Buddhism Books

Book SynopsisMeeting the Buddhas is a modern classic, giving a vivid and accessible introduction to all the main figures meditated on in the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tradition. First published in 1993, this new edition incorporates a section on Vajrakila, as well as new images, and hundreds of small changes that nuance and deepen earlier editions. It is a mine of information for those who want to learn about buddhas, bodhisattvas and tantric deities, and of inspiration for those who are already doing the practices. Vessantara powerfully evokes the figures, giving the reader a real feeling for what it's like to meditate on them, and how they can transform us on a deep level. It gives detailed descriptions of the figures, including their mudras and symbolic emblems, so it can be used as a handy reference to identify and learn about particular images.Trade Review'The depth of Vessantara's own practice and comfort in visionary realms means this book is an invitation to experience our lives infused with imagination, light, love, power, and mystery.' - Vidyamala Burch, OBE; 'This wonderful book was an absolute treasure trove for me.... A gift of wisdom and inspiration.' - Professor Paul Gilbert, OBE, author of 'The Compassionate Mind'; '...a wonderfully rich, comprehensive, and thorough exploration of the world of Buddhist Vajrayana....' - Rob Preece, author of 'The Psychology of Buddhist Tantra'Table of ContentsIllustrations About the Author Preface to the New Edition Acknowledgements Preface to the Original Edition Publisher's Acknowledgements Introduction Part One Meeting the Buddha Chapter One The Fountainhead of Buddhism Chapter Two The Development of Buddhist Sadhanas Chapter Three The Benefits of Sadhana Practice Chapter Four Taking Up Sadhana Practice Part Two The Mandala of the Five Buddhas Chapter Five Entering the Mandala Chapter Six Touching the Earth in the Eastern Realm Chapter Seven The Wish-Fulfilling Jewel in the South Chapter Eight The Red Buddha and the Mudra of Meditation Chapter Nine Crossed Thunderbolts and the Buddha of Action Chapter Ten At the Centre of the Mandala Part Three The Great Bodhisattvas Chapter Eleven For the Sake of All That Lives Chapter Twelve The Thousand Arms of Compassion Chapter Thirteen The Soft-Voiced Prince and the Flaming Sword Chapter Fourteen Vajrapani - the Path of Heroic Transformation Chapter Fifteen Green Tara - the Quick Way to Wisdom Chapter Sixteen White Tara - Cheating Death Chapter Seventeen The Eight Great Bodhisattvas Part Four Tantra and the Tantric Deities Chapter Eighteen The Tantric Approach Chapter Nineteen Prajnaparamita - the Book That Became a Goddess Chapter Twenty Vajrasattva - Prince of Purity Chapter Twenty-One The Tantric Gurus Chapter Twenty-Two The Oath-Bound Deities Chapter Twenty-Three Dancing in the Sky Chapter Twenty-Four The Dark Armies of the Dharma Chapter Twenty-Five The Refuge Tree and Its Future Growth Notes Illustration Credits Glossary Selected Reading Index

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Book SynopsisAn engaging and practical guide to transforming your life through Buddhist practice. The Buddha said that you can't develop wise perspective and freedom through ideas alone - you need to test the truth in your own experience. This book is aimed at people who have an interest in Buddhism and are looking for a way to improve their lives and relationships. Without jargon, and illustrated with cartoons, diagrams, and photographs, it leads readers through potentially life-changing meditations, perspectives, reflections, and practices for everyday life.Trade Review"Sagaraghosa writes with the tone of a trusted friend, sharing wisdom and perspective with a guiding grace. The book provides a safe space for readers to investigate and reflect on the delicate intricacies of developing their Buddhist practice." - Sharon Salzberg, author of 'Lovingkindness' and Real Life; "In 'Starting on the Buddhist Path', Sagaraghosa is inviting us to see and experience for ourselves the jewel that is Buddhism. This wonderful book is recommended for anyone, young or old, interested in travelling the Buddhist path to freedom." - Vajrashura, Buddhist teacher in the Triratna Buddhist Community; "'Starting on the Buddhist Path' takes you by the hand - especially if you're new to Buddhism - and guides you, with great care and thoughtfulness, through Buddhist teachings and practices. As well as telling you what Buddhism says, it will help you explore why its teachings could be important for you." - Vishvapani Blomfield, author of 'Gautama Buddha: The Life and Teachings of the Awakened One'Table of ContentsAbout the Author Publisher's Acknowledgements and Audio Recordings Introduction Chapter 1 The Why, What, and How of Following the Buddhist Path Chapter 2 The Buddha Chapter 3 The Teachings of the Buddha Chapter 4 Morality Chapter 5 The Buddhist Community Chapter 6 Exploring the Mystery Chapter 7 Going Deeper Chapter 8 Next Steps Notes and References Illustration Credits Index

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Book SynopsisFor Satyadasa the Buddhist path has been fulfilling and often joyous, but also full of doubts and obstacles. What does it mean to be a Buddhist in the West in the twenty-first century? And is being born with one hand a curse - or a blessing? "I'm just pretending to be a Buddhist. I'm only on this solitary retreat because I've heard it's a good idea ... successful people don't need to meditate in damp huts ... they go on proper holidays. I am not successful, ergo, here I am."Trade ReviewThis beautifully written memoir goes surprisingly deep because it is so exceptionally honest....' - Vishvapani Blomfield, Buddhist contributor to BBC's Thought for the Day; '...absolutely wonderful - there were times when I laughed out loud, it's utterly delightful, very funny, touching, full of gorgeous details and wonderful characters.' - Mimi Khalvati, poet and founder of The Poetry School; '...both profound and moving as well as hilariously funny in places.... I recommend it wholeheartedly.' - Vidyamala Burch, OBETable of ContentsAbout the author xi Publisher's acknowledgements xii Preface to the second edition xiii 1 Stumped 1 2 The breakfast table 10 3 Ontology 25 4 Out of my head 44 5 A long way to go 60 6 Buddhists in Bethnal Green 71 7 Very strange, very okay 83 8 Cult 91 9 Freedom within 103 10 Moon metaphors 111 11 My guru reads the Daily Telegraph 128 12 Funny teeth 137 13 The Middle Way 147 14 Cats and dogs 163 15 After the ecstasy, the laundry basket 174 16 On solitary 181 17 It makes sense at every level, except the one on which I live 190 18 Prosthetics 205 19 We are where we are 217 20 Big mind 230 21 Making merit 242 22 In the bardo 255 23 Death and rebirth 262 24 Lineage 279 Author's Note 292

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Book SynopsisSangharakshita's A Survey of Buddhism has inspired readers for decades. This first chapter illuminates the doctrines and methods common to all schools, drawing out the transcendental unity of Buddhism.

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Book SynopsisThese comprehensive and essential Buddhist teachings that are written in an easy-to-understand way will resolve the commonly misunderstood concepts taught in modern Buddhism such as ‘egolessness’ and ‘void’, as well as the true meaning of ‘the middle way', ‘nirvana’ and ‘Buddha-nature’. These concepts of spiritual awareness are now resurrected. Ryuho Okawa's clear-cut explanations of the core Buddhist teachings are what has been anticipated among authentic seekers of Truth, so look no farther. 1. The Spirit of Buddhism 2. Freedom and Ignorance 3. The Four Noble Truths 4. What is ‘Egolessness’? 5. ‘Void’ or ‘Emptiness’ and Causality 6. Karma and Reincarnation 7. Progress Through the Middle Way 8. The Two Concepts of ‘Lesser Vehicle’ and ‘Great Vehicle’ 9. What is Nirvana? 10. ‘Void’ or ‘Emptiness’ and Salvation 11. ‘Egolessness’ from the Perspective of the Middle Way 12. Buddha-Nature and the Attainment of Buddhahood

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Book SynopsisAward-winning author Lama Tsomo provides insights and practices to enrich our relationships, be mindfully and joyfully present in the world, and deepen our understanding of ourselves.The tide of modern life is sweeping us even further into isolation—away from each other, from the world, from ourselves. To turn this tide, Lama Tsomo has created the latest addition to her Ancient Wisdom for Our Times series: Deepening Wisdom, Deepening Connection. Building on the ideas and practices in the first two books—Why Bother: An Introduction and Wisdom Compassion (Starting with Yourself)—this new volume actively engages readers, expanding our understanding and guiding our practice in the several key areas.The Four Boundless Qualities. Loving Kindness, Compassion, Sympathetic Joy, and Equanimity are not lofty, abstract sentiments. They are practical capacities that we can all cultivate for the benefit, as Buddhists say, of ourselves and others. Lama Tsomo teaches us how.Forgiveness. This is essential to our inner well-being—if we want to move on in our lives, and to move closer to others, we must be able to forgive. Resentment is the most destructive form of stress. As someone once said, hanging on to resentment is like drinking poison and expecting the other person to die. Deepening Wisdom, Deepening Connection shows us that we don’t need to forget to forgive.Near Enemies. Lama Tsomo’s explanation of the Buddhist concept of “near enemies” is a true eye-opener: she explains how we can stop fooling ourselves into thinking some of our shortcomings are actually virtues. Sublime Insight. Her patient guidance into the principles and practice of Vipassana (Sublime Insight) offers us ways to experience reality in its complexity and simplicity. (Buddhism was thousands of years ahead of quantum physics on this one.) You’ll never see the world, or yourself, the same way again.Written with the conversational clarity and generous dashes of humor she’s brought to her retreats at the Namchak Retreat Ranch and award-winning titles such as Why Is the Dalai Lama Always Smiling? and The Lotus and the Rose, Lama Tsomo’s latest is the culmination of decades of deep practice and scholarly inquiry, filled with real-world examples, beautiful illustrations, practice cards, and links to online support. Deepening Wisdom, Deepening Connection is an authentic guide to compassionate awareness and a salve against a growingly disconnected world.Trade Review“In the most recent installment of Ancient Wisdom for Our Times, Lama Tsomo shares her experience with the deep practices of Tibetan Buddhism. She writes with clarity, humor, and with practical support to guide us to a better and more fulfilled life. It feels like being given a gift to read Deepening Wisdom, Deepening Connection and an invitation to slow down to experience life.” – Sharon Salzberg, author of Lovingkindness and Real Change“I have no doubt that Western readers who wish to deepen their understanding of Tibetan Buddhist practices will find much to interest them here, and that members of other faiths, or even those who have none, will enjoy this sincere account of spiritual exploration.” – From the Foreword, by His Holiness The Dalai Lama XIV“Lama Tsomo gives me new ways to summon calm and equanimity in a sea of storms in the world through various meditation techniques. From her to me, from me to you, from you to the universe with each breath. The world is better." – Huey-Min Chuang, student of Lama Tsomo and Learning Circle member“I wouldn’t be where I am today with my meditation practice if it weren’t for Lama Tsomo. Her ability to take these Eastern practices and make them feel relatable to Westerners is incredible. Not only does she make you feel welcome, she makes you feel at home. If I could recommend one teacher to learn from, it would be her.” – Joe Previte, student of Lama Tsomo and former Community Advisor

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Book SynopsisIn this incomparable book, author Ryuho Okawa offers a detailed description of the multidimensional structure of the Spirit World that exists beyond this world. Brace yourself to encounter the Eternal Truths that are revealed for the first time in human history.

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Book SynopsisThis book contemplates current crises guided by a core Buddhist teaching: the roots of deepest suffering lie in what we grasp most tightly. Thus, tightly held ideas from 'the enlightenment' - rationality, individuality, equality and secularity - are considered as sources of suffering: technocracy, broken politics and 'moral acrimony'. Freedom lies not in accepting or rejecting these views, but in seeing where they've become dogmas, feeding cultural addiction to certainty and control. Liam Kavanagh is an embodied cognitive scientist, deeply influenced by Zen, who directs research at Life Itself, a community of people for a wiser, weller world. Past work in development economics convinced him that recognising and unlearning ideology is the most important step towards imagining futures worth creating. He helps create opportunities for this by organising residential learning communities, dialogues between Science and Zen, and contemplative activist groups.Trade Review‘In this important and timely book, dense with insight, Liam succeeds where many others have failed, to not only accurately diagnose the root causes of the brokenness that so many of us intuit at the heart of Western scientific materialism, but to indicate the path towards a remedy. Courageously and compassionately teasing apart the roots of our attachments to reason, individuality and equality – notions we would often prefer to take as read, so painful are they to explore – Liam skilfully navigates the reefs and shoals of our reactivity, creating a space for real understanding and a new turning of the wheel of cultural evolution. In this work, Liam models the solution he proposes, by drawing in equal measure on wisdom arising from his own direct, first person meditative investigation, balanced by intellectual rigour and a thorough grasp of developments in neuroscience, psychology and the history and philosophy of science’ -- Brother Phap Linh, Dharma Teacher, Plum Village Zen Monastery‘This is a brave and important book for our time, a time when we direly need to find the wisdom to overcome such identities and divisions, and find each other, freely and together’ -- Professor Rupert Read, former UK national spokesperson for Extinction Rebellion and author of Wittgenstein’s Liberatory Philosophy

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Book SynopsisIn the teaching of the Buddha, the practice of giving claims a place of special eminence, one that singles it out as being in a sense the foundation and seed of spiritual development. This publication was compiled by Bhikkhu Bodhi to explore this cardinal Buddhist virtue in greater depth by featuring essays in which four modern writers (Elbaum-Jootla, de Silva, Walshe, and van Gorkom) and a classical commentator (Acariya Dhammapala) set forth their understanding of giving and its relation to the wider body of Dhamma practice.

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Book SynopsisTeacher of the Devas: Buddha''s Relationship with the Gods is a 68-page paperback authored by S. Elbaum Jootla and published by the Buddhist Publication Society in Sri Lanka on September 7, 1998. The book delves into the interactions between the Buddha and various deities (devas) within Buddhist tradition, exploring how these relationships illustrate the Buddha''s teachings and his role as a spiritual guide. It offers insights into the significance of these divine encounters in understanding Buddhist philosophy and practice.

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Book SynopsisA shorter and less technical treatment of its subject than the author’s acclaimed Buddhism As Philosophy (second edition, Hackett, 2021), Mark Siderits's The Buddha’s Teachings As Philosophy explores three different systems of thought that arose from core claims of the Buddha. By detailing and critically examining key arguments made by the Buddha and developed by later Buddhist philosophers, Siderits investigates the Buddha's teachings as philosophy: a set of claims—in this case, claims about the nature of the world and our place in it—supported by rational argumentation and, here, developed with a variety of systematic results. The Buddha’s Teachings As Philosophy will be especially useful to students of philosophy, religious studies, and comparative religion—to anyone, in fact, encountering Buddhist philosophy for the first time.Trade Review"The philosopher Vasubandhu described the Buddha's teaching as an immaculate path of reasons. There are few who know every twist and turn of this path as well as Mark Siderits, and this book is the perfect guide for those starting out on their way."—Sonam Kachru, University of Virginia"This intriguing yet accessible text critically examines Buddhist perspectives on central issues in metaphysics, ethics, and soteriology. It is an excellent choice for classes on Buddhist philosophy, non-Western philosophy, philosophy of religion, and introductions to philosophy."—Kris McDaniel, University of Notre Dame"Fantastic! Mark Siderits' Buddha’s Teachings as Philosophy is a lively but rigorous introduction to Buddhism's philosophical foundations and provides a glimpse of later interpretations of the Buddha's teachings. Siderits explains Buddhist ideas in such an accessible way that virtually no attentive student could fail to understand." –Geoffrey Bagwell, Spokane Community College

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Book SynopsisWhat is an unofficial Buddhist? Someone whose monastery is their living room! This book explores Buddhist-inspired teaching and practice for today''s secular world - but outside the monastic traditions of Buddhism. The Unofficial Buddhist seeks to find a middle way between ancient and modern worldviews, religious and secular approaches, and Asian and western cultural attitudes. Drawing on traditional Theravada and modern Zen sources, it suggests practical ways of engaging with the Buddha''s ancient path of morality and meditation, leading towards the wisdom of awakening. Western Buddhists often practise with friends or alone. Perhaps they have no local Buddhist centre, or haven''t found those nearby appealing - or they''re wary of organized religion in general. These ''unofficial Buddhists'' have been called Buddhism''s ''new pioneers'', exploring the inner territory of how to practise the Buddha''s teaching in the modern world. In both Europe and North America, they''re probably more numerous than any of the traditional groups. So if you have been practising Buddhism without finding a local centre where you feel comfortable - or if you are outside Buddhism, but looking in with interest - you are probably an unofficial Buddhist yourself. If so, this book is for you.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"The diversity of source material (combined with the alphabetical arrangement) provides for unexpected and sometimes delightful juxtapositions: entries from the Kama Sutra sit alongside Buddhist instructions for charnel ground meditations, and the sublime attitudes of the brahma-viharas are sandwiched between the malicious and the macabre. . . . Being fully aware of one’s own emotional experience is a wonder, a miracle. In this light, Words for the Heart offers the reader 177 entry points to wonder."---Sarah Fleming, Tricycle"An homage to the Sanskrit tradition. . . . A good sample of Sanskrit literature and philosophy that will, I am sure, whet many appetites for more writings from and about classical India."---Sophus Helle, Marginalia Review of Books

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Book SynopsisUntil its recent political thaw, Burma was closed to most foreign researchers, and fieldwork-based research was rare. In The Traffic in Hierarchy, one of the few such works to appear in recent years, author Ward Keeler combines close ethnographic attention to life in a Buddhist monastery with a broad analysis of Burman gender ideology.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive and theory-rich investigation of the history and philosophy of yoga, from its Indian origins to the contemporary context.Clear, accessible, and meticulously annotated, Tracing the Path of Yoga offers a comprehensive survey of the history and philosophy of yoga that will be invaluable to both specialists and to nonspecialists seeking a deeper understanding of this fascinating subject. Stuart Ray Sarbacker argues that yoga can be understood first and foremost as a discipline of mind and body that is represented in its narrative and philosophical literature as resulting in both numinous and cessative accomplishments that correspond, respectively, to the attainment of this-worldly power and otherworldly liberation. Sarbacker demonstrates how the yogic quest for perfection as such is situated within the concrete realities of human life, intersecting with issues of politics, economics, class, gender, and sexuality, as well as reflecting larger Indic religious and philosophical ideals.

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Book SynopsisThe Mahanidana Sutta is a key discourse on dependent arising in Buddhism, emphasizing its depth and importance. Ananda challenges its complexity, leading to a profound teaching by the Buddha. This book includes the sutta's translation, commentary passages, and philosophical discussions on the topic.

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Book SynopsisMany books have been published in recent years on the topic of mahamudra, or meditation on the fundamentally clear nature of the mind. This book is different in the systematic way it draws from a variety of source texts in order to construct a complete, graded path of practice informed by an understanding of the particular obstacles faced by meditators in the West. Dan Brown is a clinical psychotherapist who has also spent much time evaluating the experiences of meditators on longterm retreats. He knows the Tibetan literature on mahamudra meditation and has over thirty years of both personal meditation experience and observation of the experiences of others. He co-wrote, with Ken Wilber and Jack Engler, the book Transformations in Consciousness, and he teaches an annual seminar on mahamudra meditation at the Esalen Institute. Pointing Out the Great Way is a spiritual manual that describes the Tibetan Buddhist meditation known as mahamudra from the perspective of t

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Book SynopsisCrossing continents and running across centuries, Key Concepts in World Philosophies brings together the 45 core ideas associated with major Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Islamic, African, Ancient Greek, Indigenous and modern European philosophers. The universal theme of self-cultivation and transformation connects each concept. Each one seeks to change our understanding the world or the life we are living. From Chinese xin and karma in Buddhist traditions to okwu in African philosophy, equity in Islamic thought and the good life in Aztec philosophy, an international team of philosophers cover a diverse set of ideas and theories originating from thinkers such as Confucius, Buddha, Dogen, Nezahualcoyotl, Nietzsche and Zhuangzi. Organised around the major themes of knowledge, metaphysics and aesthetics, each short chapter provides an introductory overview supported by a glossary. This is a one-of-a-kind toolkit that allows you to read philosophical texts from all overTrade ReviewThis is a brilliantly conceived volume, aimed at encouraging recognition of the diversity of philosophical ideas across the various world traditions. Dipping into just a few of the chapters should convince anyone that there are no grounds whatsoever for philosophers to ignore key ideas outside their own cultural traditions. * Michael Beaney, Regius Professor of Logic, University of Aberdeen, UK, and Professor of History of Analytic Philosophy, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany *Can there be a better way to "take the world as the world" in philosophy than recruiting a cadre of the very best scholars across the subfields of global philosophy with each writing a substantial piece on a concept usually associated with their own careers? Sarah Flavel and Chiara Robbiano at the helm of this great ship are indeed taking world philosophy towards the boundless horizon of Nietzsche's open sea. * Roger T. Ames, Humanities Chair Professor, Peking University, China *Contemporary Anglo-European philosophy often appears to be nothing but a temple to the achievements of dead white men. Key Concepts in World Philosophies, by Sarah Flavel and Chiara Robbiano, is a powerful antidote to philosophical ethnocentrism. This anthology is like a philosophical box of chocolates, with wide selections of delicious, "bite-sized" chapters that broaden our philosophical horizons and expand our conceptual toolkits. It is useful for both the timid beginner and the jaded cosmopolitan. * Bryan W. Van Norden, James Monroe Taylor Chair in Philosophy, Vassar College, USA *Table of ContentsList of Contributors Preface “A Note on the “Key-Concepts” Approach and Diversification of Philosophical Curricula”, Sarah Flavel Acknowledgments Introduction, “Valuing diversity”, Chiara Robbiano Part I: How We Acquire Knowledge about Ourselves and Reality 1. Action and Praxis, Jin Y. Park 2. Africa, Delphine Abadie 3. Ataraxia, Frans A.J. de Haas 4. Continuous Inquiry, Chiara Robbiano 5. Emptiness, Jason M. Wirth 6. Epistemic Decolonization of Culture, Omar Rivera 7. Ezumezu, Jonathan O Chimakonam 8. Gewu (Investigation of Things), Xiao Ouyang 9. “I” as the Absolute Present, Yoko Arisaka 10. Intellectual Non-Harming and Epistemic Friction, Anand Vaidya 11. Karma, Peter D. Hershock 12. Nature, Marzenna Jakubczak 13. Perspectival Agility, Sarah Flavel and Brad Hall 14. Relational Knowing, Monika Kirloskar-Steinbach 15. Relegational Arguments, Andrew K. Whitehead 16. Science Fiction in/as Philosophy, Ethan Mills 17. Shinjin Gakudô (Studying the Way with Body and Mind), Bret W. Davis 18. Shinjin-datsuraku (dropping the bodymind), Rein Raud 19. Prasanga Method, Ethan Mills 20. Unconditioned, Russell Re Manning 21. Vital Force, Pius M. Mosima 22. Zhi (Knowing), Aaron Creller Part II: How We Cultivate Ourselves and Relate to Others 23. Double movement, Evgenia Ilieva 24. Duhkha (suffering), Stephen E. Harris 25. Equality, Hadeer Aboelnagah 26. I-Thou Relation, Michiko Yusa 27. Moral Responsiveness, Jay L. Garfield 28. Nepantla, James Maffie 29. Self-Cultivation and Political Power, Leah Kalmanson 30. The Good Life, Sebastian Purcell 31. Ubuntu/Botho, Michael Onyebuchi Eze 32. Ujamaa, Edwin Etieyibo 33. Wu wei, Yuan Zhang and Douglas L. Berger 34. Xin (Heart-mind), Dascha Düring Part III: How We Express Ourselves 35. Concreteness, Paul Ziche 36. Conversationalism, Aribiah David Attoe 37. Creativity, Kiene Brillenburg Wurth 38. Diversity in Philosophy, Purushottama Bilimoria & Agnieszka Rostalska 39. Dôtoku (Expression), Gereon Kopf 40. Embodied Practice, John C. Maraldo 41. Kata, Enrico Fongaro 42. Li (Ritual), Geir Sigurðsson 43. Noh Theater Mask, Mayuko Uehara 44. Okwu, Jonathan O Chimakonam 45. Tôjisha kenkyû (participant-led research), Saku Hara Index

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Book SynopsisDescribes the stages of the Bodhisattva path from the very beginning right up to full and perfect enlightenment, following the teaching tradition of the great early Kadampas, expounding the ten stages of practice.

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Book SynopsisA Tibetan Buddhist master shares his commentary on Santideva''s Way of the Bodhisattva, illuminating the path to enlightenment and the meaning of true compassion What would be the practical implications of caring more about others than about yourself? This is the radical theme of this extraordinary set of instructions, a training manual composed in the fourteenth century by the Buddhist hermit Ngulchu Thogme, here explained in detail by one of the great Tibetan Buddhist masters of the twentieth century, Dilgo Khyentse. In the Mahayana tradition, those who have the courage to undertake the profound change of attitude required to develop true compassion are called bodhisattvas. Their great resolve—to consider others’ needs as paramount, and thus to attain enlightenment for the sake of all living creatures—carries them beyond the limits imposed by the illusions of “I” and “mine,” culminating in the direct realization of reality, transcending dualistic notions of self and other. This classic text presents ways that we can work with our own hearts and minds, starting wherever we find ourselves now, to unravel our small-minded preoccupations and discover our own potential for compassion, love, and wisdom. Many generations of Buddhist practitioners have been inspired by these teachings, and the great masters of all traditions have written numerous commentaries. Dilgo Khyentse’s commentary is probably his most extensive recorded teaching on Mahayana practice.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces and explores the ideas, practices and philosophy of engaged Buddhism. The movement holds that suffering is not just caused by the cravings of the mind, but also by political and social factors; therefore, engaged Buddhists engage' with social issues to achieve liberation. Paul Fuller outlines the movement''s origins and principles. He then offers a comprehensive analysis of the central themes and issues of engaged Buddhism, offering new insights into the formation of modern Buddhism. The range of issues covered includes politics, gender, environmentalism, identity, blasphemy and violence. These are illustrated by case studies and examples from a range of locations where Buddhism is practised. Discussion points and suggested further reading are provided at the end of each chapter, which will further enrich undergraduates'' grasp of the topic.Trade ReviewIn this timely text, Paul Fuller updates and revitalizes scholarship on the increasing proliferation of engaged Buddhist expressions across a global landscape. In addition to illuminating key themes, he advances the category beyond its normative liberal and progressive boundaries by arguing persuasively that ethnocentric forms of Buddhism are also engaged. Compelling and clearly written, An Introduction to Engaged Buddhism is a must-read for both scholars and practitioners of Engaged Buddhism. * Ann Gleig, Associate Professor of Religion and Cultural Studies, University of Central Florida, USA *Paul Fuller articulates a broad definition of Engaged Buddhism, one that moves away from the assumption that Engaged Buddhist movements are always liberal/progressive and nonviolent. This more expansive definition represents a vital and needed development in the field. * Amy Langenberg, Associate Professor of Religion, Eckerd College, USA *Table of ContentsList of Figures Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. Introduction: Engaged Buddhism 2. The Foundations of Engaged Buddhism 3. Beyond Belief: The Danger of Attachment to Views in Engaged Buddhism 4. Dismantling Metaphysics: Nirvana, Rebirth, and Interdependence 5. Left, Right and the Middle-Way: Engaged Buddhism and Politics 6. Eco-Engaged Buddhism 7. Suffering, Sexuality and Gender 8. Ethnocentric Engaged Buddhism 9. Buddhism on the Edge, Buddhists Offended: Engaged Buddhism and Blasphemy 10. Conclusion: All Buddhism is Engaged? Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisIndia has a long, rich, and diverse tradition of philosophical thought, spanning some two and a half millennia and encompassing several major religious traditions.This Very Short Introduction emphasizes the diversity of Indian thought, and is structured around six schools which have achieved classic status. Sue Hamilton explores how the traditions have attempted to understand the nature of reality in terms of an inner or spiritual quest, and introduces distinctively Indian concepts such as karma and rebirth. She also shows how Indian thinkers have understood issues of reality and knowledge -- issues which are also an important part of the Western philosophical tradition. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.Trade ReviewIndian Philosophy by Sue Hamilton, the perfect gift for anyone who wishes to sort out their karma and nirvana * The Independent Weekend Review 02/06/01 *Table of ContentsPreface ; Introduction ; 1. The Brahmanical beginnings: Vedic sacrifice and the early Upanisads ; 2. Beyond Brahmanism: the Buddha and other renouncers ; 3. Issues and justifications: language, grammar, and the emerging of polemics ; 4. Nyaya and Vaisesika ; 5. Developments in Buddhist thought: Abhidharma, Madhyamaka, and Yogicara ; 6. Yoga and Samkhya ; 7. Grammar again, and the exegetical traditions: Bhartrhari, Mimamsa, and Vedanta ; Further reading ; Index

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Book SynopsisPresenting a history of the contradictory, often militaristic, role of Zen Buddhism, this book documents the unknown support of a supposedly peaceful religion for Japanese militarism throughout World War II. It draws on the writings and speeches of leading Zen masters and scholars.Trade ReviewPraise for the first edition: Zen at War is a wake-up call for all Buddhists. Victoria has shown in a passionate and well documented way that Buddhism is not immune to the kind of distortions that have been used throughout human history by virtually all of the world's religions to justify so-called holy war.... -- John Daido Loori, Roshi, Abbot of Zen Mountain Monastery; author of The Heart of Being: Moral and Ethical Teachings of Zen BuddhismPraise for the first edition: In this carefully documented study, Brian Victoria discloses the incredible intellectual dishonesty of Japanese Buddhists who perverted their religion into a jingoistic doctrine of support for the emperor and imperial expansion during the period 1868-1945. Good job! We must face this dark side of our heritage squarely.... -- Robert Aitken, retired Roshi, Honolulu Diamond SanghaZen at War is an incendiary book and an essential cautionary tale for anyone wanting to apply Buddhist teachings. Brian Victoria is a genuinely radical historian who asks followers of Zen–and by extension all Buddhists–to look beyond the pristine, other-worldly image the tradition has presented and understand the deep compromises that came from its relationship with power. Much more than an exposé, Zen at War challenges Buddhists to think through the ethical consequences of venerated doctrines and examine them in light of the Buddha’s original teaching. Despite the efforts of some Zen apologists to minimize the significance of Brian Victoria’s findings, the first edition lit a fire under Zen and the new edition adds fuel by extending the book’s critique back into Buddhist history. It is an important contribution to western Buddhism. -- Vishvapani, editor of Dharma Life magazineAn important and well-written work . . . This new edition significantly expands the text . . . Especially important is Victoria's well-documented contention that Buddhist involvement with buttressing political establishments is not new but can be traced to the time of King Ashoka in ancient India. . . Finally the author calls all Buddhists to thoughtful consideration and repudiation of "Nation-Protecting Buddhism" as a betrayal of the essential teachings . . . Recommended. * CHOICE *Victoria's extensive research- along with translations of lengthy quotations- substantially adds to our knowledge of the relationship between Buddhism and Japanese nationalism and imperialism....the content is often very interesting... * Journal of Asian Studies *Praise for the first edition: Zen at War is a stunning contribution to our understanding of Japanese militarism and the broader issue of war responsibility as it continues to be addressed (and ignored) in contemporary Japan. Victoria's great sensitivity to the perversion and betrayal of Buddhism's teachings about compassion and nonviolence makes his indictment of the role played by Imperial War Buddhists in promoting ultranationalism and aggression all the more striking—and all the more saddening. -- John Dower, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; author of War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific WarPraise for the first edition: Zen at War is a wake-up call for all Buddhists. Victoria has shown in a passionate and well documented way that Buddhism is not immune to the kind of distortions that have been used throughout human history by virtually all of the world's religions to justify so-called holy war. -- John Daido Loori, Roshi, Abbot of Zen Mountain Monastery; author of The Heart of Being: Moral and Ethical Teachings of Zen BuddhismPraise for the first edition: In this carefully documented study, Brian Victoria discloses the incredible intellectual dishonesty of Japanese Buddhists who perverted their religion into a jingoistic doctrine of support for the emperor and imperial expansion during the period 1868-1945. Good job! We must face this dark side of our heritage squarely. -- Robert Aitken, retired Roshi, Honolulu Diamond SanghaTable of ContentsPart 1 THE MEIJI RESTORATION OF 1868 AND BUDDHISM Chapter 2 The Attempted Suppression of Buddhism Chapter 3 Early Buddhist Social Ferment Chapter 4 Uchiyama Gudo: Radical Soto Zen Priest Chapter 5 Institutional Buddhism's Rejection of Progressive Social Action Part 6 JAPANESE MILITARISM AND BUDDHISM Chapter 7 The Incorporation of Buddhism into the Japanese War Machine (1913-30) Chapter 8 Buddhist Resistance to Japanese Militarism Chapter 9 The Emergence of Imperial-Way Buddhism Chapter 10 The Emergence of Imperial-State Zen and Soldier Zen Chapter 11 Other Zen Masters and Scholars in the War Effort Part 12 POSTWAR TRENDS Chapter 13 The Postwar Japanese Responses to Imperial-Way Buddhism, Imperial-State Zen, and Soldier Zen Chapter 14 Corporate Zen in Postwar Japan Chapter 15 Was It Buddhism?

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Book SynopsisEver since the Buddha's lifetime, people have been trying to express the ultimate meaning of Buddhism in a form that makes rational sense. This book offers a guide to texts that seem to express the goal and justification for Buddhist practice in a breath of nonsense, a touch of Lewis Carroll.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an outline of the Buddhist shunyata principle (the inherent emptiness of all phenomena), and presents a Western philosophical base by which to logically support its integration into the western mind-set. Buddhist and Western philosophy is surprisingly compatible. Buddhist Existentialism outlines the influence of Existentialists, such as Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, and introduces us to the ideas of the Madhyamaka school of Buddhist thought.

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Book SynopsisA Textbook in Classical Tibetan is the first comprehensive course book in the Classical Tibetan language written in English. The textbook describes the grammar of pre-16th-century Classical Tibetan works for beginners and students of intermediate level. It is intended to cover the most essential topics that can be mastered within two semesters of an academic class. Classical Tibetan is a written Middle Tibetan language that has been in use in Tibet from the 9th century. Until the early 20th century it served all purposes, from administrative, to medical, to religious. Nowadays Classical Tibetan remains an important part of religious identity and services for communities also outside of cultural Tibet, foremost in India, Nepal, and Bhutan, but also elsewhere, most importantly in Europe, North America and Australia.The main body of the textbook consists of an introduction to the Tibetan script, eighteen lessons, and a reading section. Each lesson elucidates several grammatical Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsIntroductionStructure of the textbookLanguage historyTibetic languages and their genetic affiliationGeographic distribution of Tibetic languagesCharacterisation of Tibetic languagesTibetic languages in diachronyWritten vs spoken Tibetic languagesClassical TibetanTibetan scriptHistoryThe scriptSyllableNumbersPunctuation marksWord order in dictionariesTibetan transliteration of Indian scriptsLesson 1WordTibetan as an agglutinative languageParticles. An overviewNounAdjectiveDemonstrativeIndefinite particleNoun phraseGrammatical caseExerciseWord listLesson 2Word order in a clauseAbsolutiveCopula ཡིན་ and its negation མིན་NumberPersonal pronounsExerciseWord listLesson 3LocativeDativeCopula ཡོད་ and its negation མེད་GenitivePossessive pronounsFinal particle འོ་ExerciseWord listLesson 4Tibetan verbs. An overviewIntransitive verbsTerminative caseExerciseWord listLesson 5Transitive verbsTibetan as an ergative languageErgativeComitativeTranslation of clausesExerciseWord listLesson 6ElativeDelativeNegationImperativeProhibitiveExerciseWord listLesson 7Nominal particlesཔ་ ~ བ་ particleཔ་ particleཔོ་ ~ བོ་ particleཔོ་ particleམ་ particleམོ་ particleཀ་ ~ ཁ་ ~ ག་ particleཀོ་ particleGeneral remarksExerciseWord listLesson 8ConverbsCoordinative particleNon-controllable transitive verbsSpeech registerAdverbsExerciseWord listLesson 9Gerundial particleFocus particleDiminutive particleAppositionExerciseWord listLesson 10Concessive particlePostpositions and postpositional phrasesPossessive particle ཅན་Adjectives ལྡན་ and བཅས་ExerciseWord listLesson 11QuestionsNominalisationRelative clausesExerciseWord listLesson 12Case converbsVerb + case particleVerb + པ་/ བ་ + case particleReadingLesson 13Direct speechIndirect speechInterjectionsCompoundsModal verbsCausative verb འཇུག་ReadingLesson 14PassivePossessive attributesComplex attributesEllipsisOmission of coreferential argumentsImpersonal clauseOther pronounsReadingLesson 15Morphology of transitive and intransitive verbsOther converbial particlesLight verbsIncorporationIdiomsMeasure words Comparative and superlativeDouble case particlesErgative in quotationsReadingLesson 16Auxiliary particle ཀྱིན་Analytical verb constructionsConcessive auxiliary རུང་Purposive particle རྒྱུ་ReadingLesson 17Clause chainingDeterminersReduplicationNumeralsReadingLesson 18Impact of Sanskrit on Classical TibetanMetricsReadingReadingsReading I: Householder Dbyig-pa-čanReading II: The descent of Tibetan people from a monkey and a rock-ogressReading III: The death of Mi-la Ras-pa’s fatherReading IV: A Treasury of Aphoristic JewelsTranslations of exercises and readingsExercisesReadingsLinguistic glossaryAppendicesAppendix A: Writing instructionsAppendix B: Transliteration systems. A comparative tableAppendix C: Combinations of sub-, pre-, and superscripts with base lettersAppendix D: ParticlesAppendix E: Semantics of converbial particlesAppendix F: Analytical verb constructionsAppendix G: Syntactic structuresGlossarySymbols and AbbreviationsSiglaReferencesSubject index

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Book SynopsisThis textbook uses modern approaches and tools to teach Sanskrit, introducing readers early on to annotated original passages. It requires no prior knowledge of linguistics or ancient languages, and clearly explains underlying structures and systems to facilitate memorisation. A dedicated website provides numerous resources for further practise.Trade Review'… a fresh and engaging approach … which takes the learner's concerns fully into account. Full of sage practical advice while maintaining rigorous instructional standards.' Paul Dundas, University of Edinburgh'[An] excellent introduction to Sanskrit, making the language accessible to the beginner but informed of the latest research.' James Clackson, University of Cambridge'[The] clarity and simplicity of the explanations make the book very well suited for self-study …; well designed for use by students with no prior acquaintance with South Asia, or with other classical languages …' Lawrence McCrea, Cornell UniversityTable of ContentsAcknowledgements; Studying Sanskrit; List of abbreviations; Notes for the reader; 1. Writing Sanskrit; 2. The system of Sanskrit sounds; 2a. Word stress: heavy and light syllables; 3. Road maps: verbs; 4. The present tense; 5. Road map: nominals; 6. a-stems; 7. Vowel gradation and why we need to know about it; 8. Absolutives, ta-participle and infinitives; introduction to internal sandhi; 9. ā-stems; 10. Prepositions and preverbs; 11. Introduction to external sandhi I: consonant sandhi; 12. Imperfect indicative and present potential; 13. ī- and ū-stems; sandhi II: visarga sandhi; 14. Compound nouns; 15. Consonant stems I; 16. Sandhi III: vowel sandhi; 17. Noun formation; 18. Athematic verbs I; 19. Athematic verbs II; 20. Introduction to pronouns; pronouns I; 21. The future tense; middle and passive voice; 22. More participles; pronouns II; 23. Relative and correlative clauses; 24. Consonant stems II; imperatives; 25. Noun stems gradation; consonant stems III; 26. i- and u-stems; 27. The perfect tense I: regular perfect formation; 28. The perfect tense II: irregular and unexpected forms; 29. ṛ-stems, n-stems; the periphrastic future; 30. Secondary middle endings I: thematic verbs; 31. Secondary middle endings II: athematic verbs; 32. Pronouns III: 1st- and 2nd-person pronouns; 33. Desideratives and gerundives; 34. The periphrastic perfect; ta-participles ending in -na; 35. Perfect participles; more comparatives; 36. Absolute constructions; pronouns IV; 37. Numerals; 38. Aorists; 39. Pronouns V: asau/adas-; 40. Some irregular nouns; Appendices: Appendix 1. Devanāgarī practice handouts; Appendix 2. Background; Appendix 3. Reference; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis Element offers a brief overview of Buddhist thought and modern scholarly approaches to its diverse forms of moral reflection. It then explores two of the most prominent philosophers from the main strands of the Indian Buddhist tradition Buddhaghosa and Santideva in a comparative fashion.Trade Review'This book makes an important contribution to the study of Buddhist ethics, as well as Buddhaghosa and Śāntideva studies, and I anticipate it will be much appreciated by students and professionals interested in a short but deep dive into Buddhist ethics.' Emily McRae, Journal of Buddhist Ethics'… a most relevant contribution to a central subject that deserves to attract more scholarly attention, the book is recommended to all who are working on the political and military history of the fourth century BC.' Sabine Müller, Global Military Studies Review'This concise and informative book reveals the diversity (or even disagreement to some degree) of the notion of morality within Buddhism rather than a generalized theory called 'Buddhist ethics'.' Huỳnh Cao Nhựt Quang, Religious Studies ReviewTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Buddhaghosa and the analysis of moral experience and development; 3. Śāntideva and an ethic of radical compassion; 4. Conclusions; References.

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Book SynopsisBeckett and Buddhism undertakes a twenty-first-century reassessment of the Buddhist resonances in Samuel Beckett''s writing. These reverberations, as Angela Moorjani demonstrates, originated in his early reading of Schopenhauer. Drawing on letters and archives along with recent studies of Buddhist thought and Schopenhauer''s knowledge of it, the book charts the Buddhist concepts circling through Beckett''s visions of the ''human predicament'' in a blend of tears and laughter. Moorjani offers an in-depth elucidation of texts that are shown to intersect with the negative and paradoxical path of the Buddha, which she sets in dialogue with Western thinking. She brings further perspectives from cognitive philosophy and science to bear on creative emptiness, the illusory ''I'', and Beckett''s probing of the writing process. Readers will benefit from this far-reaching study of one of the most acclaimed writers of the twentieth century who explored uncharted topologies in his fiction, theatre,Trade Review'Readers interested in the transmission of Eastern thought in modernist texts will find this exploration of the congruence of Beckett's texts with Buddhist thought useful and informative … Recommended.' J. S. Baggett, Choice Connect'Moorjani is a scholar doing a scholar's work, and the results are exhilarating' Jean-Michel Rabaté, University of Pennsylvania'… the study [goes] a long way toward illuminating things that have previously and notoriously puzzled readers of Beckett, from the paradoxical style to the seeming pessimism that pervades his works. … Moorjani's study deserves to be known to readers not only in twentieth-century literary studies but also in world literature, comparative literature, and beyond.' Lidan Lin, Modern Language Quarterly'… this impressive monograph not only continues Moorjani's long career of path-breaking contributions to Beckett studies, but it achieves a mastery of material and persuasiveness of exposition that few researchers can ever hope to attain.' Douglas Atkinson, The Beckett CircleTable of ContentsIntroduction: Buddhism, Schopenhauer, Beckett: Influence Affinity, Relay?; 1. Schopenhauer's Buddhism Revisited: Recent Archival Evidence; 2. East-West Dialogue via Schopenhauer; 3. Buddhist and Mystic Threads in the Early Fiction; 4. Beckett's Paradoxical Logic through Buddhist and Western Lenses; 5. The Coincidence of Contraries and Noh Drama; 6. The No-Self Staged and Voices from Elsewhere; 7. Rebirth and the Buddhist Unborn in the Fiction and Drama; 8. Dreaming 'all away' in the Final Texts.

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Book SynopsisThis book revisits the early systemic formation of meditation practices called yoga' in South Asia by employing metaphor theory. Karen O'Brien-Kop also develops an alternative way of analysing the reception history of yoga that aims to decentre the Eurocentric and imperialist enterprises of the nineteenth-century to reframe the cultural period of the 1st 5th centuries CE using categorical markers from South Asian intellectual history. Buddhist traditions were just as concerned as Hindu traditions with meditative disciplines of yoga. By exploring the intertextuality of the Patanjalayogasastra with texts such as Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakosabhasya and Asanga's Yogacarabhumisastra, this book highlights and clarifies many ideologically Buddhist concepts and practices in Patanjala yoga. Karen O'Brien-Kop demonstrates that classical yoga' was co-constructed systemically by both Hindu and Buddhist thinkers who were drawing on the same conceptual metaphors of the period. This analysis demystifiTrade ReviewRethinking ‘Classical Yoga’ and Buddhism offers a new and valuable discussion of the early history of yoga. It brings a careful assessment of metaphor theory into the discussion of early Indian soteriology, and explores the intertwined nature of Indian religious practices that we too easily divide off as “Hindu” and “Buddhist”. A wonderful contribution to our understanding of Indian religion, literature and history. * Naomi Appleton, Director of Undergraduate Studies and Senior Lecturer in Asian Religions, University of Edinburgh, UK *This book is ground-breaking, not only in its recognition and analysis of the Buddhist backdrop to Patanjali’s Yoga tradition, but also in the application of cognitive metaphor theory to the study of Indian philosophical texts. In overcoming reified and anachronistic notions of “Hindu” and “Buddhist” in the study of contemplative traditions of ancient India, this work is to be highly recommended to anyone wishing to understand the broader intellectual and yogic context out of which Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras emerged. * Richard King, Professor Emeritus of Buddhist and Asian Studies, University of Kent, UK *The author blends a keen historical sensitivity with intertextual analysis and the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) of Lakoff and Johnson. ... The book makes important contributions to our understanding of the shared religiocultural environment that nourished the early discourse of yoga and the “conceptual sharing” between groups whose intellectual identity did not easily map onto any facile religious identity. * The Journal of Religion *Table of ContentsList of Tables Preface Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction: Classical Yoga and Buddhism: Debates, Dialogue and Intertextuality 1. Moksa, Metaphors, and Materiality: Concepts and Contexts of 'Liberation' 2. Seeds of Bondage and Freedom: Eliminating the Afflictions (Klesas) in the Patanjalayogasastra and the Abhidharmakosabhaya 3. The 'Other' Yoga sastra: The Yogacarabhumisastra 4: Patanjala Yoga and Yogacara: the Cultivation of the Counterstate 5. Who Put the Classical in Classical Yoga? The Inadequacy of an Analytic Category 6: Conclusion: Rethinking Classical Yoga: A Categorical Paradigm Shift? Appendices Bibliography Index

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Book Synopsis“What does liberation mean when I have incarnated in a particular body, with a particular shape, color, and sex?”In The Way of Tenderness, Zen priest Zenju Earthlyn Manuel brings Buddhist philosophies of emptiness and appearance to bear on race, sexuality, and gender, using wisdom forged through personal experience and practice to rethink problems of identity and privilege. Manuel brings her own experiences as a lesbian black woman into conversation with Buddhism to square our ultimately empty nature with superficial perspectives of everyday life. Her hard-won insights reveal that dry wisdom alone is not sufficient to heal the wounds of the marginalized; an effective practice must embrace the tenderness found where conventional reality and emptiness intersect. Only warmth and compassion can cure hatred and heal the damage it wreaks within us. This is a book that will teach us all.

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Book SynopsisA practical guide to Vasubandhu's classic work 'Thirty Verses of Consciousness Only' that can transform modern life and change how you see the world.In this down-to-earth book, Ben Connelly sure-handedly guides us through the intricacies of Yogacara and the richness of the “Thirty Verses.” Dedicating a chapter of the book to each line of the poem, he lets us thoroughly lose ourselves in its depths. His warm and wise voice unpacks and contextualizes its wisdom, showing us how we can apply its ancient insights to our own modern lives, to create a life of engaged peace, harmony, compassion, and joy. In fourth-century India one of the great geniuses of Buddhism, Vasubandhu, sought to reconcile the diverse ideas and forms of Buddhism practiced at the time and demonstrate how they could be effectively integrated into a single system. This was the Yogacara movement, and it continues to have great influence in modern Tibetan and Zen Buddhism. “Thirty Verses on Consciousness Only,” or “Trimshika,” is the most concise, comprehensive, and accessible work by this revered figure. Vasubandhu’s “Thirty Verses” lay out a path of practice that integrates the most powerful of Buddhism’s psychological and mystical possibilities: Early Buddhism’s practices for shedding afflictive emotional habit and the Mahayana emphasis on shedding divisive concepts, the path of individual liberation and the path of freeing all beings, the path to nirvana and the path of enlightenment as the very ground of being right now. Although Yogacara has a reputation for being extremely complex, the “Thirty Verses” distills the principles of these traditions to their most practical forms, and this book follows that sense of focus; it goes to the heart of the matter—how do we alleviate suffering through shedding our emotional knots and our sense of alienation? This is a great introduction to a philosophy, a master, and a work whose influence reverberates throughout modern Buddhism.   

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