Palestine; E.Ben Ze'ev Peripatetic Box and Personal Mapping: From Studio to Classroom to City; S.Moro The Anthropology of Cartography; D.Wood Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe relationship of texts and maps, and the mappability of literature, examined from Homer to Houellebecq.Literary authors have frequently called on elements of cartography to ground fictional space, to visualize sites, and to help readers get their bearings in the imaginative world of the text. Today, the convergence of digital mapping and globalization has spurred a cartographic turn in literature. This book gathers leading scholars to consider the relationship of literature and cartography. Generously illustrated with full-color maps and visualizations, it offers the first systematic overview of an emerging approach to the study of literature.The literary map is not merely an illustrative guide but represents a set of relations and tensions that raise questions about representation, fiction, and space. Is literature even mappable? In exploring the cartographic components of literature, the contributors have not only brought literary theory to bear on the map but hav

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Book SynopsisA single, monumental mappa mundi (world map), made around 1300 for Hereford Cathedral, survives intact from the Middle Ages. As Marcia Kupfer reveals in her arresting new study, this celebrated testament to medieval learning has long been profoundly misunderstood. Features of the colored and gilded map that baffle modern expectations are typically dismissed as the product of careless execution. Kupfer argues that they should rightly be seen as part of the map's encoded commentary on the nature of vision itself. Optical conceits and perspectival games formed part of the map's language of vision, were central to its commission, and shaped its display, formal design, and allegorical fabric. These discoveries compel a sweeping revision of the artwork's intellectual and art-historical genealogy, as well as its function and aesthetic significance, shedding new light on the impact of scientific discourses in late medieval art.Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art

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Book SynopsisA fascinating exploration of how the growth of digital mapping, spurred by sensing technologies, is affecting cities and daily livesTrade Review“In this complex, highly illustrated collection of digital maps, lab co-founder Carlo Ratti and architecture historian Antoine Picon analyse four essential urban dimensions.”—Andrew Robinson, Nature “Throughout history, we have used maps to highlight the essential features that determine how our cities work. In this Atlas, Antoine Picon and Carlo Ratti have assembled a beautiful exposition of how the digital world brings the city alive through the power of maps.”—Michael Batty, author of Inventing Future Cities“As our cities become increasingly digital, new technologies and maps increasingly inform our very sense of how we live. Picon and Ratti’s Atlas of the Senseable City takes us deep inside this urban reality—a revolution in urban cartography—and what it means for the ways we work, live, and connect in our communities.”—Richard Florida, author of The Rise of the Creative Class“Atlas of the Senseable City offers a state-of-the art survey of mapping techniques and an intellectual way of understanding the purpose and possibilities of mapping. It is a very important contribution to one of the leading subjects of our time. Any person who works in the field of data and its impact on cities should have this book on their bookshelf.”—Gary Hack, author of Site Planning: International Practice

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Book SynopsisMapping Paradigms in Modern and Contemporary Art defines a new cartographic aesthetic, or what Simonetta Moro calls carto-aesthetics, as a key to interpreting specific phenomena in modern and contemporary art, through the concept of poetic cartography. The problem of mapping, although indebted to the spatial turn of poststructuralist philosophy, is reconstructed as hermeneutics, while exposing the nexus between topology, space-time, and memory. The book posits that the emergence of mapping as a ubiquitous theme in contemporary art can be attributed to the power of the cartographic model to constitute multiple worldviews that can be seen as paradigmatic of the post-modern and contemporary condition. This book will be of particular interest to scholars in art history, art theory, aesthetics, and cartography.Table of ContentsIntroduction. The Question of Mapping Part 1: Archaeologies 1. Travelers Without Maps 2. Mapping in the Age of the World Picture Part 2: Topologies 3. Topologies of Difference 4. Carto-aesthetics: Modalities of Art Making 5. Poetic Cartography as Nomadic Mapping Conclusion. After the End of the World Picture Appendix. Mapping in the Time of Global Pandemic

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Book Synopsis"Randel is endlessly fascinating, and Holloway’s biography tells his life with great skill." —Steve Weinberg, USA TodayTrade Review"Marguerite Holloway has uncovered [in the life of John Randel Jr.] a quite marvelous tale, and has told it just magnificently." -- Simon Winchester, author of The Perfectionists and The Map That Changed the World"The Measure of Manhattan allows us to appreciate, for the first time, the extent to which the rationality of the grid plan can be attributed to the irrationally obsessive man who ‘affixe[d] the city to the island,’ in Holloway’s words." -- Richard Kreiner - Slate"A far more intimate experience than going to the museum…Holloway’s relationship to the city is personal, and she is aware that the city itself was made by people, for them to live in." -- Village Voice"This outstanding history of the Manhattan grid offers us a strange archaeology: part spatial adventure, part technical expedition into the heart of measurement itself, starring teams of nineteenth-century gentlemen striding across the island’s eroded mountains and wild streams, implementing a grid that would soon enough sprout skyscrapers and flatirons, Central Park and Fifth Avenue." -- Geoff Manaugh - BLDGBLOG"Marguerite Holloway brings to life the man who in a very real way made New York what it is today." -- Elizabeth Kolbert, author of The Sixth Extinction"Marguerite Holloway’s portrait of the surveyor’s surveyor in his cartography-obsessed time shows us how much the physical city has changed and, most crucially, how much it hasn’t." -- Robert Sullivan, author of My American Revolution and Rats"As elegant as the maps it celebrates, Marguerite Holloway’s lively biography tells the story of the man who pinned a grid to Manhattan." -- Edward Dolnick, author of The Clockwork Universe"An enchanting web of biography and science, as magical as the grid that John Randel devised to give birth to modern Manhattan." -- Andro Linklater, author of Measuring America

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Book Synopsis* This new edition includes more applications in environmental, transportation, geotechnical and construction engineering. * Increased coverage of Geomatics, including setting up data to do analysis and make decisions. * New examples and an increased number of homework problems have been added.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 1.1 Surveying 1.2 Geomatics 1.3 Famous Surveyors 1.4 Early History of Surveying 1.5 Plane Surveys 1.6 Geodetic Surveys 1.7 Types of Surveys 1.8 Modern Surveying Equipment 1.9 Use of Old Surveying Equipment 1.10 Maintenance of Equipment 1.11 Importance of Surveying 1.12 Safety 1.13 Liability Insurance 1.14 Opportunities in Surveying 2 Introduction to Measurements 2.1 Measurement 2.2 Necessity for Accurate Surveys 2.3 Accuracy and Precision 2.4 Errors and Mistakes 2.5 Sources of Errors 2.6 Systematic and Accidental or Random Errors 2.7 Discussion of Accidental or Random Errors 2.8 Occurrence of Accidental or Random Errors 2.9 Probability Curve 2.10 Propagation of Accidental or Random Errors 2.11 Significant Figures 2.12 Field Notes 2.13 Electronically Recorded Notes 2.14 Office Work and Digital Computers 2.15 Planning Problems 3 Distance Measurement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pacing 3.3 Odometers and Measuring Wheels 3.4 Tachymetry 3.5 Taping or Chaining 3.6 Electronic Distance Measurements 3.7 Global Positioning System 3.8 Summary of Measurement Methods 3.9 Equipment Required for Taping 3.10 Taping Over Level Ground 3.11 Taping Along Sloping Ground or Over Underbrush 3.12 Review of Some Trigonometry Problems 4 Distance Corrections 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of Corrections 4.3 Incorrect Tape Length or Standardization Error 4.4 Temperature Variations 4.5 Slope Corrections 4.6 Sag and Tension Corrections 4.7 Combined Taping Corrections 4.8 Common Mistakes Made In Taping 4.9 Errors In Taping 4.10 Magnitude of Errors 4.11 Suggestions for Good Taping 4.12 Taping Precision 5 Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Terms 5.3 Types of EDMs 5.4 Phase Shift EDMs 5.5 Timed Pulse EDMs 5.6 Setting Up, Leveling, and Centering EDMs 5.7 Necessary Steps for Measuring Distances with EDMs 5.8 Errors in EDM Measurements 5.9 Calibration of EDM Equipment 5.10 Accuracies of EDMs 5.11 Computation of Horizontal Distances from Slope Distances 5.12 Training of Personnel 5.13 Summary of Comments on EDMs Problems 6 Introduction to Leveling 6.1 Importance of Leveling 6.2 Basic Definitions 6.3 Reference Elevations or Datums 6.4 First-, Second-, and Third-Order Surveys 6.5 Methods of Leveling 6.6 The Level 6.7 Types of Levels 6.8 Level Rods 6.9 Setting up the Level 6.10 Sensitivity of Bubble Tubes 6.11 Care of Equipment Problems 7 Differential Leveling 7.1 Theory of Spirit Leveling 7.2 Definitions 7.3 Differential Leveling Described 7.4 Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction 7.5 Verniers 7.6 Level Rod Targets 7.7 Common Leveling Mistakes 7.8 Leveling Errors 7.9 Suggestions for Good Leveling 7.10 Comments On Telescope Readings 7.11 Precision of Differential Leveling 7.12 Hand Signals 8 Leveling, Continued 8.1 Adjustments of Level Circuits 8.2 Precise Leveling 8.3 Profile Leveling 8.4 Profiles 8.5 Cross Sections 8.6 Nonclosed Leveling Routes Problems 9 Angles and Directions 9.1 Meridians 9.2 Units for Measuring Angles 9.3 Azimuths 9.4 Bearings 9.5 The Compass 9.6 Variations In Magnetic Declination 9.7 Direction Arrow Convention 9.8 Local Attraction 9.9 Reading Bearings With a Compass 9.10 Detecting Local Attraction 9.11 Traverse Angle Definitions 9.12 Traverse Computations 9.13 Magnetic Declination Problems Problems 10 Measuring Angle and Directions With Total Stations 10.1 Transits and Theodolites (Obsolete) 10.2 Introduction to Total Stations 10.3 Types of Total Stations 10.4 Disadvantages of Total Stations 10.5 Advantages of Total Stations 10.6 Parts of Total Stations 10.7 Surveying With Total Stations 10.8 Setting Up the Total Station 10.9 Sighting the Instrument 10.10 Measuring Horizontal Angles 10.11 Closing the Horizon 10.12 Measuring Angles By Repetition 10.13 Direction Method for Measuring Horizontal Angles 10.14 Measuring Zenith Angles 10.15 Use of Data Collectors With Total Stations 10.16 Care of Instruments Problems 11 Miscellaneous Angle Discussion 11.1 Common Errors In Angle Measurement 11.2 Common Mistakes In Measuring Angles 11.3 Angle-Distance Relationships 11.4 Traversing 11.5 Older Methods of Traversing 11.6 Modern Traversing With Total Stations 11.7 Intersection of Two Lines 11.8 Measuring An Angle Where The Instrument Cannot Be Set Up 11.9 Prolonging a Straight Line By Double Centering 11.10 Establishing Points On a Straight Line Between Two Given Points 11.11 Cleaning Surveying Equipment Problems 12 Traverse Adjustment and Area Computation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Computations 12.3 Methods of Calculating Areas 12.4 Traverse Adjustment Overview 12.5 Balancing Angles 12.6 Latitudes and Departures 12.7 Error of Closure 12.8 Balancing Latitudes and Departures 12.9 Double Meridian Distances 12.10 Double Parallel Distances 12.11 Rectangular Coordinates 12.12 Areas Computed By Coordinates 12.13 Alternative Coordinate Method 12.14 Areas Within Irregular Boundaries Problems 13 Computer Calculations and Omitted Measurements 13.1 Computers 13.2 Programs 13.3 Application of the Computer Program SURVEY 13.4 Computer Example 13.5 A Potential Warning: Danger In Computer Use 13.6 Omitted Measurements 13.7 Length and Bearing Of One Side Missing 13.8 Using Survey to Determine the Length and Bearing of a Missing Side 13.9 Example Radiation Problem 13.10 Computer Solution for Radiation Problem 13.11 Resection Problems 14 Topographic Surveying 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Contours 14.3 Plotting of Topographic Maps 14.4 Summary of Contour Characteristics 14.5 Map Symbols 14.6 Completing the Map 14.7 Specifications for Topographic Maps 14.8 Methods of Obtaining Topography 14.9 Transit-Stadia Method of Mapping 14.10 Plane Table Surveys 14.11 Topographic Details Obtained With Total Stations 14.12 Selection of Points for Topographic Mapping 14.13 Profiles From Contour Maps 14.14 Checklist of Items to Be Included On a Topographic Map Problems 15 The Global Positioning System (GPS) 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Monitoring Stations 15.3 Global Navigation Satellite System 15.4 Uses of GPS 15.5 Basic Theory 15.6 How Can the Travel Time of a Satellite Signal Be Measured? 15.7 Clock Bias 15.8 GPS Errors 15.9 Minimizing Errors Through Differential Correction 15.10 Receivers 15.11 HARN 15.12 CORS 15.13 OPUS 15.14 WAAS 15.15 GPS Signals Problems 16 GPS Field Applications 16.1 Geoid and Ellipsoid 16.2 Field Applications 16.3 Static GPS Surveys 16.4 Kinematic GPS 16.5 Real-Time Kinematic Surveying 16.6 Virtual Reference Station 16.7 Dilution of Precision (DOP) 16.8 Planning 16.9 Example Problem 16.10 Network Adjustment 16.11 Carrier Phase GPS Problems 17 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 17.1 Introduction 17.2 What? A Definition of Geographic Information Systems 17.3 Who and Where? 17.4 Why GIS? 17.5 When? The Evolution of GIS 17.6 Thematic Layering 17.7 Levels of Use of a GIS 17.8 Uses of Geographic Information Systems 17.9 Objectives of a GIS 17.10 Applications of a GIS 17.11 GIS on the World Wide Web 17.12 Accuracy in a GIS 17.13 Control Surveying 17.14 Legal Concerns With GIS Problems 18 GIS, Continued 18.1 Essential Elements of a GIS 18.2 Selected Data About Geographic Locations 18.3 GIS Software 18.4 GIS Hardware 18.5 Sources of GIS Data 18.6 Putting Data into the Computer 18.7 Preprocessing Existing Data 18.8 Data Management and Retrieval 18.9 Manipulation and Analysis 18.10 Product Generation 18.11 Coordinates and Map Projections 18.12 Raster GIS 18.13 Conclusion to GIS Discussion Problems 19 Construction Surveying 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Work of the Construction Surveyor 19.3 Trade Unions 19.4 Property Survey from the Contractor's Viewpoint 19.5 Preliminary Surveys 19.6 Grade Stakes 19.7 Referencing Points for Construction 19.8 Building Layout 19.9 Base Lines (Layout Performed By Surveyors) 19.10 Radial Staking Methods 19.11 Batter Boards 19.12 Building Layout: Contractor Method 19.13 As-Built Surveys Problems 20 Volumes 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Slopes and Slope Stakes 20.3 Borrow Pits 20.4 Cross Sections 20.5 Areas of Cross Sections 20.6 Computation of Earthwork Volumes 20.7 Mass Diagram 20.8 Accounting for Shrinkage and Swell 20.9 Volumes from Contour Maps 20.10 Volume Formulas for Geometric Shapes Problems 21 Land Surveying or Property Surveying 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Title Transfer and Land Records 21.3 Common Law 21.4 Monuments 21.5 Blazing Trees 21.6 The Land Surveyor: A Specialist 21.7 Monuments, Bearings, Distances, and Areas 21.8 Miscellaneous Terms Relating to Land Surveying 21.9 Resurveys 21.10 Metes and Bounds 21.11 The U.S. Public Lands Survey System 21.12 Early Days of the System 21.13 Outline of the System 21.14 Meander Lines 21.15 Witness Corners 21.16 Deed Descriptions of Land Problems 22 Horizontal Curves 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Degree of Curvature and Radius of Curvature 22.3 Curve Equations 22.4 Deflection Angles 22.5 Selection and Staking Out of Curves 22.6 Computer Example 22.7 Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves 22.8 Circular Curves Using the SI System 22.9 Horizontal Curves Passing Through Certain Points 22.10 Spiral Curves Problems 23 Vertical Curves 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Vertical Curve Calculations 23.3 Miscellaneous Items Relating to Vertical Curves 23.4 Unequal-Tangent Vertical Curves 23.5 Vertical Curve Passing Through a Specified Point 23.6 Parabolic Curve Equation 23.7 Computer Example 23.8 Roadway Crowns 23.9 Roadway Superelevation Problems 24 Surveying-the Profession 24.1 Surveying Licenses 24.2 Registration Requirements 24.3 Penalties for Practicing Surveying Without a License 24.4 Reasons for Becoming Registered 24.5 A Profession 24.6 Code of Ethics 24.7 To Be Classed as a Professional 24.8 Conclusion Problems APPENDIX A: Some Useful Addresses APPENDIX B: Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Surveying APPENDIX C: Some Useful Formulas Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisPart of The Geological Field Guide Series, Basic Geological Mapping, 5 th Edition is an essential basic guide to field techniques in mapping geology. Now completely revised and updated the book retains the concise clarity which has made it an indispensable instant reference in its previous editions.Trade Review“In summary, the book is written for geology students mapping in the U.K., as opposed to the professional geoscientist. At its best, the book conveys the advice of experienced geology instructors to novice field mapping students as they struggle to learn the fundamentals of geologic observation and interpretation.” (Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 2 May 2013) “No field geoscientist should be without this handy, unparalleled guide. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical program students.” (Choice, 1 August 2012) "This is a "how to do it" book and excels in being a good straight-forward read, packed with detailed information and advice, spiced with a little humour here and there." (Geomatics World, 1 March 2012) Table of ContentsPreface to the Fourth Edition ix Preface to the Fifth Edition xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline and Approach 1 1.2 Safety 2 1.3 Field Behaviour 4 1.4 A Few Words of Comfort 5 2 Field Equipment 6 2.1 Hammers and Chisels 6 2.2 Compasses and Clinometers 8 2.3 Hand Lenses 13 2.4 Tapes 14 2.5 Map Cases 14 2.6 Field Notebooks 15 2.7 Scales 16 2.8 Protractors 16 2.9 Pencils, Erasers and Mapping Pens 17 2.10 Acid Bottles 18 2.11 Global Positioning System (GPS) and Mobile Phones 19 2.12 Other Instruments 23 2.13 Field Clothing 26 3 Topographic Base Maps 27 3.1 Types of Geological Map 27 3.2 Topographic Base Maps 29 3.3 Geographic Coordinates and Metric Grids 30 3.4 Grid Magnetic Angle 33 3.5 Position Finding on Maps 34 3.6 Use of Air Photography as a Mapping Tool 43 3.7 Suitability of Images for Geological Mapping 48 4 Methods of Geological Mapping 50 4.1 Strategy for the Mapping Programme 50 4.2 Mapping by Following Contacts 51 4.3 Traversing 52 4.4 Exposure Mapping 55 4.5 Mapping in Poorly Exposed Regions 57 4.6 Superficial Deposits 62 4.7 Drilling 66 4.8 Geophysical Aids to Mapping 67 4.9 Large-Scale Maps of Limited Areas 71 4.10 Underground Mapping 74 4.11 Photogeology 76 5 Technological Aids to Mapping 80 5.1 Digital Terrain Models 80 5.2 Topographic Surveying Techniques 86 6 Field Measurements and Techniques 95 6.1 Measuring Strike and Dip of Planar Structures 95 6.2 Plotting Strike and Dip 101 6.3 Recording Strike and Dip 101 6.4 Measuring Linear Features 102 6.5 Folds 105 6.6 Faults 110 6.7 Thrusts 112 6.8 Joints 112 6.9 Unconformities 114 6.10 Map Symbols 114 6.11 Specimen Collecting 116 6.12 Field Photography 118 6.13 Panning 124 7 Mappable Rock Units and Lithology 126 7.1 Lithostratigraphy and Sedimentary Rocks 126 7.2 Sedimentary Formations 127 7.3 Rock Descriptions 128 7.4 Identifying and Naming Rocks in the Field 129 7.5 Fossils 133 7.6 Phaneritic Igneous Rocks 134 7.7 Aphanitic Igneous Rocks 135 7.8 Veins and Pegmatites 135 7.9 Igneous Rocks in General 136 7.10 Pyroclastic Rocks 138 7.11 Metamorphic Rocks 138 7.12 Economic Geology 140 8 Field Maps and Field Notebooks 146 8.1 Field Maps 146 8.2 Field Notebooks 154 9 Fair Copy Maps and Other Illustrations 162 9.1 Fair Copy Maps 162 9.2 Transferring Topography 163 9.3 Transferring Geology 163 9.4 Lettering and Symbols 164 9.5 Formation Letters 165 9.6 Layout 165 9.7 Colouring 167 9.8 Stratigraphic Column 167 9.9 Overlays 168 9.10 Computer Drafting of the Fair Copy Map 169 10 Cross-Sections and 3D Illustrations 171 10.1 Cross-Sections 171 10.2 Method of Apparent Dips 175 10.3 Down-Plunge Projection Method 177 10.4 Balanced Cross-Sections 179 10.5 Columnar Sections 179 10.6 Block Diagrams 180 10.7 Models 183 11 Geological Reports 185 11.1 Preparation 186 11.2 Revising and Editing 186 11.3 Layout 186 11.4 The ‘Introduction’ 188 11.5 Main Body of the Report 188 11.6 The ‘Conclusions’ Section 191 11.7 Text Illustrations 191 11.8 References 192 11.9 Appendices 193 11.10 Some Final Thoughts 193 Appendix A: Adjustment of a Closed Compass Traverse 195 Appendix B: Field Equipment Checklist 197 Appendix C: Indicators of Stratigraphical Way-Up 202 Appendix D: Useful Chart and Tables 203 References 205 Index 209

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the well-established Kearey and Brooks text is fully updated to reflect the important developments in geophysical methods since the production of the previous edition. The broad scope of previous editions is maintained, with even greater clarity of explanations from the revised text and extensively revised figures.Trade Review"The book is popular with geophysics students, a result of its clear and concise style, the presentation of information a the level required for the earlier years of an undergraduate degree, and figures which are also clear and concise." Geophysical Journal International on the second edition "No doubt that this volume will once again prove to be a classic textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in geology, geophysics, and for anyone interested in Earth Science." The EGGS, February 2003 "Overall...this is an excellent book and no doubt will continue to be recommended for many undergraduate courses." Geological Magazine, August 2003Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 The principles and limitations of geophysical exploration methods 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The survey methods 1 1.3 The problem of ambiguity in geophysical interpretation 6 1.4 The structure of the book 7 2 Geophysical data processing 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Digitization of geophysical data 8 2.3 Spectral analysis 10 2.4 Waveform processing 13 2.4.1 Convolution 13 2.4.2 Deconvolution 16 2.4.3 Correlation 16 2.5 Digital filtering 17 2.5.1 Frequency filters 18 2.5.2 Inverse (deconvolution) filters 19 2.6 Imaging and modelling 19 Problems 20 Further reading 20 3 Elements of seismic surveying 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Stress and strain 21 3.3 Seismic waves 22 3.3.1 Body waves 23 3.3.2 Surface waves 24 3.3.3 Waves and rays 25 3.4 Seismic wave velocities of rocks 26 3.5 Attenuation of seismic energy along ray paths 27 3.6 Ray paths in layered media 28 3.6.1 Reflection and transmission of normally incident seismic rays 28 3.6.2 Reflection and refraction of obliquely incident rays 30 3.6.3 Critical refraction 31 3.6.4 Diffraction 31 3.7 Reflection and refraction surveying 32 3.8 Seismic data acquisition systems 33 3.8.1 Seismic sources and the seismic/acoustic spectrum 34 3.8.2 Seismic transducers 39 3.8.3 Seismic recording systems 41 Problems 42 Further reading 42 4 Seismic reflection surveying 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Geometry of reflected ray paths 43 4.2.1 Single horizontal reflector 43 4.2.2 Sequence of horizontal reflectors 45 4.2.3 Dipping reflector 46 4.2.4 Ray paths of multiple reflections 47 4.3 The reflection seismogram 48 4.3.1 The seismic trace 48 4.3.2 The shot gather 49 4.3.3 The CMP gather 50 4.4 Multichannel reflection survey design 51 4.4.1 Vertical and horizontal resolution 52 4.4.2 Design of detector arrays 53 4.4.3 Common mid-point (CMP) surveying 54 4.4.4 Display of seismic reflection data 57 4.5 Time corrections applied to seismic traces 57 4.6 Static correction 57 4.7 Velocity analysis 59 4.8 Filtering of seismic data 61 4.8.1 Frequency filtering 62 4.8.2 Inverse filtering (deconvolution) 62 4.8.3 Velocity filtering 65 4.9 Migration of reflection data 67 4.10 3D seismic reflection surveys 72 4.11 Three component (3C) seismic reflection surveys 76 4.12 4D seismic reflection surveys 77 4.13 Vertical seismic profiling 79 4.14 Interpretation of seismic reflection data 80 4.14.1 Structural analysis 81 4.14.2 Stratigraphical analysis (seismic stratigraphy) 82 4.14.3 Seismic modelling 84 4.14.4 Seismic attribute analysis 85 4.15 Single-channel marine reflection profiling 86 4.15.1 Shallow marine seismic sources 89 4.15.2 Sidescan sonar systems 90 4.16 Applications of seismic reflection surveying 92 Problems 97 Further reading 98 5 Seismic refraction surveying 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Geometry of refracted ray paths: planar interfaces 99 5.2.1 Two-layer case with horizontal interface 100 5.2.2 Three-layer case with horizontal interface 101 5.2.3 Multilayer case with horizontal interfaces 102 5.2.4 Dipping-layer case with planar interfaces 102 5.2.5 Faulted planar interfaces 104 5.3 Profile geometries for studying planar layer problems 105 5.4 Geometry of refracted ray paths: irregular (non-planar) interfaces 106 5.4.1 Delay time 106 5.4.2 The plus–minus interpretation method 108 5.4.3 The generalized reciprocal method 109 5.5 Construction of wavefronts and ray-tracing 110 5.6 The hidden and blind layer problems 110 5.7 Refraction in layers of continuous velocity change 112 5.8 Methodology of refraction profiling 112 5.8.1 Field survey arrangements 112 5.8.2 Recording scheme 113 5.8.3 Weathering and elevation corrections 114 5.8.4 Display of refraction seismograms 115 5.9 Other methods of refraction surveying 115 5.10 Seismic tomography 117 5.11 Applications of seismic refraction surveying 119 5.11.1 Engineering and environmental surveys 119 5.11.2 Hydrological surveys 120 5.11.3 Crustal seismology 120 5.11.4 Two-ship seismic surveying: combined refraction and reflection surveying 122 Problems 123 Further reading 124 6 Gravity surveying 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Basic theory 125 6.3 Units of gravity 126 6.4 Measurement of gravity 126 6.5 Gravity anomalies 129 6.6 Gravity anomalies of simple-shaped bodies 130 6.7 Gravity surveying 132 6.8 Gravity reduction 133 6.8.1 Drift correction 133 6.8.2 Latitude correction 133 6.8.3 Elevation corrections 134 6.8.4 Tidal correction 136 6.8.5 Eötvös correction 136 6.8.6 Free-air and Bouguer anomalies 136 6.9 Rock densities 137 6.10 Interpretation of gravity anomalies 139 6.10.1 The inverse problem 139 6.10.2 Regional fields and residual anomalies 139 6.10.3 Direct interpretation 140 6.10.4 Indirect interpretation 142 6.11 Elementary potential theory and potential field manipulation 144 6.12 Applications of gravity surveying 147 Problems 150 Further reading 153 7 Magnetic surveying 155 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Basic concepts 155 7.3 Rock magnetism 158 7.4 The geomagnetic field 159 7.5 Magnetic anomalies 160 7.6 Magnetic surveying instruments 162 7.6.1 Introduction 162 7.6.2 Fluxgate magnetometer 162 7.6.3 Proton magnetometer 163 7.6.4 Optically pumped magnetometer 164 7.6.5 Magnetic gradiometers 164 7.7 Ground magnetic surveys 164 7.8 Aeromagnetic and marine surveys 164 7.9 Reduction of magnetic observations 165 7.9.1 Diurnal variation correction 165 7.9.2 Geomagnetic correction 166 7.9.3 Elevation and terrain corrections 166 7.10 Interpretation of magnetic anomalies 166 7.10.1 Introduction 166 7.10.2 Direct interpretation 168 7.10.3 Indirect interpretation 170 7.11 Potential field transformations 172 7.12 Applications of magnetic surveying 173 Problems 180 Further reading 181 8 Electrical surveying 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Resistivity method 183 8.2.1 Introduction 183 8.2.2 Resistivities of rocks and minerals 183 8.2.3 Current flow in the ground 184 8.2.4 Electrode spreads 186 8.2.5 Resistivity surveying equipment 186 8.2.6 Interpretation of resistivity data 187 8.2.7 Vertical electrical sounding interpretation 188 8.2.8 Constant separation traversing interpretation 193 8.2.9 Limitations of the resistivity method 196 8.2.10 Applications of resistivity surveying 196 8.3 Induced polarization (IP) method 199 8.3.1 Principles 199 8.3.2 Mechanisms of induced polarization 199 8.3.3 Induced polarization measurements 200 8.3.4 Field operations 201 8.3.5 Interpretation of induced polarization data 201 8.3.6 Applications of induced polarization surveying 202 8.4 Self-potential (SP) method 203 8.4.1 Introduction 203 8.4.2 Mechanism of self-potential 203 8.4.3 Self-potential equipment and survey procedure 203 8.4.4 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 204 Problems 205 Further reading 207 9 Electromagnetic surveying 208 9.1 Introduction 208 9.2 Depth of penetration of electromagnetic fields 208 9.3 Detection of electromagnetic fields 209 9.4 Tilt-angle methods 209 9.4.1 Tilt-angle methods employing local transmitters 210 9.4.2 The VLF method 210 9.4.3 The AFMAG method 212 9.5 Phase measuring systems 212 9.6 Time-domain electromagnetic surveying 214 9.7 Non-contacting conductivity measurement 216 9.8 Airborne electromagnetic surveying 218 9.8.1 Fixed separation systems 218 9.8.2 Quadrature systems 220 9.9 Interpretation of electromagnetic data 221 9.10 Limitations of the electromagnetic method 221 9.11 Telluric and magnetotelluric field methods 221 9.11.1 Introduction 221 9.11.2 Surveying with telluric currents 222 9.11.3 Magnetotelluric surveying 224 9.12 Ground-penetrating radar 225 9.13 Applications of electromagnetic surveying 227 Problems 228 Further reading 230 10 Radiometric surveying 231 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Radioactive decay 231 10.3 Radioactive minerals 232 10.4 Instruments for measuring radioactivity 233 10.4.1 Geiger counter 233 10.4.2 Scintillation counter 233 10.4.3 Gamma-ray spectrometer 233 10.4.4 Radon emanometer 234 10.5 Field surveys 235 10.6 Example of radiometric surveying 235 Further reading 235 11 Geophysical borehole logging 236 11.1 Introduction to drilling 236 11.2 Principles of well logging 236 11.3 Formation evaluation 237 11.4 Resistivity logging 237 11.4.1 Normal log 238 11.4.2 Lateral log 239 11.4.3 Laterolog 240 11.4.4 Microlog 241 11.4.5 Porosity estimation 241 11.4.6 Water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation 241 11.4.7 Permeability estimation 242 11.4.8 Resistivity dipmeter log 242 11.5 Induction logging 243 11.6 Self-potential logging 243 11.7 Radiometric logging 244 11.7.1 Natural gamma radiation log 244 11.7.2 Gamma-ray density log 244 11.7.3 Neutron–gamma-ray log 245 11.8 Sonic logging 246 11.9 Temperature logging 247 11.10 Magnetic logging 247 11.10.1 Magnetic log 247 11.10.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance log 247 11.11 Gravity logging 247 Problems 248 Further reading 249 Appendix: SI c.g.s. and Imperial (customary USA) units and conversion factors 250 References 251 Index 257

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Book SynopsisMore than a physical space, a hypercity is a real city overlaid with information networks that document the past, catalyze the present, and project future possibilities. Hypercities are always under construction. HyperCities puts digital humanities theory into practice to chart the proliferating cultural records of places around the world.Trade ReviewA provocative overview and theoretical explication of ‘thick mapping’ projects that show enormous potential for complex, multilayered, multidimensional explorations of urban areas. HyperCities is an important book that makes signal contributions to the digital humanities. -- Matthew K. Gold, Associate Professor of English and Digital Humanities, Graduate Center, City University of New York

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Book SynopsisOn October 23, 1852, Professor Augustus De Morgan wrote a letter to a colleague, unaware that he was launching one of the most famous mathematical conundrums in history - one that would confound thousands of puzzlers for more than a century. This book tells the amazing story of how the "map problem" was solved.Trade Review"The simplicity of the four-color conjecture is deceptive. Just how deceptive is made clear by Robin Wilson's delightful history of the quest to resolve it... Four Colors Suffice is strewn with good anecdotes, and the author ... proves himself skillful at making the mathematics accessible."--Jim Holt, New York Review of Books "Wilson's lucid history weaves together lively anecdotes, biographical sketches, and a non-technical account of the mathematics."--Science "Earlier books ... relate some of the relevant history in their introductions, but they are primarily technical. In contrast, Four Colors Suffice is a blend of history anecdotes and mathematics. Mathematical arguments are presented in a clear, colloquial style, which flows gracefully."--Daniel S. Silver, American Scientist "Robin Wilson appeals to the mathematical novice with an unassuming lucidity. It's thrilling to see great mathematicians fall for seductively simple proofs, then stumble on equally simple counter-examples. Or swallow their pride."--Jascha Hoffman, The Boston Globe "A thoroughly accessible history of attempts to prove the four-color theorem. Wilson defines the problem and explains some of the methods used by those trying to solve it. His descriptions of the contributions made by dozens of dedicated, and often eccentric, mathematicians give a fascinating insight into how mathematics moves forward, and how approaches have changed over the past 50 years... It's comforting to know that however indispensable computers become, there will always be a place for the delightfully eccentric mathematical mind. Let's hope that Robin Wilson continues to write about them."--Elizabeth Sourbut, New Scientist "An attractive and well-written account of the solution of the Four Color Problem... It tells in simple terms an exciting story. It ... give[s] the reader a view into the world of mathematicians, their ideas and methods, discussions, competitions, and ways of collaboration. As such it is warmly recommended."--Bjarne Toft, Notices of the American Mathematical Society "Recreational mathematicians will find Wilson's history of the conjecture an approachable mix of its technical and human aspects... Wilson explains all with exemplary clarity and an accent on the eccentricities of the characters."--Booklist "Wilson gives a clear account of the proof ... enlivened by historical tales."--Alastair Rae, Physics World "Wilson provides a lively narrative and good, easy-to-read arguments showing not only some of the victories but the defeats as well... Even those with only a mild interest in coloring problems or graphs or topology will have fun reading this book... [It is] entertaining, erudite and loaded with anecdotes."--G.L. Alexanderson, MAA OnlineTable of ContentsForeword by Ian Stewart xi Preface to the Revised Color Edition xiii Preface to the Original Edition xv 1The Four-Color Problem 1 What Is the Four-Color Problem? | Why Is It Interesting? | Is It Important? | What Is Meant by "Solving" It? | Who Posed It, and How Was It Solved? | Painting by Numbers | Two Examples 2The Problem Is Posed 12 De Morgan Writes a Letter | Hotspur and the Athenaeum | Mobius and the Five Princes | Confusion Reigns 3Euler's Famous Formula 28 Euler Writes a Letter | From Polyhedra to Maps | Only Five Neighbors | A Counting Formula 4Cayley Revives the Problem ... 45 Cayley's Query | Knocking Down Dominoes | Minimal Criminals | The Six-Color Theorem 5... and Kempe Solves It 55 Sylvester's New Journal | Kempe's Paper | Kempe Chains | Some Variations | Back to Baltimore 6A Chapter of Accidents 71 A Challenge for the Bishop | A Visit to Scotland | Cycling around Polyhedra | A Voyage around the World | Wee Planetoids 7A Bombshell from Durham 86 Heawood's Map | A Salvage Operation | Coloring Empires | Maps on Bagels | Picking Up the Pieces 8Crossing the Atlantic 105 Two Fundamental Ideas | Finding Unavoidable Sets | Finding Reducible Configurations | Coloring Diamonds | How Many Ways? 9A New Dawn Breaks 124 Bagels and Traffic Cops | Heinrich Heesch | Wolfgang Haken | Enter the Computer | Coloring Horseshoes 10Success! 139 A Heesch-Haken Partnership? | Kenneth Appel | Getting Down to Business | The Final Onslaught | A Race against Time | Aftermath 11Is It a Proof? 157 Cool Reaction | What Is a Proof Today? | Meanwhile ... | A New Proof | Into the Next Millennium | The Future Chronology of Events 171 Notes and References 175 Glossary 187 Picture Credits 193 Index 195

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Book SynopsisThis lavishly illustrated book provides a unique insight into the evolution of mapmaking and the science behind it, from the stone age to the digital age. Britain’s leading cartographic author takes us on a historical journey through how the greatest maps were created. Exploring key cartographers and mapmaking methods, as well as fascinating interludes on subjects such as the very first maps, deliberate mistakes, and superlative maps, this comprehensive guide explores how the techniques and technology have developed throughout human history: • Evolving methods of surveying: from the Roman groma, through the naval instruments of the magnetic compass, astrolabes and sextants, to the 20th century revolution of aerial photography  • Drawing tools and materials: from Babylonian maps carved in clay, to digital maps created via touchscreen • The introduction of various mapping conveTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION 1. IN THE BEGINNING The First Maps 2. SURVEYS AND SKETCHES Gathering the Information 3. WHYS AND WHEREFORES The Purpose of Maps 4. OLD TIMERS The First Map-makers 5. IN THE ROUND Globes and Spheres 6. SURFACE MATTERS Materials for Drawing Maps 7. A MAP OF MANY PARTS The Components of a Map 8. GOING NOWHERE Places Which Weren’t There 9. THE DRAWING ROOM Key Cartographers from the Golden Age to the Modern Age 10. MIGHTY MAPS Mapping Superlatives 11. A MAP IN HAND The Purposes to Which Maps Have Been Put CONCLUSION FURTHER RESOURCES INDEX CREDITS ABOUT THE AUTHOR & ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Book SynopsisIn this richly visual narrative, acclaimed historian Susan Schulten explores five centuries of American history through maps. From the voyages of European discovery to the digital age, she reveals the many ways that maps have shaped history.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. 1490-1600: Contact and Discovery 2. 1600-1700: Early Settlement and a Quest for a Northwestern Passage 3. 1700-1783: Imperialism and Independence 4. 1783-1835: A Nation Realized 5. 1837-1874: Expansion, Fragmentation and Reunification 6. 1874-1914: Industrialization and its Discontents 7. 1914-1940: Prosperity, Depression, Reform 8. 1940-1962: Between War and Abundance 9. 1962-2001: An Unsettled Peace

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Book SynopsisA spectacular pictorial history of astronomical exploration, for anyone who has gazed at the sky and wondered what lies beyondTrade Review"Sun and Moon amply demonstrates that the efforts of scientists and explorers to comprehend our wider environment arises from an appreciation of beauty as well as the pursuit of reason-from hearts as well as minds."—Timothy Ferris, bestselling author and filmmaker (hailed by the Washington Post as "the best science writer of his generation.")"...A sublime history of man and space rendered in gorgeous detail."—Outer Places"Sun and Moon is a thrilling catalog of important cosmic discoveries."—Cool Hunting"...A deeply researched, richly photographed history of modern space exploration... Sun and Moon captures our progress and our enduring fascination with space."—Worth.com"Sun and Moon celebrates our fascination with the skies above."—Werd.com"...A quintessential coffee-table book by Mark Holborn that traces centuries of beyond-Earth imagery and imagination."—Geekwire"...is a thrilling catalog of important cosmic discoveries...[it] gives new (and old) insight to curious readers."—Cool Hunting"Holborn marries history, sociology, art and science to unpick the ways that space has defined our existence here on Earth… This all-encompassing view of our relationship with space is made all the more enjoyable by the rich visual material that has been amassed…the true gems are densely packed photographs that capture the wonders of our stars, made possible by rapidly changing technologies. To be able to comprehend the surface of the moon, or the wonders of the Eagle Nebula and the Whirlpool Galaxy, is something truly heavenly."—Elephant magazine"Taken as a whole, the book shows how dreary life on Earth would be without the beauty of the sun by day and the splendor of the moon at night."—Air and Space/Smithsonian Magazine"Capturing a sense of the infinite unknown that enraptures dedicated stargazers, Mark Holborn's Sun and Moon: A Story of Astronomy, Photography, and Mapping is an extensive-and stunning-visual history of space exploration. Elegantly designed, with nearly 300 images, Sun and Moon is an altogether grand retrospective of humankind's attempts to make sense of the mysteries of space."—BookPage"In the year of the 50th anniversary of the moon landing, a design editor's approach to the cosmos, tracing the side-by-side developments of artistic and scientific attempts to explain it."—The New York Times Online"In the year of the 50th anniversary of the moon landing, a design editor's approach to the cosmos, tracing the side-by-side developments of artistic and scientific attempts to explain it."—The New York Times

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Book SynopsisIn this enlightening book, Alan Ereira brings a fascinating hidden history to light, and reveals that Ogilby's celebrated Britannia is far more than a harmless road atlas: it is, rather, filled with secrets designed to serve a conspiracy of kings and England's undoing. The Nine Lives of John Ogilby is the story of a remarkable man, and of a covertTrade Review‘A spectacular book with a wide range of insights to the 17th Century’ * Terry Jones *Ereira is justly proud… situates Britannia in its political context, connecting it to Charles II’s military purposes and need to crush rebellion' * Guardian *‘Compelling... a terrific subject for a biography... Ereira’s enthusiasm is infectious [and his] generous biography conveys both the irrepressible energy and the shifty elusiveness of Ogilby.’ * TLS *Britannia was created by a cunning Scot, to help the monarch’s absolute ascendancy over the whole of Britain. The secret is finally out.' * Scotsman *

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Book SynopsisTake a trip to outer space with this weird and wonderful guide to our universe, the perfect gift for both young and old Vargic''s beautifully innovative designs will help to explain all of the bizarre and fascinating aspects of the cosmos; from the history of the universe to what makes up our solar system and even how human life fits into the wider picture. Be taken on an unforgettable journey through space with chapters on . . . Exploring the Cosmos The Night Sky Maps of the Inner Solar System Timeline of the Universe Cosmologies throughout History Journey Into Outer Space Scale of the UniverseThis is a book that celebrates the scale and spectacle of the universe on every page, and one which you''ll treasure forever._______ ''5***** In more than one hundred pages filled with facts and illustrations he takes the reader on a journey through the history of the cosmos'' BBC Sky at Night ''Packs in so much of our astronomical knowledge, so many tidbits about the history of astronomy and space exploration that I felt wonderfully enriched by it all. It is visually striking and beautifully illustrated'' Dr. Alfredo CarpinetiTrade Review5 ***** In more than one hundred pages filled with facts and illustrations he takes the reader on a journey through the history of the cosmos * BBC Sky at Night *Packs in so much of our astronomical knowledge, so many tidbits about the history of astronomy and space exploration that I felt wonderfully enriched by it all. The book managed to surprise me in so many different ways. It is visually striking and beautifully illustrated * Dr. Alfredo Carpineti, writer for @IFLScience *Praise for Vargic's Miscellany of Curious Maps * - *Beautiful * Independent *It's a cliché to say an artist can change the way you look at the world - but Martin Vargic truly has. * www.nypost.com *This is a must read * www.visualnews.com *Bitingly satirical * www.slate.com *A phenomenal collection * www.independent.co.uk *Amazing * Daily Mail *Gorgeous * www.pastemagazine.com *Martin Vargic's maps of the world look like they belong on parchment, hung on walls of estates that no one can really afford . . . but there's more to the world than piles of dirt and great swathes of sea water . . . his cartography creates an indirect commentary on how cultural proximities are every bit as relevant in the digital age as geographical ones. * www.bostonglobe.com *Weird and wonderful * www.mirror.co.uk *

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Book SynopsisThe first complete account of the various attempts to map New Zealand prior to 1773, spanning continents, peoples, empires and professions.Trade ReviewThis comprehensive, engaging study highlights how curiosity and ambition drove the pioneering navigational achievements of two brilliant seamen, alongside the development of cartography as a strategic resource, an economic opportunity, and an emblem of western control. Moon reveals how Tasman and Cook gave New Zealand a name and a shape on the global map, while also local documenting local peoples' own methods of recording navigation, and their powerful sense of place. - Andrew Lambert FKC, Laughton Professor of Naval History, Kings College London The story of how our modern maps came to be is far more complicated and interesting than many suspect. Maps are the results of layers of knowledge, superimposed on one another; they are the results of political interest, editorial manipulation, courage, brutality and sympathy. Above all they are the result of cultures - often vastly different - colliding. Among all of these stories, that of the mapping of New Zealand is one of the finest, and here it is brilliantly told. - Sam Willis, Naval Historian and Television Presenter Paul Moon, who has been detailing the history of New Zealand Aotearoa for some years with a series of books, has now added to his oeuvre with one that neatly summarises the evolution of ideas about the location, size and shape of these islands from the theoretical ideas of sixteenth century European geographers to the charts produced by the likes of James Cook near the end of the eighteenth century. - John Robson, Quondam Map Librarian, University of Waikato Moon does not just dive into his topic; he sets the scene with chapters on the development of cartography, and one about the Dutch East India Company (known by the initials VOC from its Dutch name). Moon suggests that "Exploration has always been an appetite that grows with the eating", as states and companies sought to discover opportunities for expansion or commerce. "Maps", says Moon, "did not just plot the course of Dutch commercial expansion". He notes that they led the way. The early history of the mapping of New Zealand is entwined with the history of the VOC. Larry Robins in Cook's Log, Vol. 46, no. 4, pp.12-13 October (2023)Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Introduction 1. Cartography and the Age of Discovery 2. The VOC and Dutch Batavia 3. Abel Janszoon Tasman 4. 'The Intelligence Empire': Seventeenth-Century Dutch Exploration of the South Pacific 5. New Zealand on the Map 6. The Growth of Literacy and Mapmaking in England 7. 'To Add a Lustre to this Nation': Cook's Expedition 8. Mapping the East Coast of New Zealand 9. One or Two Islands Separated by a Strait? 10. North and South Islands Revealed 11. The End of Cook's First Journey to the Southern Hemisphere 12. Conclusion Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisConsidered a wonder of the ancient world, the Newark Earthworks have been a focal point for archaeologists and surveyors, researchers and scholars for almost two centuries. The first book-length volume devoted to the site, this text reveals the magnitude and the geometric precision of what remains of the earthworks and the site’s undeniable importance to history.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"With rapidly shifting digital technologies, geo-surveillance, everyday cartography, privatized georeferenced data, and neoliberalization, New Lines offers a reflexive reassessment of the scholarly praxis of critical GIS, an increasingly anachronistic term. Attentive also to contemporary philosophical debates, Matthew W. Wilson’s lively and ambitious manifesto pushes the reader to re-examine everything they thought they knew about the topic."—Eric Sheppard, author of Limits to Globalization: The Disruptive Geographies of Capitalist Development"This elegantly argued book offers a brilliantly original perspective on the many ‘troubles’—technical, epistemological, cultural, and political—associated with the contemporary proliferation of digital mapping systems. For anyone interested in understanding the rapidly changing sociohistorical, technological and institutional contexts in which cartographic practice occurs, Matthew W. Wilson’s New Lines will provide a foundational source of insight, wisdom, inspiration, and provocation."—Neil Brenner, Harvard University"The book is an important provocation for any mapmaker, cartographer, and spatial thinker. Ultimately, the book is a required read – even if only for the history alone – for any map user."—Rhizomes "New Lines reinvigorates some of the discussions that GIScience scholars have debated for decades by presenting material that is substantial without being impenetrable." —Cartographic PerspectivesTable of ContentsContentsPrefaceIntroduction: But Do You Actually Do GIS? 1. Criticality: The Urgency of Drawing and Tracing2. Digitality: Origins, or the Stories We Tell Ourselves3. Movement: Strange Concepts and the Essentially Subjective4. Attention: Memory Support and the Care of Community5. Quantification: Counting on Location-Aware Futures6. A Single Point Does Not Form a LineAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"With rapidly shifting digital technologies, geo-surveillance, everyday cartography, privatized georeferenced data, and neoliberalization, New Lines offers a reflexive reassessment of the scholarly praxis of critical GIS, an increasingly anachronistic term. Attentive also to contemporary philosophical debates, Matthew W. Wilson’s lively and ambitious manifesto pushes the reader to re-examine everything they thought they knew about the topic."—Eric Sheppard, author of Limits to Globalization: The Disruptive Geographies of Capitalist Development"This elegantly argued book offers a brilliantly original perspective on the many ‘troubles’—technical, epistemological, cultural, and political—associated with the contemporary proliferation of digital mapping systems. For anyone interested in understanding the rapidly changing sociohistorical, technological and institutional contexts in which cartographic practice occurs, Matthew W. Wilson’s New Lines will provide a foundational source of insight, wisdom, inspiration, and provocation."—Neil Brenner, Harvard University"The book is an important provocation for any mapmaker, cartographer, and spatial thinker. Ultimately, the book is a required read – even if only for the history alone – for any map user."—Rhizomes "New Lines reinvigorates some of the discussions that GIScience scholars have debated for decades by presenting material that is substantial without being impenetrable." —Cartographic PerspectivesTable of ContentsContentsPrefaceIntroduction: But Do You Actually Do GIS? 1. Criticality: The Urgency of Drawing and Tracing2. Digitality: Origins, or the Stories We Tell Ourselves3. Movement: Strange Concepts and the Essentially Subjective4. Attention: Memory Support and the Care of Community5. Quantification: Counting on Location-Aware Futures6. A Single Point Does Not Form a LineAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisCaren Kaplan traces the cultural history of aerial imagery—from the first vistas provided by balloons in the eighteenth century to the sensing operations of military drones—to show how aerial imagery is key to modern visual culture and can both enforce military power and foster positive political connections.Trade Review"Kaplan challenges the assessment that the view from above must always entail power and control, though that’s often the purpose of this perspective. . . . As Kaplan shows, the view from above can be appropriated by artists and activists to challenge military claims and call attention to the suffering on the ground. She herself takes a view from higher above to critique drone warfare." -- Jason Pearl * Public Books *"[A] fascinating history which [Kaplan] illustrates with well-chosen images sprinkled throughout the text. She shows that while the aerial perspective is far from new, contemporary viewers almost always find it fresh and consider the view from the heavens to be particularly revealing." -- Neta C. Crawford * H-Diplo, H-Net Reviews *"An intelligent, engaging tour‑de‑force bringing into conversation with one another a variety of different media, images and texts, and persuading the readers through its thoughtful reconstruction and deconstruction of historical instances of all‑encompassing vision to learn something even about the unconscious ways they may view the world themselves." -- Laleh Khalili * New Americanist *"Caren Kaplan’s brilliant new Aerial Aftermaths is full of quotable material . . . The author is clear that she wants to interrogate the kind of thinking that makes for grand narratives. And we are better for it. Kaplan’s deconstruction of such narratives is necessarily interdisciplinary, as she impressively reads across a host of literatures in geography, history, American studies and technology/media studies, but it is especially noteworthy for bringing art historians and critics into the fold. She nimbly reads images against the grain, finding the gaps and absences and filling them with historical and critical insight." -- Timothy Barney * Imago Mundi *"Kaplan’s erudition and deep thought emerge from every page, and her prose is as purposeful and potent as one would expect from a Duke monograph. Aerial Aftermaths is a powerful, timely and elegantly crafted book that shrewdly subverts the optics of war." -- Peter Hobbins * Cultural Studies Review *"Kaplan troubles both the conventional wisdom that vision from above results in the immediately legible and its opposite: that vision from above evacuates the possibility of what we can see. She compels her reader to consider the violence 'always already inherent in both desires.'" -- Jennifer Kelly * Radical History Review *"A historically astute account of becoming-aerial, Kaplan’s text is a valuable, careful and nuanced contribution to a wider collection of aerially attentive interventions." -- Anna Jackman * Postcolonial Studies *"Anyone with an interest in state power, surveillance, drone theory or technology, the history of colonialism, art history, military history, or the history of visual culture would find this study enriching and challenging." -- Grace Aldridge Foster * Journal of Cinema and Media Studies *"[A] sweeping, richly illustrated work on the uses of aerial views in wartime aftermaths." -- Blair Stein * Technology and Culture *“Bringing together mapping, photography, war, and the interrogation of the aerial view, Kaplan’s engaged study Aerial Aftermaths underscores the significance of that view to contemporary visual culture. Moreover, Kaplan links this account to an established critique of cartography as a form of power and more particularly an engagement with Western control over non-Western landscapes and peoples.” -- Jeremy Black * American Historical Review *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction. Aerial Aftermaths 1 1. Surveying Wartime Aftermaths: The First Military Survey of Scotland 34 2. Balloon Geography: The Emotion of Motion in Aerostatic Wartime 68 3. La Nature à Coup d'Oeil: "Seeing All" in Early Panoramas 104 4. Mapping "Mesopotamia": Aerial Photography in Early Twentieth-Century Iraq 138 5. The Politics of the Sensible: Aerial Photography's Wartime Aftermaths 180 Afterword. Sensing Distance 207 Notes 217 Works Cited 255 Index 277

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Book SynopsisBernardo de Miera y Pacheco (1713-1785) is remembered today as the cartographer who drew some of the most important early maps of the American West. His ""Plano Geographico"" of the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin influenced other mapmakers for almost a century. This book places the man and the map in historical context, reminding readers of the enduring significance of Miera y Pacheco.

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Book SynopsisAddresses questions such as: Why do people make maps? And what do they hope their maps will accomplish? This book is illustrated with reproductions of historic maps. In describing how people produced and used maps, it tells a larger story of one region's peoples and cultures and of a nation's zeal for exploration.

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Book SynopsisThis volume ventures into terrain where even the most sophisticated map fails to lead--through the mapmaker's bias. Denis Wood shows how maps are not impartial reference objects, but rather instruments of communication, persuasion, and power. Like paintings, they express a point of view. By connecting us to a reality that could not exist in the absence of maps--a world of property lines and voting rights, taxation districts and enterprise zones--they embody and project the interests of their creators. Sampling the scope of maps available today, illustrations include Peter Gould's AIDS map, Tom Van Sant's map of the earth, U.S. Geological Survey maps, and a child's drawing of the world. THE POWER OF MAPS was published in conjunction with an exhibition at the Cooper Hewitt Museum, the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Design.Trade ReviewIf compelled to cite only a single book on cartography to stock a desert-island shelf or to assign to the eager novice, this is the automatic choice....Although I have been drawing and poring over maps, as well as reading about them, since childhood, I received more revelations about their essential nature and larger meanings from this one powerful, disturbing, totally convincing essay than from all the other books, articles, and lectures on the subject I have ever encountered.'' --Wilbur Zelinsky, The Pennsylvania State University Combining both topical issues relevant to lay readers and serious scholarship, Denis Wood's The Power of Maps will provoke, amuse, tweak, and inform anyone who has had occasion to use, or merely peruse, a map--which is to say, everyone. It is a relentless entertainment--relentlessly challenging to traditional assumptions about cartography, relentlessly witty as it deconstructs (read: demolishes) the pretense of neutral, `scientific' map-making, and relentlessly contrary in reminding us that maps reflect social choices and serve particular political interests.'' --Stephen S. Hall, author of Mapping the Next MillenniumPerhaps the simplest thing to say is that there is nothing quite like it! There are, of course, countless conventional accounts of cartography -- usually a combination of the history of cartography and a catalogue of its technical achievements-- but these are usually Whiggish tales which celebrate the progressive advance of cartography towards 'Truth.' Apart from a short discussion of so-called 'propaganda maps' (which is there simply to mark a departure from the norm, so to speak, an anomaly) these books rarely offer any sustained discussion of what one might call the cultural and political implications of maps and mapping. With the current explosion of interest in cultural politics and social theory, both inside and outside human geography, there is an obvious need for a discussion which resists those conventions. I can think of only Mark Monmonier's HOW TO LIE WITH MAPS -- which from all accounts has done extremely well, but is narrower in scope than Wood's text -- and the late Brian Harley's marvelous essays on deconstruction and mapping -- which may well be too abstract for many readers. In any event, I have no doubt that Denis Wood's book will be a major contribution to this emerging discussion of the power and politics of maps and mapping: it is written in a clear and accessible style but none the less deals with some of the most complex issues in contemporary debates over power, knowledge and spatiality. It is immensely engaging: the examples and illustrations are to the point and by no means obvious, and the issues that are raised extend far beyond the confines of any purely academic discipline. This is one of those rare books that will prompt its readers to re-think some of their most taken-for-granted assumptions and the ways in which those conventions bear on their everyday lives.-- Derek Gregory, The University of British Columbia -Wood's enthusiastic and scholarly contribution to the history of geography, and specifically the history of mapping, is widely acknowledged. The Power of Maps...has been widely reviewed, routinely used in teaching the history of geographical knowledge and rarely goes without citation in scholarship on the geopolitics of maps.--Jane Jacobs in Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 10/18/1992ƒƒ Denis Wood's book The Power of Maps sheds a brilliant new light on our customary experience of maps....You will never look at any map the same way again. --The Christian Science Monitor, 10/18/1992ƒƒ ....The last word on maps. --The Trenton Times, 10/18/1992ƒƒ He has some important, indeed compelling, things to say about maps...Wood not only incorporates a great store of historical detail into his essays, he sees maps as peculiar historical texts, as repositories of layers of knowledge and labor that can be revealed if we know how to read them....I highly recommend this unconventional book to historians of science of any period. --Isis, 10/18/1992

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Book SynopsisThis Element reconsiders what the focus of digital literary mapping should be for a subject like English Literature, what digital tools should be employed and to what interpretative ends. How we can harness the digital to find new ways of understanding spatial meaning in the Humanities? Section 1 provides a brief overview of the relationship between literature, geography and cartography and the emergence of literary mapping, providing a critique of current digital methods and making the case for new approaches. The second section turns to Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin and explores the potential of the ''chronotope'' for literature as a way of structuring digital literary maps that provides a solution to the complexities of mapping time as well as space. Sections 3 and 4 then exemplify the method by applying it first to realist novels by Dickens and Hardy then the multiple states of J. M. Barrie''s Peter Pan. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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Mapping Paradigms in Modern and Contemporary Art defines a new cartographic aesthetic, or what Simonetta Moro calls carto-aesthetics, as a key to interpreting specific phenomena in modern and contemporary art, through the concept of poetic cartography. The problem of mapping, although indebted to the spatial turn of poststructuralist philosophy, is reconstructed as hermeneutics, while exposing the nexus between topology, space-time, and memory. The book posits that the emergence of mapping as a ubiquitous theme in contemporary art can be attributed to the power of the cartographic model to constitute multiple worldviews that can be seen as paradigmatic of the post-modern and contemporary condition. This book will be of particular interest to scholars in art history, art theory, aesthetics, and cartography.

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Book SynopsisDr Paulina Rowinska has a PhD in Mathematics of Planet Earth from Imperial College London. Her 2017 TEDx talk Let's Have a Maths Party!' explained that maths is all around us. Thanks to her science communication activities, in 2019 she received the Imperial College President's Award for Excellence in Societal Engagement. Today, she creates interactive content for a leading innovative educational company, Brilliant. Mapmatics is her first book.

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Book SynopsisHyunhee Park's book documents the relationship between the Islamic and Chinese worlds before the Europeans arrived. Through close analysis, Park explores varied interactions between these two regions. This rich, engaging study offers glimpses into the worlds of Asian geographers and mapmakers, whose accumulated wisdom underpinned the celebrated voyages of European explorers.Trade Review'In this valuable book, Professor Hyunhee Park confirms the significance of Sino-Islamic contacts and knowledge of each other's societies through the unique means of detailed studies of traditional as well as recently discovered Chinese and Islamic maps. A large number of maps and illustrations are a splendid bonus for the reader.' Morris Rossabi, Distinguished Professor of History, City University of New York'A number of studies focus on the interactions between Western and Eastern Asia before European imperial and colonial enterprises (re-)discovered these regions. However, none of them provides the broad, in-depth view of the whole period that this book provides, from the venture of Islam to the emergence of European powers in the region. It is indispensable for any student or scholar who wants to understand the interdependencies of Asian history during this period.' Ralph Kauz, University of Bonn'… it is a courageous account and may serve as an excellent introduction to this field of study.' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia is a book well worth reading and pondering. It offers valuable insights into the historical exchanges, through the aegis of geography, between the Chinese and Muslim worlds. It is a refreshing reminder of the forgotten fact that the study of geography is the theatre of history, and that history is understood within the limits of a certain geography.' Tarek Ladjal, ArabicaTable of Contents1. From imperial encounter to maritime trade: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 750–1260; 2. The representation of China and the world: Islamic knowledge about China, 750–1260; 3. Interpreting the Mongol world: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 1260–1368; 4. Beyond Marco Polo: Islamic knowledge about China, 1260–1368; 5. Legacy from half the globe before 1492: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world and Islamic knowledge about China, 1368–1500; Conclusion: lessons from pre-modern Sino-Islamic contact.

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Book SynopsisLong before Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope en route to India, the peoples of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia engaged in vigorous cross-cultural exchanges across the Indian Ocean. This book focuses on the years 700 to 1500, a period when powerful dynasties governed both regions, to document the relationship between the Islamic and Chinese worlds before the arrival of the Europeans. Through a close analysis of the maps, geographic accounts, and travelogues compiled by both Chinese and Islamic writers, the book traces the development of major contacts between people in China and the Islamic world and explores their interactions on matters as varied as diplomacy, commerce, mutual understanding, world geography, navigation, shipbuilding, and scientific exploration. When the Mongols ruled both China and Iran in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, their geographic understanding of each other's society increased markedly. This rich, engaging, and pioneering study offers gliTrade Review'In this valuable book, Professor Hyunhee Park confirms the significance of Sino-Islamic contacts and knowledge of each other's societies through the unique means of detailed studies of traditional as well as recently discovered Chinese and Islamic maps. A large number of maps and illustrations are a splendid bonus for the reader.' Morris Rossabi, Distinguished Professor of History, City University of New York'A number of studies focus on the interactions between Western and Eastern Asia before European imperial and colonial enterprises (re-)discovered these regions. However, none of them provides the broad, in-depth view of the whole period that this book provides, from the venture of Islam to the emergence of European powers in the region. It is indispensable for any student or scholar who wants to understand the interdependencies of Asian history during this period.' Ralph Kauz, University of Bonn'… it is a courageous account and may serve as an excellent introduction to this field of study.' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia is a book well worth reading and pondering. It offers valuable insights into the historical exchanges, through the aegis of geography, between the Chinese and Muslim worlds. It is a refreshing reminder of the forgotten fact that the study of geography is the theatre of history, and that history is understood within the limits of a certain geography.' Tarek Ladjal, ArabicaTable of Contents1. From imperial encounter to maritime trade: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 750–1260; 2. The representation of China and the world: Islamic knowledge about China, 750–1260; 3. Interpreting the Mongol world: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 1260–1368; 4. Beyond Marco Polo: Islamic knowledge about China, 1260–1368; 5. Legacy from half the globe before 1492: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world and Islamic knowledge about China, 1368–1500; Conclusion: lessons from pre-modern Sino-Islamic contact.

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Book SynopsisGeomathematics provides a comprehensive summary of the mathematical principles behind key topics in geophysics and geodesy, covering the foundations of gravimetry, geomagnetics and seismology. Theorems and their proofs explain why physical realities in geoscience are the logical mathematical consequences of basic laws. The book also derives and analyzes the theory and numerical aspects of established systems of basis functions; and presents an algorithm for combining different types of trial functions. Topics cover inverse problems and their regularization, the Laplace/Poisson equation, boundary-value problems, foundations of potential theory, the Poisson integral formula, spherical harmonics, Legendre polynomials and functions, radial basis functions, the Biot-Savart law, decomposition theorems (orthogonal, Helmholtz, and Mie), basics of continuum mechanics, conservation laws, modelling of seismic waves, the Cauchy-Navier equation, seismic rays, and travel-time tomography. Each chapter ends with review questions, with solutions for instructors available online, providing a valuable reference for graduate students and researchers.Table of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Required Mathematical Basics; 3. Gravitation and Harmonic Functions; 4. Basis Functions; 5. Inverse Problems; 6. The Magnetic Field; 7. Mathematical Models in Seismology; Appendix A. Hints for the Exercises; Appendix B. Questions for Understanding; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisEmploy the latest satellite positioning tech with this extensive guide GPS Satellite Surveying is the classic text on the subject, providing the most comprehensive coverage of global navigation satellite systems applications for surveying.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix ABBREVIATIONS xxi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 LEAST-SQUARES ADJUSTMENTS 11 2.1 Elementary Considerations 12 2.1.1 Statistical Nature of Surveying Measurements 12 2.1.2 Observational Errors 13 2.1.3 Accuracy and Precision 13 2.2 Stochastic and Mathematical Models 14 2.3 Mixed Model 17 2.3.1 Linearization 18 2.3.2 Minimization and Solution 19 2.3.3 Cofactor Matrices 20 2.3.4 A Posteriori Variance of Unit Weight 21 2.3.5 Iterations 22 2.4 Sequential Mixed Model 23 2.5 Model Specifications 29 2.5.1 Observation Equation Model 29 2.5.2 Condition Equation Model 30 2.5.3 Mixed Model with Observation Equations 30 2.5.4 Sequential Observation Equation Model 32 2.5.5 Observation Equation Model with Observed Parameters 32 2.5.6 Mixed Model with Conditions 34 2.5.7 Observation Equation Model with Conditions 35 2.6 Minimal and Inner Constraints 37 2.7 Statistics in Least-Squares Adjustment 42 2.7.1 Fundamental Test 42 2.7.2 Testing Sequential Least Squares 48 2.7.3 General Linear Hypothesis 49 2.7.4 Ellipses as Confidence Regions 52 2.7.5 Properties of Standard Ellipses 56 2.7.6 Other Measures of Precision 60 2.8 Reliability 62 2.8.1 Redundancy Numbers 62 2.8.2 Controlling Type-II Error for a Single Blunder 64 2.8.3 Internal Reliability 67 2.8.4 Absorption 67 2.8.5 External Reliability 68 2.8.6 Correlated Cases 69 2.9 Blunder Detection 70 2.9.1 Tau Test 71 2.9.2 Data Snooping 71 2.9.3 Changing Weights of Observations 72 2.10 Examples 72 2.11 Kalman Filtering 77 3 RECURSIVE LEAST SQUARES 81 3.1 Static Parameter 82 3.2 Static Parameters and Arbitrary Time-Varying Variables 87 3.3 Dynamic Constraints 96 3.4 Static Parameters and Dynamic Constraints 112 3.5 Static Parameter, Parameters Subject to Dynamic Constraints, and Arbitrary Time-Varying Parameters 125 4 GEODESY 129 4.1 International Terrestrial Reference Frame 131 4.1.1 Polar Motion 132 4.1.2 Tectonic Plate Motion 133 4.1.3 Solid Earth Tides 135 4.1.4 Ocean Loading 135 4.1.5 Relating of Nearly Aligned Frames 136 4.1.6 ITRF and NAD83 138 4.2 International Celestial Reference System 141 4.2.1 Transforming Terrestrial and Celestial Frames 143 4.2.2 Time Systems 149 4.3 Datum 151 4.3.1 Geoid 152 4.3.2 Ellipsoid of Rotation 157 4.3.3 Geoid Undulations and Deflections of the Vertical 158 4.3.4 Reductions to the Ellipsoid 162 4.4 3D Geodetic Model 166 4.4.1 Partial Derivatives 169 4.4.2 Reparameterization 170 4.4.3 Implementation Considerations 171 4.4.4 GPS Vector Networks 174 4.4.5 Transforming Terrestrial and Vector Networks 176 4.4.6 GPS Network Examples 178 4.5 Ellipsoidal Model 190 4.5.1 Reduction of Observations 191 4.5.2 Direct and Inverse Solutions on the Ellipsoid 195 4.5.3 Network Adjustment on the Ellipsoid 196 4.6 Conformal Mapping Model 197 4.6.1 Reduction of Observations 198 4.6.2 Angular Excess 200 4.6.3 Direct and Inverse Solutions on the Map 201 4.6.4 Network Adjustment on the Map 201 4.6.5 Similarity Revisited 203 4.7 Summary 204 5 SATELLITE SYSTEMS 207 5.1 Motion of Satellites 207 5.1.1 Kepler Elements 208 5.1.2 Normal Orbital Theory 210 5.1.3 Satellite Visibility and Topocentric Motion 219 5.1.4 Perturbed Satellite Motion 219 5.2 Global Positioning System 225 5.2.1 General Description 226 5.2.2 Satellite Transmissions at 2014 228 5.2.3 GPS Modernization Comprising Block IIM, Block IIF, and Block III 239 5.3 GLONASS 245 5.4 Galileo 248 5.5 QZSS 250 5.6 Beidou 252 5.7 IRNSS 254 5.8 SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS, GAGAN, MSAS, and SDCM 254 6 GNSS POSITIONING APPROACHES 257 6.1 Observables 258 6.1.1 Undifferenced Functions 261 6.1.2 Single Differences 271 6.1.3 Double Differences 273 6.1.4 Triple Differences 275 6.2 Operational Details 275 6.2.1 Computing the Topocentric Range 275 6.2.2 Satellite Timing Considerations 276 6.2.3 Cycle Slips 282 6.2.4 Phase Windup Correction 283 6.2.5 Multipath 286 6.2.6 Phase Center Offset and Variation 292 6.2.7 GNSS Services 295 6.3 Navigation Solution 299 6.3.1 Linearized Solution 299 6.3.2 DOPs and Singularities 301 6.3.3 Nonlinear Closed Solution 303 6.4 Relative Positioning 304 6.4.1 Nonlinear Double-Difference Pseudorange Solution 305 6.4.2 Linearized Double- and Triple-Differenced Solutions 306 6.4.3 Aspects of Relative Positioning 310 6.4.4 Equivalent Undifferenced Formulation 315 6.4.5 Ambiguity Function 316 6.4.6 GLONASS Carrier Phase 319 6.5 Ambiguity Fixing 324 6.5.1 The Constraint Solution 324 6.5.2 LAMBDA 327 6.5.3 Discernibility 334 6.5.4 Lattice Reduction and Integer Least Squares 337 6.6 Network-Supported Positioning 357 6.6.1 PPP 357 6.6.2 CORS 363 6.6.3 PPP-RTK 367 6.7 Triple-Frequency Solutions 382 6.7.1 Single-Step Position Solution 382 6.7.2 Geometry-Free TCAR 386 6.7.3 Geometry-Based TCAR 395 6.7.4 Integrated TCAR 396 6.7.5 Positioning with Resolved Wide Lanes 397 6.8 Summary 398 7 REAL-TIME KINEMATICS RELATIVE POSITIONING 401 7.1 Multisystem Considerations 402 7.2 Undifferenced and Across-Receiver Difference Observations 403 7.3 Linearization and Hardware Bias Parameterization 408 7.4 RTK Algorithm for Static and Short Baselines 418 7.4.1 Illustrative Example 422 7.5 RTK Algorithm for Kinematic Rovers and Short Baselines 429 7.5.1 Illustrative Example 431 7.6 RTK Algorithm with Dynamic Model and Short Baselines 435 7.6.1 Illustrative Example 437 7.7 RTK Algorithm with Dynamic Model and Long Baselines 441 7.7.1 Illustrative Example 442 7.8 RTK Algorithms with Changing Number of Signals 445 7.9 Cycle Slip Detection and Isolation 450 7.9.1 Solutions Based on Signal Redundancy 455 7.10 Across-Receiver Ambiguity Fixing 466 7.10.1 Illustrative Example 470 7.11 Software Implementation 473 8 TROPOSPHERE AND IONOSPHERE 475 8.1 Overview 476 8.2 Tropospheric Refraction and Delay 479 8.2.1 Zenith Delay Functions 482 8.2.2 Mapping Functions 482 8.2.3 Precipitable Water Vapor 485 8.3 Troposphere Absorption 487 8.3.1 The Radiative Transfer Equation 487 8.3.2 Absorption Line Profiles 490 8.3.3 General Statistical Retrieval 492 8.3.4 Calibration of WVR 494 8.4 Ionospheric Refraction 496 8.4.1 Index of Ionospheric Refraction 499 8.4.2 Ionospheric Function and Cycle Slips 504 8.4.3 Single-Layer Ionospheric Mapping Function 505 8.4.4 VTEC from Ground Observations 507 8.4.5 Global Ionospheric Maps 509 9 GNSS RECEIVER ANTENNAS 513 9.1 Elements of Electromagnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Waves 515 9.1.1 Electromagnetic Field 515 9.1.2 Plane Electromagnetic Wave 518 9.1.3 Complex Notations and Plane Wave in Lossy Media 525 9.1.4 Radiation and Spherical Waves 530 9.1.5 Receiving Mode 536 9.1.6 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 537 9.1.7 The dB Scale 544 9.2 Antenna Pattern and Gain 546 9.2.1 Receiving GNSS Antenna Pattern and Reference Station and Rover Antennas 546 9.2.2 Directivity 553 9.2.3 Polarization Properties of the Receiving GNSS Antenna 558 9.2.4 Antenna Gain 562 9.2.5 Antenna Effective Area 564 9.3 Phase Center 565 9.3.1 Antenna Phase Pattern 566 9.3.2 Phase Center Offset and Variations 568 9.3.3 Antenna Calibrations 575 9.3.4 Group Delay Pattern 577 9.4 Diffraction and Multipath 578 9.4.1 Diffraction Phenomena 578 9.4.2 General Characterization of Carrier Phase Multipath 585 9.4.3 Specular Reflections 587 9.4.4 Antenna Down-Up Ratio 593 9.4.5 PCV and PCO Errors Due to Ground Multipath 597 9.5 Transmission Lines 600 9.5.1 Transmission Line Basics 600 9.5.2 Antenna Frequency Response 606 9.5.3 Cable Losses 608 9.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 609 9.6.1 Noise Temperature 609 9.6.2 Characterization of Noise Sources 611 9.6.3 Signal and Noise Propagation through a Chain of Circuits 615 9.6.4 SNR of the GNSS Receiving System 619 9.7 Antenna Types 620 9.7.1 Patch Antennas 620 9.7.2 Other Types of Antennas 629 9.7.3 Flat Metal Ground Planes 629 9.7.4 Impedance Ground Planes 634 9.7.5 Vertical Choke Rings and Compact Rover Antenna 642 9.7.6 Semitransparent Ground Planes 644 9.7.7 Array Antennas 645 9.7.8 Antenna Manufacturing Issues 650 APPENDIXES A GENERAL BACKGROUND 653 B THE ELLIPSOID 697 C CONFORMAL MAPPING 715 D VECTOR CALCULUS AND DELTA FUNCTION 741 E ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD GENERATED BY ARBITRARY SOURCES, MAGNETIC CURRENTS, BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, AND IMAGES 747 F DIFFRACTION OVER HALF-PLANE 755 G SINGLE CAVITY MODE APPROXIMATION WITH PATCH ANTENNA ANALYSIS 759 H PATCH ANTENNAS WITH ARTIFICIAL DIELECTRIC SUBSTRATES 763 I CONVEX PATCH ARRAY GEODETIC ANTENNA 769 REFERENCES 773 AUTHOR INDEX 793 SUBJECT INDEX 801

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of high precision surveying, including recent developments in geomatics and their applications This book covers advanced precision surveying techniques, their proper use in engineering and geoscience projects, and their importance in the detailed analysis and evaluation of surveying projects. The early chapters review the fundamentals of precision surveying: the types of surveys; survey observations; standards and specifications; and accuracy assessments for angle, distance and position difference measurement systems. The book also covers network design and 3-D coordinating systems before discussing specialized topics such as structural and ground deformation monitoring techniques and analysis, mining surveys, tunneling surveys, and alignment surveys. Precision Surveying: The Principles and Geomatics Practice: Covers structural and ground deformation monitoring analysis, advanced techniques in mining and tunneling surTable of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Precision Survey Properties and Techniques 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Classification of Precision Surveys 3 1.3 Precision Geodetic Survey Techniques 8 1.4 Review of Some Safety Issues 12 2 Observables, Measuring Instruments, and Theory of Observation Errors 15 2.1 Observables, Measurements and Measuring Instruments 15 2.2 Angle and Direction Measuring Instruments 16 2.3 Elevation Difference Measuring Instrument 20 2.4 Distance Measuring Instrument 24 2.5 Accuracy Limitations of Modern Survey Instruments 25 2.6 Error Properties of Measurements 28 2.7 Precision and Accuracy Indicators 29 2.8 Systematic Error and Random Error Propagation Laws 30 2.9 Statistical Test of Hypotheses: The Tools for Data Analysis 38 2.10 Need for Equipment Calibration and Testing 44 3 Standards and Specifications for Precision Surveys 47 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Standards and the Concept of Confidence Regions 51 3.3 Standards for Traditional Vertical Control Surveys 52 3.4 Standards for Horizontal Control Surveys 66 3.5 Unified Standards for Positional Accuracy 72 3.6 Map and Geospatial Data Accuracy Standards 77 3.7 Quality and Standards 82 4 Accuracy Analysis and Evaluation of Angle Measurement System 87 4.1 Sources of Errors in Angle Measurements 87 4.2 Systematic Errors Eliminated by Measurement Process 88 4.3 Systematic Errors Eliminated by Adjustment Process 98 4.4 Summary of Systematic Error Elimination 106 4.5 Random Error Estimation 106 4.6 Testing Procedure for Precision Theodolites 123 5 Accuracy Analysis and Evaluation of Distance Measurement System 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 General Properties of Waves 134 5.3 Application of EM Waves to EDM 138 5.4 EDM Instrumental Errors 153 5.5 EDM External Errors 154 5.6 Random Error Propagation of EDM Distance Measurement 155 5.7 Calibration and Testing Procedures for EDM Instruments 165 6 Accuracy Analysis and Evaluation of Elevation and Coordinate Difference Measurement Systems 189 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Pointing Error 190 6.3 Reading/Rod Plumbing Error 191 6.4 Leveling Error 191 6.5 Collimation, Rod Scale, and Rod Index Errors 192 6.6 Effects of Vertical Atmospheric Refraction and Earth Curvature 193 6.7 Random Error Propagation for Elevation Difference Measurements 194 6.8 Testing Procedures for Leveling Equipment 197 6.9 Calibration of Coordinate Difference Measurement System (GNSS Equipment) 203 7 Survey Design and Analysis 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Network Design 211 7.3 Solution Approaches to Design Problems 218 7.4 Network Adjustment and Analysis 223 7.5 Angular Measurement Design Example 223 7.6 Distance Measurement Design Example 226 7.7 Traverse Measurement Design Examples 227 7.8 Elevation Difference Measurement Design Example 235 8 Three-Dimensional Coordinating Systems 237 8.1 Introduction 238 8.2 Coordinate System for Three-Dimensional Coordinating Systems 243 8.3 Three-Dimensional Coordination with Global Navigation Satellite System 244 8.4 Three-Dimensional Coordination with Electronic Theodolites 244 8.5 Three-Dimensional Coordination with Laser Systems 258 9 Deformation Monitoring and Analysis: Geodetic Techniques 267 9.1 Introduction 268 9.2 Geodetic Deformation Monitoring Schemes and the Design Approach 273 9.3 Monumentation and Targeting 278 9.4 Horizontal Deformation Monitoring and Analysis 284 9.5 Vertical Deformation Monitoring and Analysis 322 10 Deformation Monitoring and Analysis: High-Definition Survey and Remote Sensing Techniques 329 10.1 Introduction 330 10.2 Laser Systems 330 10.3 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Technologies 350 10.4 Comparison of Laser (LiDAR) and Radar (InSAR) Technologies 376 11 Deformation Monitoring and Analysis: Geotechnical and Structural Techniques 377 11.1 Introduction 378 11.2 Overview of Geotechnical and Structural Instrumentation 380 11.3 Design of Geotechnical and Structural Monitoring Schemes 419 11.4 Analysis of Geotechnical Measurements 422 11.5 Integrated Deformation Monitoring System 437 12 Mining Surveying 441 12.1 Introduction 442 12.2 Mining Terminology 445 12.3 Horizontal Mine Orientation Surveys 446 12.4 Transferring Levels or Heights Underground 483 12.5 Volume Determination in Mines 491 13 Tunneling Surveys 495 13.1 Introduction 495 13.2 Basic Elements and Methods of Tunneling Surveys 496 13.3 Main Sources of Error in Tunneling Surveys 500 13.4 Horizontal Design and Simulation of Tunneling Surveys 503 13.5 Vertical Design and Simulation of Tunneling Surveys 508 13.6 Numerical Example: Horizontal Breakthrough Analysis 512 13.7 Examples of Tunneling Surveys 516 13.8 Analysis of Underground Traverse Surveys 520 14 Precision Alignment Surveys 527 14.1 Introduction 527 14.2 Direct Laser Alignment Technique 530 14.3 Conventional Surveying Techniques of Alignment 530 14.4 Optical-Tooling Techniques 538 14.5 Metrology by Laser Interferometer Systems 559 14.6 Alignment by Polar Measurement Systems 565 14.7 Main Sources of Error in Alignment Surveys 573 Appendix I: Extracts From Baarda’s Nomogram 575 Appendix II: Commonly used Statistical Tables 577 Appendix III: Tau Distribution Table for Significance Level α 581 Appendix IV: Important Units 587 References 589 Index 607

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Book SynopsisThe goal of How to Make Maps is to equip readers with the foundational knowledge of concepts they need to conceive, design, and produce maps in a legible, clear, and coherent manner, drawing from both classical and modern theory in cartography.This book is appropriate for graduate and undergraduate students who are beginning a course of study in geospatial sciences or who wish to begin producing their own maps. While the book assumes no a priori knowledge or experience with geospatial software, it may also serve GIS analysts and technicians who wish to explore the principles of cartographic design.The first part of the book explores the key decisions behind every map, with the aim of providing the reader with a solid foundation in fundamental cartography concepts. Chapters 1 through 3 review foundational mapping concepts and some of the decisions that are a part of every map. This is followed by a discussion of the guiding principles of cartographic dTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Mapping concepts 3. The language of maps 4. Cartographic design 5. Coordinate systems and projections 6. Text and typography 7. Color in cartography 8. 3D, animated, and web cartography 9. Scholarly research in cartography 10. Data in mapping 11. GIS and graphics software 12. Examples from the field Appendix 1: Map gallery, “Maps from the wild” Appendix 2: Sources of spatial data Appendix 3: Eleven guidelines for constructing and critiquing maps Appendix 4: Professional cartography societies Glossary

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Book SynopsisThis innovative atlas deconstructs the contemporary image of the NorthSouth divide between developed and underdeveloped countries which was established by the 1980 Brandt Line, and advocates the need for the international community to redraw the global map to be fit for the 21st century.Throughout the book a range of colorful maps and charts graphically demonstrate the ways in which the world has changed over the last 2,000 years. The atlas first analyzes the genesis and characteristics of the Brandt Line's NorthSouth divide, before going on to discuss its validity through the centuries, especially before and after 1980, and demonstrating the many definitions and philosophies of development that exist or may exist, which make it difficult to define a single notion of a Global North and South. The book concludes by proposing new schemes of categorization between developed and developing countries which might better fit our contemporary global society.This book will servTrade ReviewExcerpt from book review in Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, Vol. 69 No.1, 2020"This book…contextualises and modulates the problem of what humanity thinks of development, progression, and well-being…The Brandt Line has a place in political and economic history rather than contemporary 21st-century atlases. Solarz’s work explores the geographic aspects of development in great detail, focusing on the discourse around the Brandt Line. By contributing to the discussion, he resolves the opposition of the global South and North with multiple approaches and offers new alternatives for presenting development on a global scale." -- Géza Barta, Doctorate School of Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd, University (ELTE), Budapest, HungaryTable of ContentsIntroduction: The Brandt Line: political or developmental boundary; 1 Mapping global change: differences in development and wealth from the 1st to the 21st century; 2 Different philosophies of development: different development boundary lines; 3 Towards a new global line?; 4 Conclusions; Bibliography; Index

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Book Synopsis

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