Biosensors Books

Book SynopsisPresents a comprehensive description of the theory and practical implementation of Doppler radar-based physiological monitoring This book includes an overview of current physiological monitoring techniques and explains the fundamental technology used in remote non-contact monitoring methods.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi 1 Introduction 1Amy D. Droitcour, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke 1.1 Current Methods of Physiological Monitoring, 2 1.2 Need for Noncontact Physiological Monitoring, 3 1.2.1 Patients with Compromised Skin, 3 1.2.2 Sleep Monitoring, 4 1.2.3 Elderly Monitoring, 5 1.3 Doppler Radar Potential for Physiological Monitoring, 5 1.3.1 Principle of Operation and Power Budget, 6 1.3.2 History of Doppler Radar in Physiological Monitoring, 8 References, 16 2 Radar Principles 21Ehsan Yavari, Olga Boric-Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada 2.1 Brief History of Radar, 21 2.2 Radar Principle of Operation, 22 2.2.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Reflection, 23 2.2.2 Radar Cross Section, 24 2.2.3 Radar Equation, 25 2.3 Doppler Radar, 28 2.3.1 Doppler Effect, 28 2.3.2 Doppler Radar Waveforms: CW, FMCW, Pulsed, 29 2.4 Monostatic and Bistatic Radar, 32 2.5 Radar Applications, 35 References, 36 3 Physiological Motion and Measurement 39Amy D. Droitcour and Olga Boric-Lubecke 3.1 Respiratory System Motion, 39 3.1.1 Introduction to the Respiratory System, 39 3.1.2 Respiratory Motion, 40 3.1.3 Chest Wall Motion Associated with Breathing, 43 3.1.4 Breathing Patterns in Disease and Disorder, 43 3.2 Heart System Motion, 44 3.2.1 Location and Gross Anatomy of the Heart, 45 3.2.2 Electrical and Mechanical Events of the Heart, 46 3.2.3 Chest Surface Motion Due to Heart Function, 48 3.2.4 Quantitative Measurement of Chest Wall Motion Due to Heartbeat, 50 3.3 Circulatory System Motion, 53 3.3.1 Location and Structure of the Major Arteries and Veins, 54 3.3.2 Blood Flow Through Arteries and Veins, 55 3.3.3 Surface Motion from Blood Flow, 56 3.3.4 Circulatory System Motion: Variation with Age, 57 3.4 Interaction of Respiratory, Heart, and Circulatory Motion at the Skin Surface, 58 3.5 Measurement of Heart and Respiratory Surface Motion, 58 3.5.1 Radar Measurement of Physiological Motion, 59 3.5.2 Surface Motion Measurement of Respiration Rate, 59 3.5.3 Surface Motion Measurement of Heart/Pulse Rate, 61 References, 63 4 Physiological Doppler Radar Overview 69Aditya Singh, Byung-Kwon Park, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Isar Mostafanezhad, and Victor M. Lubecke 4.1 RF Front End, 70 4.1.1 Quadrature Receiver, 73 4.1.2 Phase Coherence and Range Correlation, 77 4.1.3 Frequency Choice, 79 4.1.4 Antenna Considerations, 80 4.1.5 Power Budget, 80 4.2 Baseband Module, 83 4.2.1 Analog Signal Conditioning and Coupling Methods, 83 4.2.2 Data Acquisition, 85 4.3 Signal Processing, 86 4.3.1 Phase Demodulation, 86 4.3.2 Demodulated Phase Processing, 87 4.4 Noise Sources, 90 4.4.1 Electrical Noise, 90 4.4.2 Mechanical Noise, 92 4.5 Conclusions, 92 References, 93 5 CW Homodyne Transceiver Challenges 95Aditya Singh, Alex Vergara, Amy D. Droitcour, Byung-Kwon Park, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, and Victor M. Lubecke 5.1 RF Front End, 95 5.1.1 Single-Channel Limitations, 96 5.1.2 LO Leakage Cancellation, 103 5.1.3 IQ Imbalance Assessment, 109 5.2 Baseband Module, 113 5.2.1 AC and DC Coupling, 113 5.2.2 DC Canceller, 114 5.3 Signal Demodulation, 118 5.3.1 DC Offset and DC Information, 118 5.3.2 Center Tracking, 125 5.3.3 DC Cancellation Results, 130 References, 134 6 Sources of Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 137Amy D. Droitcour, Olga Boric-Lubecke, and Shuhei Yamada 6.1 Signal Power, Radar Equation, and Radar Cross Section, 138 6.1.1 Radar Equation, 138 6.1.2 Radar Cross Section, 140 6.1.3 Reflection and Absorption, 141 6.1.4 Phase-to-Amplitude Conversion, 141 6.2 Oscillator Phase Noise, Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise, 143 6.2.1 Oscillator Phase Noise, 143 6.2.2 Range Correlation and Residual Phase Noise, 147 6.3 Contributions of Various Noise Sources, 151 6.3.1 Phase Noise, 151 6.3.2 Baseband 1/f Noise, 154 6.3.3 RF Additive White Gaussian Noise, 154 6.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, 155 6.5 Validation of Range Correlation, 157 6.6 Human Testing Validation, 158 References, 168 7 Doppler Radar Physiological Assessments 171John Kiriazi, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Wansuree Massagram 7.1 Actigraphy, 172 7.2 Respiratory Rate, 176 7.3 Tidal Volume, 179 7.4 Heart Rates, 184 7.5 Heart Rate Variability, 185 7.6 Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, 190 7.7 RCs and Subject Orientation, 196 References, 204 8 Advanced Performance Architectures 207Aditya Singh, Aly Fathy, Isar Mostafanezhad, Jenshan Lin, Olga Boric-Lubecke, Shuhei Yamada, Victor M. Lubecke, and Yazhou Wang 8.1 DC Offset and Spectrum Folding, 208 8.1.1 Single-Channel Homodyne System with Phase Tuning, 208 8.1.2 Heterodyne System with Frequency Tuning, 213 8.1.3 Low-IF Architecture, 220 8.2 Motion Interference Suppression, 224 8.2.1 Interference Cancellation, 226 8.2.2 Bistatic Radar: Sensor Nodes, 231 8.2.3 Passive RF Tags, 240 8.3 Range Detection, 250 8.3.1 Physiological Monitoring with FMCW Radar, 250 8.3.2 Physiological Monitoring with UWB Radar, 251 References, 266 9 Applications and Future Research 269Aditya Singh and Victor M. Lubecke 9.1 Commercial Development, 269 9.1.1 Healthcare, 269 9.1.2 Defense, 272 9.2 Recent Research Areas, 272 9.2.1 Sleep Study, 272 9.2.2 Range, 275 9.2.3 Multiple Subject Detection, 276 9.2.4 Animal Monitoring, 279 9.3 Conclusion, 282 References, 282 Index 285

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Book SynopsisAthoroughguide to the fundamental development of linear piezoelectricity for vibrations Vibrations of Linear Piezostructuresis an introductory text that offers a concise examination of the general theory of vibrations of linear piezostructures. This important book brings together in one comprehensive volume the most current information on the theory for modeling and analysis of piezostructures. The authorsexplore the fundamentalprinciplesof piezostructures,review the relevant mathematics, continuum mechanics and elasticity, and continuum electrodynamics as they are applied to electromechanical piezostructures,and include the work that pertains to linear constitutive laws of piezoelectricity. The book addresses modeling of linear piezostructures via Newton's approach and Variational Methods. In addition, the authors explore the weak and strong forms of the equations of motion, Galerkin approximation methods for the weak form, Fourier or modal methods, and finite element methods. This imTable of Contents1.1 The Piezoelectric Effect 13 1.1.1 Ferroelectric Piezoelectrics 14 1.1.2 One Dimensional Direct and Converse Piezoelectric Effect 17 1.2 Applications 19 1.2.1 Energy Applications 19 1.2.2 Sensors 20 1.2.3 Actuators or Motors 20 1.3 Outline of the Book 22 2 Mathematical Background 27 2.1 Vectors, Bases, and Frames 27 2.2 Tensors 29 2.3 Symmetry, Crystals, and Tensor Invariance 33 2.3.1 Geometry of Crystals 33 2.3.2 Symmetry of Tensors 41 2.4 Problems 43 3 Review of Continuum Mechanics 45 3.1 Stress 45 3.1.1 The Stress Tensor 46 3.1.2 Cauchy’s Formula 47 3.1.3 The Equations of Equilibrium 48 3.2 Displacement and Strain 49 3.3 Strain Energy 55 3.4 Constitutive Laws for Linear Elastic Materials 56 3.4.1 Triclinic Materials 59 3.4.2 Monoclinic Materials 60 3.4.3 Orthotropic Materials 60 3.4.4 Transversely Isotropic Materials 60 3.5 The Initial–Boundary Value Problem of Linear Elasticity 61 3.6 Problems 63 4 Review of Continuum Electrodynamics 65 4.1 Charge and Current 65 4.2 The Electric and Magnetic Fields 66 4.2.1 The Definition of the Static Electric Field 66 4.2.2 The Definition of the Static Magnetic Field 67 4.3 Maxwell’s Equations 69 4.3.1 Polarization and Electric Displacement 69 4.3.2 Magnetization and Magnetic Field Intensity 73 4.3.3 Maxwell’s Equations in Gaussian Units 75 4.3.4 Scalar and Vector Potentials 76 4.4 Problems 77 5 Linear Piezoelectricity 81 5.1 Constitutive Laws of Linear Piezoelectricity 81 5.2 The Initial–Value Boundary Problem of Linear Piezoelectricity 84 5.2.1 Piezoelectricity and Maxwell’s Equations 84 5.2.2 The Initial–Boundary Value Problem 85 5.3 Thermodynamics of Constitutive Laws 87 5.4 Symmetry of Constitutive Laws for Linear Piezoelectricity 91 5.4.1 Monoclinic C2 Crystals 92 5.4.2 Monoclinic Cs Crystals 93 5.4.3 Trigonal D3 Crystals 94 5.4.4 Hexagonal C6v Crystals 94 5.5 Problems 95 6 Newton’s Method for Piezoelectric Systems 97 6.1 An Axial Actuator Model 97 6.2 An Axial, Linear Potential, Actuator Model 102 6.3 A Linear Potential, Beam Actuator 104 6.4 Composite Plate Bending 108 6.5 Problems 116 7 Variational Methods 119 7.1 A Review of Variational Calculus 119 7.2 Hamilton’s Principle 122 7.2.1 Uniaxial Rod 123 7.2.2 Bernoulli-Euler Beam 125 7.3 Hamilton’s Principle for Piezoelectricity 126 7.3.1 Uniaxial Rod 130 7.3.2 Bernoulli-Euler Beam 132 7.4 Bernoulli-Euler Beam with a Shunt Circuit 133 7.5 Relationship to other Variational Principles 140 7.6 Lagrangian Densities 143 7.7 Problems 151 8 Approximations 153 8.1 Classical, Strong, and Weak Formulations 153 8.2 Modeling Damping and Dissipation 161 8.3 Galerkin Approximations 163 8.3.1 Modal or Eigenfunction Approximations 167 8.3.2 Finite Element Approximations 179 8.4 Problems 200 Supplementary Material 201 S.1 A Review of Vibrations 201 S.1.1 SDOF Systems 201 S.1.2 Distributed Parameter Systems 205 S.1.3 MDOF Equations of Motion 219 S.2 Tensor Analysis 222 S.3 Distributional and Weak Derivatives 224

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Book SynopsisA biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal. It consists of 3 parts: the sensitive biological element, the transducer and the associated electronics or signal processors that are primarily responsible for the display of the results in a user-friendly way. The most widespread example of a commercial biosensor is the blood glucose biosensor. Recently, arrays of many different detector molecules have been applied in so-called electronic nose devices, where the pattern of response from the detectors is used to fingerprint a substance. There are also several applications of biosensors in food analysis. Optical sensors are used to detect pathogens and food toxins. Thus, the light system in these biosensors has been fluorescence, since this type of optical measurement can greatly amplify the signal. This book will present research on new materials, technologies as well as applications in the field of biosensors.

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Book SynopsisOzone is a harmful gas to people''s health even at low concentrations. Thus, it has attracted much interest to develop portable energy-saving high-resolution ozone sensors. In this book, the physical principle of photon stimulated ozone sensors based on indium oxide nanostructures has been investigated. Ozone sensors have been integrated with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and the sensor performance towards real applications has been tested. To examine the mechanisms of photon stimulation (photoreduction) and oxidation effects, electrical, surface analytical and structural characterisation of ozone sensing layers were performed and analysed. Moreover, optical fibre sensor has found applications in the biomedical research, industrial process control and environmental monitoring. This book provides a review of the optical fibre sensor, especially focused on the optical fibre sensor development and its application in gas detection. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a sensitive tool providing information on various physical and chemical properties of materials, as well as on interaction processes occurring in the bulk or at the surface of these materials. In this book, the use of impedimetric transducers based on interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEA) for chemical and bio-sensors development is reviewed. Different designs of IDEA devices are presented and the effect of the transducer geometry on resulting impedance spectra is discussed. The authors also examine the development of an amperometric biosensor for phenol detection. The variables that exert influence on the performance of the biosensor response, including enzyme immobilisation procedure, laccase amounts, pH and working potential were investigated as well. Furthermore, the feasibility of the biosensor response for various phenol compounds was also investigated. Recent advances in sensor technology, signal processing and pattern recognition algorithms have led to the development of chemical sensing instruments housing one or more non-specific gas sensors. This book also reviews the recent applications of non-specific gas sensor array technologies used for environmental monitoring of odours; including a brief history on odour measurement applications; the different types of sensors utilised in gas sensor array systems and a range of pattern recognition techniques, from simple statistical analyses to artificial neural networks, used for the purpose of odour identification and quantification is also discussed.

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Book SynopsisFormally Plunkett's Biotech & Genetics Industry Almanac, this book is a complete reference guide to the business side of biotechnology, genetics, proteomics and related services. This new book contains complete profiles of the leading biotech companies; in-depth chapters on trends in genetics, technologies, statistics and finances; a handy glossary; and thorough indexes. For the first time, in one carefully researched volume, you'll get all of the data you need. Topics include: biotechnology funding and investments; activities in Singapore, China and India; FDA; gene therapies; personalized medicine; systems biology; clinical trials; stem cells; therapeutic cloning; nanotechnology; agricultural biotechnology (GM seeds); drug delivery systems; and ethical issues. The book includes complete profiles on 350 top Biotech & Genetics companies, our own unique list of companies that are the leaders in biotechnology. All of the corporate profile information is indexed and cross-indexed. Includes contact names, addresses, Internet addresses, fax numbers and toll-free numbers, plus growth and hiring plans, finances, research, marketing, technology, acquisitions and much more for each firm. You'll find a complete overview, industry analysis and market research report in one superb, value-priced package.Table of Contents Introduction How to Use This Book Chapter 1: Major Trends Affecting the Biotech, Pharmaceuticals & Genetics Industry Chapter 2: Biotech, Pharmaceuticals & Genetics Industry Statistics Chapter 3: Important Biotech, Pharmaceuticals & Genetics Industry Contacts Chapter 4: THE BIOTECH 350 Indexes

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Book SynopsisFluorescent chemosensors have been widely applied in many diverse fields such as biology, physiology, pharmacology, and environmental sciences. The interdisciplinary nature of chemosensor research has continued to grow over the last 25 years to meet the increasing needs of monitoring our environment and health. More recently, a large range of fluorescent chemosensors have been established for the detection of biologically and/or environmentally important species, and are increasingly being used to solve biological problems. The use of these molecules as imaging probes to diagnose and treat disease is gaining momentum with clear future applications. This book will bring together world-leading experts to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design. Chapters focus on the basic principles involved in the design of chemosensors for specific analytes, problems, and challenges in the field. Concentrating on advanced techniques and methods, the book will be of use for academics and researchers across a number of disciplines, with international appeal.Table of ContentsWelcome to Fluorescent Chemosensors;Supramolecular Chemistry, Fluorescence, and Sensing;Activity-based Sensing: Principles and Probes for Selective Bioimaging;Aggregation-induced Emission-based Fluorescent Systems;Diversity-oriented Fluorescence Library Approach: Accelerating Probe Development for Biological and Environmental Applications;Two-photon Fluorescent Probes;Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensors: Photophysical/Chemical Mechanism Principles and Design Strategies;Chirality Sensing with UV-visible Absorbance, Fluorescence, and Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy;Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles;Fluorescent Chemosensors for Phosphates;Fluorescent Sensors for Reactive Oxygen Species;Subcellular Compartment-targeting Fluorescent Zn2+ Probes;Molecular Fluorescent Probes for the Detection and Imaging of Sulfane Sulfur and Reactive Selenium Species;The Activity-based Sensing of Biological Transition Metals;Activatable Photodynamic Photosensitizers for Cancer Treatment;Fluorescent Platforms for Environmental Sensing;Time-delayed Lanthanide Luminescent Sensors and Probes

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews the state of art in the field of chemical sensors for analyses of ionic or molecular species dissolved in liquid media, mainly in aqueous solutions. The transduction of such devices is based on chemical, biological and physical phenomena. The fundamental phenomena involved in these sensors are described in the different chapters by specialists having a good expertise in the field. Numerous recent bibliographic references are given. Most of the devices could be miniaturised using modern technologies allowing a fabrication on a large scale, for a mass production at low cost. Moreover, such devices could open the field of applications in a near future (environmental, biomedical, food industries, domotic and automotive applications etc.).Trade Review"In short, an important, meticulously researched, and engagingly presented contribution unrivalled in comprehensiveness and quality." (Current Engineering Practice, 2010) Table of ContentsForeword xi Chapter 1. General Features 1 Bernard MICHAUX 1.1. Definitions 1 1.2. Classification 6 1.3. Specific problems of chemical sensors 14 1.4. Advantages and drawbacks of chemical microsensors 21 1.5. Perspectives 22 1.6. Bibliography 23 Chapter 2. Chemical Sensors: Development and Industrial Requirements 25 Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY, based on discussions with Jacques FOMBON 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Modern research and development (R&D) management methods applied to sensors 26 2.3. Applications and inventory of the needs 33 2.4. New needs and industrial applications 37 2.5. The sensor in the measuring chain 39 2.6. Conclusions and prospects 43 2.7. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Sensitivity and Selectivity of Electrochemical Sensors 45 Pierre FABRY and Jean-Claude MOUTET, and translated by J.C. POIGNET and Pierre FABRY 3.1. General concepts 45 3.2. Models for the sensitivity and selectivity of potentiometric sensors 51 3.3. Case of amperometric sensors 64 3.4. Molecular recognition and sensors 68 3.5. Characterization methods 70 3.6. Bibliography 77 Chapter 4. Potentiometric Sensors (Ions and Dissolved Gases) 81 Annie PRADEL and Eric SAINT-AMAN 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Membranes 88 4.3. Current developments in potentiometric sensors 99 4.4. Bibliography 109 Chapter 5. Amperometric Sensors 115 Alain WALCARIUS, Chantal GONDRAN and Serge COSNIER 5.1. Sensors based upon chemically modified electrodes 115 5.2. Amperometric biosensors 138 5.3. Bibliography 160 Chapter 6. ISFET, BioFET Sensors 173 Nicole JAFFREZIC-RENAULT and Claude MARTELET, translated by Claude MARTELET 6.1. Structure of ISFET sensors 173 6.2. Techniques used for ISFET fabrication and operation 180 6.3. ISFET membranes 183 6.4. Detection of molecular species 187 6.5. BioFETs 193 6.6. Commercial devices 197 6.7. Conclusion and perspectives 201 6.8. Bibliography 202 Chapter 7. Biosensors and Chemical Sensors Based Upon Guided Optics 209 Jean-Pierre GOURE and Loïc BLUM 7.1. Introduction 209 7.2. Definitions 210 7.3. Principles of optical microsensors 213 7.4. Optical fiber biosensors 220 7.5. Perspectives and conclusions 229 7.6. Bibliography 229 Chapter 8. Sensors and Voltammetric Probes for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Elements in Aquatic Media 233 Marie-Louise TERCIER-WAEBER and Jacques BUFFLE 8.1. Introduction 233 8.2. Basic principles of the voltammetric techniques and of their applications to analysis of water 235 8.3. Voltammetric techniques used for the analysis of trace elements in waters 244 8.4. Development of reliable submersible voltammetric probes 247 8.5. Submersible voltammetric probes reported in the literature 264 8.6. Conclusion 273 8.7. Bibliography 275 Chapter 9. Chemometrics 287 Philippe BREUIL 9.1. Introduction 287 9.2. A particular case: the linear case 290 9.3. Least squares methods: non-linear case 302 9.4. Neural networks 303 9.5. Conclusion 305 9.6. Bibliography 306 Chapter 10. Impedancemetric Sensors 307 Jacques FOULETIER and Pierre FABRY 10.1. Introduction 307 10.2. Fields of application 307 10.3. Conductivity of liquid media 310 10.4. Impedance of first kind cell (direct measurement) 313 10.5. Cell configurations and sources of error 317 10.6. Second kind cells 326 10.7. Summary of practical precautions 328 10.8. Bibliography 329 List of Authors 331 Index 335

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Book SynopsisAs the elderly population increases, the importance of creating sophisticated information support to humans with limited sensing performance has also grown. This book discusses human and artificial sensing in conjunction with human perception capabilities (auditory, taste, smell, vision, and touch). It also discusses the fusion of this sensing information to find answers to questions such as how we can increase our human "fuzzy" decision capability (perception). The book presents intelligent new technologies that can enhance the natural sensing, perception, and mobility abilities of humans, allowing them to have healthier, more productive, safer lives.Trade Review"This book represents a thought-provoking overview of the intriguing field of machine sensing and perception based on an ever-evolving human-instrument partnership. It discusses new intelligent technologies that enhance the natural sensing, perception, and mobility abilities of humans, allowing them to have a healthier, more productive, safer and overall better life."— Prof. Emil Petriu, University of Ottawa, CanadaTable of ContentsThe Background. The Context. The Perception. Sensor Technologies. An Artificial Perceptual Model. Approach. Artificial Perceptual Sensors. The Artificial Perceptual System — In a Perceptual Prosthesis? Conclusions and Future Works.

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Book SynopsisThis book starts with an overview and introduction on the trends in nanofabrication and nanoimprint technology, followed by a detailed discussion on the design, fabrication, and evaluation of nanoimprint biosensors. The proto-model systems and some application examples of this sensor are also included in the chapters. The book will appeal to anyone in the field of nanotechnology, especially nanofabrication, nanophotonics, and nanobiology, or biosensor research.

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