Biology, life sciences Books
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and
Book SynopsisIntellectual property (IP) is a key component of the life sciences, which is becoming one of the most dynamic and innovative fields of technology today. At the same time, the relationship between IP and the life sciences is raising new public policy dilemmas. The Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and the Life Sciences comprises contributions by leading experts from academia and industry that confront current debates and controversies at the intersection of IP and the life sciences through in-depth analyses of key topics including pharmaceuticals, diagnostics and genes, plant innovations, stem cells, the role of competition law and access to medicines. The first section of this book highlights the importance of IP for medicines and pharmaceuticals, discussing topics including gene patents, and the second section deals with agricultural sector issues such as plant innovations. The third section of the book covers areas of research and development in the life sciences, such as stem cell research, and raises questions about incorporating ethical considerations into patent law. While the primary focus of the book is on Europe and the United States, the fourth section includes country-specific case studies on Australia, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Kenya, South Africa and Thailand to provide a truly international perspective. This Research Handbook is written in an accessible style that will appeal to intellectual property law scholars, practitioners and experts in the life sciences who are interested in the legal implications of IP for the life sciences.Contributors include: J. Allred, T. Avafia, C. Chiarolla, D. Degen, J.M. Golden, S. Gosh, M. Graf, J. Harrington, A. Heinemann, M.D. Janis, M. Kock, D. Matthews, C.R. McManis, A. Metzger, T. Minssen, C. Mund, P. Paranaguá, A. Plomer, S. Ragavan, M. Rimmer, C. Seitz, T. Takenaka, G. Van Overwalle, D. Wächter, G. Würtenberger, Z. Xinfeng, B. Yagi, B. Yao, H. ZechTrade Review'This exciting volume offers fresh perspectives on the role of IP in areas of high importance, including traditional pharmaceutical industries, biologic drugs and biotechnology, and agriculture. The book also features analyses of IP in national and regional approaches to research and development, and fresh case studies of country experiences. With the participation of authors from a wide range of countries, the volume provides new insights on the law and politics of IP in the life sciences with a truly global perspective. This book will serve as a valuable reference for scholars, students, and practioners.' --Ken Shadlen, London School of Economics and Political Science'In this topical and accessible book Duncan Matthews and Herbert Zech have brought together scholarly work of the highest quality, written by leading experts in the field. Each chapter addresses current issues at the interface of intellectual property and the life sciences in a detailed and comprehensive manner. It is a cogent and thorough volume, written with great clarity and compiled deftly. The book is highly recommended to academic scholars and practitioners alike.' --Maximilian Haedicke, University of Freiburg, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Preface Part I - Medicine and Pharmaceutics 1. Patenting Biosimilars Claudia Mund 2. Patenting Diagnostics Dieter Wächter 3. Patenting Human Genes in Europe- And how it compares to the US and Australia Timo Minssen 4. Patenting Human Genes in the United States Samantak Gosh 5. An Exorbitant Monopoly: The High Court of Australia, Myriad Genetics, and Gene Patents Matthew Rimmer 6. Exclusivity for Biologics Duncan Matthews Part II - Agricultural Sector (Crop Sciences) 7. Protection of Plant Innovations Gert Würtenberger 8. Patenting Non Transgenic Plants in the EU Michael A. Kock 9. Non-Obvious Plants Mark D. Janis 10. Transgenic Plants James Allred 11. Convention on Biological Diversity and Regulatory Law as Plant Protection Claudio Chiarolla 12. Patents on Native Traits: What Scope of Protection? Axel Metzger Part III - Research and Development 13. The European Union’s IP Policy and Funding of Stem Cell Research Aurora Plomer 14. Stem Cell Patents in the United States John M. Golden 15. Early Stage Patenting, the US Bayh-Dole Act, and the Anti-Commons Hypothesis Charles R. McManis and Brian Yagi 16. IP in Research and Development Agreements Melanie Graf and Herbert Zech 17. Patent pools and clearinghouses in the life sciences: back to the future Geertrui Van Overwalle Part IV - Country Case Studies in IP and the Life Sciences 18. Understanding the Brazilian Patent Reform Pedro Paranaguá 19. IP protection in the life sciences in China Lin Xiuqin and Zhang Xinfeng 20. Diverse Harmonization: Indian Example Srividhya Ragavan 21. Life Science Research and Patents in Japan: A Comparative Study of Life Science Invention Patentability between the Japanese and US Patent Acts Toshiko Takenaka 22. Intellectual Property and the Life Sciences in Kenya: Enforcement and Access to Medicines John Harrington 23. IP and Life Sciences: A Case Study of South Africa Tenu Avafia 24. Thailand’s Compulsory Licenses and the Increase of Investment Arbitration David B. Degen Part V - Boundaries of IP and the Life Sciences 25. Parallel Imports within the European Union Gert Würtenberger 26. Pay for Delay Agreements Claudia Seitz 27. Abusive Filing of IP Rights Andreas Heinemann Index
£213.00
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Life Sciences, Information Sciences
Book SynopsisDeveloped from presentations given at the Cerisy SVSI (Sciences de la vie, sciences de l’information) conference held in 2016, this book presents a broad overview of thought and research at the intersection of life sciences and information sciences. The contributors to this edited volume explore life and information on an equal footing, with each considered as crucial to the other. In the first part of the book, the relation of life and information in the functioning of genes, at both the phylogenetic and ontogenetic levels, is articulated and the common understanding of DNA as code is problematized from a range of perspectives. The second part of the book homes in on the algorithmic nature of information, questioning the fit between life and automaton and the accompanying division between individualization and invariance. Consisting of both philosophical speculation and ethological research, the explorations in this book are a timely intervention into prevailing understandings of the relation between information and life.Table of ContentsPreface xv Selection of Publications xix Introduction xxiii Part 1. From Gene to Species: Variability, Randomness and Stability 1 Chapter 1. The Emergence of Life: Some Notes on the Origin of Biological Information 3Antonio LAZCANO 1.1. Acknowledgments 12 1.2. Bibliography 12 Chapter 2. Fluctuating RNA 17Giuseppe ZACCAI, Marie-Christine MAUREL and Ada YONATH 2.1. The ribosome 17 2.2. Ribosome dynamics 18 2.3. Primitive RNA, ribozymes and viroids 20 2.4. The proto-ribosome 21 2.5. Bibliography 22 Chapter 3. Artificial Darwinian Evolution of Nucleic Acids 23Frédéric DUCONGÉ 3.1. Refresher on Darwin’s theory of evolution 23 3.2. The molecular mechanisms of evolution 24 3.3. Molecular evolution external to the being 25 3.4. Imagery of molecular evolution 26 3.5. Conclusion 27 3.6. Acknowledgments 27 3.7. Bibliography 27 Chapter 4. Information and Epigenetics 29András PÁLDI 4.1. Bibliography 34 Chapter 5. Molecular Forces and Motion in the Transmission of Information in Biology 37Giuseppe ZACCAI 5.1. The dynamics–function hypothesis 37 5.2. From thermodynamics to molecular forces 38 5.3. Like the devil, biology is in the details 39 5.4. The guitar in the river: theoretical MD 40 5.5. Experimental MD 40 5.6. Measuring average MD in whole cells 41 5.7. Dynamics response to stress 41 5.8. Conclusion: evolution “is obliged” to select dynamics 42 5.9. Bibliography 42 Chapter 6. Decline and Contingency, Bases of Biological Evolution 45Bernard DUJON 6.1. Introduction 45 6.2. Too many genes in the genomes 46 6.3. Parasitism and symbiosis 48 6.4. Asexual eukaryotes 49 6.5. Yeasts 50 6.6. Conclusion 52 6.7. Bibliography 52 Chapter 7. Conservation, Co-evolution and Dynamics: From Sequence to Function 55Alessandra CARBONE 7.1. Introduction 55 7.2. Reverse engineering: from the protein described in a single dimension to its 3D properties 56 7.3. Before any modeling, the geometric and physical properties, the behavior and history of proteins are characterized 57 7.3.1. Proteins are dynamic objects 57 7.3.2. Proteins have a history 57 7.3.3. Some proteins share the same evolutionary history 57 7.4. Chance and selection govern the generation of observed sequences 58 7.5. Conservation and interaction sites of proteins 59 7.6. Co-evolution: identification of contacts that can occur at different moments in the lifetime of a protein 60 7.7. Co-evolution used to reconstruct protein–protein interaction networks in viruses 61 7.8. Molecular modeling of several partners used to reconstruct protein–protein interaction networks for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms 63 7.9. Dynamics and function 64 7.10. Conclusions 64 7.11. Acknowledgments 65 7.12. Bibliography 65 Chapter 8. Localization of the Morphodynamic Information in Amniote Formation 69Vincent FLEURY 8.1. Introduction 69 8.2. Schematic view of an amniote 70 8.3. Mechanism of amniote formation 74 8.4. Additional features 77 8.5. Discussion and conclusion 78 8.6. Bibliography 79 Chapter 9. From the Century of the Gene to that of the Organism: Introduction to New Theoretical Perspectives 81Maël MONTÉVIL, Giuseppe LONGO and Ana SOTO 9.1. Introduction 81 9.2. Philosophical positions 87 9.3. From the inert to the living 87 9.4. Cell theory: a starting point toward a theory of organisms 88 9.5. The founding principles: from entanglement to integration? 89 9.5.1. Genealogy of the three proposed principles: the default state, the principle of organization and the principle of variation 89 9.5.2. How to organize these principles into a coherent ensemble? 90 9.6. Conclusion 92 9.7. Acknowledgments 94 9.8. Bibliography 94 Chapter 10. The Game of Survival, Chance and Complexity 99Philippe KOURILSKY 10.1. Introduction 99 10.2. Complex systems 100 10.2.1. Definition 100 10.2.2. How to evaluate the complexity of a system? 102 10.2.3. The notion of robustness 102 10.3. Chance and robustness in living organisms 103 10.3.1. The system of natural defenses in living organisms 103 10.3.2. Natural defenses and robustness 103 10.3.3. Natural defenses, chance and hazards 104 10.4. Evolution and chance 105 10.4.1. On the links between robustness and evolution 105 10.4.2. On human evolution 106 10.5. Conclusion: the logic of the living 107 10.6. Bibliography 108 Chapter 11. Life from the Origins to Homo sapiens 109Jean FOURTAUX 11.1. Setting the scene 109 11.2. The conquest of solid earth by the vertebrates 110 11.3. A few insights on evolution 111 11.3.1. The horse 112 11.3.2. Eagle and vulture 112 11.3.3. The cetaceans 112 11.3.4. The Red Queen 112 11.3.5. The spotted hyena 112 11.4. Primates and humans 113 Chapter 12. Plankton Chronicles and the Tara Expeditions 117Christian SARDET 12.1. Plankton 117 12.2. Plankton and climate 118 12.3. The Tara Oceans expedition 121 12.4. Bibliography 123 Chapter 13. The Living Species is Not a Natural Kind but an Intellectual Construction 125Philippe GRANDCOLAS 13.1. Introduction 125 13.2. Two ways to study evolution: genealogy versus phylogeny 126 13.3. Three main families of concepts of species 128 13.4. Reconciling the different concepts: pragmatism or essentialism? 130 13.5. The species and the taxon name 131 13.6. The nature of species: a salutatory philosophical exercise 132 13.7. Bibliography 135 Chapter 14. The Boxes and their Content: What to Do with Invariants in Biology? 139Guillaume LECOINTRE 14.1. Natural history 139 14.2. Natural history and evolution 141 14.3. The species 142 14.4. The grade 146 14.5. Genetic information 146 14.6. The body plan 148 14.7. On the misuse of convergences 149 14.8. Conclusion 151 14.9. Bibliography 151 Chapter 15. Probability, Sense and Evolution (Promenade) 153Cédric VILLANI 15.1. Introduction 153 15.2. Difficult dialogue 154 15.3. Knowledge and big data 155 15.4. The probabilities 156 15.5. A few striking examples 157 15.5.1. Pagerank 157 15.5.2. Decoding 157 15.5.3. Reconstitution of preferences 157 15.5.4. Correspondence between genotype and phenotype 158 15.5.5. Phylogeny 158 15.5.6. Automatic recognition 160 15.5.7. Autopilot 160 15.5.8. Imitation of styles 160 15.5.9. And all the rest 160 15.6. The MCMC method 160 15.7. Neural networks 162 15.8. A few questions 164 15.8.1. Do we understand? 164 15.8.2. Describing convergence 165 15.8.3. Geometrizing 166 15.8.4. Varied questions 166 15.9. Bibliography 167 Part 2. Program and Life: Individuation and Interaction 169 Chapter 16. Towards an Algorithmic Approach to Life Sciences 171Gérard BERRY 16.1. Prologue 171 16.2. Matter, energy, waves and information 172 16.3. Medical imaging 173 16.4. The simulation of the living 175 16.5. Computer modeling and its levels of abstraction 176 16.6. The role of embedded computing 178 16.7. Other subjects 179 16.8. But is all this without danger? 180 16.9. The importance of training 182 Chapter 17. Where Does the Notion of Function Come From? 183Heinz WISMANN Chapter 18. The Contribution of Artificial Life to Theoretical Biology 191Hugues BERSINI 18.1. Introduction 191 18.2. Support to pedagogy 192 18.3. Food for thought: a philosophy in software form 193 18.4. Conclusions: royal life, falsifiable modeling 198 18.5. Bibliography 199 Chapter 19. Biochemical Programs and Analog-Digital Mixed Algorithms in the Cell 201François FAGES and Guillaume LE GULUDEC 19.1. Introduction 201 19.2. Biochemical programs 202 19.2.1. Syntax 202 19.2.2. Semantics 203 19.2.3. Example of MAPK signaling networks 203 19.3. Behavioral logical specifications 205 19.4. Analog specifications 206 19.4.1. Computability and analog complexity theory . 206 19.4.2. Computability and biochemical algorithmic complexity 208 19.4.3. GPAC biochemical compilation 210 19.4.4. Analog–digital converter compared to MAPK 211 19.5. Biochemical compilation of sequentiality and cell cycle 212 19.6. Discussion 213 19.7. Bibliography 214 Chapter 20. From Computational Physics to the Origins of Life 217A. Marco SAITTA 20.1. Prebiotic emergence of the basic bricks of life 217 20.2. Computational approaches and simulations in chemistry 219 20.3. Computational approaches and simulations in prebiotic chemistry 220 20.4. New challenges in modeling: reaction networks 222 20.5. At the frontiers of modeling in prebiotic chemistry: topological approaches 224 20.6. Conclusion and perspectives 227 20.7. Bibliography 227 Chapter 21. Computing and the Temptation of Babel 231Kavé SALAMATIAN 21.1. Introduction 232 21.2. The role of information technologies 233 21.3. On conflicts of rationality and more specifically on rationality in biology 236 21.4. Information and its role in biology 239 21.5. Conclusion 241 21.6. Acknowledgments 241 21.7. Bibliography 241 Chapter 22. Big Data, Knowledge and Biology 243Giuseppe LONGO and Maël MONTÉVIL 22.1. Introduction 243 22.2. Big databases, prediction and chance 245 22.3. Bibliography 247 Chapter 23. Natural Language, Formal Language and the Description of the Living World 249Régine VIGNES LEBBE 23.1. Introduction 249 23.2. Describing the living world 250 23.2.1. The objects in the description of the living world 250 23.2.2. Describing specimens 251 23.2.3. Describing taxa 252 23.3. Formal language 253 23.3.1. Semantic step 253 23.3.2. The characters: several concepts 254 23.3.3. Structured computerization of knowledge 255 23.4. Conclusion 256 23.5. Bibliography 257 Chapter 24. Vital Individuation and Morphogenetic Information 259Vincent BONTEMS 24.1. Introduction 259 24.2. The theory of vital individuation 261 24.3. Lamarck’s ghost 263 24.4. DNA and its transductions 266 24.5. Schrödinger’s flower 269 Chapter 25. How to Account for Interspecies Socio-cultural Phenomena? An Evolutionist and Interactionist Model 273Dominique GUILLO 25.1. The difficult dialogue between social sciences and life sciences 273 25.2. The empire of the principle of identity in theories of society and culture 274 25.3. A field of neglected social and cultural phenomena 276 25.4. Linking social sciences and life sciences 279 25.5. Bibliography 281 Chapter 26. Life: A Simplex Whirlwind between Matter, Energy and Information 283Jean-Claude BARREY 26.1. Introduction 283 26.2. The Craig–Lorenz principle, traditional base of animal and human behavior 284 26.3. The formulations incompatible with modern systemic biology 284 26.4. Lorenz’s principle reformulated based on current biological data 287 26.5. Ethosociological interpretation of the reformulated principle 287 26.5.1. Ontogenesis, sociogenesis and phylogenesis 287 26.6. Regulating societies through economy: ethoeconomy 289 26.7. The bioethological stages of a social evolution 292 26.8. Conclusion 293 26.9. Bibliography 293 Chapter 27. Nutritional Interactions through the Living: from Individuals to Societies and Beyond 295Mathieu LIHOREAU 27.1. The living: a complex nutritional system 295 27.2. Nutrition at the individual level 296 27.3. Nutrition at the collective level 297 27.3.1. Mass migrations 298 27.3.2. Collective decisions 299 27.3.3. Parental care 299 27.3.4. Cooperative foraging 300 27.3.5. Division of labor 300 27.3.6. Interactions between species 301 27.4. Toward a multilevel theory of nutrition? 302 27.5. Bibliography 303 Chapter 28. Epigenetic Regulation of Protein Biosynthesis by Scale Resonance: Study of the Reduction of ESCA Effects on Vines in Field Applications – Summary 2016 305Pedro FERRANDIZ, Michel DUHAMEL and Joël STERNHEIMER 28.1. Introduction 305 28.2. Materials and methods 307 28.3. 2003–2011 results 308 28.4. Results 2012 310 28.5. Results 2013 311 28.6. Results 2014 312 28.7. Results 2015 313 28.8. Results 2016 314 28.9. Conclusions 315 Chapter 29. Quantum and Multiverse Inflation 317Michel CASSÉ 29.1. Copernican and anti-Copernican revolutions 318 29.2. Selection criteria for the number of dimensions of space and time 318 29.3. Why is time monodimensional? 320 29.4. The bones of the void 320 29.5. The buzz effect of inflation 322 29.6. The eye hears and recognizes the fundamental and harmonic 325 Chapter 30. Reontologization of the World and of Life 329Jean-Gabriel GANASCIA 30.1. Philosophy of information 329 30.2. Method and levels of abstraction 330 30.3. “Inforgs” and infosphere 332 30.4. Originality of the infosphere 333 30.5. Reontologization 335 30.6. Ethics of information 336 30.7. Bibliography 337 Chapter 31. Redesigning Life, a Serious and Credible Research Agenda? 339Bernadette BENSAUDE VINCENT 31.1. Introduction 339 31.2. Favorite metaphors 341 31.3. Inappropriate metaphors 343 31.4. Ethical challenges and metaphysics 345 31.5. Bibliography 347 Chapter 32. Transhumanism and the Future of Negation 349Jean-Michel BESNIER List of Authors 359 Index 363
£128.66
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Knowledge of Life Today: Conversations on Biology
Book SynopsisKnowledge of Life Today presents the thoughts of Jean Gayon, a major philosopher of science in France who is recognized across the Atlantic, especially for his work in philosophy and the history of life sciences. The book is structured around Gayon's personal answers to questions put forward by Victor Petit. This approach combines scientific rigor and risk-taking in answers that go back to the fundamentals of the subject.As well as the relationship between philosophy and the history of science, Gayon discusses the main questions of the history and philosophy of biology that marked his intellectual journey: Darwin, evolutionary biology, genetics and molecular biology, human evolution, and various aspects of the relationship between biology and society in contemporary times (racism, eugenics, biotechnology, biomedicine, etc.).Table of Contents1. Philosophy of Biology. 2. Darwin and Darwinism. 3. Genetics. 4. Biology and Society.
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Fishes in Lagoons and Estuaries in the
Book SynopsisBased on the most recent scientific data, and without neglecting historical publications, Fishes in Lagoons and Estuaries in the Mediterranean 3 comprehensively details Mediterranean lagoonal–marine migratory fish. It provides information regarding their systematics, ecobiology, ethology, genetics and their exploitation. This volume, third in a set of books on Mediterranean ichthyofauna, offers a synthesis of the knowledge acquired from 1890 to the present day for each of the 21 species most frequently found in Mediterranean lagoons and estuaries. These species are detailed across two volumes, 3A and 3B. The scientific data presented in this book concern their lagoon life as much as their marine life, and are therefore of particular interest for both the management of fish stocks and for the conservation of species. Designed to give rapid and comprehensive access to the body of knowledge on Mediterranean lagoonal and estuarine migratory fishes, this volume is for anyone involved in the use, management or protection of natural environments and their populations, including ecobiologists, geographers, engineers, teachers, students and researchers. Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Mullidae Günther, 1859 1 1.1. Mullus Linnæus, 1758 3 1.1.1. Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnæus, 1758 5 1.1.2. Mullus surmuletus Linnæus, 1758 23 1.2. Bibliography 41 Chapter 2. Pleuronectidae Norman, 1934 59 2.1. Platichthys Girard, 1854–1855 [1856] 59 2.1.1. Platichthys flesus (Linnæus, 1758) 60 2.2. Bibliography 70 Chapter 3. Soleidae Norman, 1934 75 3.1. Solea Quensel, 1806 77 3.1.1. Solea aegyptiaca Chabanaud, 1927 79 3.1.2. Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 85 3.1.3. Solea solea (Linnæus, 1758) 91 3.2. Bibliography 110 Chapter 4. Sparidae Jordan and Evermann, 1898 129 4.1. Diplodus Rafinesque, 1810 130 4.1.1. Diplodus annularis (Linnæus, 1758) 135 4.1.2. Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti, 1777) 148 4.1.3. Diplodus sargus sargus (Linnæus, 1758) 161 4.1.4. Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) 180 4.2. Lithognathus Swainson, 1839 194 4.2.1. Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnæus, 1758) 194 4.3. Sarpa Bonaparte, 1831 206 4.3.1. Sarpa salpa (Linnæus, 1758) 206 4.4. Sparus Linnæus, 1758 217 4.4.1. Sparus aurata Linnæus, 1758 218 4.5. Bibliography 240 Glossary 273 Index 281
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Trajectories of Genetics
Book SynopsisAs genetics becomes increasingly important in our everyday environment, misinterpretation of its scientific foundation leads to mixed feelings of hope and fear about the potential of its applications. Trajectories of Genetics uncovers the many facets of genetics - from humans to animals, plants, and the microscopic world through more than a century of scientific progress. It summarizes the evolution of ideas as the organization and functioning of genetic material has become clearer. The book analyzes how genetic information transmitted from generation to generation in nucleic acids enables the fulfillment of biological functions and the evolution of the living world. It illustrates current developments in many areas: the improvement of species of agronomic interest, an increased understanding of microbial worlds, the management of genetic pathologies and the synthesis of new forms of life.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Following Ariadne’s Thread from Genetics to DNA 1 1.1. The birth of genetics 1 1.2. The foundations of a new science 5 1.3. Gene, locus and genetic maps 7 1.4. Mutagenesis: first ideas on the material nature of the gene 10 1.5. First ideas on gene products 13 1.6. The order of things and the elements of disorder 14 1.7. Dissecting the invisible: allelism, cistron and the locus again 16 1.8. The DNA trail 19 1.9. Important ideas to remember 21 1.10. References 21 Chapter 2. The Molecular Nature of Genes and Their Products 25 2.1. DNA and its replication 25 2.2. Permanence and alteration of DNA, mutations 26 2.3. Protein synthesis and the central dogma of molecular biology 28 2.4. The genetic code: how to read the genetic message 35 2.5. First paradigm of gene expression: the bacterial lactose operon 40 2.6. Reverse transcription and retrogenes 43 2.7. Exons, introns and splicing: the first complexity of RNA life 44 2.8. Sequence editing: the second complexity of RNA life 51 2.9. RNA interference and epigenetics 52 2.10. Important ideas to remember 56 2.11. References 57 Chapter 3. Chromosomes and Reproduction 61 3.1. The “true” chromosomes 61 3.2. Sexual reproduction and alternating generations 63 3.3. Meiosis 65 3.4. Genetic determinism of sex 70 3.4.1. From gametes to sex 70 3.4.2. Sex determinism in animals 71 3.4.3. Sex determinism of brown algae 74 3.5. Clonal reproduction and its derivatives 75 3.6. The genetics of organelles 77 3.6.1. In unicellular eukaryotes 78 3.6.2. In humans and animals 78 3.6.3. In plants 79 3.7. Important ideas to remember 80 3.8. References 81 Chapter 4. From Genetic Engineering to Genomics 83 4.1. Restriction of DNA 83 4.2. Recombinant DNA and the birth of genetic engineering 85 4.3. Sequencing of biological macromolecules 87 4.4. The beginnings of genomics: the very first genome sequences 91 4.5. The trigger 92 4.6. The impact of the first real genomes 93 4.7. The human genome 96 4.8. New methods of genome sequencing and the current state of genomics 98 4.9. Important ideas to remember 100 4.10. References 101 Chapter 5. Uniqueness and Polymorphism of Genomes 103 5.1. The immensity of nucleic acid sequences 104 5.2. Components of genomes and their replication 105 5.3. A little perspective on the content of genomes 109 5.4. Traces of the past and driving forces for the future 112 5.5. Genes in genomes 117 5.6. Genes and genetic determinism 120 5.7. Natural populations: pan-, core-genomes and SNP 123 5.8. Population genomics 126 5.9. The genetics of genomes 127 5.10. Important ideas to remember 128 5.11. References 129 Chapter 6. Natural Dynamics and Directed Modifications of Genomes 131 6.1. The dynamics of genomes 131 6.2. Hereditary acquisitions 134 6.2.1. Transformation by DNA and horizontal gene transfer 134 6.2.2. Primary endosymbioses of eukaryotes 136 6.2.3. Viruses and transposable elements 137 6.3. Directed manipulations of genomes: principles and tools 139 6.4. Directed manipulations of genomes: applications 144 6.5. Important ideas to remember 146 6.6. References 147 Chapter 7. Of Genes and Humans 149 7.1. Ancient DNA and human history 150 7.2. Traces of the past in today’s human genome 153 7.2.1. Adaptations to the world’s regions 154 7.2.2. Adaptations to lifestyles 154 7.2.3. Adaptations to diseases 155 7.2.4. Maladaptation following past selections 156 7.2.5. Conclusion 157 7.3. Traces of past climates in the trees of our forests 157 7.4. The domestication of cultivated plants 159 7.4.1. Characteristics of domestication 160 7.4.2. The mutations that enabled domestication 162 7.5. Selection of livestock 163 7.6. Conclusion 167 7.7. Important ideas to remember 168 7.8. References 169 Chapter 8. Genetics and Human Health 173 8.1. “Mendelian” and multifactorial diseases, a continuum of complexity 174 8.2. Interpretation and use of DNA sequences 175 8.3. Autism 177 8.4. Gene therapy 178 8.5. The multiple genetic causes of cancers 181 8.6. Microbiota 184 8.7. Important ideas to remember 187 8.8. References 188 Chapter 9. Now and Tomorrow 191 9.1. A living world to be further explored 191 9.2. Genome synthesis 197 9.3. New lives 200 9.4. Important ideas to remember 203 9.5. References 203 Conclusion 207 Glossary 213 References 233 Index 235
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Territorial Ecology and Socio-ecological
Book SynopsisIn the same realm as social ecology, industrial ecology and the circular economy, a new interdisciplinary field is growing: territorial ecology. Based on the analysis of the metabolism of human societies at a local level, it helps us diagnose a socioecosystem. This diagnostic is not only based on what is circulating, but also on how it is organized and why. Who is at the origin of a flow? What are their motivations? Who has the power to make decisions about it? This methodology, taking into account both the material description of human societies and the analysis of decisionmaking processes, might also be relevant for territorial diagnostics. It leads us to a systemic view of the consequences of individual and collective actions on the sustainability of local socio ecosystems. Socio-ecological transition implies a substantial evolution of human societies. Innovation, be it technological, organizational or social, is intrinsically involved in this evolution. However, if transition calls for disruptive rather than incremental innovations, we must also assess these innovations with a systemic view of their consequences.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Positioning Territorial Ecology in the Scientific and Institutional Context 1 1.1. Positioning of territorial ecology from a scientific point of view 2 1.1.1. Urban ecology 3 1.1.2. Industrial ecology 6 1.1.3. From industrial ecology to industrial and territorial ecology 9 1.1.4. The social ecology of Vienna 11 1.1.5. Toward a territorial ecology 12 1.2. Positioning in the institutional context 16 1.2.1. The evolution of concepts around sustainability 17 1.2.2. From industrial ecology to circular economy 20 1.2.3. A variation of circularity: the bioeconomy 22 1.2.4. An effective consideration of the stakes 23 1.3. Conclusion 25 Chapter 2. Main Methodologies Developed Around Urban and Territorial Metabolism: Contributions and Limitations 27 2.1. The main principles of metabolism 27 2.1.1. Plurality of objectives and methods 28 2.1.2. The implementation of the Eurostat method at the territorial level 30 2.1.3. A tool for analysis and comparison between territories 32 2.2. The rise of social metabolism and the territorial footprint 35 2.2.1. The different facets of the place of energy in metabolism 36 2.2.2. The central place of the foodprint 39 2.2.3. ... as well as the place of water 43 2.2.4. The stakes of social metabolism 48 2.3. Contributing to better knowledge of territorial issues 50 2.3.1. A more participatory approach 51 2.3.2. A more territorially focused approach 53 2.4. Conclusion 54 Chapter 3. A Wealth Creation Approach for a Territorial Diagnosis Methodology 57 3.1. The model of wealth creation subsystems 59 3.1.1. The starting model 60 3.1.2. Multiple questions 66 3.2. Methods of analysis of the relationships between stakeholders within the territorial metabolism 69 3.2.1. Which stakeholders should be taken into account? 70 3.2.2. How to take into account the relationships between stakeholders? 74 3.3. Conclusion 89 Chapter 4. Territorial Ecology and the Challenges of the Socio-ecological Transition: Metabolism, Capacity and Resilience 91 4.1. Capabilities 92 4.1.1. The rise of individualistic freedom 92 4.1.2. A certain approach to freedom 94 4.1.3. Individual capabilities or collective capabilities 95 4.1.4. Territory and capabilities 100 4.2. Better integration of the relationship to the environment within the metabolism 102 4.2.1. Socio-ecosystems and nature’s contribution to people 104 4.2.2. A socio-ecosystemic approach to wealth 105 4.3. Territorial capability and resilience: a means to tackle transition issues 109 4.3.1. Vulnerability and resilience 110 4.3.2. Capability and resilience of territorial systems 112 4.3.3. Beaufort cheese: between vulnerability and resilience 116 4.4. Conclusion 124 Chapter 5. Principles for Innovative Territorial Projects 127 5.1. Conventional regimes and principles 130 5.1.1. Conventions 130 5.1.2. Conventional values and reference points 132 5.1.3. Conventional regimes 134 5.2. From the dominant conventional regime to a more sustainable one 135 5.2.1. The basis of the dominant conventional regime 136 5.2.2. What might the characteristics be of a sustainable conventional regime? 141 5.3. Toward innovative regional projects 150 5.3.1. What innovation? 151 5.3.2. Local initiatives at the heart of the alternative regime 152 5.3.3. Is there a rise of an alternative regime? 154 5.3.4. The key role of politics 158 5.4. Conclusion 159 Conclusion 161 References 165 Index 179
£124.15
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Humans in the Making: In the Beginning was
Book SynopsisThe human specificity can be described by verticality/bipedalism, technique use, articulated language, high cognitive capacities, complex society at three levels: body, mind, social. In this book, is proposed an evolutionary process that make better understand how such humanity could have emerged in the long time (more than 6 million years). The process is based on a very early necessity to use technic for surviving correlated with neoteny which impulsed a darwinian evolutionary process, with four distinguished punctuation described as neotenizations.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1. Phylogenetics of the Emergence of Humans 1 Chapter 1. The Long and Slow Emergence of Humans 3 1.1. The difficulty of thinking about the beginning of the human being 3 1.2. The current challenge of human construction 7 Chapter 2. Technique and Becoming Human 9 2.1. A general definition of technique 9 2.2. Awareness and use of techniques 13 2.3. Technical posture in human phylogenesis 14 Chapter 3. Ethology: Technique and the Frog 17 3.1. The Goliath frog: a technician frog 17 3.2. Causes for the Goliath frog’s gigantic size 18 Chapter 4. Neoteny: From Concept to Grand Narrative 19 4.1. Sources of the concept of neoteny in biology 19 4.2. Applying the concept of neoteny to the human being 20 4.3. Appropriation of the concept of neo-neoteny by the humanities 22 4.4. Neotenization: a “grand narrative” of the emergence of the human being 24 Chapter 5. Issues of Neoteny and Technique 27 5.1. A very old conception of human “disabilities” 27 5.2. The equipped human and neotenic human: two unrelated concepts 28 5.3. The philosophy of technique: a recent discipline 30 Chapter 6. Neoteny and Fetal Consciousness 33 6.1. Humans before birth 33 6.2. Humanity of the baby at birth 35 6.3. Ancient protection of the human baby at birth 36 Chapter 7. Inversion of the Analysis: The Lamarckian Bias 39 7.1. The ambiguous concept of adaptation 39 7.2. The uselessness of adaptation with the concept of natural selection 41 7.3. The use of a tool: a selective system 43 7.4. From tool-based technique to body-based technique 44 7.5. New evolutionary narratives 46 Chapter 8. Animal Behavior: Hermit Crabs and Their Shells 51 8.1. The hermit crab: a strange crustacean 51 8.2. The hermit crab: an oblivious technician? 52 Chapter 9. Prejudice About the Priority of Values 55 9.1. The human sense of morality: an exception? 55 9.2. Prioritizing cognitive ability in human characteristics 56 9.3. Role of technique in the emergence of language 58 Chapter 10. The First Phase of the Hominization Process 61 10.1. The conditions of access to humans through technique 61 10.2. Verticality as the first pre-human technical experience 66 10.3. The consequences of verticality 78 Chapter 11. Towards the Verticalization of the Genus Homo 83 11.1. Aging of technical achievements 83 11.2. Phylogenesis of characteristics and lineages 88 11.3. From Australopithecus to the genus Homo: the selection of technicality 94 Chapter 12. Technical Evolution and Neoteny of the Genus Homo 101 12.1. Homo habilis: a new bushy development? 101 12.2. Homo erectus, the advent of a technical humanity 106 12.3. Homo sapiens, the advent of inner life and the imaginary 113 Part 2. Technique and Human Ontology 127 Chapter 13. Technique as the Foundation of the Human Being 129 13.1. A look back at stone-knapping: the contribution of neuroscience 129 13.2. Explaining humans through technique: a conceptual error 132 13.3. Mental exaptation as a norm of human development 136 13.4. The relationship between bodily technique and tool technique 139 13.5. Variability of technical capabilities 145 Chapter 14. The Domestication of the Wolf: A Decisive Advantage? 149 14.1. The oldest domestication 149 14.2. The co-evolution of humans and dogs 150 14.3. The strength of the association between humans and dogs 154 Chapter 15. Reforming Our Thinking About Humans? 157 15.1. The human characteristic: a search without a future? 157 15.2. The major innovation in body techniques 159 15.3. Technique and the game: a fundamental intertwining factor 163 15.4. New accounts of the emergence of culture 165 15.5. The influence of techniques on evolutionary processes 169 15.6. The relationship between technical behavior and biological evolution 174 15.7. The selection of neoteny 180 15.8. Towards the human being: convergences and co-evolutions 187 15.9. Homo sapiens, a convergence of multiple capacities 191 15.10. The ultimate technical step towards the human: mental technique 196 15.11. The technical inscription of the mind 204 15.12. The construction of thought 205 Chapter 16. Emergence, Then Global Expansion 207 16.1. Rapid global development 207 16.2. Great linguistic diversification 208 16.3. Co-evolution of cultures, languages and techniques 208 16.4. The anthropization of the planet 209 Chapter 17. The Myth of the Golden Age 211 17.1. The Golden Age in ancient myths 211 17.2. The Golden Age of modern thinkers 213 17.3. Believing in a golden age: a cognitive bias? 214 Conclusion 217 References 225 Index 243
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Microalgae: From Future Food to Cellular Factory
Book SynopsisMicroalgae and cyanobacteria are the first organisms in the oceanic food chain and are essential producers of oxygen and effective carbon dioxide traps. They are traditional sources of food proteins for Aztec, African and Asian populations, and some of them have even acquired the status of superfoods. Microalgae reviews the biological, ecological and biochemical characteristics of microalgae and cyanobacteria. They are true cellular factories, producing substances of interest such as original pigments, proteins and polysaccharides with biological activities. Their use covers many sectors of human activity including aquaculture, livestock breeding, agri-food, and human and veterinary medicine.This book presents their mode of production and the transformation processes that are applied to them, as well as the traditional and future valorization of algae. As they are a source of lipids and fatty acids, microalgae have become the focus of attention for the development of green fuels, such as biofuel.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Biology and Ecology of Microalgae 1 1.1. Biological characteristics 1 1.1.1. General characteristics 1 1.1.2. The different groups in traditional and phylogenetic classification 3 1.1.3. The special case of cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae) 10 1.2. Ecological features 12 1.2.1. Marine microalgae 13 1.2.2. Microalgae in brackish and freshwater environments 15 1.2.3. Microalgae in terrestrial and aerial environments 16 Chapter 2. Production Techniques 21 2.1. Production by harvesting in the natural environment 21 2.2. Production by culture in open systems 24 2.2.1. Production in open basins 24 2.2.2. Production in open raceway-type basins 25 2.2.3. Open-tank production 30 2.3. Production by culture in a closed system 31 2.3.1. Production in discontinuous mode 31 2.3.2. Production in continuous mode 34 Chapter 3. Food Valorizations 43 3.1. Animal feed 43 3.1.1. Forage microalgae 43 3.1.2. Dietary supplements 51 3.2. Human food 56 3.2.1. Ingredients or vegetables 56 3.2.2. Dietary supplements 60 3.2.3. Functional foods 66 3.2.4. Food coloring 73 3.2.5. Regulations 74 Chapter 4. Valorized Molecules 77 4.1. Polysaccharides 77 4.2. Proteins and enzymes 83 4.2.1. Phycobiliproteins 83 4.2.2. Enzymes 87 4.3. Non-protein pigments 89 4.4. Fat, sterols and fatty acids 90 4.5. The special case of biofuel 94 4.5.1. Biofuel production processes 94 4.5.2. Algal species used as biosources 99 4.5.3. The economic context 99 4.6. Other applications 101 Chapter 5. Extraction Processes 105 5.1. Conventional processes 105 5.1.1. Ball mills 105 5.1.2. Ultrasonication 106 5.1.3. Extraction using supercritical fluid 109 5.1.4. Extraction by microwaves 113 5.1.5. High-pressure extraction 114 5.1.6. Extraction facilitated by lyophilization 116 5.2. Enzymatic hydrolysis 118 5.3. Other methods 122 Chapter 6. Biotechnological Approaches 125 6.1. Biorefinery 125 6.2. Physiological forcing 127 6.3. Genetic transformation 131 Conclusion 137 References 139 Index 155
£124.15
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Embryogeny and Phylogeny of the Human Posture 1:
Book SynopsisThe future of the human posture is in the spotlight. The 200-year-old locomotion paradigm can no longer resist the advancement of knowledge, yet 2,500 years of thinking on the place of verticalized human anatomy and its reflexive consciousness in the natural history of life and the Earth, is more relevant than ever.This book retraces these reflections from pre-Socratic philosophers, focusing on the link between verticality and the most complex and consciously reflexive nervous system on the top rung of the ladder of living beings. The origin of animated forms, or animals, was considered metaphysical until the 19th century but reflection on their inception, from fertilization, paved the way for mathematics of infinitesimal geometry and dynamics. The simian filiation was inconceivable until Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck bridged the gap in 1802 with the locomotion postulate to explain the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal posture, sustained by the hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics. This doctrine was overturned in 1987 by the discovery of the embryonic origins of the straightening - specific dynamics linked to neurogenesis - confirming the natural place of human verticality and nervous system complexity with its psychomotor and cognitive consequences.Sapiens find themselves at the physical limit of the straightening while mechanisms of gametogenesis have never ceased in making neurogenesis exponentially more complex. Is the future exclusively terrestrial or does intrauterine hominization open up new perspectives for space exploration? Posturologists, occlusodontics, osteopaths, cognisciences - all anthropological sciences exposed to human verticality are concerned with this discovery, which allows Sapiens to face their natural destinyTable of ContentsPreface xi Part 1. The Vertical Human: Philosopher of Nature 1 Chapter 1. Anthropos, the First of the Animals 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.1.1. Epistemology according to Georges Cuvier 5 1.1.2. From the metaphysics of beings to the physics of their matter 7 1.1.3. Mathematics, forms and women physicians 10 1.1.4. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: an anthropology of ideas or a certain idea of anthropology 13 1.2. Anthropos, the axis of the world 16 1.2.1. Man, a vertical anatomy 16 1.2.2. Apes and humans 17 1.2.3. The generation of anthropos: the father as a model, the mother by default 20 Chapter 2. From Aristotle to the 16th Century: The Eclipse of Science 27 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Comparative anatomy of apes and humans from Aristotle to Galen 27 2.2.1. The Museum of Alexandria 27 2.3. Decadence and rebirth of natural philosophy and human anatomy 31 2.3.1. Albertus Magnus, the Aristotle of a reborn Europe 31 2.3.2. The first lay schools of medicine in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries 33 2.3.3. Instant of grace: Leonardo da Vinci, from the elusive movement to the restitution of the soul 39 Chapter 3. The 16th Century: From Generation to Human Physiology 53 3.1. Ambroise Paré (1510–1590), father of French surgery with “more than barbaric Latin” 53 3.2. André Vésale (1514–1564), the audacity of objectivity in the face of Galen’s anthropo-simian chimeras 55 3.3. Jacobus Sylvius (1478–1555): defending Galen body and soul 56 3.4. Gabriele Fallope (1523–1562): freedom of dissection, the fine anatomy of the ear and cranial base 59 3.5. Bartolomeo Eustachi (Bartholomaeus Eustachius, c. 1523–1562): the human fetus and the monkey 60 3.6. The embryo, the fetus and blood circulation with the maternal body 62 3.6.1. Arantius (1530–1589): the development of the human fetus 62 3.6.2. D’Aquapendente (1533–1619): the father of embryology 62 3.6.3. William Harvey (1578–1657): the demonstration of blood circulation, vital for the development of the embryo 63 3.7. On human generation and fetal development 64 3.7.1. Gabriel de Zerbis (1455–1505) 65 3.7.2. Volcher Coiter (1534–1576) 65 3.7.3. Félix Platter (Foelix Platerus, 1536–1614), the first optician 66 3.8. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679): the dynamic geometry of the vertical body 67 Chapter 4. Centuries in Search of Light 69 4.1. Independent Academies of Sciences 69 4.1.1. Gerolamo Cardano: of the necessity and the form of Man, by spontaneous generation or by putrefaction? 71 4.1.2. Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619), “Prince of the libertines” 75 4.1.3. Man absent from himself, God always as explanation 77 4.2. The beginning of Man and Russian dolls 77 4.2.1. From microscope to microcosm 77 4.2.2. The created species are not immortal 81 Chapter 5. The Century of Naturalistic Enlightenment 85 5.1. The Jardin royal des plantes: a new natural history of animals 85 5.1.1. Georges Leclerc, Count of Buffon 85 5.1.2. A research organization independent of biblical dogmatism 87 5.1.3. The history of the Earth as a premise of the natural history of Man 90 5.1.4. Man is the last “internal mold” created on the Earth 95 5.1.5. The species according to Buffon 100 5.1.6. A fundamental principle: the subordination of external parties to internal parties 105 Part 2. The Place of Humans among Current and Fossilized Primates 107 Chapter 6. From Natural Curiosity Cabinets to the First Primate Collections 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.1.1. Conrad Gessner (1516–1565), the first great collector of natural curiosities 109 6.1.2. Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), the first natural history museums in Europe 111 6.1.3. Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt, 1592–1631): the first wild great ape or “Man of the Woods” 112 6.1.4. Tulpius (1593–1674), the first description of a chimpanzee 112 6.1.5. Edward Tyson (1650–1708), the first dissection of a chimpanzee 113 6.1.6. Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), the classification of organisms by species and genera 116 6.2. Comparative anatomy at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 118 6.2.1. Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716–1799), the occipital hole and the face unified by geometry 118 6.2.2. Georges Buffon publishes his own “Nomenclature of Apes” 122 6.2.3. Petrus Camper (1722–1789), the first dissection of an orangutan: the ape does not speak 124 6.2.4. The premises of a gradualist and racial anthropology 125 Chapter 7. The Transition from the 18th to the 19th Century: Birth of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy 127 7.1. Oryctography or the study of the disposition of minerals and fossils in the soil 127 7.1.1. François-Xavier de Burtin (1743–1818), a leading European collector 127 7.1.2. The French Revolution: naturalist audacity faced with the fury of the Terror (1792–1794) 128 7.1.3. The premises of the Industrial Revolution: energy and thermodynamics 131 7.2. Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), the French Revolution and the revolution of the globe 134 7.2.1. The natural sciences at the heart of the “Terror” 134 7.2.2. Karl Kielmeyer, Georges Cuvier’s great comrade and gifted youngster 137 7.2.3. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the unity of the animal composition plan 138 7.2.4. The laws of animal oeconomy 139 7.2.5. Humans have no fossil ancestor according to Cuvier 141 7.2.6. The division between Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire or the distinction between micro- and macroevolution 144 Chapter 8. The Slow Recognition of Humans’ Simian Origins 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck or the audacity of the transformist theory of organization plans 148 8.2.1. “The causes of the main physical facts” or “what is life” (1780) 148 8.2.2. Transformism or the first formulation of evolution 150 8.2.3. Lamarck and the first theory of the common origins of the orangutan, the chimpanzee and Homo sapiens 153 8.2.4. The anatomical origins of Homo sapiens, a break with his own statements 154 8.2.5. Which system to classify humans: the separation of organizational plans or the variety of a single plan? 155 Chapter 9. Embryology, Fixist Anthropology and the Neanderthal Man 159 9.1. Introduction 159 9.1.1. The theory of epigenesis (Wolff 1759) 160 9.1.2. Karl von Baer discovers the formation of the ovum (1827) 160 9.1.3. Johann Meckel (1781–1833), the revolution of the 11 laws of embryogenesis 161 9.2. The origins of the vertical anatomy of humans: between poetic metaphysics, transcendental finality and climatic influences 164 9.3. Great confusion between Linnaean nesting classification and the emergence of organizational plans 166 9.3.1. Étienne Serres (1786–1868) and the “transcendental” anatomy of the embryo (1832) 166 9.3.2. Alfred Velpeau (1795–1867) and the cranio-caudal gradient of embryogenesis (1832) 168 9.3.3. The first Chair of Embryogeny at the Collège de France (1844) 170 9.3.4. The discovery of the gorilla, 1847–1852 171 9.3.5. Franz Fick (1813–1858), a giant step forward: the study of the internal base of the skull (1853–1862) 172 9.3.6. Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), a major study on the relations between the internal base and the external face 174 9.3.7. Neanderthal Man (1856), a lost human species 175 9.3.8. Herman Welcker (1822–1897), comparative internal growth of the orangutan and Homo sapiens (1862) 175 Chapter 10. The Decline of Transformism at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 177 10.1. The decline of transformism despite the discovery of the first monkey fossils 177 10.1.1. First manmade objects contemporary to Diluvium, 1842 178 10.1.2. Edouard Lartet: the first great fossil monkey to the rescue of Cuvier (1856) 179 10.1.3. Paris, capital of transformist anthropology and free thought (1848–1857) 180 10.2. A theory lacking internal coherence 182 10.2.1. Gradualist classification and discontinuities between fossil genera: an impasse 182 10.2.2. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) knocked at the door of the French Academy of Sciences and convinced no one 184 10.2.3. A progression toward scientific formalization of the evolution of structures: the geometrical study of the skull 188 10.2.4. The cart before the horse: the Linnaean classification of fossils before understanding of processes 190 10.2.5. The transmission of acquired characteristics and Charles Darwin’s gemmules 194 10.2.6. The faults of Charles Darwin against Armand de Quatrefages 197 Chapter 11. Transformist Paleontology Inaugurates the 20th Century 203 11.1. The rebirth 203 11.1.1. Albert Gaudry (1827–1908), a palace in the Jardin des plantes for paleontology and comparative anatomy 203 11.1.2. Paul Gervais (1816–1879) at the Chair of Anatomy and the first bipedal fossil monkey 204 11.1.3. Haeckel (1834–1919), on the way to formalizing processes 205 11.1.4. Haeckel, a new hope 207 11.1.5. Phylogenesis and embryogenesis, a reversed logic 209 11.2. Natural selection and the scale of human societies 211 References 215 Index 227
£124.15
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Embryogeny and Phylogeny of the Human Posture 2:
Book SynopsisThe future of the human posture is in the spotlight. The 200-year-old locomotion paradigm can no longer resist the advancement of knowledge, yet 2,500 years of thinking on the place of verticalized human anatomy and its reflexive consciousness in the natural history of life and the Earth, is more relevant than ever.This book retraces these reflections from pre-Socratic philosophers, focusing on the link between verticality and the most complex and consciously reflexive nervous system on the top rung of the ladder of living beings. The origin of animated forms, or animals, was considered metaphysical until the 19th century but reflection on their inception, from fertilization, paved the way for mathematics of infinitesimal geometry and dynamics. The simian filiation was inconceivable until Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck bridged the gap in 1802 with the locomotion postulate to explain the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal posture, sustained by the hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics.This doctrine was overturned in 1987 by the discovery of the embryonic origins of the straightening – specific dynamics linked to neurogenesis – confirming the natural place of human verticality and nervous system complexity with its psychomotor and cognitive consequences. Sapiens find themselves at the physical limit of the straightening while mechanisms of gametogenesis have never ceased in making neurogenesis exponentially more complex. Is the future exclusively terrestrial or does intrauterine hominization open up new perspectives for space exploration? Posturologists, occlusodontics, osteopaths, cognisciences – all anthropological sciences exposed to human verticality are concerned with this discovery, which allows Sapiens to face their natural destiny.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The 20th Century. A New Science: Human Paleontology 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Human paleontology, a nascent science 2 1.2.1. The Java erect ape-man, or the missing link, Pithecanthropus 3 1.2.2. Human paleontology and secularism 6 1.2.3. The first Neanderthal Man in French territory and his ancestor in Germanic lands 9 1.2.4. The Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, a foundation of Prince Albert 1st of Monaco 11 1.3. Presuppositions 13 1.3.1. The Neanderthal Man, a stooped posture? 13 1.3.2. Embryologists, geneticists and paleontology at the beginning of the 20th century 13 Chapter 2. Asia, The Cradle of Humanity 17 2.1. Teilhard de Chardin, a destiny from Piltdown to the Muséum 17 2.2. The primate ancestor of the human lineage in Montauban 20 2.3. Teilhard de Chardin sets out the main phylogenetic principles 21 2.4. Human paleontology is a branch of planetology 25 2.5. China, the promise of very ancient mammalian and human species 29 2.6. Peking Man: a small brain but well-cut tools 32 2.7. The first study of the internal basis of a Hominidae fossil 36 2.8. A new paradigm: telencephalization 38 Chapter 3. South and East Africa: The New Cradle 43 3.1. Gracile, robust Australopithecines and Humans 43 3.2. “A systematic research plan for Early Man in South Africa” 46 3.3. The Princeton synthetic theory (neo-Darwinism) and the Sorbonne replica (neo-Lamarckism) 50 3.4. Hominization, “background orthogenesis” 53 3.5. First synthesis: Man and the third axis of cosmic evolution of increasing complexity–consciousness 56 Chapter 4. The Body, Arboricolism and Adaptation: The Years 1950–1980 65 4.1. Under the brain, a body 65 4.2. Hominization of the skull and posture, French schools 69 4.2.1. The École de Paris, The Sorbonne Museum of Natural History 69 Chapter 5. The Embryonic and Phylogenetic Origins of Human Posture 79 5.1. A reversal of perspectives 79 5.1.1. The origins of Man: the first doctoral school of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 79 5.2. Evidence of craniofacial contraction 87 5.2.1. Materials, method and objectives 87 5.2.2. Protocol and results for current species 90 5.2.3. Comparison of mandibular growth trajectories 98 5.3. The embryonic origin of the sphenoidal angle and cranio-spinal straightening 105 5.3.1. Chondrocranium rotation according to Levi (1900) 105 5.3.2. A marker for embryonic trajectories: the dorsal cord 109 5.3.3. Morphogenesis of Meckel’s cartilage 114 5.3.4. The organization of intra-sphenoidal synchondrosis: a convection cell 115 5.3.5. The planum basale of other primates and mammals 117 5.3.6. Sphenoid rotation and semi-circular channels 123 5.3.7. The base of a human fetus without straightening: the semi-circular canals are still human 128 5.4. Craniofacial contraction 130 5.4.1. The double craniofacial pantograph 130 5.4.2. Internal and external craniofacial contraction angles 132 5.5. Conclusion: developmental heterochronies and dynamic trajectories 140 Chapter 6. Fossil Species: From the First Primates to the First Hominids 143 6.1. Mandibles, witnesses of straightening 143 6.1.1. The first primates 144 6.1.2. The first simians or monkeys 145 6.1.3. Great apes 146 6.2. The great ape-Hominidae transition: an acceleration in the complexity of embryogenesis 156 6.2.1. Ardipithecus: 5.8 to 3.8 Ma, Ethiopia 156 6.2.2. Where to find their origins: trees, tall grasses or the placenta? 159 6.2.3. Australopithecus and the oldest species that defines it: anamensis or afarensis? 160 6.2.4. Australopithecus and Homo contemporaries at 4 million years? 161 6.3. Axial straightening, cranio-palatal balance and occlusion of Hominids sensu stricto 164 6.3.1. The Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene African Hominids 164 6.3.2. Basi-cranial straightening, cerebellization and encephalization 185 6.3.3. Conclusion: Australopithecus, Paranthropus and prae-Homo, three thresholds of embryonic verticality 186 6.3.4. Humanity’s territory of otherness 188 Chapter 7. Homo and Sapiens Embryogenesis 191 7.1. Fossil taxa of the genus Homo 191 7.2. Fossil mandibles from Homo sapiens 195 7.3. The Neanderthal is not a Sapiens 197 7.4. The cerebellum position of extinct Homo species 198 7.5. What is the relationship between the Neanderthals and the Sapiens? 205 7.5.1. Skhul in Israel (Near East): the oldest Sapiens burial but with a young Neanderthal too 205 7.5.2. Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (North Africa) is not a Homo sapiens 206 7.5.3. Homo floresiensis, the Asian Hobbit, parent of Homo habilis 210 7.5.4. Conclusion: the embryonic threshold between Homo and Sapiens 210 7.6. The collapse of a paradigm: Man was present in Asia before the end of the Tertiary Era 212 7.7. Gracilization, cerebellization, anticipation and emotion 214 7.8. The new Rubicon: brain stem verticality and cerebellar instability 216 7.8.1. The body axis and Earth’s gravity field 216 7.8.2. Tools or utensils? 217 7.8.3. From the reflection of the image to the symbolic creation of its meaning 219 7.9. New sciences for an emerging evolutionary problem 221 7.10. The future of Sapiens, a dialog between the cerebellum and the brain? 223 Conclusion. Irreversibility, Responsibility, Otherness 227 References 231 Index 247
£124.15
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Biodiversity Erosion: Issues and Questions
Book SynopsisThe erosion of biodiversity is currently highly publicized. Militant movements accuse humans of destroying nature and being responsible for a sixth mass extinction. However, this anxiety-provoking message is sometimes based on misconceptions, false or partisan ideas, and media relays that favor and amplify alarmist information. If the situation of certain populations is worrying, it is not a general phenomenon because others are expanding. Rather than holding a globalizing discourse, it is necessary to recontextualize and relativize the debate to better define the necessary actions.Biodiversity Erosion analyzes numerous scientific publications, as well as alarming discussions, emphasizing the multiple biases present in the way information is presented. This book questions the relevance of the notion of species and the desire to compile an inventory of all living things. It argues for a less Manichean approach to our relationship with nature.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1 The Gradual Decline of Biodiversity: What Do We Mean? 1 1.1 The context of the debate 2 1.2 “Biodiversity”? A vague concept 3 1.3 The origins of a concept: creationist thinking 4 1.4 Decline: clarifying the meaning of the words 6 1.5 Are the indicators reliable? 8 1.6 Protecting what? 10 1.7 The evolution of the concept of decline: from a structural to a functional approach 11 1.8 Communication or misinformation? 13 1.9 At the roots of the sixth extinction 14 Chapter 2 The Promethean Dream: Taking Stock of Biodiversity 17 2.1 The notion of species is misleading! 17 2.2 Hidden biodiversity: cryptic or twin species 20 2.3 Species at the service of genes? 21 2.4 Species inventory: what do we know? 22 2.5 The geographical distribution of biological diversity 23 2.6 In summary 25 Chapter 3 What Can We Learn from the Great Extinctions of the Past? 27 3.1 A hundred times over, put your work back together 27 3.2 The great mass extinctions 28 3.3 The tree that hides the forest 31 3.4 Evolutionary consequences of extinctions 33 3.5 What is known about the post-extinction processes of the past? 35 3.6 In summary 35 Chapter 4 Biodiversity Decline: “The Worst Is Not Certain” 37 4.1 When scientists cross the yellow line! 37 4.2 The risk of extinction 40 4.2.1 Endemic species 40 4.2.2 Specialist species 42 4.2.3 Ubiquitous or opportunistic species 42 4.3 Vulnerability of species to risks 42 4.4 Species extinctions in the plant world 44 4.5 What do we know about species extinctions in animals? 46 4.6 Species extinctions in France 47 4.7 The false trails of globalization: contextualizing erosion! 51 4.8 In summary 53 Chapter 5 Let’s Talk about the Renewal Rate of Biological Diversity 55 5.1 Extinction debt and speciation credit 55 5.2 Speciation processes 57 5.3 The speed of appearance of new species 58 5.4 Is speciation more important in tropical environments? 62 5.5 Evolution and the role of chance 63 5.6 Is habitat fragmentation a threat to biodiversity? 64 5.7 In summary 66 Chapter 6 Controversies Surrounding the Extinction Rate 67 6.1 The laborious calculation of the extinction rate 68 6.2 The area/species relationship: a highly criticized prospective tool! 71 6.3 Text commentary on the extinction rate of species according to the Sagascience website 74 6.4 A debate confused by ideological concerns 76 6.5 In summary 78 Chapter 7 The Hidden Face of Methods for Assessing Biodiversity Decline 81 7.1 Who can be trusted to analyze the data? 82 7.2 Questions about the “species” metric 83 7.3 Amalgamation and false leads 84 7.4 Contingency and the problem of changes in scale: global versus local 85 7.5 Losers, but also winners? 86 7.6 Manipulating figures: communication or hijacking? 88 7.7 The health sector taken hostage 89 Chapter 8 Biodiversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems: A Multitude of Preconceived Ideas 91 8.1 The black box of ecological functioning 91 8.2 The balance of nature is fiction 92 8.3 Disruption does not mean disaster 94 8.4 Are all species needed? 95 8.5 Deterministic or stochastic ecological systems? 96 8.6 The more species there are, the more resilient the ecological system is 97 8.7 The threshold effect or the fall of a paradigm! 98 8.8 Species substitutions and the functioning of ecological systems 99 8.9 In summary 100 Chapter 9 Species Introductions: For Better or For Worse 101 9.1 The delicate issue of indigenousness 102 9.2 Species introductions: one of the main causes of biodiversity loss? 104 9.3 Species introductions and ecosystem functioning 106 9.4 Why are our trees sick? 107 9.5 Can introductions be controlled? 109 9.5.1 The case of climate migrants 110 9.5.2 Stowaways 110 9.5.3 Voluntary or accidental introductions 111 9.5.4 Lack of courtesy 112 9.6 Being pragmatic? 112 9.7 Strongly divergent opinions among scientists 114 9.8 In summary 115 Chapter 10 Global Warming: A Catastrophe for Biodiversity? 117 10.1 Climate uncertainties 119 10.2 The lessons of retrospective ecology 121 10.3 Likely consequences of reduced precipitation 123 10.4 Likely impacts of temperature increase on biodiversity 123 10.5 Rising sea levels 125 10.6 Undergoing or going along with change? 126 10.7 In summary 127 Chapter 11 Is Planning Destroying Biodiversity? 129 11.1 European nature: a reconstructed nature 130 11.2 “Degraded” ecological systems… really? 131 11.3 When you transform, you lose and you win… 132 11.4 Paradox: destroying biodiversity under the pretext of naturalness 134 11.5 A brief saga of French forests 136 11.6 In summary 139 Chapter 12 The Decline of Insects 141 12.1 The decline of insect populations creates the event 141 12.2 Is the apocalypse coming? 145 12.3 The difficulty of identifying the causes 146 12.4 Speculation on possible causes 147 12.4.1 Light pollution 148 12.4.2 Pesticides 148 12.4.3 Diseases 149 12.4.4 Changes in agricultural practices 150 12.5 What is the impact on agriculture? 150 12.6 The case of bees 151 12.7 The case of butterflies 153 12.8 Some remarks on our relationship with insects 156 12.9 In summary 157 Chapter 13 The Decline of Birds 159 13.1 The red list of threatened species 159 13.2 The decline of bird populations… as early as the 19th century 160 13.3 Monitoring of the STOC program 163 13.4 Focus on the farmland bird guild 164 13.4.1 Different trends for different species 164 13.4.2 Disparities between regions are a cause for concern 166 13.4.3 A general decline across Europe 169 13.5 The habitat trail 173 13.6 Many other causes 175 13.7 The role of reserves 177 13.8 On what basis can we talk about decline? 179 13.9 Let nature take its course? 179 13.10 In summary 182 Chapter 14 Reasons to be Positive 183 14.1 Highly resilient ecological systems 183 14.1.1 Oil spills 184 14.1.2 Fires 184 14.1.3 How long does it take for a tropical forest to regenerate? 186 14.1.4 Pollution of continental aquatic systems 186 14.2 Recovering populations! 187 14.3 Nature conquers the city 191 14.3.1 Reducing pollution 193 14.3.2 “Rewilding” the city? 193 14.4 Rehabilitation of “degraded” systems 194 14.4.1 Water quarries 194 14.4.2 Slag heaps 195 14.5 What is the future for anthropized nature, left to its own devices? 195 14.6 Let’s talk about the wolf 196 14.7 In summary 198 Chapter 15 From Facts to Extrapolations 199 15.1 Many inconsistencies and post-truths 201 15.2 Going beyond ecocentrism: what kinds of nature do we want? 203 15.3 Protected areas and the return of colonialism? 205 15.4 Nature, an inexhaustible source of problems 207 15.5 Single-mindedness and anxiety-provoking communication 208 15.6 The business of biodiversity 209 References 213 Index 235
£112.50
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Marine Radioecology, Volume 6
Book SynopsisThe marine environment, in addition to a not insignificant background of "natural" radioactivity, has continued to receive inputs of radionuclides directly or indirectly through atomic fallout, discharges from the nuclear industry or from nuclear accidents. After their introduction, the fate of these radionuclides is complex with modifications of physicochemical forms, dispersion in marine water masses and adsorption onto sedimentary particles. Marine organisms then bioaccumulate these radionuclides to a greater or lesser extent, dispersing them via their burrowing activities, horizontal and vertical migrations or through food webs. All of these phenomena lead to very variable radioactive contamination, depending on location and the nature of the marine environments concerned, and consequently, to very different doses of irradiation to marine organisms. The harmful effects of ionizing radiation on living marine organisms are felt at varying levels of biological organization from the molecule to the ecosystem, passing through the cell, the organ, the individual and the population. In the end, the radioactive risk for marine organisms can decline according to several situations, which can be normal, programmed or accidental.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1 General Information on Marine Radioecology and on Risk Assessment 1 1.1 General information on radioecology 1 1.1.1 History of radioecology 2 1.1.2 The main marine radioecology laboratories 3 1.1.3. The triad of radioecology: exposure, bioaccumulation and adverse effect 4 1.2 The principle of risk assessment 7 1.3 The particular case of the risk linked to ionizing radiation 11 Chapter 2 The Origins of Radionuclides in Marine Environments 13 2.1. Natural or anthropogenic origins of radionuclides in the marine environment 13 2.2 The natural origins of radionuclides 15 2.3 The military origins of anthropogenic radionuclides 17 2.3.1. Radionuclides due to atmospheric fallout from atomic device explosions 18 2.3.2 Direct releases of radionuclides from nuclear deterrence activities 25 2.3.3 Indirect releases of radionuclides due to nuclear deterrence activities 26 2.4. Civilian origins of anthropogenic radionuclides related to the nuclear fuel cycle 27 2.4.1 Uranium mines and nuclear fuel fabrication plants 28 2.4.2 The use of nuclear fuel 29 2.4.3 Spent fuel reprocessing plants 32 2.5 The origins of anthropogenic radionuclides linked to accidents 35 2.5.1 The Thule accident 37 2.5.2 Releases due to submarine accidents 37 2.5.3 The Chernobyl accident 37 2.5.4 The Fukushima accident 38 2.6 Indirect anthropogenic origins due to rivers and groundwater 40 2.7 Anthropogenic origins of radioactive waste 41 2.8 Conclusion 43 Chapter 3 The Fate of Radionuclides in the Marine Environment 47 3.1 The introduction of radionuclides into the marine environment 47 3.1.1 Diffuse or limited, chronic or intermittent introduction of radionuclides into the marine environment 47 3.1.2 Chemical speciation of radionuclides during their introduction into the environment 47 3.2 The behavior of radionuclides in the marine environment 48 3.2.1 Conservative and non-conservative radionuclides 48 3.2.2 The distribution coefficient Kd 49 3.2.3 Factors influencing Kd 51 3.2.4 Chemical speciation of radionuclides 61 3.2.5 The physico-chemical behavior of radionuclides in marine waters 63 3.3 Dispersion of radionuclides in marine waters 67 3.3.1 The passage of radionuclides through estuaries 67 3.3.2 Dispersion in marine waters 71 3.4 Dispersion of radionuclides with marine sedimentary particles 80 3.5 Conclusion 81 Chapter 4 The Fate of Radionuclides in the Marine Biosphere 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Penetration pathways of radionuclides in living organisms 84 4.2.1 Exposure pathways of flora and fauna 84 4.2.2 Transmembrane passages 84 4.2.3 Body distribution 86 4.3 Radionuclide bioaccumulation mechanisms 86 4.3.1 Accumulation mechanisms in plants 87 4.3.2 Accumulation mechanisms in animals 89 4.4 Influence of ecological factors on radioactive contamination 93 4.4.1 Influence of abiotic factors on radioactive contamination of aquatic organisms 94 4.4.2 Biological factors in the contamination of organisms 99 4.4.3 Influence of living organisms on the cycle of radionuclides in the aquatic environment 101 4.5 The organotropism of radionuclides 106 4.6 The mechanisms for the chemical detoxification of radionuclides 108 4.6.1 Chemical detoxification in animals: biomineralization and induction of metallothionein 108 4.6.2 Storage forms and chemical speciation of radionuclides in organisms 109 4.6.3 Influence of chemical speciation in the biota on trophic transfers 110 4.7 Disposal of radionuclides 111 4.8 Quantification of radionuclide transfers to organisms 114 4.8.1 The various methodologies for estimating radionuclide transfers 115 4.8.2. Transfer of radionuclides from water to organisms or bioconcentration 116 4.8.3 Transfer of radionuclides from sediment to benthic organisms 120 4.8.4 Trophic transfers of radionuclides 121 4.9 Conclusion 130 Chapter 5 Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment and Monitoring Programs 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Radioactive contamination of marine environments 136 5.2.1 Radioactive contamination by natural radionuclides 136 5.2.2 The current state of radioactive contamination of the marine environment 140 5.2.3 The marine sites of atmospheric atomic tests 142 5.2.4 Sites affected by atmospheric deposition 150 5.2.5 Sites contaminated by spent fuel reprocessing plants 154 5.2.6 Sites affected by nuclear accidents 159 5.2.7 Sites affected by submerged radioactive waste 163 5.2.8 Sites with little impact from radioactive pollution 164 5.3 Environmental radiological monitoring networks 165 5.3.1 General information 165 5.3.2 Environmental monitoring using bioaccumulators 167 5.4 International and regional marine environmental monitoring networks 170 5.4.1 The work of the IAEA in the field of the marine environment 170 5.4.2 OSPAR radiological monitoring 170 5.4.3 The northern sea networks 172 5.5 Radiological monitoring in France 173 5.5.1 Principles of control 174 5.5.2 The IRSN monitoring network 175 5.5.3 RNM (Réseau national de mesures de la radioactivité de l’environnement) 176 5.6 Conclusion 177 Chapter 6 Radiation Doses Received by Marine Organisms 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Methodologies for estimating the dose given to marine organisms 179 6.2.1 The units of radiation doses 181 6.2.2 The difficulties of estimating the radiation dose 182 6.3 Examples of natural radiation doses to marine organisms 182 6.3.1 Pelagic marine organisms 184 6.3.2 Benthic marine organisms 185 6.3.3 Deep-sea marine organisms and hydrothermal sources 185 6.4 Examples of anthropogenic radiation doses to organisms 186 6.4.1 Irradiation doses resulting from the testing of atomic bombs 186 6.4.2 Radiation doses resulting from nuclear accidents 187 6.4.3 Irradiation dose from spent fuel reprocessing plants 190 6.4.4 Radiation dose from oil and gas operations 191 6.4.5 Irradiation dose due to experimental contamination 192 6.5 The ICRP approach 193 6.5.1 Reference organisms (RAP, Reference Animal or Plant) 193 6.5.2 Limitations of the methodology 194 6.5.3 Towards essential improvements 195 6.6 Systematic underestimation of the dose received by organisms 197 6.7 Conclusion 198 Chapter 7 Effects of Irradiation on Marine Organisms 199 7.1 General information on the effects of irradiation 199 7.1.1 Modes of action of ionizing radiation 199 7.1.2 Deterministic and stochastic effects 200 7.2 Effects of ionizing radiation at the molecular level 201 7.2.1 Effects on DNA 201 7.2.2 Induction of cytogenetic and genetic effects 204 7.2.3 Effects on other biomolecules 205 7.3 Effects of irradiation at the subcellular and cellular levels 206 7.3.1 Physical alterations of chromosome structure 206 7.3.2 Histopathological changes 207 7.3.3 Induction of defense and damage biomarkers 208 7.4 Effects of irradiation on individuals 208 7.4.1 Mortality 210 7.4.2 Alteration of reproduction 212 7.4.3 Influence of the vital stage 219 7.4.4 Radiosensitivity and radioresistance of organisms 221 7.4.5 Conclusions on the effects of irradiation at the individual level 223 7.5 Ecological community effects of irradiation 223 7.5.1 Monitoring of highly contaminated areas 224 7.5.2 Partial conclusions 225 7.6 Confounding factors on the effects of irradiation 225 7.7. Systematic under-evaluation of the biological effects of ionizing radiation 228 7.7.1 Harmfulness according to life stage 228 7.7.2 Harmfulness by tissue or organ 228 7.7.3 Harmfulness according to emitters 228 7.7.4 Not taking into account the bystander effect 228 7.7.5 Failure to take into account the interactions between the effects of radionuclides 229 7.7.6 Failure to take into account biodiversity in the marine environment 229 7.8 Conclusion 229 Chapter 8. Characterization of Radioactive Risk in Marine Organisms 233 8.1 The principle of radioactive risk characterization 233 8.1.1 International organizations involved in radioactive risk assessment 234 8.1.2 European research 235 8.2 Methods for selecting reference values 236 8.2.1 The ICRP approach 236 8.2.2 The ERICA approach 236 8.3 Tools for assessing radioactive risk to non-human organisms 237 8.3.1 The ERICA tool 237 8.3.2 The FASSET database 238 8.4 Recommendations of radiation doses for marine organisms 239 8.5 Applications and feedback 241 8.6 Gaps in the characterization of radioactive risk 243 8.6.1. Position of international organizations with respect to the ICRP approach 243 8.6.2 Transgenerational effects 243 8.6.3 Ignorance of biodiversity 244 8.6.4 The choice of the threshold adverse effect 244 8.7 Conclusion 245 Conclusion 247 List of Acronyms 257 References 261 Index 311
£112.50
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Fifty Years of Evolution in Biological Research:
Book SynopsisResearch in biology and all basic sciences has undergone profound transformations in recent decades. We have seen the development of extremely sophisticated techniques, allowing us to study, in an objective manner, questions that were still considered science fiction at the end of the 20th century. All of this has allowed us to develop an in-depth knowledge of vast subjects, such as the biology of the brain, for example. Fifty Years of Evolution in Biological Research presents a panorama of these different technical advances. However, at the same time, there has been an increase in the number of constraints on researchers, a monetization of research and a correlative pressure to continually publish in more prestigious journals. This has resulted in a certain degradation of the quality of research activity. This book analyzes this evolution and proposes solutions.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xv Chapter 1 The Evolution of Techniques 1 1.1 Hormone assays 1 1.2 Techniques for the identification of steroid hormone action sites in the brain 3 1.3 Molecular biology and sequencing techniques 4 1.4 Controlled modification of gene expression 7 1.5 Techniques for temporarily modifying the activity of neurons 9 1.6 The rise of the computer and the personal computer 11 1.7 Appearance and development of the Internet 18 Chapter 2 The Profound Modification of Research Conditions 23 2.1 The evolution of research funding 24 2.2 The current funding situation: multiple sources of grants that are difficult to control 27 2.3 Ever-increasing constraints 29 2.3.1 Administrative tasks 29 2.3.2 Risk management 30 2.3.3 Animal welfare 33 Chapter 3 The Computer and its Consequences in Terms of Work 39 3.1 Changing the flow of scientific information 39 3.2 Scientific information management in laboratories 43 3.3 Data processing and preparation of scientific publications 46 Chapter 4 The Development of Publishing Giants and Open Access 51 4.1 The evolution of publishing houses 51 4.2 Open access: advantages and disadvantages 53 4.3 Unexpected consequence of open access: predatory journals 54 4.4 Reactions 58 Chapter 5 The Invention of Journal Impact Factors 63 5.1 The development of bibliometrics 63 5.2 Disadvantages and limitations 65 5.3 Use for the evaluation of researchers 68 Chapter 6 The Race to Publish and the Inadequate Methods of Evaluating Researchers 73 6.1 Increasingly abundant publications 73 6.2 Evaluation of researchers and grant applications 76 Chapter 7 The Consequences: An Overall Deterioration of Research Quality 81 7.1 The "bad", not very rigorous, science 81 7.1.1 Cognitive biases 82 7.1.2 The absence of randomization 83 7.1.3 The use of poorly validated techniques 85 7.1.4 The low power of the studies 86 7.1.5 Misuse of statistics and pseudoreplication 87 7.1.6 Probability hacking (P-hacking) 89 7.1.7 Inadequate presentation of results 91 7.2 Scientific fraud 95 7.2.1 Data selection 95 7.2.2 Partial or total data fabrication 96 7.2.3 Plagiarism 97 Chapter 8 The Scientific Community's Fight Against these Aberrations 101 8.1 Peer review 101 8.2 Post-publication criticism by the entire scientific community 103 8.3 Withdrawal of erroneous or fraudulent items 104 Chapter 9 Essential Modifications 109 9.1 The publication process and peer review 110 9.2 Pre-registration of studies 112 9.3 The reward system 114 Chapter 10 The Loss of Confidence in Science and the Return of the Irrational 117 10.1 A disaffection for science 118 10.2 The development of irrational beliefs 120 10.2.1 Creationism and the denial of evolution 120 10.2.2 Platism and the flat Earth theory 121 10.2.3 The rejection of Western medicine based on evidence 122 10.3 Social networks, fake news, post-truth and alternative truths 124 Chapter 11 The Solution(s) 129 11.1 Popularizing research results by researchers themselves 129 11.2 Develop critical thinking skills 130 11.3 Expanding an understanding of basic statistics to the general public 131 11.4 Controlling misinformation using social networks 134 Conclusion 137 References 141 Index 151
£118.80
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc The Baseline Concept in Biodiversity
Book SynopsisThe Anthropocene era has been marked by such significant human pressure that it has led to the sixth mass extinction. The Baseline Concept in Biodiversity Conservation interprets human domination of the Earth as the process of gradual landscape change, the execution of which is neither linear nor homogeneous. This book is structured around three key questions: Where and when did everything go wrong? How do we define baseline states for biodiversity conservation strategies? How are reference states mobilized in a concrete way through case studies? Today, biodiversity conservation faces a dilemma that this book sheds light on: return to states less modified by humans than today but in a world that has changed significantly; or, let the nature of tomorrow express itself where it still can but without a road map.Table of ContentsPart 1. Defining Baselines 1. Temporal Baselines: Finding a Tipping Point in the Past by Laurent Godet, Simon Dufour, Anne-Julia Rollet and Armelle Decaulne 2. Spatial Baselines: Is Going Elsewhere Easier Than Going Back in Time by Anne-Julia Rollet, Simon Dufour and Armelle Decaulne 3. Mapping What is Left of Nature by Laurent Godet and Adrien Geutté 4. The Baseline: A Social Construction by Clémence Moreau, Cécile Barnaud and Raphaël Mathevet Part 2. Using Baselines to Conserve Nature 5. Rewilding by the Return of Ghosts of the Past by Laurent Godet 6. Spontaneous Rewilding through Land Abandonment by Adrien Guetté and Jonathan Carruthers-Jones 7. Geoprospective: Looking for Potential Scenarios by Thomas Houet 8. The Place of Ecological Knowledge in Policies for Ecological Neutrality: No Net Loss and Biodiversity Offsetting by Coralie Calvet Part 3. Examples of the Use of Baselines 9. The Variability of Baselines Mobilized in Littoral Protected Areas: The Anthropocene as a Dividing Line? By Vincent Andreu-Boussut and Céline Chadenas 10. Baselines and French Forests by Damien Marage 11. How Can We Maintain Traditional Agro-Pastoral Landscapes? By David Montembault
£112.50
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Concepts in Biology: A Historical Perspective
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive review of the history of concepts of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems throughout the last century. Historically, these systems were long considered as compartments that performed separate and different functions. However, a breakthrough occurred when advances in genetics and cellular and molecular biology techniques revealed that these systems shared molecular entities (such as cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters) with their cognate receptors. These molecular links between the three systems broaden our understanding of the regulation of physiological processes. This approach has generated a multiplicity of new concepts, including crosstalk between organs, axis, feedback, molecular sensors, protein multi-functionality, positive and negative signaling ratios and pathways (such as cell signaling, metabolism and stem cell differentiation, to name a few). The improvement of experimental approaches has often resulted in major discoveries. This, combined with clear reasoning, intuition and coherence gave rise to new and unexpected concepts, and sometimes evolving ones. These new concepts lead the reader to the incredible transformation of biology in recent years.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Endocrinology, Neurology and Immunology 1 1.1 The history of endocrinology 1 1.2 The history of neurology 4 1.3 The history of immunology 7 Chapter 2 Regulatory Systems Integrating External and Internal Changes 11 2.1 Regulatory systems: endocrine, nervous and immune 11 2.1.1 Endocrine system 14 2.1.2 Nervous system 18 2.1.3 Immune system 19 2.2 Origin and diversity of signals and communication modes 20 2.2.1 Origin 20 2.2.2 Diversity 27 2.2.3 Communication modes 27 2.3 Integration of extracellular signals: plasma membrane receptors 36 2.3.1 Chemical signals and mechanisms of action: receptor types and signaling modulation 36 2.3.2 Integration of multiple signal inputs: ratio of stimulatory vs inhibitory signals 58 2.3.3 Physical signals 68 2.4 Nuclear receptors 69 2.4.1 Chemical nature of signals and functional characteristics of nuclear receptors 69 2.4.2 Molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of gene transcription 72 Chapter 3 Intracellular Events in Response to Signals 75 3.1 Signaling pathways 75 3.1.1 General overview 75 3.1.2 Signal termination 76 3.1.3 Control of protein activities: allostery, covalent modifications and proteolytic cleavage 88 3.1.4 Impaired cellular responses to extracellular signals 93 3.1.5 Subcellular localization and sequestration 100 3.1.6 Crosstalk 108 3.2 Sensing of extracellular and intracellular cues 114 3.2.1 Sensing of extracellular cues 114 3.2.2 Sensing of intracellular cues 121 3.3 Functional diversity of proteins 130 3.3.1 Multifaceted "master regulators" 130 3.3.2 Molecular motor proteins 138 3.3.3 Interactional domains 139 3.3.4 Carrier proteins 142 3.3.5 Decoy molecules 143 3.3.6 Heat shock proteins as molecular chaperones 145 3.3.7 Hormone-like peptides: molecular mimicry 146 3.3.8 Telomerase and integrity of linear chromosomes 146 Chapter 4 Integrative Aspects: From Cellular to Whole-Body Level 149 4.1 Homeostasis equilibrium: dynamic steady state 149 4.1.1 Regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis 150 4.1.2 Tissue homeostasis 152 4.1.3 Muscle and bone mass homeostasis 157 4.1.4 Whole-body energy homeostasis 158 4.1.5 Metabolism and cellular energy homeostasis 160 4.1.6 The gut microbiome and glucose homeostasis 160 4.1.7 Synaptic homeostasis 161 4.1.8 Open issues: membrane lipid homeostasis and acid–base homeostasis 162 4.2 Homeostasis disruption 162 4.2.1 Endocrine disorders: excess or impaired hormone secretion 163 4.2.2 Muscle energy wasting 165 4.2.3 Energy 165 4.2.4 Cell number and activity 165 4.3 Crosstalk between organs, tissues and regulatory systems 168 4.3.1 Axis concept 169 4.3.2 Crosstalk between neuroendocrine axes 177 4.3.3 Crosstalks between organs and brain 179 4.3.4 Crosstalk between immune, endocrine and nervous systems 193 4.3.5 Immune system and cancer cell interactions 199 4.3.6 Adjustments of intermediary metabolism: brain, skeletal muscle, cancer cells 202 Chapter 5 Epigenetics and Circadian Rhythms: Role of Environmental Factors 213 5.1 Epigenetics: general overview 213 5.1.1 Epigenetic modifications of DNA and regulation of biological processes 216 5.1.2 Genomic imprinting 220 5.1.3 Setting and maintenance of DNA methylation 222 5.1.4 Evidence for non-genomic inheritance: epigenetic mechanisms 224 5.1.5 Nutritional influences on developmental epigenetics 226 5.1.6 Gut microbiome and epigenetic changes 231 5.1.7 Metabolites and epigenetic changes 231 5.1.8 Social environment and endocrine disruptor: epigenetic changes 232 5.1.9 Importance of epigenetics in the etiology of cancer 234 5.1.10 In vitro reprogramming systems 240 5.2 Circadian rhythms 241 5.2.1 Circadian rhythms and the concept of a circadian clock 242 5.2.2 Overview of the mammalian clock 243 5.2.3 Mechanisms by which circadian clocks govern biological processes 245 5.2.4 How is the SCN clock connected to tissue and cellular functions? 246 5.2.5 Avian circadian clock 254 5.3 Conclusion 255 Concluding Remarks 257 References 261 Index 319
£118.80
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc The Use of Algae in Human Health
Book SynopsisThe Use of Algae in Human Health explores the use of algae in traditional Asian medicine, for both preventive and curative purposes. The book looks at both historical and current uses, as algae is still used on an empirical basis in popular medicine in Asia. The first part of this book focuses on the integration of algae into the therapeutic practice of ethnomedicine. The second part focuses on molecules derived from algae, which include fucoidans, alginates, carrageenans and polyphenols; they have been described in the scientific literature as having therapeutic activities both in vitro and in vivo. These varied functions (antitumoral, antiviral, antibacterial, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant) are of major interest in human health. However, new drugs based on algal molecules are proving slow to develop. The book reviews the scientific, technological and economic obstacles that may explain why development is lagging.
£118.80
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Inventory of Biodiversity Today
Book SynopsisOur knowledge of living organisms is still very limited, with less than 20% of the world's species known to date. It is therefore essential to increase our efforts to inventory biodiversity. This is the goal of scientific research, but it is also a vital responsibility in the face of the sixth extinction. With so many species set to disappear before they can be analyzed, the compilation of this inventory now represents a major challenge. Thanks to the collaborative work of numerous researchers from the Institut de systématique, évolution, biodiversité (ISYEB) and other institutions, Inventory of Biodiversity Today presents the latest methods of field data collection and analysis. Strategies have diversified and are providing new and ever-more-precise data on a growing number of specimens. All of these data are integrated to delimit and describe living species, and are accessible to as many people as possible, so we can all take action on a daily basis to better understand a
£118.80
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Aquatic Biotechnologies
Book SynopsisDeveloped over several decades, the concept of aquatic biotechnology refers to aquatic organisms, be they of animal or plant origin. It involves transforming biological resources into products for human and animal consumption. The emergence of transgenic fish (such as AquAdvantage salmon) and their use as foodstuffs has reopened the societal debate on the place of genetically modified organisms in our diet. This new aquaculture based on genetic engineering is known as the blue revolution. However, blue biotechnology is not limited to the production of genetically modified organisms; it also involves the use of biotechnological processes, such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation, on aquatic resources. Aquatic Biotechnologies presents an overview of these biotechnological processes (genetic, enzymatic and fermentative engineering) as applied to aquatic organisms and their production methods (traditional aquaculture and aquaculture producing genetically modified organisms).
£118.80
ISTE Ltd. Phyllotaxis and Symmetry in Angiosperms
Book SynopsisSymmetry and the causes of shifts in different types of symmetries in flowers follow specific patterns that are ruled by developmental and genetic factors. Using a unified system of phyllotaxic equations, we have modeled the molecular mechanisms and pressure forces that act in inflorescence and floral meristems, giving flowers their organ arrangement. In this book, we state general physical principles, whereby the symmetry of the perianth is derived from the symmetry of certain TCP gene expression. Thus, we define the interplay between the expression of CYC2-like genes and the phyllotactic mechanisms. This new evo-devo approach is applied to major groups of angiosperms with predominantly actinomorphic flowers (in which rare zygomorphy is positional) and groups with mainly bilaterally symmetrical flowers (in which zygomorphy is constitutional). It has thus allowed us to revisit the contributions of the great floral morphologists of the 20th and early 21st centuries.
£118.80
CABI Publishing Invasive Species and Human Health
Book SynopsisInvasive alien plants and animals are known for their disruption of ecosystems and threat to biodiversity. This book highlights their major impact on human health. This includes not only direct effects through contact with the species via bites, wounds and disease, but also indirect effects caused by changes induced in ecosystems by invasive species, such as more water hyacinth increasing mosquito levels and thereby the potential for malaria. Covering a wide range of case studies from different taxa (animals and plants), and giving an overview of the diverse impacts of invasive species on health in developed and developing countries, the book is a significant contribution that will help in prioritizing approaches to controlling invasive species and mitigating their health effects. It covers invasive plants, marine species, spiders and other arachnids, ticks and dust mites, insects, mosquitos and other diptera, freshwater species (invertebrates and fishes), amphibians and reptiles, birds and mammals. Key Features Collects together the major health impacts for the first time Covers animal and plant invasive species Examines issues in developed and developing countries The broad spectrum of the analyzed case studies will ensure the appeal of the book to a wide public, including researchers of biological invasions, doctors, policy-makers and managers, and students of invasive species in ecology, animal and plant biology and public health medicine.Table of ContentsIntroduction: From Local Strategy to Global Frameworks: Effects of Invasive Alien Species on Health and Well-being 1: Poisonous and Venomous: Marine Alien Species in the Mediterranean Sea and Human Health 2: Invasive Alien Plant Impacts on Human Health and Well-being 3: Human Health Impact by Alien Spiders and Scorpions 4: Ticks and Dust Mites: Invasive and Health-affecting Borderline Organisms 5: Bugs, Ants, Wasps, Moths and Other Insect Species 6: The Invasive Mosquitoes of Medical Importance 7: Invasive Freshwater Invertebrates and Fishes: Impacts on Human Health 8: Risks for Human Health Related to Invasive Alien Reptiles and Amphibians 9: Do Alien Free-ranging Birds Affect Human Health? A Global Summary of Known Zoonoses 10: Impact of Alien Mammals on Human Health 11: Climate Change and Increase of Impacts on Human Health by Alien Species
£46.98
ISTE Ltd Virology
Book SynopsisViruses interact with all forms of life and have shaped evolution for 4 billion years. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of conducting scientific research into viruses to understand the interactions between them and their hosts. Virology is made up of eight chapters, all of which have been written by outstanding female virologists, emphasizing women�s fundamental role in all aspects of science. It summarizes our current knowledge about the biology of viruses in general and analyzes the specific features of several ones of medical, veterinary and agricultural importance. Genome replication strategies of different virus families are covered, as well as strategies for survival within their hosts by counteraction of the cellular innate antiviral responses. Attention is also given to viral strategies for efficient dissemination in nature, as well as the evolution of a select group of viruses.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiMaría-Carla SALEH and Félix AUGUSTO REY Chapter 1 DNA Viruses 1Lindsey M COSTANTINI and Blossom DAMANIA 1.1 Introduction to DNA viruses 1 1.1.1 What are the most abundant DNA viruses? 2 1.1.2 Human DNA viruses 4 1.2 Taxonomy and structure 6 1.2.1 Small DNA tumor virus, e.g human papillomavirus 7 1.2.2 Large DNA tumor virus, e.g Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus 7 1.3 Genomes 8 1.3.1 HPV, a small DNA tumor virus genome 9 1.3.2 KSHV, a large DNA tumor virus genome 10 1.4 Gene expression and regulation 10 1.4.1 Small DNA tumor virus gene expression, the HPV example 12 1.4.2 Large DNA tumor virus gene expression, the KSHV example 13 1.4.3 DNA virus inhibition of cellular gene expression 14 1.5 Infectious cycle 15 1.5.1 Small DNA tumor virus life cycle, the HPV example 16 1.5.2 Large DNA tumor virus life cycle, the KSHV example 18 1.6 Viral-induced cellular survival 20 1.6.1 Small DNA tumor virus enhancement of cell survival, e.g HPV 21 1.6.2 Large DNA tumor virus enhancement of cell survival, e.g KSHV 21 1.7 Disease prevalence and prevention 22 1.7.1 HPV, a small tumor DNA virus and disease associations 22 1.7.2 KSHV, a large DNA tumor virus and disease associations 24 1.8 Conclusion 25 1.9 References 26 Chapter 2 Double-stranded RNA Viruses 33Michelle M. ARNOLD, Albie VAN DIJK and Susana LÓPE 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Rotaviruses 37 2.2.1 Virion structure 37 2.2.2 Genome 38 2.2.3 Virus entry 39 2.2.4 Transcription, replication and genome segment sorting 40 2.2.5 Host cell interactions: protein synthesis 41 2.2.6 Innate immune evasion 42 2.3 Reoviruses 43 2.3.1 The use of reovirus as an anti-cancer agent 43 2.3.2 Virion structure 43 2.3.3 Genome 44 2.3.4 Virus entry 44 2.3.5 Transcription and protein synthesis 45 2.3.6 RNA packaging and virion assembly 46 2.3.7 Innate immune evasion 48 2.4 Orbiviruses 49 2.4.1 Virion structure 51 2.4.2 Genome 51 2.4.3 Replication cycle 51 2.4.4 Virus entry 52 2.4.5 Transcription, (+)ssRNA selection and packaging, replication 52 2.4.6 Innate immune evasion 54 2.5 Concluding remarks and future challenges to understand dsRNA virus biology 55 2.6 References 56 Chapter 3 Negative-strand RNA Viruses 69Rachel FEARNS 3.1 Introduction 69 3.2 Replication cycles of negative-strand RNA viruses 70 3.2.1 The order Mononegavirales 70 3.2.2 The order Bunyavirales 73 3.2.3 The order Articulavirales 77 3.2.4 The genus Deltavirus 78 3.2.5 Summary of viral replication cycles 80 3.3 The transcription and replication machinery of the negative-strand RNA viruses 80 3.3.1 Overview of the different negative-strand RNA virus polymerases 80 3.3.2 Orthomyxovirus polymerases and their transcription and replication mechanisms 81 3.3.3 The bunyavirus polymerase 85 3.3.4 The mononegavirus polymerases and their transcription and replication mechanisms 86 3.3.5 Concluding remarks 90 3.4 References 91 Chapter 4 Viral Epitranscriptomics 105Rachel NETZBAND and Cara T PAGER 4.1 Introduction 105 4.1.1 What are epitranscriptomic marks? 105 4.1.2 How are epitranscriptomic marks installed? 106 4.2 The tools of RNA modification discovery 106 4.2.1 Chromatography and mass spectrometry 107 4.2.2 Sequencing methods for PTM detection 109 4.3 RNA modifications deposited by viral enzymes 113 4.3.1 Capping of 5’ end of viral RNA by viral methyltransferases 113 4.3.2 2’O-methylation of viral RNA 114 4.4 Editing of viral RNA by cellular enzymes 120 4.4.1 Editing of uridine-to-pseudouridine (Ψ) 121 4.4.2 Editing of adenosine-to-inosine 123 4.5 Deposition of RNA modifications on viral RNA by cellular enzymes 129 4.5.1 Role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on viral gene expression 129 4.5.2 Role of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) in viral gene expression 136 4.5.3 The viral epitranscriptome 139 4.6 Conclusion 140 4.7 References 141 Chapter 5 Defective Viral Particles 159Carolina B LÓPEZ 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Discovery of defective viral genomes and early research 160 5.3 Classes of defective viral genomes 166 5.3.1 Mutations and frame shifts 168 5.3.2 Deletion DVGs 168 5.3.3 Copy-back and snap-back DVGs 169 5.3.4 Others 169 5.4 Impacts on the virus–host interaction 170 5.4.1 Interference with virus replication 170 5.4.2 Stimulation of the immune response 171 5.4.3 Antivirals and vaccines 173 5.4.4 Establishment of virus persistence 174 5.4.5 Impact on virus spread 175 5.5 Host factors affecting DVG accumulation and activity 175 5.6 Conclusion 176 5.7 References 176 Chapter 6 Enteric Viruses and the Intestinal Microbiota 197Matthew PHILLIPS, Bria F DUNLAP, Megan T BALDRIDGE and Stephanie M KARST 6.1 Introduction 197 6.2 Enteric picornaviruses 198 6.2.1 Intestinal microbiota enhance poliovirus stability 200 6.2.2 Bacterial glycans facilitate virion attachment to target cells 200 6.2.3 Intestinal microbiota promote poliovirus recombination 200 6.3 Mouse mammary tumor virus 201 6.3.1 MMTV binds LPS, which in turn promotes a tolerogenic immune environment conducive to viral persistence 202 6.3.2 MMTV incorporates host LPS-binding proteins into its envelope 202 6.4 Reoviruses 204 6.4.1 Intestinal microbiota enhance reovirus stability 204 6.4.2 Immunostimulatory properties of bacterial flagellin inhibit rotavirus infection 206 6.4.3 Segmented filamentous bacteria have direct and indirect antiviral activity against rotavirus 207 6.4.4 How to reconcile the seemingly contradictory observations of bacterial enhancement and bacterial suppression of rotavirus infection 207 6.5 Noroviruses 208 6.5.1 Intestinal microbiota can promote norovirus infection 209 6.5.2 Intestinal microbiota can trigger antiviral immune responses during norovirus infection 211 6.6 Astroviruses 213 6.6.1 Host interferon responses reduce astrovirus replication and infection 214 6.6.2 Dysbiosis can occur after AstV infection 214 6.6.3 In vivo and in vitro culture systems for AstV pathogenesis studies 215 6.7 Overall conclusion 216 6.8 References 217 Chapter 7 Plant–Virus–Vector Interactions 227Swapna Priya RAJARAPU, Diane E ULLMAN, Marilyne UZEST, Dorith ROTENBERG, Norma A ORDAZ and Anna E WHITFIELD 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Non-circulative virus transmission 228 7.2.1 Vectors of non-circulative viruses 230 7.2.2 Virus–vector interactions are highly specific 231 7.2.3 Capsid strategy 232 7.2.4 Helper strategy 232 7.3 Circulative virus transmission 234 7.3.1 Vectors of circulative viruses 234 7.4 Receptors in vectors of non-circulative viruses 235 7.4.1 Receptors in aphid stylets 236 7.4.2 Receptors in vector foreguts 237 7.5 Receptors in vectors of circulative viruses 237 7.5.1 Circulative virus binding and transcytosis 237 7.5.2 Circulative virus receptors 238 7.6 Circulative, propagative virus binding and entry 239 7.6.1 Circulative, propagative viruses binding and entry 239 7.6.2 Receptors in vectors of circulative, propagative viruses 241 7.6.3 Vertical transmission of propagative, circulative viruses 242 7.7 Virus transmission morphs for non-circulative viruses 243 7.8 “Omics” tools for studying virus–arthropod interactions 243 7.9 Vector innate immunity in response to viruses 247 7.10 Host and vector manipulation by plant viruses 250 7.10.1 Indirect (plant-mediated) manipulation of insect vectors by plant viruses 250 7.10.2 Direct manipulation of insect vectors by plant viruses 260 7.10.3 Mode of transmission and virus manipulation of plant hosts leading to enhanced vector transmission 262 7.11 Summary points 263 7.12 Acknowledgments 264 7.13 References 265 Chapter 8 Evolution and Origin of Human Viruses 289Rachele CAGLIANI, Alessandra MOZZI, Chiara PONTREMOLI, Manuela SIRONI 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Origin and ancient evolutionary history of human viruses 290 8.2.1 Origin and ancient evolutionary history of human-infecting RNA viruses 290 8.2.2 Origin and ancient evolutionary history of human-infecting reverse-transcribing viruses 295 8.2.3 Origin and ancient evolutionary history of human-infecting DNA viruses 298 8.3 Sources of viral genetic diversity 303 8.4 Viral evolution and host range 307 8.5 Recent evolution of human RNA viruses – selected examples 313 8.6 Conclusion 319 8.7 References 320 List of Authors 341 Index 345
£124.15
ISTE Ltd Models and Methods for Biological Evolution
Book SynopsisBiological evolution is the phenomenon concerning how species are born, are transformed or disappear over time. Its study relies on sophisticated methods that involve both mathematical modeling of the biological processes at play and the design of efficient algorithms to fit these models to genetic and morphological data. Models and Methods for Biological Evolution outlines the main methods to study evolution and provides a broad overview illustrating the variety of formal approaches used, notably including combinatorial optimization, stochastic models and statistical inference techniques. Some of the most relevant applications of these methods are detailed, concerning, for example, the study of migratory events of ancient human populations or the progression of epidemics. This book should thus be of interest to applied mathematicians interested in central problems in biology, and to biologists eager to get a deeper understanding of widely used techniques of evolutionary data analysis.
£118.80
ISTE Ltd. Innovative Ultrasound Imaging Techniques
Book SynopsisThis book provides an understanding of ultrasound imaging principles and how the field is evolving to better probe living systems. Today, widely-used imaging systems visualize structures and blood flow within the body in real-time. Signal analysis, hardware and contrast agent innovations are extending the capacity of ultrasound to assess tissue elasticity, to enable three-dimensional viewing of moving structures and to detect vessels smaller than the wavelength-limited resolution. Techniques are also being designed so that we are less impeded by bones in the sound path, as well as to combine light and sound to detect optically-absorbent structures within the body. After an introductory chapter reviewing the key basic concepts, each chapter presents a detailed explanation focusing on a specific set of key principles and then shows the related techniques in each domain that are currently being refined to evaluate living systems in greater depth.
£118.80
ISTE Ltd The First Steps of Life
Book SynopsisOrigin of Life studies have a nearly-impossible goal: understanding nature through the comprehension of its origins and its complexities. As a growing field with poorly-defined borders, Origin of Life studies profit from progress in other disciplines. This book proposes both an overview of this large area and an in-depth look at the opinions and results obtained by some of the active contributors of this fascinating and deeply thought-provoking matter. The topics are presented in a bottom-up order, first touching on the habitability of the universe, then the rationale behind meaningful prebiotic chemistry, the possible or probable prebiotic chemical frames, the problem of chirality, and moving on through the role of minerals in biogenesis, biogenic fertile environments, the in-and-out problem as solved by vesicles physics, the evolution of the codes, the structure of LUCA and its proto metabolisms and the meaning of complex extant biological biomorphs, as exemplified by viroids. These topics and the reasoning within the chapters are provided against the backdrop of the evolution of information and complexity.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiErnesto DI MAURO Chapter 1 The Emergence of Life-Nurturing Conditions in the Universe 1Juan VLADILO 1.1 Defining properties of life 1 1.1.1 Implications of the defining properties 2 1.2 Life-supporting conditions and environments 5 1.2.1 Chemical ingredients 6 1.2.2 Physical conditions 7 1.2.3 Habitable worlds 9 1.3 Setting the stage for chemistry and life in the Universe 10 1.3.1 Births of the laws of chemistry 10 1.3.2 Production of chemical elements 11 1.3.3 Assemblage of prebiotic molecules 12 1.3.4 Origin of water 14 1.3.5 Appearance of rocky planets 15 1.4 The habitable Universe 16 1.4.1 Circumstellar habitable zones 17 1.4.2 Galactic habitable zones 19 1.5 Planetary environments suitable for the origin of life 20 1.5.1 Abiogenesis on planetary surfaces 20 1.5.2 Abiogenesis in the oceans 22 1.5.3 Implications for the search for life outside Earth 23 1.6 The quest for inhabited worlds 23 1.7 References 24 Chapter 2 Chirality and the Origins of Life 31Guillaume LESEIGNEUR and Uwe MEIERHENRICH 2.1 Introduction to chirality 32 2.2 The asymmetry of life 35 2.3 The origin of homochirality 37 2.3.1 Stochastic theories 37 2.3.2 Deterministic theories 38 2.4 Space missions and the search for life and its origins 41 2.4.1 Rosetta 43 2.4.2 ExoMars 45 2.5 References 48 Chapter 3 The Role of Formamide in Prebiotic Chemistry 55Raffaele SALADINO, Giovanna COSTANZO and Bruno Mattia BIZZARRI 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Effect of minerals and self-organization in the prebiotic chemistry of formamide 57 3.2.1 Surface catalysis and geochemical scenarios 57 3.2.2 Chemomimesis, circularity and thermodynamic niches 59 3.2.3 Nucleosides phosphorylation 62 3.3 Continuity and mineral complexity 63 3.4 Energy-driven selectivity 67 3.5 References 68 Chapter 4 A Praise of Imperfection: Emergence and Evolution of Metabolism 79Juli PERETÓ 4.1 From Darwin to Jacob: perfection does not exist 79 4.2 Protometabolic networks 82 4.3 Enzyme promiscuity and metabolic innovation 86 4.4 Promiscuity, moonlighting and the essence of life 91 4.5 Acknowledgments 93 4.6 References 93 Chapter 5 Viruses, Viroids and the Origins of Life 99David DEAMER and Marie-Christine MAUREL 5.1 How were viruses discovered? A brief history 100 5.2 Viral diversity 101 5.3 Viral structure and function 103 5.4 Viruses and mammalian genomes 106 5.5 Role of viruses in human evolution, health and disease 107 5.6 Viroids may be a link to ancient evolutionary pathways 108 5.7 Origin and evolution of viroids 109 5.8 Conclusion 111 5.9 References 112 Chapter 6 Is the Heterotrophic Theory of the Origin of Life Still Valid? 117Antonio LAZCANO 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 The roaring 20s 118 6.3 Coacervates as models of precellular structures 121 6.4 Precellular evolution and the emergence of cells 123 6.5 Final remarks: does Oparin still matter? 128 6.6 Acknowledgments 130 6.7 References 130 Chapter 7 Making Biochemistry-Free (Generalized) Life in a Test Tube 135Juan PÉREZ-MERCADER 7.1 Summary 135 7.2 Introduction and background 136 7.3 Laboratory implementation of an artificial autonomous, and self-organized functional system 140 7.4 More physics and chemistry working together: phoenix, self-reproduction via spores, population growth and chemotaxis 144 7.5 Discussion and conclusions 152 7.6 Acknowledgments 153 7.7 Appendices: Some additional emergent features in PISA "powered" synthetic biochemistry free protocells 154 7.7.1 Chemotactic behavior 154 7.7.2 Adaptive behavior and click-PISA 155 7.7.3 Competitive exclusion principle and iniferter PISA 156 7.7.4 PISA and its control by chemical automata 156 7.7.5 Integrating PISA and information control with the Belousov–Zhabotinsky chemical reaction 157 7.8 References 159 Chapter 8 Hydrothermalism for the Chemical Evolution Toward the Simplest Life-Like System on the Hadean Earth 163Kunio KAWAMURA 8.1 Introduction 163 8.1.1 Realistic life-like systems on the Hadean Earth 163 8.1.2 Water in universe 165 8.1.3 Two-gene hypothesis, minerals and high temperature 168 8.2 Hydrothermal environment for the chemical evolution of biomolecules 170 8.2.1 As an energy source 170 8.2.2 Temperature and pressure 171 8.2.3 Biochemical interactions 172 8.2.4 Minerals and the thermodynamically open system 174 8.3 Hydrothermal methodologies regarding the origin-of-life study 175 8.3.1 Technical background of research tools for hydrothermal reactions 175 8.3.2 Recent development using flow system 176 8.4 RNA world versus hydrothermalism 178 8.4.1 Stability and accumulation of RNA 178 8.4.2 RNA-based life-like system under hydrothermal environments 182 8.5 Future outlook and conclusions 185 8.6 Acknowledgments 186 8.7 References 186 Chapter 9 Studies in Mineral-Assisted Protometabolisms 193Jean-François LAMBERT, Louis TER-OVANESSIAN and Marie-Christine MAUREL 9.1 Metabolism, protometabolism and minerals 193 9.2 Adsorption on mineral surfaces 196 9.2.1 Adsorption mechanisms 196 9.2.2 Adsorption selectivities 197 9.3 Mineral surfaces and reaction thermodynamics 198 9.3.1 Minerals as reagents 198 9.3.2 Concentrating reagents from the solution 199 9.3.3 Altering free enthalpies of reaction 201 9.3.4 Platforms to capture free energy from macroscopic sources (space gradients and time fluctuations) 202 9.4 Minerals and reaction kinetics: heterogeneous catalysis 204 9.4.1 Lessons from industrial heterogeneous catalysis 204 9.4.2 What can heterogeneous catalysts do? 205 9.4.3 Reaction selectivity 206 9.5 A case study: primordial synthesis of pyrimidines 207 9.6 Conclusion 209 9.7 References 210 Chapter 10 A Rationale for the Evolution of the Genetic Code in Relation to the Stability of RNA and Protein Structures 217Andrew TRAVERS 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Codon–anticodon recognition 218 10.3 Concluding remarks 226 10.4 Acknowledgments 226 10.5 References 226 List of Authors 231 Index 233
£118.80
ISTE Ltd Genetics of Domestications
Book SynopsisThe domestication of plants, animals and microorganisms has enabled the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, the processing of their products and, ultimately, civilizations. The species concerned by domestication, the regions of the world where it could take place, the clues that enable us to identify wild ancestors, the particularly morphological or physiological properties that characterize it, the modified genes, the genetic exchanges that domesticated organisms maintained with their wild ancestors, and the consequences of the structuring of the species that resulted in animal breeds or plant varieties, are all questions that develop studies in the fields of archaeology, sociology, ecology and genetics. Genetics of Domestications deals with the contribution of modern methods of genetic analysis and genomics to historical knowledge of domestications, their nature and diversity, based on examples of twelve species or groups of species.
£118.80
CABI Publishing Tourism, Recreation and Biological Invasions
Book SynopsisThe first section of the book includes information about how tourism-related infrastructure and activities promote biological invasions, including key pathways for non-native invasive species introductions. This section provides case studies of different organisms that are known to be introduced and/or promoted by tourism in different ecosystems or regions. The second section elaborates on known and potential impacts of invasive species on tourism and recreation, including how they may affect, positively or negatively, the economic revenue from tourism, tourist access, recreation, aesthetic values and tourists' perceptions. The last section focuses on management and policy, covering aspects of how visitors perceive invasive species and their willingness to manage them, biosecurity measures to prevent invasion related to tourism, as well as potential policy options moving forward. The book draws on a number of examples across multiple taxa, landscapes and regions of the world.Table of Contents1: Introduction: Tourism, recreation and biological invasions Section 1: How tourism and recreation facilitate biological invasions? 2: Nature-based tourists as seed dispersal vectors 3: The role of roads and trails for facilitating mountain plant invasions 4: Fungal invasions and potential spread through tourism and recreation 5: The role of human activities in the introduction of non-native plants to Antarctic and Subantarctic islands 6: Recreational fishing as a major pathway for the introduction of invasive species 7: The role of hunting, zoos and aquaria as pathways for vertebrate invasions 8: Plant invasions associated with ski resorts 9: The role of second homes in non-native plant invasions Section 2: How can invasions impact tourism and recreation? 10: Negative impacts in tourism of yellow jackets (Vespula germanica) in wilderness areas of Chile 11: Costs and impacts of aquatic plant invasions for tourism and recreation 12: The impact of invasive aquatic animals on tourism and recreation Section 3: Why incorporating the social dimensions when managing INNS is important? 13: Tourists’ knowledge, perceptions and behaviours toward invasive species 14: On visitors’ minds: knowledge and perceptions of invasive non-native plant species in mountains ecosystems 15: Contrasting tourist attitudes toward non-native species: a case study in Yellowstone National Park, USA. 16: Complexities of deer management, recreation and hunting tourism in Northeast Victoria, Australia 17: Managing invasive species in tourist and recreation areas of Montana, USA 18: Conclusion: A summary of current knowledge and future directions on the interplay between invasive species, tourism and recreation
£88.92
CABI Publishing Invasion Biology: Hypotheses and Evidence
Book SynopsisThere are many hypotheses describing the interactions involved in biological invasions, but it is largely unknown whether they are backed up by empirical evidence. This book fills that gap by developing a tool for assessing research hypotheses and applying it to twelve invasion hypotheses, using the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach, and mapping the connections between theory and evidence. In Part 1, an overview chapter of invasion biology is followed by an introduction to the HoH approach and short chapters by science theorists and philosophers who comment on the approach. Part 2 outlines the invasion hypotheses and their interrelationships. These include biotic resistance and island susceptibility hypotheses, disturbance hypothesis, invasional meltdown hypothesis, enemy release hypothesis, evolution of increased competitive ability and shifting defence hypotheses, tens rule, phenotypic plasticity hypothesis, Darwin's naturalization and limiting similarity hypotheses and the propagule pressure hypothesis. Part 3 provides a synthesis and suggests future directions for invasion researchTable of ContentsPart I: Introduction to invasion biology and the hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach Chapter 1: Invasion biology: searching for predictions and prevention, and avoiding lost causes Chapter 2: The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach Chapter 3: Hierarchy of hypotheses or hierarchy of predictions? Clarifying key concepts in ecological research Chapter 4: Mapping theoretical and evidential landscapes in ecological science: Levins’ virtue trade-off and the hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach Chapter 5: A hierarchy of hypotheses or a network of models Chapter 6: The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach updated – a toolbox for structuring and analysing theory, research and evidence Part II: Hypothesis network and 12 focal hypotheses Chapter 7: A network of invasion hypotheses Chapter 8: Biotic resistance and island susceptibility hypotheses Chapter 9: Disturbance hypothesis Chapter 10: Invasional meltdown hypothesis Chapter 11: Enemy release hypothesis Chapter 12: Evolution of increased competitive ability and shifting defence hypotheses Chapter 13: Tens rule Chapter 14: Phenotypic plasticity hypothesis Chapter 15: Darwin’s naturalisation and limiting similarity hypotheses Chapter 16: Propagule pressure hypothesis Part III: Synthesis and outlook Chapter 17: Synthesis Chapter 18: Conclusions and outlook
£999.99
Collective Ink Mind Matter and Life
Book SynopsisWhy the mind-matter problem could invalidate the neo-Darwinian materialist conception of the world
£12.99
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Public or Private Economies of Knowledge?:
Book SynopsisThe 'great divide' between public and private knowledge in capitalism is an unstable frontier at the core of contemporary economic transformations. Based on research in the USA, Europe and Brazil into the cutting edge of biological science and technology, this book presents a novel framework for understanding this historically shifting fault-line.Over the last quarter of a century, major controversies have accompanied the dramatic developments in biological science and technology. At critical points, leading commercial companies were poised to take ownership over the human genome and much new post-genomic knowledge. The software tools for analysing the deluge of data also appeared, as did expanding new markets for private enterprise. At the same time, huge new public programmes of biological research were accompanied by radical innovation in the institutions and organisation of public knowledge. Would private marketable knowledge dominate over the new public domain or vice versa? Surprisingly, the dynamism and expansion of the public domain, and new forms of differentiation and interdependence between public and private economies of knowledge, now characterise the landscape. This book presents an analytical framework for understanding the shifting 'great divide' in capitalist economies of knowledge. The authors develop a novel economic sociology of innovation, based on the 'instituted economic process' approach. By focusing on economies of knowledge, they seek to demonstrate that capitalism is multi-modal at its core, with interdependent growth of market and non-market modes of production, distribution, exchange and use.Public or Private Economies of Knowledge? will appeal to those with an interest in innovation studies, economic sociology and economic theory.Trade Review'This book embraces a fundamental issue for the modern information economy, namely the creation, negotiation and institutionalization of private and public knowledge. The authors argue that as new biological knowledge develops, the actors must help create and negotiate the boundaries of what can be considered private and public knowledge. By using an Instituted Economic Process approach, the authors come to grips with these dynamics of the economics of knowledge. This approach therefore helps us analyze who is involved, who benefits, and why conflicts occur within an innovation-driven economy. The authors provide very interesting empirical material, as well, because they develop their analytical points, through well-written and thick descriptions of cases from biodata, bioinformatic, and a case of gene sequencing. Hence, this book makes interesting conceptual and empirical contributions, to our understanding of modern biological sciences in the economy.' -- Maureen McKelvey, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden'It once was believed that scientific knowledge was public and technological knowledge was proprietary, and this was the way it should be. However, recent developments, particularly in biology, have unsettled this belief. This superb book examines what determines whether a body of knowledge is public or private. The consideration of the theoretical issues is thorough and thoughtful. The study of how things have played out in various fields of biology, and why, is smashing. What the authors have to say is important and fascinating, and makes for a great read.' -- Richard R. Nelson, Columbia University, USTable of ContentsContents: 1. Making Knowledge Public and Private 2. The Data Explosion: The Emergence of a New Form of Bio-knowledge 3. Tools of the Trade – Trade of the Tools 4. Collaboration and Competition: The Dynamics of a Genome Race 5. Evolving Economies of Knowledge Bibliography Index
£94.00
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Public or Private Economies of Knowledge?:
Book SynopsisThe 'great divide' between public and private knowledge in capitalism is an unstable frontier at the core of contemporary economic transformations. Based on research in the USA, Europe and Brazil into the cutting edge of biological science and technology, this book presents a novel framework for understanding this historically shifting fault-line.Over the last quarter of a century, major controversies have accompanied the dramatic developments in biological science and technology. At critical points, leading commercial companies were poised to take ownership over the human genome and much new post-genomic knowledge. The software tools for analysing the deluge of data also appeared, as did expanding new markets for private enterprise. At the same time, huge new public programmes of biological research were accompanied by radical innovation in the institutions and organisation of public knowledge. Would private marketable knowledge dominate over the new public domain or vice versa? Surprisingly, the dynamism and expansion of the public domain, and new forms of differentiation and interdependence between public and private economies of knowledge, now characterise the landscape. This book presents an analytical framework for understanding the shifting 'great divide' in capitalist economies of knowledge. The authors develop a novel economic sociology of innovation, based on the 'instituted economic process' approach. By focusing on economies of knowledge, they seek to demonstrate that capitalism is multi-modal at its core, with interdependent growth of market and non-market modes of production, distribution, exchange and use.Public or Private Economies of Knowledge? will appeal to those with an interest in innovation studies, economic sociology and economic theory.Trade Review'This book embraces a fundamental issue for the modern information economy, namely the creation, negotiation and institutionalization of private and public knowledge. The authors argue that as new biological knowledge develops, the actors must help create and negotiate the boundaries of what can be considered private and public knowledge. By using an Instituted Economic Process approach, the authors come to grips with these dynamics of the economics of knowledge. This approach therefore helps us analyze who is involved, who benefits, and why conflicts occur within an innovation-driven economy. The authors provide very interesting empirical material, as well, because they develop their analytical points, through well-written and thick descriptions of cases from biodata, bioinformatic, and a case of gene sequencing. Hence, this book makes interesting conceptual and empirical contributions, to our understanding of modern biological sciences in the economy.' -- Maureen McKelvey, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden'It once was believed that scientific knowledge was public and technological knowledge was proprietary, and this was the way it should be. However, recent developments, particularly in biology, have unsettled this belief. This superb book examines what determines whether a body of knowledge is public or private. The consideration of the theoretical issues is thorough and thoughtful. The study of how things have played out in various fields of biology, and why, is smashing. What the authors have to say is important and fascinating, and makes for a great read.' -- Richard R. Nelson, Columbia University, USTable of ContentsContents: 1. Making Knowledge Public and Private 2. The Data Explosion: The Emergence of a New Form of Bio-knowledge 3. Tools of the Trade – Trade of the Tools 4. Collaboration and Competition: The Dynamics of a Genome Race 5. Evolving Economies of Knowledge Bibliography Index
£38.95
Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Economics and Biology
Book SynopsisEconomics and Biology is a collection of key essays on the relationship between economics and biology. As the limitations of the mechanistic metaphor in economics are increasingly recognized, this volume explores the potential for the use of evolutionary and other ideas from the science of biology. Topics covered include evaluations of mechanistic and biological analogies in economics in the Darwinian revolution, the use of biology in Alfred Marshall's economics, the concepts of optimisation and rationality in an evolutionary context and the inspirations that biology may offer for modern economics.Trade Review'One very obvious positive feature of volumes like this one is the range of views that can be accessed by the reader, the facsimile format preventing editorial touches aimed at bringing them into line.' -- John Laurent, Griffith University, Australia'This very informative collection can be used as a reference book, or - with the editor's introduction - even as an introductory text.'– Thomas Wagner, KyklosTable of ContentsCONTENTS PART I BIOLOGICAL AND MECHANICAL ANALOGIES 1. Edith Tilton Penrose (1952), ‘Biological Analogies in the Theory of the Firm’ 2. Gregor Sebba (1953), ‘The Development of the Concepts of Mechanism and Model in Physical Science and Economic Thought’ 3. Morris A. Copeland (1958), ‘On the Scope and Method od Economics’ 4. Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1979), ‘Methods in Economic Science’ 5. H. Thoben (1982), ‘Mechanistic and Organistic Analogues in Economics Reconsidered’ PART II ECONOMICS AND SOCIOBIOLOGY 6. Gary S. Becker 1976), ‘Altruism, Egoism, and genetic Fitness: Economics and Sociobiology’ 7. J. Hirshleifer (1977), ‘Economics from a Biological Viewpoint’ 8. Gordon Tullock (1979), ‘Sociobiology and Economics’ 9. John M. Gowdy (1987), ‘Bio-Economics: Sociobiology Versus the Chicago School’ 10. Ulrich Witt(1991), ‘Economics, Sociobiology, and Behavioral Psychology on Preferences’ PART III CLASSICAL ECONOMICS AND THE DARWINIAN REVOLUTION 11. Robert M. Young (1969), ‘Malthus and the Evolutionists: The Common Context of Biological and Social Theory’ 12. Sandra Herbert (1971), ‘Darwin, Malthus, and Selection’ 13. Lamar B. Jones (1989), ‘Schumpeter versus Darwin:L In re Malthus’ 14. Scott Gordon (1989), ‘Darwin and Political Economy: The Connection Reconsidered’ PART IV ALFRED MARSHALL AND ECONOMIC BIOLOGY 15. Brinley Thomas (1991), ‘Alfred Marshall on Economic Biology’ 16. Neil B. Niman (1991), ‘Biological Analogies in Marshall’s Work’ 17. Nicolai Juul Foss (1991), ‘The Suppression of Evolutionary Approaches in Economics: The Case of Marshall and Monopolistic Competition’ 18. John Nightingale (1993), ‘Solving Marshall’s Problem with the Biological Analogy: Jack Downie’s Competitive Process’ PART V EVOLUTION, OPTIMIZATION AND RATIONALITY 19. David J. Rapport and James E. Turner (1977), ‘Economic Models in Ecology’ 20. J. Maynard Smith (1978), ‘Optimization Theory in Evolution’ 21. Mark E. Schaffer (1989), ‘Are Profit-Maximisers the Best Survivors?: A Darwinian Model of Economic Natural Selection’ 22. W. S. Cooper (1989), ‘How Evolutionary Biology Challenges the Classical Theory of Rational Choice’ PART VI BIOLOGY AND MODERN ECONOMICS 23. Elliott Sober (1981), ‘Holism, Individualism, and the Units of Selection’ 24. J. S. Metcalfe and M. Gibbons (1986), ‘Technological Variety and the Process of Competition’ 25. P. P. Saviotti (1988), ‘Information, Variety and Entropy in Technoeconomic Development’ 26. Joel Mokyr (1991), ‘Evolutionary Biology, Technological Change and Economic History’ 27. Richard B. Norgaard (1987), ‘Economics as Mechanics and the Demise of Biological Diversity’ 28. Elias L. Khalil (1992), ‘Economics and Biology: Eight Areas of Research’ 29. Geoffrey M. Hodgson (1993), ‘Why the Problem of Reductionism in Biology Has Implications for Economics’ 30. Elias L. Khalil (1993), ‘Neo-classical Economics and Neo-Darwinism: Clearing the Way for Historical Thinking’
£273.00
Columbia University Press Story of a Communist
Book Synopsis
£67.20
Momentum Press Molecular Switches
Book SynopsisThis book introduces the concept of emergent properties, which are unexpected traits found only when two or more biological components interact. Experimental evidence of several emergent properties explains how hemoglobin can act like a high affinity oxygen carrier some times and then switch to a low affinity carrier exactly when and where it should. The second example presents how one particular virus determines whether it should stay latent within its host or whether it should kill its host and spread its progeny into the environment. The final example looks at the surprising properties that emerge as a consequence of random behaviors at the molecular level. It is unlikely that many people are aware of these unexpected behaviors that come from non-living molecules based on their structures.
£62.10
Momentum Press Neurons and Muscles
Book SynopsisWhenever a dancer or an athlete performs amazing feats, it is the consequence of two very interesting cell types: neurons and muscles. When the two of these cell types work together, animals can move in complex ways with surprising control. Not only do they work together to produce movement, they have many traits in common. They both convert chemical signals into electrical information, and then back into chemical information again. This book will examine how neurons process information and communicate to adjacent cells. This book presents how muscle cells know when to contract and how contraction leads to bigger muscles. Finally, the last chapter presents how long-term memories are formed. In all three chapters, some of the original data that have contributed to our understanding of these two fascinating cell types are reproduced to provide supporting evidence for the function of these two cell types.
£62.10
Morgan & Claypool Publishers Computational Prediction of Protein Complexes
Book SynopsisComplexes of physically interacting proteins constitute fundamental functional units that drive almost all biological processes within cells. A faithful reconstruction of the entire set of protein complexes (the "complexosome") is therefore important not only to understand the composition of complexes but also the higher level functional organization within cells. Advances over the last several years, particularly through the use of high-throughput proteomics techniques, have made it possible to map substantial fractions of protein interactions (the "interactomes") from model organisms including Arabidopsis thaliana (a flowering plant), Caenorhabditis elegans (a nematode), Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). These interaction datasets have enabled systematic inquiry into the identification and study of protein complexes from organisms. Computational methods have played a significant role in this context, by contributing accurate, efficient, and exhaustive ways to analyze the enormous amounts of data. These methods have helped to compensate for some of the limitations in experimental datasets including the presence of biological and technical noise and the relative paucity of credible interactions.In this book, we systematically walk through computational methods devised to date (approximately between 2000 and 2016) for identifying protein complexes from the network of protein interactions (the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network). We present a detailed taxonomy of these methods, and comprehensively evaluate them for protein complex identification across a variety of scenarios including the absence of many true interactions and the presence of false-positive interactions (noise) in PPI networks. Based on this evaluation, we highlight challenges faced by the methods, for instance in identifying sparse, sub-, or small complexes and in discerning overlapping complexes, and reveal how a combination of strategies is necessary to accurately reconstruct the entire complexosome.Table of Contents Preface 1. Introduction to Protein Complex Prediction 2. Constructing Reliable Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Networks 3. Computational Methods for Protein Complex Prediction from PPI Networks 4. Evaluating Protein Complex Prediction Methods 5. Open Challenges in Protein Complex Prediction 6. Identifying Dynamic Protein Complexes 7. Identifying Evolutionarily Conserved Protein Complexes 8. Protein Complex Prediction in the Era of Systems Biology 9. Conclusion References Authors' Biographies
£64.00
Morgan & Claypool Publishers Computational Prediction of Protein Complexes
Book SynopsisComplexes of physically interacting proteins constitute fundamental functional units that drive almost all biological processes within cells. A faithful reconstruction of the entire set of protein complexes (the "complexosome") is therefore important not only to understand the composition of complexes but also the higher level functional organization within cells. Advances over the last several years, particularly through the use of high-throughput proteomics techniques, have made it possible to map substantial fractions of protein interactions (the "interactomes") from model organisms including Arabidopsis thaliana (a flowering plant), Caenorhabditis elegans (a nematode), Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). These interaction datasets have enabled systematic inquiry into the identification and study of protein complexes from organisms. Computational methods have played a significant role in this context, by contributing accurate, efficient, and exhaustive ways to analyze the enormous amounts of data. These methods have helped to compensate for some of the limitations in experimental datasets including the presence of biological and technical noise and the relative paucity of credible interactions.In this book, we systematically walk through computational methods devised to date (approximately between 2000 and 2016) for identifying protein complexes from the network of protein interactions (the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network). We present a detailed taxonomy of these methods, and comprehensively evaluate them for protein complex identification across a variety of scenarios including the absence of many true interactions and the presence of false-positive interactions (noise) in PPI networks. Based on this evaluation, we highlight challenges faced by the methods, for instance in identifying sparse, sub-, or small complexes and in discerning overlapping complexes, and reveal how a combination of strategies is necessary to accurately reconstruct the entire complexosome.Table of Contents Preface 1. Introduction to Protein Complex Prediction 2. Constructing Reliable Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Networks 3. Computational Methods for Protein Complex Prediction from PPI Networks 4. Evaluating Protein Complex Prediction Methods 5. Open Challenges in Protein Complex Prediction 6. Identifying Dynamic Protein Complexes 7. Identifying Evolutionarily Conserved Protein Complexes 8. Protein Complex Prediction in the Era of Systems Biology 9. Conclusion References Authors' Biographies
£79.20
Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes Higher Knowledge – SANAA`S Rolex Learning Center
Book SynopsisA unique book about one of the most famous buildings in Switzerland. The Rolex Learning Center at EPFL Lausanne opened in 2010. Designed by Pritzker Prize laureates SANAA (Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa) from Japan, it soon became one of the more well-known buildings of recent times. In this book, akin to an architectural novella, Christophe Van Gerrewey tells the variegated story of this piece of architecture—from many points of view, with some unexpected twists, and accompanied by unusual images. Through Higher Knowledge, the Rolex Learning Center emerges not only as a remarkable architectural achievement, but also as a building that contains knowledge, and that can speak to us in different ways. Trade Review"It is a quick read, in other words, but it is not short on ideas. Van Gerrewey explores a myriad [of] aspects of the distinctive undulating building completed in 2010 (the same year Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa won the Pritzker Prize): from the campus's origins and the building's programmatic requirements, to situating the project's flowing spaces within other open-plan buildings and how the undulating slabs of concrete are structured." * A Weekly Dose of Architecture Books *Table of Contents_
£14.87
Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes The Many Lives of Apartment–Studio Le Corbusier –
Book SynopsisThe first book on Le Corbusiers’s iconic apartment-studio. Le Corbusier’s apartment-studio is an iconic object of the twentieth century, combining the indisputable material values of the building with the intangible “sense of place” of an architect’s home. Le Corbusier, who lived there from 1934 until his death in 1965, treated it as a permanent construction site—a unique place of spatial, plastic, and constructional experimentation. The phases of change at the apartment-studio are layered over each other, and thus the apartment’s “many lives” create major philosophical problems for conservation. The “stratigraphy” itself, hard to unscramble yet full of meaning, is key to the apartment’s importance. This first book on the apartment-studio, richly illustrated with largely unpublished visual material, presents research undertaken by the Laboratory of Techniques and Preservation of Modern Architecture (TSAM) for the Fondation Le Corbusier during preparatory investigations for the program of restoration. Lavish and thorough, Many Lives of Apartment-Studio Le Corbusier is an exploration of an iconic space.Table of ContentsHISTORY 1931-1934: Construction “They are asking us for a mansion block to lease in Boulogne. If it happens I’ll have a roof over my head”1934-1965: The Le Corbusier Period“It was risky for me to go and live in my own architecture. But it’s actually wonderful”1965-2014: Le Corbusier’s LegacyApartment-studio as ‘historical monument’PROJECTRecommendations for preparatory investigationsAnalysis and diagnostic assessmentGuidelines for restorationConservation of a palimpsest
£64.80
Springer Nature Switzerland AG The Mathematics of Mechanobiology: Cetraro, Italy
Book SynopsisThis book presents the state of the art in mathematical research on modelling the mechanics of biological systems – a science at the intersection between biology, mechanics and mathematics known as mechanobiology. The book gathers comprehensive surveys of the most significant areas of mechanobiology: cell motility and locomotion by shape control (Antonio DeSimone); models of cell motion and tissue growth (Benoît Perthame); numerical simulation of cardiac electromechanics (Alfio Quarteroni); and power-stroke-driven muscle contraction (Lev Truskinovsky).Each section is self-contained in terms of the biomechanical background, and the content is accessible to all readers with a basic understanding of differential equations and numerical analysis. The book disentangles the phenomenological complexity of the biomechanical problems, while at the same time addressing the mathematical complexity with invaluable clarity. The book is intended for a wide audience, in particular graduate students and applied mathematicians interested in entering this fascinating field.Table of Contents- Cell Motility and Locomotion by Shape Control. - Models of Cell Motion and Tissue Growth. - Segregated Algorithms for the Numerical Simulation of Cardiac Electromechanics in the Left Human Ventricle. - Power-Stroke-DrivenMuscle Contraction.
£47.49
Springer International Publishing AG The Marathon of the Messenger: A History of
Book SynopsisThe Covid-19 pandemic changed the world. Indeed a real race took place worldwide between SARS-CoV-2 on the one hand and researchers on the other – especially those specializing in messenger RNA vaccines. Four years after its emergence, the pandemic is not over, but some decisive battles have been won, thanks to the great success of mRNA vaccines. The Marathon of The Messenger presents the history of these mRNA vaccines, combining a scientific background with historical and economic perspectives. It appears that an important page in the history of these new vaccines was written in Europe, thanks to the crucial work of German and French scientists; this effort began in 1993 and continues to this day. In the face of a prevailing single-mindedness, these researchers pushed through a new therapeutic concept and defined the biotechnological keys that would open the way to the production of therapeutic messenger RNA in the fight against cancer and viral infections. Written for a broad audience and accompanied by humorous cartoons, this book will appeal to anyone looking for scientific and historical answers about mRNA vaccines. Readers will discover not only the technical and scientific knowledge of how these vaccines work, but also the economic levers that were necessary to create this technology. This book has been written in collaboration with Dr. Steve Pascolo, former director of CureVac, and the RNA messenger expert Professor Chantal Pichon. It also features a preface by Dr. Pierre Meulien, former director of the European Union public-private partnership Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI).Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction: The Marathon of the Messenger RNA.- Part I. Messenger RNA, an essential role and challenge.- Chapter 2. A short history of vaccination.- Chapter 3. From DNA to RNA.- Chapter 4. Messenger RNA (mRNA): from transcription to protein translation.- Chapter 5. The mechanism of viral infection.- Chapter 6. The immune response.- Part II. From preliminary studies to clinical trials.- Chapter 7. Promising studies in the 1990s.- Chapter 8. The use of mRNA - the initial technical obstacles.- Chapter 9. The birth of CureVac: the era of the pioneers.- Chapter 10. Solutions for mRNA optimization.- Chapter 11. Modified and unmodified mRNA: for what purpose?.- Chapter 12. Experiments and clinical trials conducted: the power of therapeutic mRNA.- Chapter 13. Experiments and clinical trials against infectious diseases.- Chapter 14. Experiments and clinical trials against cancer.- Chapter 15. Experiments and clinical trials carried out in other therapeutic fields.- Chapter 16. Modified mRNA versus unmodified mRNA: not just a scientific issue.- Part III. The triumph of messenger RNA.- Chapter 17. A very progressive diffusion in scientific circles.- Chapter 18. The development of future biotechs in the 2010s.- Chapter 19. The importance of intellectual property and patents.- Chapter 20. 2020: the triumph of anti-Covid mRNA vaccines.- Chapter 21. mRNA, a technology of the future
£26.99
Springer Systems Biology II
Book SynopsisConstructing an Integrated Genetic and Epigenetic Cellular Network by Systems Biology Method for Investigating Whole Cellular Mechanism Using NGS Omics Data.- Fibonacci's Blueprint in Lifespan: Integrating Mathematical Predictions with RNA Dynamics and DNA Heritability in Systems Biology.- Refinement of Single-Cell RNA-seq Gene Expression Signatures with Combiroc.- A Cognitive Study of Modeling in Systems Biology.- Emergent Entanglement in Evolution of Biological Networks.- Engineering Microbial Evolution for Biotechnological Applications.- The Non-coding Genome and Network Biology.- Mesoscopic Patterns as Interfaces for Complex Systems Analysis.- Recent Developments in Transcriptomic Technologies: Applications to Immunological Systems and Diseases.- Systemic Communication via Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: the Body's Wireless Internet System.- Development of Individualized Therapy for Atherosclerosis from Systems Biology.- Systems Biology in the Field of Vaccine Development.- Proteomics in Transplant Medicine.- Advancing Microfluidics and Biomimetic Materials for Miniaturized Cell Screening Platforms: Unleashing Insights into Complex Disease Mechanisms and Personalized Medicine.- Systems-Wide Analyses of Immune Programming of Regulatory T Cells in Early Life Providing Lifelong Protection from Diseases.
£999.99
Springer BioInformatics
Book Synopsis.- Detective Challenge: a card-game approach to teach bioinformatics and gene expression in high schools..- Dissecting Structural Differences in Tumoral and Control Co-expression Networks through Centrality Measures..- Diversity of GH18 Family of Chitinases in Arthropods..- Transcriptomic Profiling and Regulatory Network Reconstruction Uncovers Central Genes in HTLV Infection Progression..- Predicting microsatellite instability from whole slide images using texture features..- The Extended N-Terminal Domain of VPAC1 Isoform 2 Acts as a Self-Inhibitory Element: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations..- Using Machine Learning and Graph-based Signatures to Evaluate Normal and Decreased Function CYP2D6 Haplotypes..- Immune Remodeling and Dysbiosis May Distinguish the Microenvironments of Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Peritumoral Tissue..- Viral Sequence Database Manager Version 2 (VSDBMv2): A Distributed Framework for Viral Genomic Analysis and Epitope Mapping..- In silico assessment of immune cross protection between BCoV and SARS-CoV-2..- Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids Present in Propolis Against Colorectal Cancer Through a Network Pharmacology Approach..- BITSER: an alignment-free approach for feature extraction and classification of viral genomes..-Towards Fast Binding Affinity Scoring in Protein–Protein Complexes via Interatomic Contacts and Linear Regression..- Characterization of the Terpene Synthase Gene Family and Its Role in Response to Water Deprivation in Stylosanthes scabra..- Protein Dimension DB: A Unified Protein Repository for Representation Learning and Functional Analysis..- Forecasting using SARIMAX model and LSTM approach for arboviruses using exogenous climatic variables in predicting dengue incidence.
£62.99
Diaphanes AG Natures of Data – A Discussion between
Book SynopsisComputer-based technologies for the production and analysis of data have been an integral part of biological research since the 1990s at the latest. This not only applies to genomics and its offshoots but also to less conspicuous subsections such as ecology. But little consideration has been given to how this new technology has changed research practically. How and when do data become questionable? To what extent does necessary infrastructure influence the research process? What status is given to software and algorithms in the production and analysis of data? These questions are discussed by the biologists Philipp Fischer and Hans Hofmann, the philosopher Gabriele Gramelsberger, the historian of science and biology Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, the science theorist Christoph Hoffmann, and the artist Hannes Rickli. The conditions of experimentation in the digital sphere are examined in four chapters—“Data,” “Software,” “Infrastructure,” and “in silico”—in which the different perspectives of the discussion partners complement one another. Rather than confirming any particular point of view, Natures of Data deepens understanding of the contemporary basis of biological research.
£26.00
De Gruyter Entartung
Book Synopsis
£170.05
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Grundlagen der Verhaltensphysiologie
Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Geschichte der Verhaltensforschung.- 2 Aufgaben und Methodik.- 3 Die Begriffe des Angeborenen und Erworbenen.- 4 Der motorische Bereich.- 4.1 Typen motorischer Aktivität.- 4.1.1 Reflex.- 4.1.2 Erbkoordination.- 4.1.2.1 Intensitätsparameter.- 4.1.2.2 Formkonstanzphänomene.- 4.1.2.3 Endogene Aktivität.- 4.1.3 Erwerbskoordinationen.- 4.2 Die Kontrolle motorischer Muster.- 5 Der sensorische Bereich.- 5.1 Reaktionsspezifität.- 5.1.1 Inhibitorische Wirkungen.- 5.1.2 Verrechnung von Reizparametern.- 5.1.3 Relationale Auslöser.- 5.1.4 Übernormale Auslöser.- 5.2 Auslösemechanismen.- 5.2.1 Angeborener Auslösender Mechanismus (AAM).- 5.2.2 Durch Erfahrung erweiterter Angeborener Auslösender Mechanismus (EAAM).- 5.2.3 Erworbener Auslösemechanismus (EAM).- 5.3 Zur Neurophysiologie des Auslösemechanismus.- 6 Zusammenfassende Übersicht zu den Kapiteln 4 und 5.- 7 Der Gesamtorganismus.- 7.1 Handlungsbereitschaftssystem.- 7.2 Ermüdung und Umstimmung.- 7.3 Instinkthandlung.- 7.4 Zeitliche Abfolge des Verhaltens.- 7.5 Hierarchische Ordnung.- 7.6 Konfliktverhalten.- 8 Raumorientierung.- 9 Zeitorientierung.- 9.1 Rhythmische Phänomene.- 9.2 Tagesperiodik.- 10 Ontogenese des Verhaltens.- 11 Lernen.- 11.1 Lerndisposition.- 11.2 Lernformen.- 11.2.1 Klassische Konditionierung.- 11.2.2 Gewöhnung.- 11.2.3 Operante Konditionierung.- 11.2.4 Nachahmung.- 11.2.5 Prägung und prägungsähnliche Vorgänge.- 11.2.6 Primär neu kombiniertes Verhalten.- 11.3 Transfer-Lernen.- 11.4 Kurzzeit- und Langzeitgedächtnis.- 12 Erkundungs- und Spielverhalten.- 13 Formen von Sozialverbänden.- 14 Evolution und Verhalten.- Literatur.- Sachwortverzeichnis.
£58.49
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Tierische Parasiten: Biologie und Ökologie
Book Synopsis
£58.49
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Physik für Biologen und Mediziner
Book SynopsisEin Physikbuch für Studierende der Lebenswissenschaften, in dem das Leben im Vordergrund steht: Zusammenhänge verstehen statt reine Fakten paukenWer wissen will, wie das Leben vom Biomolekül über die Zelle bis zum Menschen funktioniert, muss daher die Grundzüge der physikalischen Gesetze, nach denen es arbeitet, verstehen. Physik für Biologen und Mediziner erreicht dieses Ziel auf völlig neue Weise. Ausgehend von biologisch-medizinischen Strukturen und Vorgängen erklärt es schrittweise die dahinterstehenden physikalischen Konzepte. Das Lehrbuch bietet damit einen einzigartigen interdisziplinären Blick auf das Leben für angehende Wissenschaftler und Ärzte. Physik für Biologen und Mediziner: führt Studierende anhand echter biologischer und medizinischer Phänomene in die Physik des Lebens ein; bietet Dozenten zahlreiche biologisch und medizinisch relevante Beispiele für die praxisnahe Gestaltung der eigenen Vorlesung; verbindet Biologie, Medizin und Physik zu einer umfassenden Sicht auf das Leben; zeigt auf, wo physikalische Verfahren in Forschung und Klinik eingesetzt werden; erklärt schwierige Zusammenhänge mit anschaulichen Grafiken und Fotos; nutzt didaktische Elemente wie vertiefende Boxen, Fragen und Übersichten; lässt Wissenschaftler über ihre Forschung zu den physikalischen Geheimnissen des Lebens berichtenTrade Review“... Das Buch schlägt eine Brücke zwischen den Lebenswissenschaften und der Physik. ... Die Themen sind didaktisch sehr geschickt aufbereitet. ... Das Buch kann allen Studierenden der Lebenswissenschaften zur Vorlesungsbegleitung sehr empfohlen werden. Aber auch Lehrende im Bereich Physik können von der Fülle von praxisnahen Beispielen profitieren.” (Karl S., in: weltbild.de, 8. August 2015)Table of ContentsLeben ist kernig.- Leben ist geladen.- Leben ist elektrisch.- Leben ist magnetisch.- Leben ist farbig.- Leben sieht hin.- Leben ist dynamisch.- Leben bewegt sich.- Leben hält zusammen.- Leben schwingt mit.- Leben braucht Wärme.- Index.
£32.99
Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Spezielle Zoologie. Teil 1: Einzeller und
Book SynopsisDiese 3. Auflage des 1. Teils der „Speziellen Zoologie“ wird weiterhin das maßgebende Lehrbuch der Systematischen Zoologie für Studierende der Biowissenschaften sein. Während die Systematisierung der eukaryotischen Einzeller umfangreiche Umstellungen erforderlich gemacht hat, erreicht die Großgliederung der Metazoa einen hohen Grad an Verlässlichkeit. Die wichtigsten Neuerungen sind die Auftrennung der Protostomia in die Spiralia (=Lophotrochozoa) und Ecdysozoa, die Herausnahme der Acoelomorpha aus den Plathelminthes und ihre Zusammenführung mit Xenoturbella als Xenacoelomorpha sowie die Auflösung der Articulata in Anneliden und Arthropoden mit der Neukonzeptierung der Annelida u.a. durch die Aufnahme auch der unsegmentierten Sipuncula. Auch alle übrigen Kapitel erhielten eine Überarbeitung durch ihre bisherigen Autoren bzw. durch neue Koautoren. Das Abbildungsmaterial wurde verbessert oder ergänzt, darunter die für dieses Lehrbuch charakteristischen Stammbaumschemata.Table of ContentsVorwort.- Wichtige Begriffe der phylogenetischen Systematik.- Bedeutung lateinisch/griechischer Wortelemente.- „EINZELLIGE EUKARYOTA“, Einzeller.- METAZOA.- I Parazoa.- II Placozoa.- III Eumetazoa.- IV Bilateria.- V Protostomia.- VI Deuterostomia.- Metazoa incertae sedis.
£85.49
