Building construction and materials Books

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1938, this book forms part one of a three-volume series on the area of architectural building construction. The text presents an elementary course of instruction regarding the process of construction, encouraging the student to treat each element of structure as a unit in a complete scheme.Table of ContentsGeneral preface; Preface to volume 1; Introduction for the student; Description of buildings selected for study; 1. Brickwork. Terms employed - bonds; 2. Brickwork. Foundations and footings; 3. Brickwork. General bonding in external and internal walls; 4. Brickwork. Arches and lintols; 5. Brickwork. Fireplace and chimney construction; 6. Masonry; 7. Carpentry. Introduction and temporary carpentry; 8. Carpentry. Permanent carpentry. Lintols and floors; 9. Carpentry. Permanent carpentry. Roofing; 10. Carpentry. Permanent carpentry. Ceilings and partitions; 11. Joinery. Doors, frames and finishings; 12. Joinery. Windows and finishings; 13. Joinery. Stairs; 14. Joinery. Miscellaneous details; 15. Steel sections. Standard forms; 16. Roof coverings and finishings. Slating and roof plumbing; 17. Roof coverings and finishings. Lead flat, eaves gutters and down pipes; Index.

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1937, as the second edition of a 1923 original, this book forms the third part of a three-volume series on the area of architectural building construction. The text presents a discussion of the elements of construction in two different types of structure, developing the examination of building processes found in volume two. The structures discussed are 'A semi-detached suburban house' and 'A town warehouse'. Numerous illustrative figures are incorporated throughout. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of architecture and the building process.Table of Contents1. Brickwork and masonry; 2. Structural iron and steel work; 3. Steel framed and fire-resisting floors; 4. Subsidiary metal construction; 5. Structural design - introduction. Walls and foundations; 6. Structural design - principles of beam design; 7. Structural design - design and selection of beams; 8. Structural design - moment of inertia and moment of resistance of unsymmetrical and compound sections; 9. Structural design - design of stanchions, columns and struts; 10. Structural design - stresses in framed structures; 11. Structural design - plate girders; 12. Permanent carpentry - roofs; 13. Temporary carpentry - timbering, centering and shoring; 14. Roof coverings - plain and pan tiling; 15. External plumbers' work; 16. Internal plumbers' work - water services and sanitary fittings; 17. Drainage; 18. Joinery - doors, frames and finishings; 19. Joinery - windows and skylights; 20. Joinery - stairs; 21. Joinery - internal fittings; 22. Miscellaneous; 23. Insulation of building structures; 24. Materials; Appendixes; Index.

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Book SynopsisOriginally published in 1929, this book illustrates the many decorative effects that can be produced through the judicious use of brick, slate and tile. The text is richly illustrated with architectural drawings and photographs of decorative techniques in action on English buildings from a variety of periods.Table of ContentsPreface; Craftsmanship; 1. Tiled roofs; 2. Weather-tiling; 3. Leadwork to chimneys; 4. Dormers; 5. Brick chimney caps; 6. Uses of brick; 7. Plain tiles used with brick; 8. Brick and tile fireplaces; 9. Bonds and their products; 10. Stone slate roofs; Index.

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1936, as the second edition of a 1922 original, this book forms part two of a three-volume series on the area of architectural building construction. The text presents a discussion of the elements of construction in two different types of structure, developing the examination of basic building processes found in volume one. The structures discussed are 'A semi-detached suburban house' and 'A town warehouse'. Numerous illustrative figures are incorporated throughout. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in the history of architecture and the building process.Table of ContentsGeneral preface; Preface to volume 2; Description of the buildings selected for study; 1. Brickwork. Foundations and basement walls; 2. Brickwork. Construction of walls; 3. Fireplace and chimney construction; 4. Masonry. Stairs; 5. Masonry. General design and construction; 6. Structural iron and steel work. Bressummers and lintols; 7. Structural steel framed and fire-resisting floors; 8. Structural roofs; 9. Subsidiary metal constructions; 10. Stresses in framed structures; 11. Permanent carpentry. Timber floors and roofs; 12. Partitions. Timber and patents forms; 13. Temporary carpentry; 14. Roof coverings. Plain tiling; 15. External plumbers' work; 16. Joinery. Doors; 17. Joinery. Windows and skylights; 18. Joinery. Stairs; 19. Joinery. Internal fittings (glazed screens and partitions; 20. Plastering, and wall and floor tiling; 21. Glazing and painting; 22. Materials used in building construction.

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Book SynopsisOne-stop, comprehensive reference for hundreds of commonly used materials and their integration as building components.Trade ReviewThis comprehensive reference imparts essential knowledge on how materials contribute to the construction and fabrication of all interior aspects of buildings, with coverage of the characteristics and properties of building materials and finishes. The highly illustrated book addresses key characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of specific materials, helping readers discover how to make every building element count. Organized by application for easy access to information, the book also includes a companion website with an extensive image bank of materials and assemblies. (ICON Magazine) Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xi Foreword xiii Chapter 1 Why Materials Matter 1 Design Intentions 2 The Design Concept 3 Human Factors 4 Health, Safety, and Welfare 10 Historical Overview 13 Chronology and Technological Development 15 What It’s Made of and How It’s Made 17 Material Extraction 19 Environmentally Sustainable Design Considerations 20 Biomimicry 21 Carbon-Neutral Design 22 Certifi cations 22 Downcycling 23 Embodied Energy 24 Life-Cycle Assessment 24 Local Materials 24 Natural and Synthetic Materials and Components 24 Rapidly Renewable Materials 25 Reclaimed/Repurposed Materials 26 Recycled Materials 26 Upcycling 27 Volatile Organic Compounds 28 Material Properties and Performance Characteristics 29 Absorption Coefficient 31 Acoustics 32 Aging and Weathering 35 Cellular Structure 37 Compressive and Tensile Strength 37 Density 38 Dimensional Movement 38 Ductility 40 Durability 40 Elasticity 41 Emissivity 41 Fire Ratings 41 Stability 42 Surface Attributes 43 Thermal Conductivity 43 Thermal Transmittance 44 Workability and Joinery 44 Applications 45 Installation Methods 46 Existing Conditions 46 Construction and Fabrication 46 Substructures and Assemblies 46 Maintenance Requirements 46 Green Cleaning Policies and Products 46 Relative Material Cost 48 Resources and Sources 48 Chapter 2 Flooring 49 Design Intentions 50 Human Factors 52 Health, Safety, and Welfare 52 Purpose and Performance 56 Structural Integrity and Engineering 57 Circulation and Conveyance: Stairs, Ramps, and Slopes 60 Stairs: Accessibility and Egress 62 Ramps and Slopes: Accessibility and Egress 64 Subfl oor Preparation Methods 64 Installation Methods 66 Adhesion and Bonding 67 Asbestos Abatement Issues 67 Installing Floating Floors 67 Installing Tiles 68 Maintenance Requirements 69 Relative Cost of Materials For Flooring 69 Flooring Materials 69 Bamboo 69 Brick 72 Carpet 74 Cementitious Top Coatings 87 Ceramic Tile 88 Composite Floor Tiles (Bio-Based, ESD, MCT, MVT, Polyester Resin–Based, PVC-Free, Resin, VCT) 104 Concrete (Cast-in-Place, Precast, and Concrete Finishes) 120 Cork (Laminated Plank, Sheet, Tile) 125 Glass 131 Leather (Tile) 134 Linoleum (Laminated Plank, Sheet, Tile) 137 Metal (Flooring, Decking, Grating) 142 Rubber 145 Stone (Alabaster, Basalt, Bluestone, Dolostone, Fieldstone, Flagstone, Gabbro, Gneiss, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Onyx, Petrifi ed Wood, Quartzite, Sandstone, Serpentine, Schist, Slate, Travertine) 149 Terrazzo (Cementitious, Epoxy, and Polyester Matrices, Cast-in-Place Systems, Precast Tile) 165 Vinyl (Composition Tiles, Luxury Tiles and Strips, Rolled/Sheet Goods, Solid Vinyl Tiles, Safety Flooring, Specialty PVC-Free, Vinyl Sheets and Tiles) 174 Wood (Strip, Parquet, Plank, Block, Reclaimed Lumber, and Engineered Flooring) 190 Chapter 3 Walls, Partitions, and Vertical Components 203 Design Intentions 204 Acoustics and Sound Transmission 206 Dimensions: Height, Thickness, and Depth 207 Function and Use 208 Incorporation of Building Systems 208 Partitioning Space/Spatial Order 209 Structural Integrity/Load Bearing 209 Walls and Partitions: Construction and Fabrication Types 211 Load Bearing, Non-Load-Bearing 211 Lateral Bracing 211 Modular Construction (CMU, Stacking, Masonry) 211 Wood and Metal Framing (Channel, Plate, Runner, Stud) 212 Integral and Integrated Assemblies 212 Structural Integrated Panels 212 Adhesives and Bonding 213 Hardware (Fasteners and Mechanical Attachments for Walls and Partitions) 214 Relative Cost of Materials for Walls 215 Walls, Partitions, and Vertical Components: Materials 216 Bead Board 216 Brick Masonry (Brick, CMU) 218 Cement Fiberboard 222 Ceramic Tile 223 Compressed and Rammed Earth 228 Concrete 230 Fabric-Wrapped Panel Systems 232 Glass/Glazing (Annealed, Flat, Laminated, Restoration, Safety, Smart, Stained, Tempered) 234 Gypsum Wallboard (Blueboard, Core Board, Foil-backed, Greenboard, Paperless, Type X Wallboard) 241 Leather 246 Metal (Aluminum, Brass, Bronze, Copper, Galvanized Steel, Steel, Stainless Steel) 248 Paint and Decorative Finishes (Alkyd Paint, Antigraffi ti Coatings, Ceramic Insulating Paints, Decorative Paint Techniques, Dry Paint, Electrostatic Paint, Intumescent Paint, Latex Paint, Milk-Based Paint, Oil Paint, Sprayed-On Paint Finishes) 252 Plaster (Finish Plaster, Gypsum Plaster, Venetian Plaster) 263 Plastics 266 Stone (Alabaster, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Onyx, Quartzite, Serpentine, Slate, Soapstone, Travertine) 268 Wallcovering (Cork, Dry-Erase, Fabric, Flock, Glass Bead, Glass Textile, Grass Cloth, Historical Prints, High- Performance, Magnetic, Paper, PVC-Free, Teldar Film, Vinyl, Wall Carpet, Wood Veneer) 272 Wood (Wall Veneer Panels, Wainscot, Moldings, Trim) 282 Chapter 4 Ceilings 285 Design Intentions 286 Acoustics and Sound Transmission 288 Defi ning and Partitioning Space 289 Fire Protection, HVAC, Lighting, MEP, and Acoustic Systems Integration 289 Ceilings: Construction and Fabrication Categories 290 Intermediate Floor Assemblies 290 Suspended and Nonsuspended Ceilings 290 Relative Cost of Materials for Ceilings 293 Ceiling Materials 294 Acoustic Ceiling Tiles (Glass Fiber and Mineral Fiber) 294 Ceramic Tile 296 Concrete 299 Glass/Glazing 302 Gypsum Wallboard and Gypsum Fiber 305 Metal Systems 308 Plaster 311 Plastics 313 Stone 315 Wood and Wood Systems 317 Chapter 5 Millwork 321 Design Intentions 325 Constructing Space 325 Function, Purpose, and Use 326 Durability 326 Relative Cost of Materials for Millwork 328 Interior Millwork: Materials 328 Agglomerates (Cambria, Celador, IceStone, River Rock, Riverstone, Trend Q) 328 Concrete 331 Glass 334 Linoleum 338 Metal 341 Plastics 346 Plastic Laminate 350 Solid Surface Materials (Avonite, CaesarStone, Corian, Fountainhead, Hanex, Swanstone, Zodiaq) 353 Stone (Alabaster, Granite, Limestone, Marble, Onyx, Quartzite, Serpentine, Slate, Soapstone, Travertine) 356 Wood and Wood Composite Boards 359 Interior Millwork Finishes 369 Aniline Dyes 369 Fire-Retardant and -Resistant Finishes 370 Nitrocellulose and Precatalyzed Lacquer 370 Oil-Based Finishes 370 Polyurethane/Spar Varnish 370 Shellac (Alcohol Based) 370 Stains 371 Varnishes 371 Waterborne Finishes 371 Hardware 372 Catches and Locks 372 Hinges 372 Screws (Wood and Machine) 373 Washers 373 Nails (Interior Construction) 374 Metal Connectors 374 Drawer Glides 374 Edge Profiles 375 Beads and Channels 375 Running and Standing Trim 375 Resources and Sources 376 Wood Joinery 376 Appendix: Material Matters 381 Notes 383 Glossary 385 Bibliography 409 Index 411

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Book Synopsis"Any architect doing small or medium scaled projects who is also vested in sustainable design but is not yet doing BIM will enjoy this book's overall focus. "-Architosh.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vii Introduction ix Building Information Models and Modeling ix The cost of buildings ix See, change x BIM for the rest of us xi What this book is, and isn’t xii A word on the case studies xiii 1 BIM and Sustainable Design 1 The emergence of Building Information Modeling 1 BIM for design 6 High-performance architecture 16 Case study: Moonrise Ranch 23 2 Design Software 29 BIM applications 29 Complementary software 38 Further reading 49 Case Study: Parameterized Hauer Curtain Wall 49 3 Site Analysis 55 Developing a site model 57 Analyzing the site 65 Case Study: House in Sonoma 74 4 Massing Analysis 79 Creating massing models 79 Perimeter/volume ratios: optimizing for envelope quantity 83 Confi rming desirable and undesirable views 85 Preliminary cost and feasibility analysis 87 Preliminary passive heating and cooling design data 89 Case Study: New High School 100 5 Solar Geometry and Daylighting 105 Shade from the sun 106 Daylighting 116 Case Study: Ross Street House 128 6 Passive Cooling 133 Appropriate responses for local climates 135 Rules of thumb and sizing guidelines for cooling strategies 139 Case Study: Hadlow College Rural Regeneration Centre 153 7 Passive Heating 159 Rules of thumb and sizing guidelines for heating strategies 160 Whole-building heat loss 162 Whole-building heat gain 170 Case Study: Battelle Darby Creek Environmental Center 177 8 Onsite Energy Systems 183 Solar photovoltaics 185 Azimuth and elevation 192 Solar thermal systems 192 Wind turbines 197 Case Study: Cascadia Center for Sustainable Design and Construction 200 9 Building Hydrology 205 Site design for water 206 Rainwater harvesting 209 Plumbing fi xture effi ciency 214 Sizing constructed wetlands 215 Gutter sizing 220 Case Study: Bee Ranch 221 10 Materials and Waste 225 Material takeoffs and cost calculations 225 Advanced framing 232 Sheet materials 237 Preliminary life cycle analysis 239 LEED material calculations 243 Case Study: Loblolly House 245 11 Collaboration 249 Imported backgrounds 249 Exporting fi les 251 Project coordination 264 Case Study: Paisano Senior Housing 272 Afterword 275 Bibliography and References 279 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThe companion volume to Making Concrete Countertops with Buddy Rhodes, this book details the art and craft of creating vertical concrete applications as well as integral sink and drainboard elements and curved-edge counters, for advanced users of the medium. An invaluable manual for contractors, architects, and expert handypersons alike, the project photography within will guide you step-by-step in the creation of an outdoor kitchen project, from the careful process of measuring a template, to building a mold, to casting, curing, and installation. With more than 30 years of experience in concrete art and fabrication, artist Buddy Rhodes shares his skills and experience in this useful, practical book. Most importantly, he shares the process he pioneered for creating the natural, stone-like pressed surfaces that have become his hallmark. As the popularity of concrete in home decor soars, this book will be an indispensable guide for any craftsman who hopes to make his mark on this incredible, expanding market.

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Book SynopsisEstablishes guidelines for controlling accelerated erosion caused by human activities at construction sites. Uncontrolled erosion is costly and accompanied by a host of financial, legal, and environmental problems. This Standard provides tools to ensure that the discharge of sediment does not significantly increase at a construction site compared with preconstruction conditions.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsFrom solitary individualism to post-Christian stoic existentialism: Quests for community, moral agency, and transcendence in the films of Clint Eastwood Hereafter and the problems of evil: Clint Eastwood as practical philosopher The smile and the spit: The motivational polarity and self-reliance portrayed in The Outlaw Josey Wales and the Dollars trilogy The representation of justice in Eastwood's High Plains Drifter Bad men at play: On the banality of goodness in Unforgiven Aristotle, Eastwood, friendship and death Giving up the gun: Violence in the films of Clint Eastwood Eastwood, romance, tragedy The use of silence in Hereafter: A study in neurocinematics The mortal hero: Two inductions on the meaning of loss Eastwood's dream: The philosophy of absence in Hereafter Desperate times call for existential heroes: Eastwood's Gran Torino and Camus' The Plague

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Book SynopsisReduce or eliminate litigation costs by learning how to write better contracts from the start. With illustrative cases, sample language, and current guidelines for potential clauses of a contract between a builder and buyer or remodeler and homeowner.

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Book SynopsisProvides home buyers with firsthand, up-to-date information about what to expect, who's responsible for what tasks, the questions they need to ask, and the opportunities and options available at each stage of the building process. Carol Smith shares her expertise to help you provide the utmost in customer satisfaction.

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Book SynopsisBring your houses in under budget and make your construction process more efficient by developing complete and accurate estimates. The closer you come to completing a job within budget, the less likely you are to waste time and money-and that means more profit!

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Book SynopsisPerformed correctly, estimating is your key to keeping more of your hard-earned profit. Master builder and business expert Bill Asdal shows builders and remodelers how to estimate based on fiscal goals and protecting the company's bottom line.Trade Review"A must-read for anyone involved with managing a construction business. Bill Asdal promotes not only the understanding of costs, but the foresight to predict construction expenses while considering the full realm of cost as a function of profit." -- Dennis Dixon, Dixon Ventures, Inc., Flagstaff, ArizonaDespite the title, Bill lays out a solid offensive game plan to ensure the business owner not only scores on each job but takes home the trophy when it comes time to pack up and move on." -- Bryan Patchan, Executive Officer, Frederick County Builders Association, MarylandRequired reading for all builders and remodelers. Contains hundreds of ideas." -- Sam Bradley, Sam Bradley Homes, Springfield, Missouri

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Book SynopsisAn insider's guide to residential green building that leads you through the actual residential construction process and details how you can apply green building techniques that will benefit your business, your relationships with your customers, your reputation, and your bottom line.Trade Review"Matt makes the case for affordable green building with informative sidebars, backed by personal experiences and details. Build Green & Save is not over the head of the novice green builder, yet still has plenty of information for the experienced green builder and developer." -- Steve Hale, President, Hale and Son Construction, Inc, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Founding member; Build Green New Mexico, Consensus Committee Member; ANSI National Green Building Standard"Though his background and experience -- growing up with a father who inherently practiced sustainability in Build Green & Save, Matt Belcher offers the depth of his expertise with a fine balance of wit and wisdom." -- Annette K Stelmack, Owner, Inspirit-LLC, Louisville, CO

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Book SynopsisCovers basic but essential knowledge for running a successful company, whether you're a veteran builder or new to residential construction. This comprehensive resource will help you to become informed about the details of marketing, estimating, contracts, purchasing, and accounting, which are as important as knowing your construction guidelines.Trade ReviewThis practical easy-to-use book is an essential tool for builders. It is a resource that provides invaluable insight into all aspects associated with the development of a successful home building business. It will help you succeed as a small-volume builder." - Bob Jones, CGB, CGP, CAPSCEO, Robert R. Jones Homes,Bloomfield Hills, MIPast Chairman, National Association of Home Builders

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Book SynopsisA concise guide to current best practices for designing, constructing, testing, and ensuring longevity for new high-performance homes, Green Building Strategies explains in plain language what's happening in the rapidly evolving field of building science.Trade ReviewThis very readable and easy-to-use guide will help builders and other industry professionals understand and apply cutting-edge building science to construct high performance homes that meet consumer demand." - Donald Ferrier, CGB Ferrier Companies NAHB Green Building Advocate of the Year Energy Value Housing Award Remodeler of the Year Fort Worth, Texas

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Book SynopsisFeatures basic math principles for those in design and construction work.

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Book SynopsisThis revised edition of Residential Construction and Kitchen & Bath Systems combines the thorough guides to typical North American building systems for homes for the kitchen and bath industry into one comprehensive, expanded volume, completely updated and revised throughout. Learning to read a house is an essential skill for anyone in the kitchen and bath field. This book provides clear, concise explanations of the home''s structural systems and components, including the inner workings of the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii CHAPTER 1 THE BUILDING TEAM 1 Generalist Designers 2 Builders and Installers 3 Summary 4 Chapter Review 4 CHAPTER 2 CODES AND PERMITS 5 Building Codes 5 Permits and Inspections 8 Summary 9 Chapter Review 9 CHAPTER 3 DESIGNING HEALTHY HOUSES 11 Airborne Hazards 11 Other Hazards 14 A Positive Approach to Design 15 Summary 16 Chapter Review 16 CHAPTER 4 MAXIMIZING ENERGY EFFICIENCY 17 An Energy-Conserving Building Envelope 18 Summary 23 Chapter Review 23 CHAPTER 5 USING NATURAL ENERGIES 25 Home Heating with the Sun 25 Summary 31 Chapter Review 32 CHAPTER 6 FOUNDATIONS 33 How Deep a Foundation? 33 Types of Foundations 34 Foundation Materials 37 Summary 39 Chapter Review 39 CHAPTER 7 FLOORS 41 Wood-framed Floors 41 Lightweight Steel-framed Floors 48 Trussed Joists 48 Remodeling Existing Wood Floors 49 Concrete Floors 52 Subfloors and Underlayments 55 Summary 57 Chapter Review 57 CHAPTER 8 EXTERIOR WALLS 59 Wall Framing Systems 59 Concrete and Masonry Walls 66 Exterior Wall Finishes 68 Exterior Trim 72 Summary 76 Chapter Review 76 CHAPTER 9 DOORS AND WINDOWS 77 Door Types 77 Door Styles 79 Relocating Doorways 81 Door Hardware 81 Window Types 83 Window Sash and Frame Materials 86 Glazing Choices 86 Summary 89 Chapter Review 90 CHAPTER 10 ROOFS 91 Roof Forms 91 Roof Framing Systems 92 Roof Sheathing Materials 98 Insulation and Moisture Control 98 Roofing Materials 99 Roof Edges 103 Summary 103 Chapter Review 104 CHAPTER 11 INTERIOR WALLS AND CEILINGS 105 Partitions 105 Special Framing 109 Ceiling Structures 112 Modifying Existing Walls and Ceilings 114 Summary 116 Chapter Review 116 CHAPTER 12 INTERIOR SURFACES 117 Beneath the Skin 117 Floor Finish Materials 123 Wall and Ceiling Finish Materials 127 Trimming the Interior 131 Summary 133 Chapter Review 134 CHAPTER 13 HEATING SYSTEMS 135 Comfort and Heat 135 Heating Fuels 137 Forced Air Heating Systems 139 Hydronic Heating Systems 142 Electric Heating Systems 145 Active Solar Heating Systems 146 All-in-One Heating Systems 147 Summary 149 Chapter Review 149 CHAPTER 14 COOLING SYSTEMS 151 Cooling Naturally 151 Cooling with Fans 153 Evaporative Cooling 155 Refrigerated Cooling 157 Systems that Provide Heating and Cooling 159 Summary 161 Chapter Review 161 CHAPTER 15 MAINTAINING HEALTHY INDOOR AIR 163 Sources of Indoor Air Pollution 164 Fresh Air through Ventilation 166 Ventilating Room by Room 166 Whole-House Ventilation Systems 172 Summary 175 Chapter Review 175 CHAPTER 16 HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY 177 Sources of Household Water 177 Distribution Systems 179 Water Supply Piping 181 Water Supply Problems and Solutions 183 Unsuitable Water 184 Water Heaters 188 Summary 193 Chapter Review 193 CHAPTER 17 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 195 Parts of the System 195 Piping Materials 199 Summary 202 Chapter Review 202 CHAPTER 18 KITCHEN AND BATH EQUIPMENT 203 Fixtures for the Bath 203 Kitchen Equipment 210 Summary 212 Chapter Review 212 CHAPTER 19 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 213 Electricity Basics 213 Service Entrance 214 Wire and Conduits 218 Communications Wiring Systems 222 Electricity from the Sun 226 Summary 227 Chapter Review 227 CHAPTER 20 LIGHTING 229 Lighting Basics 229 Lighting by Function 230 Daylighting 231 Artificial Lighting Sources 232 Color of Light 236 Built-in Lighting 237 Lighting Fixtures 238 Lighting Kitchens 239 Lighting Baths 242 Summary 245 Chapter Review 245 GLOSSARY 247 RESOURCES 255 INDEX 257

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Book SynopsisThe bright future and exciting possibilities of BIM Many architects and engineers regard BIM as a disruptive force, changing the way building professionals design, build, and ultimately manage a built structure.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Acknowledgments xxi Introduction xxiii Software Mentioned xxxi Part 1 Design Thinking and BIM 1 Chapter 1 Smart Buildings/Smart(er) Designers: BIM and the Creative Design Process Glenn Goldman Andrzej Zarzycki 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Evaluation of Visual Information: Form 5 1.3 Generative Abilities of Parametric Models 6 1.4 How Lighting, Thermal, and Structural Considerations Can Drive the Design 6 1.5 Limitations of Current Parametric Models 8 1.6 Physics and Materiality 9 1.6.1 Solving for Multiple Criteria 10 1.6.2 Other Data Types 10 1.6.3 Soft Constraints 11 1.7 Design and Construction 2.0 12 1.7.1 Context-Aware Data 12 1.7.2 Beyond a Single Lifespan of the Project 13 1.8 Conclusion 15 Discussion Questions 15 Bibliography 16 Chapter 2 Necessity of Cognitive Modeling in BIM’s Future 17 Ömer Akin 2.1 Introduction: Some Useful Concepts 17 2.2 Building Information Modeling: The Brand New World of Design Computing 20 2.3 Cognitive Strategies for BIM: Challenges and Opportunities 21 2.4 Conclusions 26 Discussion Questions 26 References 27 Chapter 3 Modeling Architectural Meaning 29 Mark J. Clayton 3.1 Introduction 29 3.2 Architectural Ontology 30 3.3 Regulating Lines 30 3.4 Diagrams and Semantics 36 3.5 Types 38 3.6 Conclusion 40 Discussion Questions 40 References 41 Chapter 4 Knowledge-Based Building Information Modeling 43 Hugo Sheward Charles Eastman 4.1 The Potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to Capture Design Expertise 43 4.2 “Vanilla BIM” versus Knowledge-Based BIM 44 4.3 What Is Design Expertise? 44 4.3.1 Heuristics Applied to Design Processes 45 4.3.2 Design Workflows and Knowledge-Based BIM 46 4.4 Capturing and Deploying Design Expertise 47 4.4.1 Capturing Design Expertise 47 4.4.2 Embedding Knowledge in BIM 47 4.4.3 Example 1: Building Service Core 49 4.4.4 Example 2: Ventilation in Laboratories 50 4.5 Examples of Deployment 53 4.5.1 Deployment in Manufacturing 53 4.5.2 Uses in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction 53 4.6 Summary 54 Discussion Questions 54 References 55 Part 2 BIM Analytics 57 Chapter 5 Parametric BIM SIM: Integrating Parametric Modeling, BIM, and Simulation for Architectural Design 59 Wei Yan 5.1 Executive Summary 59 5.2 Introduction 59 5.2.1 Parametric Modeling 60 5.2.2 BIM and Parametric BIM 60 5.2.3 Building Energy Simulation 61 5.2.4 A Streamlined Modeling Process 63 5.3 Complexity and Interfaces 65 Chapter 6 Models and Measurement: Changing Design Value with Simulation, Analysis, and Outcomes 79 Phillip G. Bernstein Matt Jezyk 5.3.1 Complexity and Computability 65 5.3.2 User Interfaces and System Interfaces 66 5.4 Case Studies 69 5.4.1 Physical BIM for Thermal and Daylighting Simulations 69 5.4.2 Parametric BIM-Based Energy Optimization 72 5.5 Conclusion 74 Acknowledgments 74 Discussion Questions 74 References 75 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 BIM 1.0 80 6.3 Analysis and Simulation through BIM 1.0 80 6.4 BIM 2.0 83 6.5 Geometry, Behavioral Properties, Parameters, and Analysis 85 6.6 Ideation and Design Production under BIM 2.0 89 6.7 Design Empowerment 91 6.8 Conclusion: Avenues to Alternative Value Generation 91 Discussion Questions 92 References 93 Chapter 7 Energy Modeling in Conceptual Design 95 Timothy Hemsath 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Building Performance Simulation (BPS) 95 7.3 BIM’s Role in the Process 97 7.4 Conceptual Design Decisions 98 7.5 Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization 101 7.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis 101 7.5.2 Conceptual Design Optimization 102 7.6 BIM Affordances 105 7.7 Conclusion 107 Acknowledgments 107 Discussion Questions 107 References 108 Chapter 8 Performance Art: Analytics and the New Theater of Design Practice 109 Daniel Davis Nathan Miller 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Instruments 110 8.3 Analytics 112 8.4 Interactions 115 8.5 Conclusion: Algorithms Are Thoughts 116 Discussion Questions 117 References 117 Chapter 9 Automated Energy Performance Visualization for BIM 119 Paola Sanguinetti Pasi Paasiala Charles Eastman 9.1 Introduction 119 9.2 Case Study: Automated Analysis of U.S. Courthouse Models for GSA 120 9.2.1 Preliminary Concept Design (PCD) 120 9.2.2 Post-Processing for Energy Analysis 120 9.2.3 Building Model Property Definition 123 9.3 Performance Visualization 123 9.3.1 Aggregation of Simulation Output Variables 124 9.3.2 Visualization of Thermal Flows 124 9.4 Discussion 125 9.5 Conclusion 127 Acknowledgments 127 Discussion Questions 127 References 127 Chapter 10 Urban Energy Information Modeling: High Fidelity Aggregated Building Simulation for District Energy Systems 129 Nina Baird Shalini Ramesh Henry Johnstone Khee Poh Lam 10.1 Introduction 129 10.2 Understanding District Energy Systems 129 10.3 Community Energy Planning 130 10.4 Dynamic Energy Mapping 132 10.4.1 An Initial Example: Pittsburgh’s Lower Hill District 132 10.4.2 Urban Energy Simulation of the Lower Hill District 133 10.4.3 Future Improvements Using Cloud Services 134 10.4.4 First Order District System Analysis 135 10.4.5 Data Visualization for Time-of-Use Aggregate Load Profiles 136 10.4.6 Interpreting Lower Hill District Results 137 10.5 The Future: BIM in Urban Energy Information Modeling 139 Discussion Questions 140 References 140 Chapter 11 BIM and the Predesign Process: Modeling the Unknown 143 Michael Donn 11.1 Introduction 143 11.1.1 Current BIM Concepts Limit Performance Analysis 144 11.1.2 Performance Analysis in Early Design 144 11.2 Limits of Traditional Early Design Analysis 145 11.2.1 The Promise of BIM in Early Design 145 11.2.2 Performative (Generative) Design as a Solution 145 11.2.3 Daylight Design Example of Limits of Traditional Analysis 147 11.2.4 Modern Performance Metrics in Daylight Design 147 11.3 BIM-Based Detailed Performance Analysis 149 11.3.1 A BIM Is More than a Representation of a Building 149 11.3.2 The Role of the Analyst in Performance Simulation 150 11.3.3 Tools for Rapid Evaluation of Design Scenarios 152 11.4 Conclusion: Inventing a New BIM for Early Design Analysis 153 Discussion Questions 154 References 154 Chapter 12 Analytical BIM: BIM Fragments, Domain Gaps, and Other Impediments 157 Karen M. Kensek 12.1 Introduction 157 12.2 Analytical Modeling 157 12.3 Building Information Modeling 158 12.4 Levels of BIM 159 12.4.1 Pre-BIM: Planning Stages 161 12.4.2 BIM Light: A Component-Based 3D Model 161 12.4.3 BIM + Information 161 12.4.4 BIM + Knowledge 162 12.4.5 BIM + Decisions 163 12.5 FDEIC Knowledge 164 12.6 Feedback Loop 165 12.7 Fragment BIMs and Three Gaps 166 12.7.1 Architect to Energy Consultant 167 12.7.2 Architect to Contractor 167 12.7.3 Architect and Contractor to Facilities Manager and Owner 169 12.8 Conclusion 170 Acknowledgments 170 Discussion Questions 170 References 171 Part 3 Comprehensive BIM 173 Chapter 13 One BIM to Rule Them All: Future Reality or Myth? 175 Brian R. Johnson 13.1 Introduction 175 13.2 A Brief History of the Single Model 175 13.3 The 2D Interregnum 176 13.3.1 Drawings versus Models 176 13.4 What’s Wrong with This Picture? 177 13.4.1 Task Complexity 177 13.4.2 Software Complexity 179 13.4.3 When a Model Isn’t Enough: Data versus Process 180 13.4.4 Limitations on Data as an Expression of Intent 181 13.4.5 People and Cognition 182 13.5 One BIM to Rule Them All? 183 Discussion Questions 184 References 184 Chapter 14 Component-Based BIM: A Comprehensive, Detailed, Single-Model Strategy 187 Anton C. Harfmann 14.1 Executive Summary 187 14.2 The Wicked Problem of Making Architecture 188 14.2.1 Design Complexity and Uniqueness 188 14.2.2 Fragmentation and Multiple Representations 189 14.2.3 Redesign and Discovery 189 14.3 Implementing Component-Based Design 190 14.3.1 The Component-Based Paradigm: Overview 190 14.3.2 Product/Manufacturer Links 191 14.3.3 External Reasoning 191 14.3.4 BIM-Driven Component Modeling 192 14.3.5 Component-Based Model Example 192 14.3.6 Component Model as Authority 195 14.4 Conclusion 195 Discussion Questions 196 References 196 Chapter 15 BIM Ecosystem: The Coevolution of Products, Processes, and People 197 Ning Gu Vishal Singh Kerry London 15.1 Introduction 197 15.2 Coevolution of Products, Processes, and People 198 15.3 Understanding the Industry Context of BIM 199 15.3.1 Fundamental Characteristics of BIM and Their Evolution 199 15.3.2 Industry Perception of BIM-Related Products, Processes, and People 201 15.4 Establishing a BIM Ecosystem: Operational and Support Technical Requirements in BIM 202 15.5 Establishing a BIM Ecosystem: Collaborative Platform BIM Decision Framework 203 15.5.1 Current Scope and Development of the Decision Framework 203 15.5.2 Sections of the Decision Framework for BIM Implementation 204 15.5.3 Applying the Decision Framework in Collaborative Practice 204 15.6 Discussion and Future BIM Ecosystem 207 15.6.1 Key Issues and Implication of Future BIM Ecosystem 207 15.6.2 Preparing for Future BIM Ecosystem 208 Discussion Questions 209 References 209 Part 4 Reasoning with BIM 211 Chapter 16 BIM, Materials, and Fabrication 213 Christopher Beorkrem 16.1 The Uber-Detail 213 16.2 Materials 214 16.3 The Logic of Materiality 215 16.4 Soft Data 218 16.5 Backward BIM 220 16.6 BIM, Materials, and Fabrication 222 16.7 Going Forward 222 16.8 Conclusion 223 Discussion Questions 224 References 224 Chapter 17 Communicating Semantics through Model Restructuring and Representation 225 Ramesh Krishnamurti Varvara Toulkeridou Tajin Biswas 17.1 Introduction 225 17.2 Spatial Reasoning and Querying 227 17.2.1 BIM as an Infrastructure for Spatial Reasoning 227 17.2.2 Extraction, Restructuring, Representation 227 17.2.3 Spatial Topology Data Extraction from IFC 228 17.2.4 Prototype for Spatial Topology Queries 229 17.3 Reasoning for Green Certification 230 17.3.1 Aggregation, Augmentation, Representation 231 17.3.2 Prototype for Green Certification 232 17.4 Conclusion 233 Discussion Questions 233 References 234 Chapter 18 BIM as a Catalyst to Foster Creativity through Collaboration 237 Murali Paranandi 18.1 Introduction 237 18.2 The Role of Collaboration in Design 238 18.3 Social Framework 238 18.3.1 The Human Side 239 18.3.2 Define and Manage Roles 240 18.3.3 Co-locating to Facilitate Dialog 241 18.4 Computational Workflows 242 18.4.1 Tools for Designing and Collaborating 242 18.4.2 Collaborative Prototyping 243 18.4.3 Crowdsourcing 244 18.4.4 Knowledge Capture and Sharing in the Cloud 245 18.5 Conclusion 247 18.5.1 Feedback to Academia 247 18.5.2 Feedback to the Profession 247 Acknowledgments 248 Discussion Questions 248 References 248 Chapter 19 BIM and Virtual Reconstruction: A Long-Term View of (Re-)Modeling 251 Bob Martens Herbert Peter 19.1 Executive Summary 251 19.2 Introduction 252 19.3 BIM and Virtual Reconstruction 253 19.4 Information Basis: Model Tree Structures 257 19.5 Model Porting and Data Exchange 261 19.5.1 Model Porting 262 19.5.2 Data Exchange 262 19.6 Outlook: Where Do We Go from Here? 263 19.7 Conclusion 264 Discussion Questions 264 References 264 Part 5 Professional BIM 267 Chapter 20 Managing BIM Projects, Organizations, and Policies: Turning Aspirations into Quantitative Measures of Success 269 Calvin Kam 20.1 Introduction 269 20.2 Scorecard Methodology 270 20.3 Project Evaluation 272 20.4 Continuous Evaluation 275 20.5 Performance Indicators 276 20.6 Portfolio Evaluation 277 20.7 Country-Level BIM Evaluations 278 20.8 Conclusion 279 Acknowledgments 280 Discussion Questions 280 References 280 Chapter 21 Space: The First (and Final) Frontier of BIM 281 Stephen R Hagan 21.1 Introduction 281 21.2 Historical Perspectives of Space and the Facility Life Cycle 282 21.3 Space, Measurement, and BIM 282 21.4 BIM Spatial Pioneers: Coast Guard and GSA 283 21.5 Project Spatial BIM: Connecting Program to Design, Construction, and Facility Management 288 21.6 Geospatial, Campus-Wide, and Services-Oriented Spatial BIM 289 21.7 Standardizing Spatial BIM: IFMA-BOMA, BISDM, CityGML, and Indoor Navigation 290 21.8 Conclusion 290 Discussion Questions 292 References 292 Chapter 22 Translating Designs for Construction + Operations: The Future of BIM in a World of Material and Energy Scarcity 295 Franca Trubiano 22.1 Buildings, Information, and Modeling 295 22.1.1 The Promise 295 22.1.2 The Critique 296 22.2 The Changing Character of Architectural Representations 297 22.3 Facilitating the Translation from Design to Construction—with Matter 299 22.4 Facilitating the Translation from Design to Operations—with Energy 308 22.5 Conclusion 310 Discussion Questions 311 References 311 Chapter 23 Marx, BIM, and Contemporary Labor 313 Peggy Deamer 23.1 BIM and Work 313 23.2 BIM Managers: What They Are Doing 314 23.2.1 Design versus Technology 314 23.2.2 Networked Tasks 315 23.2.3 Political/Organizational Change 316 23.3 The Enactment of Enlightened Management Theory 317 23.4 Conclusion: Post-Capitalist Architecture 319 Discussion Questions 319 References 319 Part 6 BIM Speculation 321 Chapter 24 Beyond BIM: Next-Generation Building Information Modeling to Support Form, Function, and Use of Buildings 323 Yehuda E. Kalay Davide Schaumann Seung Wan Hong Davide Simeone 24.1 Rationale 323 24.2 The Shortcomings of BIM 325 24.3 Form, Function, Use 327 24.3.1 Form 327 24.3.2 Function 327 24.3.3 Use 328 24.4 Dependencies 329 24.4.1 Form versus Function 329 24.4.2 Form versus Use 330 24.4.3 Function versus Use 330 24.5 Objectives 330 24.6 Methodology 330 24.7 Implementation 331 24.8 Conclusion 334 Acknowledgments 334 Discussion Questions 334 References 334 Chapter 25 Engines of Information: Big Data from Small Buildings 337 Chandler Ahrens Aaron Sprecher 25.1 Introduction 337 25.2 Data to Information 338 25.3 Looking through the Lens of Data 340 25.4 Building an Information Model 342 25.5 The Present Future 343 25.6 IM: Drop the (B) 344 25.7 Information to Knowledge 347 25.8 Conclusion 347 Discussion Questions 347 References 348 Chapter 26 BIM and MetaBIM: Design Narrative and Modeling Building Information 349 Mark Burry 26.1 Background to a Series of Dilemmas 349 26.2 A Case in Point: The Sagrada Família Basilica Sala Creuer 351 26.2.1 Sala Creuer Documentation 351 26.2.2 Project Phases 352 26.3 Creative Digital Workflow as BIM 357 26.4 Watch This Space 360 Acknowledgments 362 Discussion Questions 362 Glossary 363 Author Biographies 373 Index 385

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Book SynopsisDesign of Reinforced Concrete, 10th Edition by Jack McCormac and Russell Brown, introduces the fundamentals of reinforced concrete design in a clear and comprehensive manner and grounded in the basic principles of mechanics of solids.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 1 1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material 1 1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material 2 1.4 Historical Background 3 1.5 Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Steel for Buildings and Bridges 5 1.6 Compatibility of Concrete and Steel 6 1.7 Design Codes 6 1.8 SI Units and Shaded Areas 7 1.9 Types of Portland Cement 7 1.10 Admixtures 9 1.11 Properties of Concrete 10 1.12 Aggregate 18 1.13 High–Strength Concretes 19 1.14 Fiber–Reinforced Concretes 20 1.15 Concrete Durability 21 1.16 Reinforcing Steel 22 1.17 Grades of Reinforcing Steel 24 1.18 SI Bar Sizes and Material Strengths 25 1.19 Corrosive Environments 26 1.20 Identifying Marks on Reinforcing Bars 26 1.21 Introduction to Loads 28 1.22 Dead Loads 28 1.23 Live Loads 29 1.24 Environmental Loads 30 1.25 Selection of Design Loads 32 1.26 Calculation Accuracy33 1.27 Impact of Computers on Reinforced Concrete Design 34 Problems 34 2 Flexural Analysis of Beams 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Cracking Moment 38 2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked 41 2.4 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural Moments 48 2.5 SI Example 51 2.6 Computer Examples 52 Problems 54 3 Strength Analysis of Beams According to ACI Code 65 3.1 Design Methods 65 3.2 Advantages of Strength Design 66 3.3 Structural Safety 66 3.4 Derivation of Beam Expressions 67 3.5 Strains in Flexural Members, 70 3.6 Balanced Sections, Tension–Controlled Sections, and Compression–Controlled or Brittle Sections 71 3.7 Strength Reduction or φ Factors 71 3.8 Minimum Percentage of Steel 74 3.9 Balanced Steel Percentage 75 3.10 Example Problems 76 3.11 Computer Examples 79 Problems 80 4 Design of Rectangular Beams and One–Way Slabs 82 4.1 Load Factors 82 4.2 Design of Rectangular Beams 85 4.3 Beam Design Examples 89 4.4 Miscellaneous Beam Considerations 95 4.5 Determining Steel Area When Beam Dimensions Are Predetermined 96 4.6 Bundled Bars 98 4.7 One–Way Slabs 99 4.8 Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams 102 4.9 SI Example 103 4.10 Computer Example 105 Problems 106 5 Analysis and Design of T Beams and Doubly Reinforced Beams 112 5.1 T Beams 112 5.2 Analysis of T Beams 114 5.3 Another Method for Analyzing T Beams 118 5.4 Design of T Beams 120 5.5 Design of T Beams for Negative Moments 125 5.6 L–Shaped Beams 127 5.7 Compression Steel 127 5.8 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 132 5.9 SI Examples 136 5.10 Computer Examples, 138 Problems 143 6 Serviceability 154 6.1 Introduction 154 6.2 Importance of Deflections 154 6.3 Control of Deflections 155 6.4 Calculation of Deflections 157 6.5 Effective Moments of Inertia 158 6.6 Long–Term Deflections 160 6.7 Simple–Beam Deflections 162 6.8 Continuous–Beam Deflections 164 6.9 Types of Cracks 170 6.10 Control of Flexural Cracks 171 6.11 ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks 175 6.12 Miscellaneous Cracks 176 6.13 SI Example 176 6.14 Computer Example 177 Problems 179 7 Bond, Development Lengths, and Splices 184 7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars 184 7.2 Bond Stresses 187 7.3 Development Lengths for Tension Reinforcing 189 7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars 197 7.5 Hooks 199 7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric in Tension 203 7.7 Development Lengths for Compression Bars 204 7.8 Critical Sections for Development Length 206 7.9 Effect of Combined Shear and Moment on Development Lengths 206 7.10 Effect of Shape of Moment Diagram on Development Lengths 207 7.11 Cutting Off or Bending Bars (Continued) 208 7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members 211 7.13 Tension Splices 213 7.14 Compression Splices 213 7.15 Headed and Mechanically Anchored Bars 214 7.16 SI Example 215 7.17 Computer Example 216 Problems 217 8 Shear and Diagonal Tension 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams 223 8.3 Lightweight Concrete 224 8.4 Shear Strength of Concrete 225 8.5 Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete Beams 226 8.6 Web Reinforcement 227 8.7 Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement 229 8.8 Design for Shear 231 8.9 ACI Code Requirements 232 8.10 Shear Design Example Problems 237 8.11 Economical Spacing of Stirrups 247 8.12 Shear Friction and Corbels 249 8.13 Shear Strength of Members Subjected to Axial Forces 251 8.14 Shear Design Provisions for Deep Beams 253 8.15 Introductory Comments on Torsion 254 8.16 SI Example 256 8.17 Computer Example 257 Problems 258 9 Introduction to Columns 263 9.1 General 263 9.2 Types of Columns 264 9.3 Axial Load Capacity of Columns 266 9.4 Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns 266 9.5 Code Requirements for Cast–in–Place Columns 269 9.6 Safety Provisions for Columns 271 9.7 Design Formulas 272 9.8 Comments on Economical Column Design 273 9.9 Design of Axially Loaded Columns 274 9.10 SI Example 277 9.11 Computer Example 278 Problems 279 10 Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending 281 10.1 Axial Load and Bending 281 10.2 The Plastic Centroid 282 10.3 Development of Interaction Diagrams 284 10.4 Use of Interaction Diagrams 290 10.5 Code Modifications of Column Interaction Diagrams 292 10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded Columns Using Interaction Diagrams 294 10.7 Shear in Columns 301 10.8 Biaxial Bending 302 10.9 Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns 306 10.10 Continued Discussion of Capacity Reduction Factors, φ 309 10.11 Computer Example 311 Problems 312 11 Slender Columns 317 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 Nonsway and Sway Frames 317 11.3 Slenderness Effects 318 11.4 Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts 321 11.5 Determining k Factors with Equations 322 11.6 First–Order Analyses Using Special Member Properties 323 11.7 Slender Columns in Nonsway and Sway Frames 324 11.8 ACI Code Treatments of Slenderness Effects 328 11.9 Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames 328 11.10 Magnification of Column Moments in Sway Frames 333 11.11 Analysis of Sway Frames 336 11.12 Computer Examples 342 Problems 344 12 Footings 347 12.1 Introduction 347 12.2 Types of Footings 347 12.3 Actual Soil Pressures 350 12.4 Allowable Soil Pressures 351 12.5 Design of Wall Footings 352 12.6 Design of Square Isolated Footings 357 12.7 Footings Supporting Round or Regular Polygon–Shaped Columns 364 12.8 Load Transfer from Columns to Footings 364 12.9 Rectangular Isolated Footings 369 12.10 Combined Footings 372 12.11 Footing Design for Equal Settlements 378 12.12 Footings Subjected to Axial Loads and Moments 380 12.13 Transfer of Horizontal Forces 382 12.14 Plain Concrete Footings 383 12.15 SI Example 386 12.16 Computer Examples 388 Problems 391 13 Retaining Walls 394 13.1 Introduction 394 13.2 Types of Retaining Walls 394 13.3 Drainage 397 13.4 Failures of Retaining Walls 398 13.5 Lateral Pressure on Retaining Walls 399 13.6 Footing Soil Pressures 404 13.7 Design of Semigravity Retaining Walls 405 13.8 Effect of Surcharge 408 13.9 Estimating the Sizes of Cantilever Retaining Walls 409 13.10 Design Procedure for Cantilever Retaining Walls 413 13.11 Cracks and Wall Joints 424 Problems 426 14 Continuous Reinforced Concrete Structures 431 14.1 Introduction 431 14.2 General Discussion of Analysis Methods 431 14.3 Qualitative Influence Lines 431 14.4 Limit Design 434 14.5 Limit Design under the ACI Code 442 14.6 Preliminary Design of Members 445 14.7 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Vertical Loads 445 14.8 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Frames for Lateral Loads 454 14.9 Computer Analysis of Building Frames 458 14.10 Lateral Bracing for Buildings 459 14.11 Development Length Requirements for Continuous Members 459 Problems 465 15 Torsion 470 15.1 Introduction 470 15.2 Torsional Reinforcing 471 15.3 Torsional Moments that Have to Be Considered in Design 474 15.4 Torsional Stresses 475 15.5 When Torsional Reinforcing Is Required by the ACI 476 15.6 Torsional Moment Strength 477 15.7 Design of Torsional Reinforcing 478 15.8 Additional ACI Requirements 479 15.9 Example Problems Using U.S. Customary Units 480 15.10 SI Equations and Example Problem 483 15.11 Computer Example 487 Problems 488 16 Two–Way Slabs, Direct Design Method 492 16.1 Introduction 492 16.2 Analysis of Two–Way Slabs 495 16.3 Design of Two–Way Slabs by the ACI Code 495 16.4 Column and Middle Strips 496 16.5 Shear Resistance of Slabs 497 16.6 Depth Limitations and Stiffness Requirements 500 16.7 Limitations of Direct Design Method 505 16.8 Distribution of Moments in Slabs 506 16.9 Design of an Interior Flat Plate 511 16.10 Placing of Live Loads 514 16.11 Analysis of Two–Way Slabs with Beams 517 16.12 Transfer of Moments and Shears between Slabs and Columns 522 16.13 Openings in Slab Systems 528 16.14 Computer Example 528 Problems 530 17 Two–Way Slabs, Equivalent Frame Method 532 17.1 Moment Distribution for Nonprismatic Members 532 17.2 Introduction to the Equivalent Frame Method 533 17.3 Properties of Slab Beams 535 17.4 Properties of Columns 538 17.5 Example Problem 540 17.6 Computer Analysis 544 17.7 Computer Example 545 Problems 546 18 Walls 547 18.1 Introduction 547 18.2 Non–Load–Bearing Walls 547 18.3 Load–Bearing Concrete Walls—Empirical Design Method 549 18.4 Load–Bearing Concrete Walls—Rational Design 552 18.5 Shear Walls 554 18.6 ACI Provisions for Shear Walls 558 18.7 Economy in Wall Construction 563 18.8 Computer Example 564 Problems 565 19 Prestressed Concrete 567 19.1 Introduction 567 19.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete 569 19.3 Pretensioning and Posttensioning 569 19.4 Materials Used for Prestressed Concrete 570 19.5 Stress Calculations 572 19.6 Shapes of Prestressed Sections 576 19.7 Prestress Losses 579 19.8 Ultimate Strength of Prestressed Sections 582 19.9 Deflections 586 19.10 Shear in Prestressed Sections 590 19.11 Design of Shear Reinforcement 591 19.12 Additional Topics 595 19.13 Computer Example 597 Problems 598 20 Reinforced Concrete Masonry 602 20.1 Introduction 602 20.2 Masonry Materials 602 20.3 Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry 606 20.4 Maximum Flexural Tensile Reinforcement 607 20.5 Walls with Out–of–Plane Loads—Non–Load–Bearing Walls 607 20.6 Masonry Lintels 611 20.7 Walls with Out–of–Plane Loads—Load–Bearing 616 20.8 Walls with In–Plane Loading—Shear Walls 623 20.9 Computer Example 628 Problems 630 A Tables and Graphs: U.S. Customary Units 631 B Tables in SI Units 669 C The Strut–and–Tie Method of Design 675 C.1 Introduction 675 C.2 Deep Beams 675 C.3 Shear Span and Behavior Regions 675 C.4 Truss Analogy 677 C.5 Definitions 678 C.6 ACI Code Requirements for Strut–and–Tie Design 678 C.7 Selecting a Truss Model 679 C.8 Angles of Struts in Truss Models 681 C.9 Design Procedure 682 D Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 683 D.1 Introduction 683 D.2 Maximum Considered Earthquake 684 D.3 Soil Site Class 684 D.4 Risk and Importance Factors 686 D.5 Seismic Design Categories 687 D.6 Seismic Design Loads 687 D.7 Detailing Requirements for Different Classes of Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames 691 Problems 698 Glossary 699 Index 703

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Book SynopsisEnvironmental Noise and Management Selma Kurra, Istanbul Technical University and dBKES Engineering Ltd, Turkey A comprehensive overview of environmental noise pollution from the standpoint of environmental impact and control Environmental noise is studied, regulated and monitored by many governments and institutions, as well as forming the basis for a number of different occupations due to the adverse effects of noise exposure. Environmental Noise and Management provides a comprehensive overview of environmental noise pollution. The book begins by covering the fundamentals of noise and acoustics, major noise sources and prediction and evaluation techniques. Developments in noise measuring techniques, and mapping and improvement of legislation to control noise pollution are then discussed, and international regulations are presented. Technological advances and recent developmeTable of ContentsAbout the Author xii List of Figures xiii List of Tables xxxv Series Preface xxxvii Acknowledgments xxxviii Introduction xxxix 1 Acoustics and Noise Fundamentals 1 1.1 Acoustics and Brief History: Pioneers and Subsequent Researchers 1 1.2 Fundamentals of Sound 14 1.2.1 Sound Waves 23 1.2.2 Basic Units and Relations 30 1.3 Sound Sources 51 1.3.1 Source Types and Sound Powers 52 1.3.2 Directionality Characteristics of Sources 55 1.3.3 Wave Propagation and Sound Pressures in Relation to Source Type 59 1.3.4 Acoustic Fields 72 1.4 Sound Propagation and Disturbances 74 1.4.1 Sound Reflection 74 1.4.2 Sound Scattering (Diffusion) 80 1.4.3 Sound Absorption 81 1.4.4 Sound Transmission into Solid Media 84 1.4.5 Sound Refraction 86 1.4.6 Sound Diffraction 89 1.5 Conclusion 91 References 92 Further Reading 93 2 Noise 94 2.1 Definition and Concepts 94 2.2 Spectral Characteristics of Noise 95 2.2.1 Filters in Frequency Analysis 97 2.2.2 Fourier Analysis 98 2.2.3 Test Signals 100 2.2.4 Frequency Weighting Networks 102 2.3 Spatial Variation of Noise 104 2.3.1 The Distance Effect 105 2.3.2 Effect of Air Absorption 106 2.3.3 Meteorological Factors 109 2.3.4 The Ground Effect 117 2.3.5 Effects of Forests and Vegetation 122 2.3.6 Effect of Barriers 124 2.3.7 Vertical Surfaces 137 2.3.8 Total Effect of the Physical Environmental Factors 137 2.4 Temporal Variation of Noise 139 2.5 Noise Metrics and Descriptors 141 2.5.1 Basic Noise Units 142 2.5.2 Noise Descriptors 145 2.6 Conclusion 148 Appendix 2.A 149 2.A.1 Barrier Design, Constructions, and Samples 149 2.A.2 Overview of the Design Principles of Noise Barriers 150 2.A.3 Noise Barriers (Screens) for Other Sources 161 References 164 3 Environmental Noise Sources 171 3.1 Introduction to Environmental Noise Sources 171 3.1.1 Outdoor Noise Sources 172 3.1.2 Indoor Noise Sources 172 3.2 Transportation Noise Sources 174 3.2.1 Road Traffic Noise 175 3.2.2 Noise from Railways 193 3.2.3 Aircraft and Airport Noise 206 3.2.4 Waterway Traffic Noise 218 3.3 Industrial and Mechanical Noise Sources 227 3.3.1 Noise Emission from Single Machines and Installations 227 3.3.2 Noise Emission from Industrial Premises 230 3.4 Wind Farm Noise 232 3.4.1 Emission of Noise from Wind Turbines 233 3.4.2 Noise Emission of Wind Farms in Relation to the Environment 234 3.5 Construction Noise 235 3.5.1 Noise Emissions from Construction Equipment and Operations 235 3.5.2 Noise Emission of Construction Sites 239 3.6 Entertainment Noise 243 3.6.1 Noise Emission from Sound Amplification Systems 244 3.6.2 Noise Emission from Entertainment Premises 245 3.7 Shooting Noise 247 3.7.1 Noise Emission of Firing Weapons 247 3.7.2 Noise Emission of Shooting Ranges 248 3.8 Other Public Noise Sources 248 3.9 Noise Sources in Buildings 251 3.9.1 Noise Emission of Individual Sources in Buildings 252 3.9.2 Noise Emission of Specific Buildings (e.g. an Industrial Building) 252 3.10 Conclusion 253 References 253 4 Prediction Models for Environmental Noises 260 4.1 Development of Acoustic Modeling 260 4.1.1 Analytical Models 261 4.1.2 Empirical Models 261 4.1.3 Numerical Methods with Advanced Computer Techniques 262 4.2 Prediction Models for Road Traffic Noise 264 4.2.1 Development of the Models 264 4.2.2 The NMPB Method 283 4.2.3 The Harmonoise Model 287 4.2.4 The Cnossos-EU Traffic Noise Model 288 4.3 Prediction Models for Railway Noise 289 4.3.1 Development of the Models 289 4.3.2 Analytical Models 290 4.3.3 The RMRS Model 296 4.3.4 The Cnossos-EU Railway Noise Model 299 4.4 Prediction Models for Aircraft Noise 300 4.4.1 Development of the Models 300 4.4.2 Guidelines and Simulation Models 301 4.4.3 The ECAC Model 305 4.4.4 The Cnososs-EU Aircraft Noise Model 309 4.5 Prediction Models for Industrial Noise 310 4.5.1 Development of the Models 310 4.5.2 The ISO 9613 Model 313 4.5.3 The ISO 13474 Blast Noise Model 314 4.5.4 The Cnossos-EU Industrial Noise Model 318 4.6 Prediction Models for Construction Noise 318 4.6.1 Development of the Models 319 4.6.2 Analytical Models 319 4.6.3 Guideline Models 320 4.7 Prediction Models for Other Sources 324 4.7.1 Waterway Noise Prediction Models 324 4.7.2 Shooting Noise Prediction Models 324 4.7.3 Wind Turbine Noise Prediction Models 327 4.8 Validation of Models 329 4.8.1 Comparison of Analytical Models 329 4.8.2 Comparison with the Field Measurements 330 4.8.3 Validation with the Laboratory Experiments 330 4.9 Conclusion 330 References 331 5 Noise Measurements 338 5.1 Brief History of Advances in Noise Measurements 338 5.2 Objectives of Noise Measurements 343 5.3 Basic Acoustic Measurements 346 5.3.1 Measurement of Sound Pressure 346 5.3.2 Measurements of Sound Power and Sound Energy 346 5.3.3 Measurement of Sound Intensity 364 5.4 Measurement Methods and Techniques to Acquire Emission Data for Environmental Noise Sources 368 5.4.1 Emission Measurements of Industrial Noise Sources 368 5.4.2 Emission Measurements of Transportation Noise Sources 376 5.4.3 Emission Measurements of Building Service Equipment 389 5.5 Measurement Methods and Techniques to Acquire Immision Data for Environmental Noise Sources (Field Measurements and Analysis) 391 5.5.1 Objectives of the Field Measurements 392 5.5.2 Observations in the Field 393 5.5.3 Measurement Units 394 5.5.4 Overview of the Measurement Methods in the Field 395 5.5.5 Dealing with Background Noise in the Measurements 409 5.5.5.1 Comparison with Noise Limits and Evaluations 409 5.5.6 Analyses of the Measured Data 410 5.5.7 Reporting the Measurement Results 413 5.5.8 Outline of Source-Specific Measurements in the Field 415 5.6 Errors in Measurements and Determination of Uncertainty 431 5.6.1 Accuracy of the Measurements 431 5.6.2 Determination of Uncertainty in Different Standards 433 5.7 Occupational Noise Measurements 439 5.7.1 Hearing Tests 439 5.7.2 Assessment of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Workplaces 442 5.8 Scale Model Measurements 444 5.9 Sound Insulation Measurements 453 5.9.1 Basic Knowledge about Sound Transmission 454 5.9.2 Laboratory Measurement for Sound Insulation 457 5.9.3 Field Measurement for Sound Insulation 463 5.9.4 Sound Intensity Technique for Sound Insulation Measurements 466 5.9.5 Evaluation of the Measured Sound Insulation 467 5.9.6 Measurements of Room Acoustics Parameters 467 5.10 Performance Measurements for Noise Abatement Devices 471 5.10.1 Measurements of Silencers 471 5.10.2 Measurement of Low Noise Surfaces 472 5.10.3 Measurements of Barrier Performance 473 5.11 Instrumentation for Noise Measurements 479 5.11.1 Overview of the Measurement Systems from Past to Present 479 5.11.2 Basic Instrumentation for Acoustic and Noise Measurements From the Past to the Present 481 5.11.3 Computer-Based Data Acquisition System and Network-Based Data Control 499 5.11.4 Purchasing Noise Measurement Equipment 507 5.12 Conclusion 508 References 509 6 Noise Mapping 524 6.1 Descriptions and Objectives of Noise Mapping 524 6.2 Strategic Noise Maps 525 6.3 Noise Mapping Techniques 526 6.3.1 Development of Noise Mapping 526 6.3.2 Preliminary Determinations for Noise Mapping 532 6.3.3 Measurements for Noise Mapping 538 6.3.4 Computation Models and Input Parameters for Noise Mapping 539 6.3.5 Strategies of emission calculations 543 6.3.6 Strategies of immission calculations 548 6.3.7 Insertion of Data into the Software 551 6.3.8 Performing Operations 556 6.3.9 Managing the Outputs 557 6.4 Evaluation of Noise Maps 568 6.4.1 Identifying Noise Zones 568 6.4.2 Rating Noise Impact and Noise Scores 570 6.5 Uncertainty and Validity of Noise Maps 574 6.5.1 Sources of Uncertainty in Noise Mapping 575 6.5.2 Determination of Uncertainty 577 6.5.3 Required Accuracy 581 6.5.4 Validation of Noise Maps 581 6.6 Reporting the Results of Noise Maps 582 6.7 Examples of Noise Mapping Practices 584 6.7.1 Large-Scale Maps (Regional Maps) 584 6.7.2 Small-Scale Maps (Local Maps) 590 6.7.3 Noise Mapping for Specific Environmental Noise Sources 592 6.7.4 Recent advances in noise mapping 592 6.8 Conclusion 598 References 599 7 Effects of Noise and Noise Control Criteria 604 7.1 The Concept of Hearing, Perception, and Loudness 605 7.1.1 Anatomy of the Hearing System 605 7.1.2 The Hearing Mechanism 606 7.2 Effects of Noise on Human Health, Comfort, and Work Performance 610 7.2.1 Physical Effects: Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 612 7.2.2 Physiological Effects of Noise 615 7.2.3 Effects of Noise on Human Performance 620 7.2.4 Psychological Effects of Noise 624 7.2.5 Adaptation to Noise 630 7.3 Noise Impact Studies and Dose-Response Relations 631 7.3.1 Annoyance and Related Factors 631 7.3.2 Methodology for Noise Impact Studies 634 7.3.3 Laboratory Experiments on Annoyance 662 7.3.4 Comparison of Field and Laboratory Study Results on Annoyance Responses 667 7.3.5 Investigations on the Effects of Noise in Schools 668 7.3.6 Noise Impact Assessment in General 668 7.4 Community Reactions to Environmental Noise 668 7.5 The Soundscape Concept, Objectives, and Implementations 670 7.5.1 Sound Quality and Soundscape 671 7.5.2 Methodology of Soundscape Research and Design 675 7.5.3 Overview of Soundscape Studies 679 7.6 The Concept of Noise Pollution 681 7.7 Noise Criteria and Limits 682 7.7.1 Hearing Risk Criteria 683 7.7.2 Environmental Noise Criteria 685 7.7.3 Building Acoustics Criteria for Noise Control 691 7.7.4 Implementation of Criteria and Noise Control 699 7.8 Conclusion 701 References 701 8 Regulations on Environmental Noise 715 8.1 Legislative Terminology 715 8.2 Overview of Noise Regulations 718 8.2.1 A Survey on Noise Regulation 720 8.2.2 Noise Regulations in Different Countries 721 8.3 Recommendations by International Organizations 726 8.3.1 Legislative Actions in the European Union 727 8.3.2 State-of-the-Art practices of Noise Regulations in the EU 731 8.3.3 Labeling of Noise Emissions 731 8.4 Development of Noise Regulations 732 8.4.1 Principles of Better Noise Regulation 732 8.4.2 Community Noise Regulation Practices 733 8.4.3 Validity of Noise Regulation 735 8.4.4 Strengthening Enforcement of Noise Regulation 736 8.4.5 Involving Complaints 736 8.5 Education and Training for Proficiency in Implementation of Regulations 738 8.5.1 Necessity and Objectives of Training 738 8.5.2 Organization of Training Programs 740 8.5.3 Framework of Efficient Training 740 8.5.4 Acoustic Consultancy 741 8.6 Regulations on Protection of Buildings Against Noise 743 8.6.1 An Example Regulation for the Protection of Buildings Against Noise 743 8.7 Conclusion 747 References 748 9 Environmental Noise Management 753 9.1 Concepts of Noise Policy, Strategy, and Management 753 9.1.1 Noise Policy and Key Elements 754 9.1.2 Noise Management 758 9.2 Development of Action Plans 760 9.2.1 Interaction of Noise Control Concept and Action Plans 760 9.2.2 General Characteristics of Action Plans 761 9.2.3 Framework of the Development of an Action Plan 763 9.3 Overview of the Action Plans in the EU 784 9.3.1 State-of-the-Art Implementations of Action Plans 784 9.3.2 International Projects Contributing to Noise Management 790 9.4 Quiet Areas and Quiet Façades 791 9.4.1 Definition of Noise Limits for Quiet Areas 791 9.4.2 Overview of Actions for Quiet Areas in Europe 793 9.4.3 Concept of Quiet Façades 794 9.5 Economic Impacts of Noise Management 794 9.5.1 Risk Valuation 795 9.5.2 Economic Impacts of Noise Management in EU Member States 797 9.6 Conclusion 798 References 798 Index 805

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Book SynopsisEstimating Building Costs Few aspects of a construction project are more fundamental than the cost estimate, which can mean the difference between a professionally executed project and a financial and legal disaster. Properly handled, a construction cost estimate can protect both the contractor and the client from losing money on a project. The estimate is the first step toward a successful project. For contractors, therefore, the knowledge required to construct an accurate price estimate is critical. Estimating Building Costs for the Residential and Light Commercial Construction Professional provides this knowledge in a thorough and comprehensive guide. It takes readers step-by-step through the process of constructing a cost estimate, and provides guidance for incorporating cost estimates into budgeting, scheduling, project management, and more. The result is a fundamental guide to this critical aspect of the construction industry. Readers of the third edition Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Author xvii Introduction xix CHAPTER 1 The Basis of the Estimate 1 CHAPTER 2 Understanding the Specifications 21 CHAPTER 3 Calculating Linear Measure, Area, and Volume 43 CHAPTER 4 The Quantity Takeoff and Pricing Phases 55 CHAPTER 5 Understanding the Cost Elements of a Unit Price 81 CHAPTER 6 Division 1--General Requirements 95 CHAPTER 7 Existing Conditions 107 CHAPTER 8 Concrete 123 CHAPTER 9 Masonry 153 CHAPTER 10 Metals 193 CHAPTER 11 Wood, Plastics, and Composites 219 CHAPTER 12 Thermal and Moisture Protection 257 CHAPTER 13 Openings 299 CHAPTER 14 Finishes 333 CHAPTER 15 Specialties 379 CHAPTER 17 Fire Suppression 409 CHAPTER 18 Plumbing 421 CHAPTER 19 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) 443 CHAPTER 20 Integrated Automation 465 CHAPTER 21 Electrical 469 CHAPTER 22 Communications, Electronic Safety, and Security 497 CHAPTER 23 Earthwork 507 CHAPTER 24 Exterior Improvements 533 CHAPTER 25 Utilities 559 CHAPTER 26 Profit and Contingencies 583 CHAPTER 27 Estimating by Computer 595 CHAPTER 28 Conceptual Estimating 613 Solutions to Questions And Problems 619 Index 655

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Book SynopsisWritten for small builders and tradesmen such as bricklayers and carpenters, as well as householders wanting to provide more space and enhanced living conditions without the substantial cost of moving house. While there are many books that deal with the construction aspects of extending a house, there are few sources that combine the planning, construction and regulatory aspects into one easily accessible source. Extending and Improving a Home meets that need. By focussing on specific building elements foundations, walls, roofs, services, finishes etc the book neatly provides a comprehensive, accessible guide to the areas of home improvement that cause most concern for householders and small builders. Extending and Improving a Home will: Guide you through the maze of legislation that affects most building alterations and extensions; show how to go about getting a project realised in terms of design, choice of contractor and construction, successfully and to budget, and giveTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Extending and improving your home – an introduction 1 Why extend or improve your home? 2 Do-it-yourself 4 Extending and improving your home – practices and procedures 6 Practical design tips 9 2 Legal background 14 Introduction 14 Planning permission 14 Listed buildings and conservation areas 25 The Building Act 1984 and the Building Regulations 28 Building Regulations 28 Competent persons schemes 46 The Party Wall Act 48 Energy performance 57 Occupiers’ Liability Act 59 3 Arranging and organising the work 60 Use of professional designers 60 Getting a builder or doing it yourself? 61 Cost implications 64 Contractual arrangements 65 Availability of grants 66 Insurances for contract and after 68 Further information 72 4 Issues affecting the property as a whole 73 Structural stability 73 Weatherproofing and damp-proofing the envelope 79 Maintenance 80 Further information 81 5 Site survey and investigation 82 Site investigation 82 Subsoil investigation 84 Significance and proximity of site boundaries 85 Presence and significance of trees 86 Measured survey 88 Further information 90 6 Foundations 91 Introduction 91 Foundation types 92 Further information 101 7 Ground and upper floors 102 Ground floors 102 Upper floors 112 Building Regulations and Approved Document guidance 117 Further information 119 8 External walls 120 Introduction 120 Solid walls 121 Cavity walls 125 Framed wall construction 128 Building Regulations and Approved Document guidance 132 Further information 145 9 Internal walls 147 Partition walls 147 Building Regulations and Approved Document guidance 151 Further information 153 10 Roofs 154 Roof structure and coverings 154 Roof coverings 160 Other coverings 164 Building Regulations and Approved Document guidance 165 Design for thermal efficiency 165 Further information 173 11 Wall and ceiling finishes 174 Wall finishes 174 Ceiling finishes 179 Further information 180 12 Services 181 Introduction 181 Installing new kitchens and bathrooms 182 Above and below ground drainage 183 Electrical installations 196 Heating and ventilating services 197 Hot and cold water supply 202 Further information 205 13 Improving the thermal efficiency of the home 206 Thermal efficiency 206 The green deal 221 Building Regulations and Approved Document guidance 222 Further information 222 14 Conversions 223 What type of conversion 223 Loft conversions 223 Garage conversions 224 Basement conversions 226 Further information 229 Case Study 1 Thermal Upgrading 231 Elements 231 Heat losses 234 Case Study 2 Loft Conversion 237 Existing property 237 Proposal 237 Specifications 238 Additional notes 242 Glossary 245 Index 247

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Book SynopsisThis title provides the best field-tested information on framing efficiently and safely the first time. It covers the basics of framing, as well as more advanced techniques on curved walls and cathedral ceilings. It includes up-to-date information on the latest tools and material. Framing Floors, Walls, and Ceilings from the editors of Fine Homebuilding provides the best field-tested information on framing efficiently, safely and the right way the first time. No source of knowledge on framing is better respected or more widely followed than that provided by the authors of Fine Homebuilding magazine. Framing Floors, Walls, and Ceilings distils centuries of hands-on builder-tested methods and techniques as the finest builders in the U.S pass on their hard-won trade secrets for better construction. The book covers the basics of framing, as well as more advanced techniques on framing curved walls and cathedral ceilings. There is also up-to-date information on the latest framing tools and materials. Framing Floors, Walls, and Ceilings will serve as the definitive guide to the subject.

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Book SynopsisSelf-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a relatively new building material. Nowadays, its use is progressively changing the method of concrete placement on building sites. However, the successful use of SCC requires a good understanding of the behavior of this material, which is vastly different from traditional concrete. For this purpose, a lot of research has been conducted on this area all over the world since 10 years. Intended for both practitioners and scientists, this book provides research results from the rheological behavior of fresh concrete to durability.Trade Review"This book provides research findings ranging from the rheological behaviour of fresh concrete to the durability of SSC." (Detail, 1 January 2012)Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Design, Rheology and Casting of Self-Compacting Concretes 1 Sofiane AMZIANE, Christophe LANOS and Michel MOURET 1.1. Towards a fluid concrete 1 1.2. SCC formulation basics 7 1.3. SCC rheology 20 1.4. Industrial practices 42 1.5. Forces exerted by SCCs on formworks 50 1.6. Bibliography 59 Chapter 2. Early Age Behavior 67 Philippe TURCRY and Ahmed LOUKILI 2.1. Introduction 67 2.2. Hydration and its consequences 68 2.3. Early age desiccation and its consequences: different approaches to the problem 70 2.4. Plastic shrinkage and drop in capillary pressure 74 2.5. Comparison of plastic shrinkage for SCCs and conventional concretes 79 2.6. Influence of composition on free plastic shrinkage 86 2.7. Cracking due to early drying 89 2.8. Summary 93 2.9. Bibliography 95 Chapter 3. Mechanical Properties and Delayed Deformations 99 Thierry VIDAL, Philippe TURCRY, Stéphanie STAQUET and Ahmed LOUKILI 3.1. Introduction 99 3.2. Instantaneous mechanical properties 100 3.3. Differences in mechanical behavior 110 3.4. Behavior of steel-concrete bonding 122 3.5. Bibliography 130 Chapter 4. Durability of Self-Compacting Concrete 141 Emmanuel ROZIÈRE and Abdelhafid KHELIDJ 4.1. Introduction 141 4.2. Properties and parameters that influence durability 143 4.3. Transport phenomena 152 4.4. Degradation mechanisms 159 4.5. Conclusion 202 4.6. Bibliography 203 Chapter 5. High Temperature Behavior of Self-Compacting Concretes 215 Hana FARES, Sébastien RÉMOND, Albert NOUMOWÉ and Geert DE SCHUTTER 5.1. Introduction 215 5.2. Changes in SCC microstructure and physico-chemical properties with temperature 216 5.3. Mechanical behavior of SCCs at high temperature 240 5.4. Thermal stability 247 5.5. Conclusion 252 5.6. Bibliography 253 Glossary 259 List of Authors 261 Index 263

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding the rheological properties of fresh concrete, the hydration phenomenon of cement responsible for structuration, the relationship between the characteristics of the porous solid obtained and its mechanical performances or resistance to the aggressive penetration requires a complex knowledge of the physicochemistry of reactive porous materials. The development of simple formulation rules therefore requires the assimilation of this knowledge and a good command of the properties of these materials.The purpose of this book is to provide the mix designer with useful knowledge on granular materials and porous materials, which will enable the innovative design of concrete. Topics covered include the characterization of granular materials, the concepts of porosity and specific surface area, and the transport properties (diffusion and permeation) of concrete. Some of these topics are already covered in other general books dedicated to granular or porous materials. The objective here is to bring them together in one book by adapting them for use by concrete specialists.Applications in the form of exercises are offered at the end of each chapter to enable readers to assimilate the theoretical knowledge and to apply such knowledge to concrete problems encountered in civil engineering. Contents 1. Description of Granular Materials, Definitions.2. Granulometry.3. Specific Surface Area of Materials.4. Voids in Granular Materials and the Arrangement of Grains.5. Voids in Concrete.6. The Fundamentals of Diffusion.7. Permeability.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Description of Granular Materials, Definitions 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Density 2 1.3. Porosity of granular material 4 1.4. Compactness 4 1.5. Void ratio 5 1.6. Relative compactness 6 1.7. Saturation point 7 1.8. Moisture content 7 1.9. Ratio between the different densities 12 1.10. Absorption of water 12 1.11. Bibliography 13 1.12. Exercises 13 Chapter 2. Granulometry 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Characterization of the shape of grains 21 2.3. Methods of granulometric analysis 22 2.4. Granularity: presentation of results 40 2.5. Granularity of a mixture of aggregate 46 2.6. Bibliography 47 2.7. Exercises 48 Chapter 3. Specific Surface Area of Materials 55 3.1. Definition 55 3.2. Calculating the specific surface area of a granular material 57 3.3. Methods based on permeability and porosity measurements 59 3.4. Methods based on the adsorption of a gas 70 3.5. Methylene blue test for the characterization of fine particles 78 3.6. Bibliography 79 3.7. Exercises 79 Chapter 4. Voids in Granular Materials and the Arrangement of Grains 87 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Sphere packing (one-dimensional: Φ = 2R): theoretical approach and experimental data 88 4.3. Experimental data 95 4.4. Influence of grain shape 97 4.5. Search for maximum compactness 98 4.6. Bibliography 121 4.7. Exercises 121 Chapter 5. Voids in Concrete 129 5.1. Definitions 129 5.2. Characterization of heterogeneous materials 133 5.3. Specific surface area of porous solids 136 5.4. Measurements of the porosity of consolidated materials 139 5.5. Porometry 145 5.6. Bibliography 175 5.7. Exercises 177 Chapter 6. The Fundamentals of Diffusion 195 6.1. The basics of diffusion 195 6.2. Diffusion in porous media 219 6.3. Measurement of the effective diffusion coefficient in porous matter 228 6.4. The relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient and porous structure 245 6.5. Gaseous diffusion 256 6.6. Bibliography 262 6.7. Exercises 266 Chapter 7. Permeability 279 7.1. Introduction 279 7.2. Definition of the permeability of a material 280 7.3. Measurement of permeability 282 7.4. The relationship between permeability and porous structure 296 7.5. The drying of concrete 303 7.6. Physical parameters and performance-based approach 307 7.7. Bibliography 309 7.8. Exercises 312 Index 333

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Book SynopsisLA+ WILD explores the concept of WILD and its role in design, large-scale habitat and species conservation, scientific research, the human psyche, and aesthetics. This issue of LA+ includes contributions drawn from disciplines as diverse as evolutionary ecology, biology, visual arts, bioengineering, landscape architecture, planning, architecture, climatology, environmental history, philosophy, and literature. It features essays by Timothy Mousseau and Anders Moller, Timothy Morton, Paul Carter, Richard Weller, Julian Raxworthy, Emma Marris, Stefan Rahmstorf, Stephen Pyne, Nina-Marie Lister, and Orkan Telhan, among others. It also includes a review of the New York s Rebuild by Design competition, and interviews with eminent ecologists Richard T.T. Forman and Daniel Janzen. The feature artist for this issue is Viennese bio-artist Sonja Baumel. LA+ (Landscape Architecture Plus) Journal from the University of Pennsylvania School of Design is the first truly interdisciplinary journal of landscape architecture. Within its pages you hear not only from designers, but also from historians, artists, lawyers, ecologists, planners, scientists, philosophers, and many more besides. LA+ aims to reveal connections and build collaborations between landscape architecture/urban design and other disciplines by exploring each issue's theme from multiple perspectives. The journal features a range of contribution types including essays, interviews, design criticism, graphic features, illustrations, and short-form pieces designed to provoke and inspire readers. LA+ Journal brings you a rich collection of contemporary thinkers and designers in two lavishly illustrated issues annually."

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