Biodiversity / Ecosystems Books

Book SynopsisThe speciesarea relationship (SAR) describes a range of related phenomena that are fundamental to the study of biogeography, macroecology and community ecology. While the subject of ongoing debate for a century, surprisingly, no previous book has focused specifically on the SAR. This volume addresses this shortfall by providing a synthesis of the development of SAR typologies and theory, as well as empirical research and application to biodiversity conservation problems. It also includes a compilation of recent advances in SAR research, comprising novel SAR-related theories and findings from the leading authors in the field. The chapters feature specific knowledge relating to terrestrial, marine and freshwater realms, ensuring a comprehensive volume relevant to a wide range of fields, with a mix of review and novel material and with clear recommendations for further research and application.Trade Review'Each chapter of the text is a technical paper written by researchers who have been actively exploring little-known facets of the species-area relationship that have escaped the attention of mainstream ecologists. The results of this effort are frequently interesting and occasionally surprisingly insightful. Community ecologists, landscape ecologists, and conservationists will find useful information about the species-area relationship in this volume … each chapter is presented in standard, scientific communication format. Recommended.' S. R. Fegley, ChoiceTable of ContentsForeword Mark V. Lomolino; 1. The species–area relationship: both general and protean? Thomas J. Matthews, Kostas A. Triantis and Robert J. Whittaker; 2. The History of the Species–Area Relationship Even Tjørve, Thomas J. Matthews and Robert J. Whittaker; 3. The multiple forms and functions of species–area relationship Thomas Matthews, François Rigal, Konstantinos Proios, Kostas Triantis and Robert J. Whittaker; 4. The factors that underpin the shape of the SAR curve Even Tjørve, Kathleen Tjørve , Eva Šizlingová and Arnost Šizling; 5. Functional and phylogenetic diversity–area relationships: a review Florent Mazel and Wilfried Thuiller; 6. Species–area relationships in alien species: pattern and process Tim Blackburn, Phil Cassey and Petr Pysek; 7. Mathematical expressions for the species-area relationship (SAR) and (the hidden) assumptions behind the models Even Tjørve and Kathleen Tjørve; 8. Biodiversity scaling on a continuous plane: geometrical underpinnings of the nested species–area relationship David Storch and Arnost Šizling; 9. Upscaling SARs and the connection with species abundances Luis Borda-de-Agua, Saeid Alirezazadeh, Manuela Neves, Stephen P. Hubbell, Paulo Borges, Pedro Cardoso, Francisco Dionísio and Henrique M. Pereira; 10. The SAR: Is It “Produced by Laws Acting around Us”? John Harte; 11. The species–area relationships of ecological neutral theory James Rosindell and Ryan Chisholm; 12. The integration of the species–area relationship with mechanistic community ecological theory Robert Holt, Dominique Gravel, Adrian Stier and James Rosindell; 13. The identification biodiversity hotspots using the species–area relationship Simone Fattorini; 14. Using the species-area relationship to predict extinctions resulting from habitat loss Simone Fattorini, Werner Ulrich and Thomas J. Matthews; 15. Using network analysis and diversity partitioning to examine the temporal dynamics of the species–area relationship Joseph Veech and Giovanni Strona; 16. Does Geometry dominate extinction due to habitat loss? Athanasios Kallimanis and John Halley; 17. External modulators of species-area relationships Isabel Jones, Carlos Peres, Maíra Benchimol, Anderson S. Bueno, Danielle Storck-Tonon and Ana Filipa Palmeirim; 18. Applied SARs in marine systems and fisheries Karl Ugland and Alexandra Kraberg; 19. Conclusions and future Directions in SAR Research Kostas A. Triantis.

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Book SynopsisThis unique collection of in-depth case studies from Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe and North America demonstrates the importance of women and gender relations in plant genetic resource management and conservation. It provides a state-of-the-art overview of the concepts, relationships and contexts explaining the relatively hidden gender dimensions of people-plant relations. The contributors come from a rich range of disciplines including ethnobotany, geography, agronomy, anthropology, plant breeding, nutrition and development economics. They demonstrate how crucial women are to plant biodiversity management and conservation at household, village, and community levels; and how gender relations have a strong influence on the ways in which local people understand, manage, and conserve biodiversity. Continued access to biological resources is crucial to rural women‘s status and welfare, and their motivations therefore are a principal driving force countering processes of biological erosion. The contributors highlight the gender biases evident in much contemporary scientific research, policy and development practice. And they seek to contribute to a number of important debates, including the determinants of genetic erosion, the significance of gender in indigenous ethno-botanical knowledge systems, indigenous intellectual property rights systems and women‘s entitlements therein, and ecofeminist and other debates about the nature of gender-environment relations.Trade ReviewThis is a very important book. Taken together, the collected papers present a rich picture of the vital role played by peasant women around the world. They are struggling to preserve, in the face of modern agribusiness, the agricultural wisdom of the past and the diversity of plants that have been used for both food and medicine. It is vital that decision makers, especially in the developing world, heed the knowledge of these women who understand so well the art of a sustainable lifestyle. Women and Plants must be in the library of every individual who cares about the future of our planet.' Jane Goodall 'Women and Plants offers a uniquely gender-sensitive perspective on the management of biodiversity. These case studies empirically substantiate a broad range of cultures and ecologies, and offer keen insights for policy development and application.' Professor Nina L. Etkin, Associate Editor, Pharmaceutical Biology 'Focusing on traditional knowledge of indigenous people and local communities, and especially on the relationship between biodiversity and women in traditional societies worldwide, this book provides a well-marked path for the better understanding of biodiversity, its values and its importance for humans while at the same time highlighting community and ecosystem inter-relations.' Hamdallah Zedan, Executive Secretary to the Convention on Biodiversity 'At long last, the predominant role of women in the management of plant genetic resources has begun to be scientifically documented in this highly important book. While men were occupied by hunting and defending their territories, women were most likely domesticating many of the world's crops. Recognition that they hold much of the related knowledge and skills today is clearly overdue. But recognition is not enough - Farmer's Rights as per Article 9 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture must be assured now and for the future, if we are to give farmers - both women and men - incentives to continue to be the developers and custodians of the world's genetic resources. All those with responsibilities for promoting the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources should certainly read this book.' Jose Esquinas Alcazar, Secretary of the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization, and Father of 'Farmers' Rights' 'Wonderfully rich in evidence, persuasive in its argument, and wide-ranging in coverage, this timely edited volume on the gendered nature of knowledge about biodiversity enriches both scholarship and policy. It points to the critical need not only of recognizing the specificity of womens knowledge about plant species, but of strengthening their conservation efforts and bringing their interests to bear in arrangements for biodiversity development and benefit sharing.' Bina Agarwal, Professor of Economics, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi UniversityTable of Contents Foreword 1. Women and the Plant World: An Exploration - Patricia L. Howard Part 1: Culture, Kitchen and Conservation 2. Women in the Garden and Kitchen: The Role of Cuisine in the Conservation of Traditional House Lot Crops among Yucatec Mayan Immigrants - Laurie S. Z. Greenberg 3. Wild Food Plants and Arbëresh Women in Lucania, Southern Italy - Andrea Pieroni 4. Women and 'Wild' Foods: Nutrition and Household Food Security Among Rai and Sherpa Forager Farmers in Eastern Nepal - Ephrosine Daniggelis Part 2: Gender Relations, Women's Rights, and Plant Management 5. Farm Women's Rights and Roles in Wild Plant Food Gathering and Management in Northeast Thailand - Lisa Leimar Price 6. Gender and Entitlements in the Zimbabwean Woodlands: A Case Study of Resettlement - Allison Goebel Part 3: Gendered Plant Knowledge in Science and Society 7. 'Passing on the News': Women's Work, Traditional Knowledge and Plant Resource Management in Indigenous Societies of Northwestern North America - Nancy Turner 8. The Invisible Queen in the Plant Kingdom: Gender Perspectives in Medical Ethnobotany - Brij Kothari 9. The Gender of Crops in the Papua New Guinea Highlands - Paul Sillitoe Part 4: Plants, Women's Status and Welfare 10. Gendering the Tradition of Plant Gathering in Central Anatolia (Turkey) - Füsun Ertug 11. The Basket-Makers of the Central California Interior - Linda Dick Bissonnette 12. Exchange, Patriarchy and Status: Women's Homegardens in Bangladesh - Margot Wilson Part 5: Gender, Biodiversity Loss and Conservation 13. Losing Ground: Gender Relations, Commerical Horticulture and Threats to Local Plant Diversity in Rural Mali - Stephen Wooten 14. Modernization and Gender Dynamics in the Loss of Agrobiodiversity in Swaziland's Food System - Millicent Malaza 15. Arawakan Women and the Erosion of Traditional Food Production in Amazonas Venezuela - Shirley Hoffmann 16. Women and Maize Breeding: The Development of New Seed Systems in a Marginal Area of Southwest China - Yiching Song and Janice Jiggins

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Book SynopsisThe natural world is full of awesome surprises, and the animal kingdom is no exception. As The Secret Lives of Animals reveals, it seems that the more we discover about the unusual species that populate our planet, the more we understand just how ingenious, resourceful and downright creative they can be!Did you know that red pandas are not only incredibly cute, but also master escape artists able to flee their enclosures in high security zoos all over the world with alarming frequency? Or that beautiful manta rays have not only been observed recognizing their own reflection in mirrors, but are also able to identify friendly divers and ask for their help when they’re in a bit of a jam? Or that elephants, as well as having famously impressive memories, are also sophisticated communicators who send signals to each other using a wide range of body language? Or that parrots, as well as being amazing mimics, are able to learn dance moves? YouTube star Snowball, the dancing cockatoo, has a very entertaining fourteen-move repertoire.With charming and humorous illustrations from BAFTA-award-winning artist Greg McLeod (half of The Brothers McLeod), The Secret Lives of Animals is a window into some of the most complex and impressive minds of the animal kingdom, revealing the little-known skills and natural intuition that have allowed them to survive – and often have a little fun along the way.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides updated information on this intriguing and exciting group of insects: Neotropical Social Wasps. These insects have a particular biology and their colonies are formed by a few cooperative females living in either small or massive, structured nests where stinging individuals organize their activities and defend their offspring. Topics include evolutionary aspects, biogeography, post-embryonic development, community behavior and ecology, economic importance, and research methods. Table of ContentsA Brief Review Of Studies On Social Wasps In Brazil.- The Evolution of Swarm Founding in the Wasps: Possible Scenarios.- The foraging behaviour of neotropical social wasps.- The choice of sexual partner in social wasps.- Nesting Habits of Neotropical Social Wasps.- Castes and polymorphisms in neotropical social wasps.- The biology of swarm-founding epiponine wasp, Polybia paulsita.- Causes and consequences of reproductive conflicts in wasp societies.- Post-embryonic Development in Brazilian Social Wasps.- Evolution and adaptation of the wings and mandibles of neotropical social wasps.- Cuticular hydrocarbon studies in Neotropical Social Wasps.- Biogeographic hypotheses for the Neotropical Social Wasps.- Chromosome diversity and evolution in Neotropical social wasps.- Phylogeny and classification of the Neotropical social wasps.- List of species of social wasps from Brazil.- The Old-World versus New-World social wasps: Similarities, differences and threats.- Key to the genera of social wasps (Polistinae) occurring in Brazil.- Research techniques used in the study of social wasps.- Community ecology of social wasps in Brazil: Forty years of studies.- lnteractions between wasps and other animals: associations and natural enemies.- Interactions of social wasps with microorganisms.- Artificial Environments for Studying Eusocial Wasps.- Economic importance of Neotropical Social Wasps.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the multidisciplinary challenges in biodiversity conservation with a focus on wildlife crime and how forensic tools can be applied to protect species and preserve ecosystems. Illustrated by numerous case studies covering different geographical regions and species the book introduces to the fundamentals of biodiversity conflicts, outlines the unique challenges of wildlife crime scenes and reviews latest techniques in environmental forensics, such as DNA metagenomics. In addition, the volume explores the socio-economic perspective of biodiversity protection and provides an overview of national and international conservation laws. The field of conservation medicine stresses the importance of recognizing that human health, animal health, and ecosystem health are inextricably interdependent and the book serves as important contribution towards achieving the UN Sustainable Developmental Goals, in particular SDG 15, Life on Land. The book addresses graduate students, scientists and veterinary professionals working in wildlife research and conservation biology.Trade Review“The authors do an admirable job of presenting an overview of the many and complex aspects of the field. Sprinkled throughout the chapters are case studies illustrating practical applications of the concepts discussed. … this book does a good job of introducing readers to a variety of topics … . This text would be more valuable as a reference and planning tool for those interested in wildlife conservation as it applies to forensic investigations and the One Health approach.” (Rebecca Kagan, The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 97 (2), June, 2022)Table of ContentsI. The Impact of Humans on Conservation The Importance of Biodiversity Conservation amidst Human-Wildlife Conflict One Health Concerns Wildlife Crime & Conservation Placing Humans in the Ecological Equation Wildlife Management and EcotourismII. Forensics & Conservation The Intersection of Forensics and Conservation- (Intro to conservation forensics) Processing the Wildlife Crime Scene Evidence of Forensic Importance in Wildlife CasesIII. Tools & Techniques of Conservation Forensics The Conservation of Threatened & Endangered Species The Application of Forensic Entomology and Carrion Ecology Wildlife Forensic Genetics Wildlife Forensic Toxicology Wildlife Forensic Pathology Working Dogs in Conservation Forensics IV. Special Topics: Fish, Reptiles and Marine Mammals – Issues and Identification Avian Species – Issues and Identification Mammals – Issues and Identification DNA Databases? Isotopic Analysis Cybercrime and Wildlife Products Developments in Wildlife Forensic Standards Wildlife Law and Legal ConcernsV. Case Studies Saving Africa’s Elephants (include forensics) Rhinos in Crisis (include forensics) Mountain Gorillas, a conservation success story (may include forensics) Few other case studies to represent multiple geographic regions, types of species, and how forensics has been utilized whether it be genetics, crime scene, database, pathology etc: North America Central/South America Europe – birds of prey; bird hunting (Scotland) Asia Australia/NZ – 1080 poisonings

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Book SynopsisThis textbook provides the first overview of plant-animal interactions for twenty years focused on the needs of students and professors. It discusses a range of topics from the basic structures of plant-animal interactions to their evolutionary implications in producing and maintaining biodiversity. It also highlights innovative aspects of plant-animal interactions that can represent highly productive research avenues, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in a future career in ecology. Written by leading experts, and employing a variety of didactic tools, the book is useful for students and teachers involved in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses addressing areas such as herbivory, trophic relationships, plant defense, pollination and biodiversity. Table of ContentsChapter 1 - Introduction.- Chapter 2 - Plant chemistry and their impacts on biotic interactions.- Chapter 3 - Herbivory and Plant defenses – antagonist interactions.- Chapter 4 - The molecular genetic basis in plant-animal interactions.- Chapter 5 - Biotic defenses against herbivory.- Chapter 6 - Pollination – from antagonistic to mutualistic interactions.- Chapter 7 - Dispersal – frugivory and seed dispersal.- Chapter 8 - Plant phenology: effects seasonality in biotic interactions.- Chapter 9 - Plant-mediated above-belowground interactions.- Chapter 10 - Ecosystem Engineers – how plant-animal interactions modify the environment.- Chapter 11 - Ecological networks in plant-animal interactions.- Chapter 12 - The evolution of facilitation and mutualism in plant-animal interactions.- Chapter 13 - Evolutionary conflicts in coevolved mutualisms.- Chapter 14 - Plant-Animal Interactions: and the origin of biodiversity.- Chapter 15 - Plant-Animal Interactions in the Anthropocene era.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1 Coralline red algae and rhodolith beds - a world natural heritage in the Southwestern Atlantic.- Chapter 2 .- Chapter 3 Rhodolith beds: occurrence, diversity, and evolution.- Chapter 4 Biodiversity associated with rhodolith beds in Brazil.- Chapter 5 Molluscs associated with rhodolith beds from the Southwestern Atlantic.- Chapter 6 Fossil and recent coralline algal bioconstructions and rhodoliths in the Brazilian shelf.- Chapter 7 Rhodolith beds mapping along Brazilian Continental Shelf.- Chapter 8 Major Threats to Rhodolith Beds Ocean Acidification, Global Warming and Local Stressors.-Chapter 9 Contributions of rhodolith beds to people.- Chapter 10 The legacy of Gilberto M. Amado-Filho to South Atlantic Rhodolith Beds knowledge: memories of his students.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Preface.- Chapter 1: Biodiversity and Business reciprocity.- Chapter 2. Assessing Biodiversity Stock for Sustainable Use.- Chapter 3. Corporate/Business Responsibilities in the Application of Life Sciences.- Chapter 4. Fostering Bio-partnerships in Bio Prospecting.- Chapter 5. IPR in the Context of CBD.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisFood Systems and Biodiversity in the Context of Environmental and Climate Risks.- Implications of Deforestation on Carbon Sequestration Potential of Tropical Forest.- Food Security Face to Invasive Species and Climate Change in Tunisia.- Biofortification and Sustainable Intensification of Soil.- The Role of Exchange Collectives in the Agroecological Transition in Morocco.- Postface.

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Book SynopsisRock surfaces provide a challenging habitat for a broad diversity of micro- or small-sized organisms. They interact with each other forming complex communities as well with their substrate causing biodeterioration of rock. Extreme fluctuation in light, temperature and hydration are the main factors that determine the rock surface habitats. The habitat includes epilithic organisms which thrive on the surface without penetrating the rock, endolithic organisms which live just beneath the surface using a thin layer of the rock surface for protection against adverse conditions of the environment (e.g. light protection, storage of water) and chasmo-endolithic organisms which use fractures of the rock surface for a more habitable environment. The book will provide an overview of the various organismal groups, from prokaryotes to vascular plants and arthropods, as well as survey organism-mediated interactions with the rock surface. The latter include biogenic weathering (biogeochemistry, state-of-the art imaging methods), photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation at and inside the rock surface.

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Book SynopsisEinleitung.- Hauptteil.- Schlussteil.

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Book SynopsisThis volume constitutes the most recent and most comprehensive consideration of the largest family of bony fishes, the Cichlidae. This book offers an integrated perspective of cichlid fishes ranging from conservation of threatened species to management of cichlids as invasive species themselves. Long-standing models of taxonomy and systematics are subjected to the most recent applications and interpretations of molecular evidence and multivariate analyses; and cichlid adaptive radiations at different scales are elucidated. The incredible diversity of endemic cichlid species in African lakes is revisited as possible examples of sympatric speciation and as serious cases for management in complex anthropogenic environments. Extreme hydrology and bathymetry as driver of micro-allopatric speciation is explored in the African riverine hotspot of diversity of the lower Congo River. Dramatic new molecular evidence draws attention to the complex taxonomy and systematics of Neotropical cichlids including the crater lakes of Central America. Molecular genetics, genomics, imaging tools and field study techniques assess the roles of natural, sexual and kin selection in shaping cichlid traits and beyond. The complex behavioral adaptations of cichlids are considered from a number of sub-disciplines including sensory biology, neurobiology, development, and evolutionary ecology. Most importantly, this volume puts forth a wealth of new interpretations, explanatory hypotheses and proposals for practical management and applications that will shape the future for these remarkable fishes in nature as well as their use as models for the study of biology.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Chance, Choice and Cichlids.Chapter 2: Frontiers in Cichlid Research: A History of Scientific Advancement.Chapter 3: Ecological Opportunity, Genetic Variation, and the Origins of African Cichlid Radiations.Chapter 4: Evolution in the Fast Lane: Diversity, Ecology, and Speciation of Cichlids in the lower Congo River.Chapter 5: Neotropical Riverine Cichlids: Adaptive Radiation and Macroevolution at Continental Scales.Chapter 6: Sympatric and Allopatric Diversification in the Adaptive Radiation of Midas Cichlids in Nicaraguan Lakes.Chapter 7: The Consequences of Anthropogenic Stressors on Cichlid Fish Communities: Revisiting Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, and Nabugabo.Chapter 8: Rapid Evolutionary Responses in Cichlids: Genetics of Adaptation, Morphology and Taxonomic Implications.Chapter 9: Identifying and Conserving Tilapiine Cichlid Species in the 21st Century.Chapter 10: Introduced Cichlids in the Americas: Distribution Patterns, Invasion Ecology, and Impacts.Chapter 11: The Evolutionary Ecology of Cichlid Vision.Chapter 12: The Mechanosensory Lateral Line System of Cichlid Fishes: From Anatomy to Behavior.Chapter 13: Sonic Cichlids.Chapter 14: The Evolution of Enhanced Cichlid Hearing: Functional Morphology and the Role of Ecoacoustical Factors.Chapter 15: Parental Care in Cichlid Fishes.Chapter 16: Cichlids as a model system for studying social behaviour and evolution.Chapter 17: Integrative Neurobiology of Social Behavior in Cichlid Fish.Chapter 18: Respiratory Ecology of Cichlids.Chapter 19: Feeding Ecology of Lake Tanganyika Cichlids.Chapter 20: Patterns of Trophic Evolution: Integration and Modularity of the Cichlid Skull.Chapter 21: An Evo-devo View of Post-genomic African Cichlid Biology: Enhanced Models for Evolution and Biomedicine.

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Book SynopsisIn the great tradition of Darwin''s Voyage of the Beagle, this book is a first-person narrative of daunting travel and scientific discovery in the little-known country of Myanmar. Dr. Kress explored many areas in this enigmatic country, surveying its teak forests, bamboo thickets, timber plantations, rivers, and mangroves to document its incredible botanical diversity. Myanmar is one of the great biodiversity hot spots in Asia, but because of its social isolation and reputation for political repression it has been closed to - or avoided by - many scientists. Nevertheless, Dr. Kress was determined to search for and record plants that had not been studied since they were first discovered by Western botanists over a century ago. Among the rarities he came upon was a new species of plant called the weeping goldsmith, a ginger flower whose Burmese name was derived from the legend that the local goldsmiths were reduced to tears because none of their own creations could rival its exquisiteness. Dr. Kress also relates how he came to appreciate the people and culture of Myanmar through an understanding of their flora, natural habitats, and human-dominated environments. Included are fascinating excerpts from his field journals that serve as counterpoints to the accounts of earlier plant explorers. Illustrating the text are some 200 of Dr. Kress''s own colour photographs of the incredible plants, people, landscapes, and temples he witnessed in his travels as well as 30 archival images of Burma taken by past explorers. The back matter features an illustrated portfolio of representative native plants. This lively armchair exploration should appeal to a general readership as well as to botanists, conservationists, and environmentalists.Trade ReviewPraise for The Weeping Goldsmith: - A Booklist Top 10 Science & Technology Book of 2009 "A fascinating memoir...engagingly written and beautifully illustrated. Highly Recommended" - ChoiceTable of ContentsTable of Contents from: The Weeping Goldsmith Prologue 1. The Weeping Goldsmith 2. Waiting in Rangoon 3. Ancient Cities and Sacred Mountains 4. The Arrival of the Monsoon 5. Across Two Rivers 6. Buddhas Garden 7. The Choir of Cicadas 8. Paradise in Maymyo 9. Up the Chindwin River 10. Dust, Jade, and Prostitutes 11. The Arakan Capital at Mrauk U: Through Bamboo Hell 12. Buddhist Reverence and Respect Help Protect the Forests 13. Mt. Victoria: Walking in the Steps of a Giant 14. Why the Goldsmith Weeps Epilogue Acknowledgements Endnotes Bibliography

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Book SynopsisForest Certification examines the historical roots of forest certification, the factors that guide the development of protocols, the players involved, the factors determining the customers to be certified, and the benefits of certification. It covers terminology and issues that direct the structure of standards, the similarities between indicatorsTable of Contents"

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Book SynopsisHow to decelerate loss of global biodiversity is one of the greatest challenges of our generation. Reproductive technologies have enormous potential to assist the recovery ofspecies by enhancing reproductive output, facilitating genetic management, and supporting reintroduction of threatened species. Of particular value are cryopreservation technologies coupled with the establishment of global gene banks to conserve, in perpetuity, the remaining extant genetic diversity of threatened amphibians.Reproductive Technologies and Biobanking for the Conservation of Amphibians brings together leading experts in the field to provide a comprehensive overview of current bestpractices, summarise technological advancements, and present a framework for facilitating the integration of reproductive technologies and biobanking into conservation breedingprograms for threatened amphibians. It is an invaluable reference for the next generation of conservation practitioners: Table of ContentsIntegrating Reproductive Technologies into the Conservation Toolbox for the Recovery of Amphibian Species. Status of Global Amphibian Declines and the Prioritisation of Species for Captive Breeding. Methods of Identifying the Sex of Amphibians and of Conditioning Captive Brood Stock for Assisted Reproduction. Hormonal Control of Amphibian Reproduction. Non-invasive Monitoring of Stress Physiology during Management and Breeding of Amphibians in Captivity. Ultrasound Imaging to Assess Female Reproductive Status and Inform Hormonally Induced Ovulation. Protocols for Hormone-Induced Spermiation, and the Cold Storage, Activation, and Assessment of Amphibian Sperm. Genetic Management of Threatened Amphibians; using Artificial Fertilisation Technologies to Facilitate Genetic Rescue and Assisted Gene Flow. Cryopreservation of Amphibian Genomes: Targeting the Holy Grail, Cryopreservation of Maternal-Haploid and Embryonic-Diploid Genomes. Culturing and Biobanking of Amphibian Cell Lines for Conservation Applications. Linking in-situ and ex-situ Populations of Threatened Amphibian Species using Genome Resource Banks. Genome Resource Banks as a Tool for Amphibian Conservation.

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Book SynopsisUsers Guide to Ecohydraulic Modelling and Experimentation has been compiled by the interdisciplinary team of expert ecologists, geomorphologists, sedimentologists, hydraulicists and engineers involved in HYDRALAB IV, the European Integrated Infrastructure Initiative on hydraulic experimentation which forms part of the European Communityâs Seventh Framework Programme. It is designed to give an overview of our current knowledge of organism-environment interactions in marine and freshwater aquatic systems and to provide guidance to those wishing to use hydraulic experimental facilities to explore ecohydraulic processes. By highlighting the current state of our knowledge, this design manual will act as a guide to the use of living organisms in physical models and experiments and help scientists and engineers understand limitations on the use of surrogates. It incorporates chapters on the general decisions that need to be taken when designing an ecohydraulic experiment as well aTable of ContentsIntroduction. Section 1: Methods, Materials and Measurement. Husbandry. Surrogates. Flow Measurement. Section 2: Organism Specific Considerations. Biofilms. Plants. Macrozoobenthos. Conclusions and Decision Matrix.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a compilation of detailed and latest knowledge on the various types of environmental pollutants released from various natural as well as anthropogenic sources, their toxicological effects in environments, humans, animals and plants as well as various bioremediation approaches for their safe disposal into the environments. In this book, an extensive focus has been made on the various types of environmental pollutants discharged from various sources, their toxicological effects in environments, humans, animals and plants as well as their biodegradation and bioremediation approaches for environmental cleanup.Table of ContentsBioremediation: An eco-sustainable Green Technology, it’s Aplications and Limitations. Role of Microbes in Management of Solid Wastes. Role of Constructed Wetlands in Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters. Role of Rhizobacteria in Phytoremediation of Metal Contaminated Sites. Uranium Radionuclides Contamination in Environments, its Ecotoxicological Effects, Health Hazards and Bioremediation. Plastic Wastes: Environmental Pollution, Health Hazards and its Management. Pesticides Contamination in Environments, their Toxicological effects and biodegradation and bioremediation mechanisms for environmental safety. Toxic metals contamination in environments, their toxicological effects and bioremediation approaches for environmental cleanup. Dyes contamination in environments, their Ecotoxicological effects and Health Hazards and Biodegradation and Bioremediation Mechanisms for Environmental Cleanup. Bioremediation of Metal Pollutants from Electroplating Industry Wastewater. Organic and Inorganic Pollutants in Industrial Wastes, their Ecotoxicological Effects and Health Hazards and Bioremediation Approaches. Pharmacological Implications of Tannery Wastewater Pollutants and their Bioremediation. Role of Methanotrophic Bacterial Community in Lindane Degradation at Contaminated sites. Microbial Cellulases and their Applications in Pulp and Paper Industry: An Emerging Paradigm. Bioremediation of Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLS) Polluted Soil and Water Resources. Strategies for Enhanced Bioremediation of Organo-metallic Pollutants. Role of Nano-structured Manganese Oxides in Remediation of Environmental Pollutants. Biomedical Waste: Environmental Threats and its Management

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Book SynopsisNature conservation planning tends to be driven by models based on Western norms and science, but these may not represent the cultural, philosophical and religious contexts of much of Asia. This book provides a new perspective on the topic of sacred natural sites and cultural heritage by linking Asian cultures, religions and worldviews with contemporary conservation practices and approaches.The chapters focus on the modern significance of sacred natural sites in Asian protected areas with reference, where appropriate, to an Asian philosophy of protected areas. Drawn from over 20 different countries, the book covers examples of sacred natural sites from all of IUCNâs protected area categories and governance types. The authors demonstrate the challenges faced to maintain culture and support spiritual and religious governance and management structures in the face of strong modernisation across Asia.The book shows how sacred natural sites contribute to defining new, more sTrade Review"During the past three decades I have photographed and studied 800 places of pilgrimage in more than 150 countries. This gives me a rare vantage point from which to comment on the research and publishing work of Bas Verschuuren. In his newest book, Asian Sacred Natural Sites, he has with consistently high quality given us a comprehensive coverage of the fascinating subject." – Martin Gray, National Geographic photographer and author of Sacred Earth: Places of Peace and Power (2007)"An exciting set of essays contributing to one of humanity's most pressing challenges: how to re-establish our place within nature, respecting it as the source of all life, in ways that go beyond the physical and material into the spiritual and ethical, and learning from peoples who have done it for millennia." – Ashish Kothari, Kalpavriksh, India and co-editor of Protected Areas, Governance and Management (2015) "Asian Sacred Natural Sites shows that today’s protected areas draw from ancient ideas of the sacred values of nature. Our ancestors gave special status to certain ecologically productive places, and the authors convince us that treating protected areas with a sense of sacredness will help ensure a productive future for all." – Jeffrey A. McNeely, former IUCN Chief Scientist and Asian protected area systems design expert for the Asian Development Bank "At last! This fascinating and in-depth book tells of the inherent links between sacred places and environment and therefore between faith and conservation. Most of our national parks only exist because they have been sacred for centuries and therefore could become parks. This book provides the vital stepping stone for secular conservation to finally work as partner with the worlds of faith and together to create a more sacred future." – Martin Palmer, Alliance of Religion and Conservation "This is a very skillfully edited, most substantial, and high-quality survey in depth of sacred natural sites in Asia, covering theory as well as practice. This fascinating benchmark contribution deserves careful consideration by a wide and diverse audience including scientists and academics interested in the interrelationships of culture, religion, and ecology as well as conservationists and environmentalists in general." – Leslie E. Sponsel, University of Hawai`i, USA and author of Spiritual Ecology (2012) "This book’s exceptionally rich set of case studies from across Asia powerfully attests to the important role of sacred natural sites in biocultural diversity. To this the volume adds a strong critique of mainstream conservation and a cogent call for reforming the conceptualization, governance, and management of protected areas to respect sacred natural sites' conservation significance, numinous character, and the worldviews, rights, responsibilities, and concerns of their indigenous, community, and faith group custodians. Highly recommended." – Stan Stevens, University of Massachusetts, USA and author of Indigenous Peoples, National Parks, and Protected Areas (2014) "The value of sacred sites for the conservation of ecosystems and organisms is increasingly being recognised... This is both a wide-reaching and specialist text which brings together a broad range of authors, disciplines and examples". - A.M. Mannion, Bulletin of the British Ecological SocietyTable of Contents1. Introduction: Re-awakening the Power of Place: Ancient Philosophy and Practice with Current Relevance for Protected Areas and Conservation in Asia Bas Verschuuren Section 1: Themes and Perspectives on the Conservation of Asian Sacred Natural Sites 2. The Asian Philosophy of Protected Areas Amran Hamzah 3. Sacred Mountains in Asia: Themes and Implications for Protected Areas Edwin Bernbaum 4. Can World Heritage Status Help Protect Sacred Sites in Asia? Alison Ormsby, Wendy Jackson and Shonil Bhagwat Section 2: National Perspectives and Strategies for the Conservation of Sacred Natural Sites 5. Sacred Mandala: Protecting Bhutan’s Sacred Natural Sites Liza Zogib, Khenpo Phuntshok Tashi, Tshewang Gyalpo, Sangay Dendhup, Riamsara Kuyakanon, Kelzang Wangchuk, Lopen Namgay Tenzin and Ngawang Gyeltshen 6. Indian Sacred Natural Sites: Ancient Traditions of Reverence and Conservation Explained from a Hindu Perspective Rana P.B. Singh and Pravin S. Rana 7. Interface between Sacred Natural Sites and Formal Protected Areas for Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal Jailab Kumar Rai and Sudeep Jana Section 3: Legal Approaches and Governance of Sacred Natural Sites 8. Customary Laws Governing the Sacred Natural Sites of the Xe Champhone Ramsar Site in Lao PDR: Implications for Site Management Raphaël Glémet, Patricia Moore, Ketsana Phommachanh and Minavanh Pholsena 9. Legal Interpretation of the Sacred Natural Sites and Cultural Heritage of the Dongaria Kondhs in India Radhika Borde 10. Forum Pekaseh in the Management of Subak Landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru, UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Bali Antoinette Royo, Wiwik Dharmiasih and Yunus Arbi 11. The Pa’oh’s Governance System and Kakku: Implications for Heritage Conservation from Burma/Myanmar Jonathan Liljeblad Section 4: The Conservation of Sacred Lands Meets the Challenges of Development 12. Kailash Sacred Landscape: Bridging Cultural heritage, Conservation and Development through a Transboundary Landscape Approach Abhimanyu Pandey, Rajan Kotru and Nawraj Pradhan 13. Mount Fuji’s History as a Spiritual Realm and Means for its Preservation Toshihiko Ono, Tetsuro Hongo and Kiyotatsu Yamamoto 14. Animism and Traditional Knowledge Disappear in Virachey National Park, Cambodia Gregory McCann and Yi-Chung Hsu 15. Holy Hills: Sanctuaries of Biodiversity in Xishuangbanna, South West China Lily Zeng and Gaëtan Reuse Section 5: A Role for Custodians and Religious Leaders in the Conservation of Sacred Natural Sites 16. Lakes of the Gods: Sacred High Altitude Lakes of Uttarakhand, India Jatinder Kaur and Khima Nand Balodi 17. Ysyk-Köl Lake, the Planet’s Third Eye: Sacred Sites in Ysyk-Köl Biosphere Reserve, Kyrgyzstan Aibek Samakov and Fikret Berkes 18. Sacred Tsum Valley: Improving Biodiversity Conservation with Lessons for Effective Management of Protected Areas in Nepal Jailab Rai, Nima Lama and Bas Verschuuren 19. Past and Present Biocultural Significance of Sea Turtles for Local Communities on the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia Vanda Mendonca, Boutros Abi-Aoun and Mohamed El Baradey Section 6: Dualing Spirits and Sciences: Revisiting the Foundations of Conservation 20. Lua people: Traditions, Beliefs and Sacred Natural Sites in Northern Thailand Narong Pongpandecha and Ken Taylor 21. Creating New Discursive Terrain for the Custodians of the Tibetan Spiritscape in North West Yunnan John Studley and Awang Jikmed 22. Where Culture and Nature Meet: Recreating Spiritual and Religious Practices for Site Management and Governance in Takht-e Soleyman Lake, Iran Minoo Hassani Esfehani 23. Ritual and Cultural Revival at Tuvan Sacred Natural Sites Supports Indigenous Governance and Conservation of Nature in China Yuxin Hou 24. Conclusions: How the Cultural, Spiritual and Philosophical Underpinnings of Sacred Natural Sites can make Conservation in Asia more Effective and Sustainable Bas Verschuuren

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Book SynopsisThe modern southwestern cities of Phoenix, Tucson, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, and El Paso occupy lands that once supported rich desert ecosystems. Typical development activities often resulted in scraping these desert lands of an ancient living landscape, to be replaced with one that is human-made and dependent on a large consumption of energy and natural resources. Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable Development explores the natural and built environment of the American Southwest and introduces development tools for shaping the future of the region in a more sustainable way.Explore the Desert Landscape and EcologyThis transdisciplinary collaboration draws on insights from leading authorities in their fields, spanning science, ecology, planning, landscape development, architecture, and urban design. Organized into five parts, the book begins by introducing the physical aspects of the desert realm: the laTable of ContentsIntroduction. Physical Aspects of the Desert Environment: Deserts of the World. Geology and Soils in Deserts of the Southwestern United States. Scales of Climate in Designing with the Desert. Water Resources in the Desert Southwest. Geologic, Hydrologic, and Urban Hazards for Design in Desert Environments. The Living Desert: Deep History and Biogeography of La Frontera. Vegetation Zones of the Southwest. Plant Ecology of the Sonoran Desert Region. Wildlife and Anthropogenic Changes in the Arid Southwest. Healing the Wounds: An Example from the Sky Islands. Built toBurn. Restoring Ecosystem Health in Frequent-Fire Forests of the American West. Desert Planning: Ecological Planning Method. Phoenix as Every City: A Closer Look at Sprawl in the Desert. Water Planning for Growing Southwestern Communities. Removable and Placed-Based Economies: Alternative Futures for America's Deserts. Environmental Injustice in the Urban Southwest: A Case Study of Phoenix, Arizona. Dwelling in Expanded Biotic Communities: Steps Toward Reconstructive Postmodern Communities. Dialogue on Development. Ecology in Design of Urban Systems: Ecological Design. Rainwater Harvesting and Stormwater Reuse for Arid Environments. Designing Habitats in Urban Environments. Native Plant Salvaging and Reuse in Southwestern Deserts. Sustainable Urban Living: Green Solar Energy for Food and Biofuels Production. Integral Urbanism in Desert Cities: Recapturing Links in Metro Phoenix. Urban Sustainability: Settlement, Growth, and Water Security for Southwest Cities. Creating Tomorrow. Desert Vernacular: Green Building and Ecological Design in Scottsdale, Arizona. Sustainable Energy Alternatives for the Southwest. Search for a Lean Alternative. Creating Sustainable Futures for Southwestern Cities: The ProtoCity™ Approach in the Ciudad Juarez Mexico/El Paso, Texas Metroplex. Index.

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Book SynopsisDespite their diversity, amphibians and reptiles share many physiological traits, such as their dependence on external heat sources for body temperature regulation, that are of pivotal importance to their ability to cope with the environment. Considerable variation in physiological capabilities exists in these groups and often can be related to seasonal and geographic differences in environmental parameters. This book provides a comprehensive and integrative view of the interplay between physiology and behavior in amphibians and reptiles, leading to a better understanding of the subject.The book covers topics that have recently been in the spotlight for scientific research on the physiology, behavior, and conservation of amphibians and reptiles. It brings together recent information from a range of disciplines that address critical topics for understanding their biology. As these studies are scattered across articles in specialized journals, this book provides a single and exTable of ContentsBehavior and Physiology: An Ecological and Evolutionary Viewpoint on the Energy and Water Relations of Ectothermic Amphibians and Reptiles. Acclimation, Acclimatization, and Seasonal Variation in Amphibians and Reptiles. Physiological and Biochemical Correlates of Calling Behavior in Anurans with Different Calling Strategies. Digestive Physiology in Reptiles with Special Reference to Pythons. Effects of Feeding on the Respiration of Ectothermic Vertebrates. Temperature Effects on the Metabolism of Amphibians and Reptiles: Caveats and Recommendations. Physiological Ecology and Conservation of Anuran Amphibians. Assessing the Physiological Sensitivity of Amphibians to Extreme Environmental Change Using the Stress Endocrine Responses.

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Book SynopsisMullets (grey mullets) are a family (Mugilidae) and order of ray-finned fish found in temperate and tropical waters worldwide. There are approximately 80 species of mullet; these fish have been considered an important food source in Mediterranean Europe since Roman times. This book provides a long overdue update on the biology and ecology of mullets and features comprehensive coverage of the key features of the Mugilidae family, such as recent DNA evidence and morphological data that challenge the traditional taxonomy.Table of ContentsMorphology and Morphometry Based Taxonomy of Mugilidae. Implications of Molecular Phylogeny for the Taxonomy of Mugilidae. Biogeography and Distribution of Mugilidae in the Americas. The Biogeography of Mugilidae in India, South-East and East Asia. Biogeography and Distribution of Mugilidae in Australia and Oceania. Biogeography and Distribution of Mugilidae in the Western, Central and Southern Regions of Africa. Biogeography and Distribution of Mugilidae in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and North-East Atlantic. Muscoskeletal Anatomy of the Flathead Grey Mullet Mugil cephalus (Teleostei: Mugilidae). Food and Feeding of MugilidaeAge and Growth of Mugilidae. Sexuality and Reproduction. Biology and Ecology of Fry and Juveniles of Mugilidae. Adaptation to Salinity and Osmoregulation in Mugilidae. Ecological Role of Mugilidae in the Coastal Zone. Genetics of Mugilidae. Current State of Capture Fisheries and Culture of Mugilidae. Capture Methods and Commercial Fisheries for Mugilidae. Case study: Stock Enhancement of Mugilidae in Hawaii (USA). Capture and Culture of Mugilidae in Taiwan. Culture of Mugilidae in Egypt. Grey Mullet as Possible Indicator of Coastal Environmental Changes: the MUGIL Project.

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Book Synopsisâa number of chapters provide excellent summaries of the modern methods available for studying fungal ecology, along with those more traditional methods that are still extremely valuableâoverall it is a hugely valuable compendium of fungal ecology research. It is a must for the library shelf.-Lynne Boddy, Cardiff University, UK, Mycological Research, 2006These 44 chapters are an excellent starting point for anyone interested in fungal communities, in the broadest sense of the term. It is a book for dipping intoâmay be the last comprehensive treatment of fungal communities before the molecular revolution.-Meriel Jones, University of Liverpool, UK, Microbiology Todayâ the scope of the work is tremendous. â Excellent chapters providing overviews of methods â provide a snap shot of the current approaches used to understand fungal communities at several levels of organization. This book should probably be on the shelf of every student of mycology, and many ecoloTrade ReviewPRAISE FOR THE THIRD EDITION"…a number of chapters provide excellent summaries of the modern methods available for studying fungal ecology, along with those more traditional methods that are still extremely valuable…overall it is a hugely valuable compendium of fungal ecology research. It is a must for the library shelf, and at its reasonable price I highly recommend it for purchase by any researcher with an interest in fungi and the environment."—Lynne Boddy, Cardi University, UK, Mycological Research, 2006"These 44 chapters are an excellent starting point for anyone interested in fungal communities, in the broadest sense of the term. It is a book for dipping into…may be the last comprehensive treatment of fungal communities before the molecular revolution."—Meriel Jones, University of Liverpool, UK, Microbiology Today"… the scope of the work is tremendous. The editors have done an admirable job of assembling authors whose combined writings convey current ideas in fungal ecology while still managing to introduce mycologists and ecologists to the concepts and historical context of each others’ work. Excellent chapters providing overviews of methods … provide a snap shot of the current approaches used to understand fungal communities at several levels of organization. This book should probably be on the shelf of every student of mycology, and many ecologists too. For all students, this book should be a valuable resource and source of inspiration."—Daniel Henk, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London in Inoculum, Vol. 59, No. 3, May 2008"Thorough taxonomic and subject indices further aid the reader in navigating through multiple authors’ treatments of subjects of interest. Well provisioned bibliographies are another useful addition. … this book would be a handy reference for researchers … ."—Anthony Amend, Department of Botany, University of Hawai at Manoa in Economic Botany, Vol. 61, No. 1, 2007Table of ContentsIntegrating genomics and metagenomics into community analysis. Changing the species concept. Molecular methods for fungal identification. Metagenomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. Recent advances in fungal endophyte research. Host switching and speciation in Cordicipitaceae. Endophytes and plant stress protection. Endophytes and defensive mutualism. Ecologies of endophytes (life styles of endophytes). Fungal communities in natural ecosystems. Terrestrial communities. Marine and Aquatic communities. Fungal Faunal Interactions. Below ground trophic interactions. Fungal propagule dispersal. Entomopathogenic fungi. Emerging fungal diseases. Bark beetle fungal interactions. Fungal communities and climate change and pollution. Climate change. Metal and organic pollutants. Invasive plant diseases. Fungal conservation. Harvesting practices and impacts. State of fungal conservation around the world. Fungi in the built envitonment. Decomposition of structures. Molds asthmas and allergies. Spoilage of human artefacts (paper, film etc.). Fungal communities in stresses environments (space station, Antarctic structures, etc.). Fungal signaling and communication. Mycorrhizal network as a communication system. Plant fungal communications. Plant animal communication. Fungal bacterial communication.

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Book SynopsisMarine macrophytes (macroalgae, seagrasses, and mangroves) comprise thousands of species distributed in shallow water areas along the world's coastlines. They play a key role in marine ecosystems regarding biodiversity and energy flow. A large proportion of macrophyte species can be characterised as ecosystem engineersorganisms that directly or indirectly affect the availability of resources to other species by modifying, maintaining, and creating habitats. This book is divided into three main themes: Marine macroalgae and seagrasses as sources of biodiversity gives an overview of the diversity of the main organisms associated with macrophytes, and their functional role and interactions within their hosts. Primary and secondary production of Macrophytes synthesizes research on food web structures derived from/or associated with, macrophytes and the transfer of macrophytic primary and secondary production from one ecosystem to another.Trade ReviewThis excellent new volume is devoted to the ecology, biodiversity, and energy production and flow of macroalgae and seagrasses living along the coastlines of oceans and the most recent environmental threats to their communities. Chapters are written by experts in the field and packed with detailed information and primary sources, together forming a synopsis of the role of these critical producers…. The editor has nicely tied the chapters together, and the volume…is impressive in its coverage. --C. W. Schneider, Trinity College (CT)Table of ContentsSection 1: Marine Macroalgae and Seagrasses as Sources of Biodiversity. Section 2: Production of Macrophytes. Section 3: Human Threats to Macrophytic Ecosystem Engineers.

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Book SynopsisThis book reviews up-to-date knowledge on the biology of sole (Solea senegalensis and S. solea). These flatfish species are increasingly important in Europe both from the ecological and production point of view. This book is divided into two sections: A. general fisheries, aquaculture and engineering overviews; B. physiological, developmental, rhythmic, welfare and genetic aspects which will be of immense interest for the aquaculture industry. Experts, from both academia and research institutes, provide their expertise on sole biology.Trade Review"This work, which combines the efforts of Muñoz-Cueto (Univ. of Cádiz), Sánchez (Spanish National Research Council), and Vázquez (Univ. of Murcia) with those of at least 50 other contributing authors, provides fisheries managers and researchers with one concise reference on the genus Solea. As an important commercial food fish in much of the Mediterranean (and elsewhere), the sole is a worthy subject for this collection of essays, which amounts to a comprehensive resource for life history and management information. The book is presented in two sections. Section A comprises only two chapters, providing a basic overview of the biology and culture of the sole. Section B comprises 15 chapters, which are grouped in subareas covering reproduction, larval development, nutrition, welfare, ecotoxicology, pathology, osmoregulation, and genomic characteristics. The book is highly technical in style and scope, and probably would not be attractive to a general readership. Nonetheless, it would be an excellent resource for fisheries managers, fisheries professionals including those involved in aquaculture, and other researchers with a specific interest in the biology and flourishing survival of the sole."— K. R. Thompson, Missouri State University, CHOICE, June 2020 Vol. 57 No. 10Table of ContentsBiology, Ecology and Exploitation. General biology, ecology, and distribution. Fisheries, aquaculture, and marketing. Grow out holding systems. Reproduction, Development, Nutrition, Genetics, Welfare, and Pathology. Environmental transduction: pineal organ and melatonin. Neuroendocrine control of reproduction. Reproductive physiology and spawning techniques. Gamete physiology and artificial fertilization. Mating behavior. The biological clock: from early stages to adults. Embryo and larval ontogeny. Light, temperature, and feeding during early development. Larval production techniques. Nutrition and feeding behavior. Diet formulation and feeding systems. Stress, welfare issues, and immune system. Ecotoxicology. Pathology and diseases control. Genetics and genomic tools.

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Book SynopsisPinnipeds are a fascinating group of marine mammals that play a crucial role as apex predators and sentinels of the functioning and health of marine ecosystems. They are found in the most extreme environments from the Polar regions to the tropics. Pinnipeds are comprised of about 34 species, and of those at least 25% live permanently in tropical zones. This book reviews and updates current research on the biology, marine ecology, bio-monitoring, and conservation of tropical pinniped populations, including their behavior, anthropogenic stressors, and health. It also looks at challenges to be faced for the conservation of tropical pinnipeds, many of which are threatened species.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Tropical and Subtropical Pinnipeds. An Overview on the Evolutionary History of Tropical Pinnipeds. Variability in the Skull Morphology of Adult Male California Sea Lions and Galapagos Sea Lions. Hawaiian Monk Seals: The Biology and Ecology of the World’s only Tropical Phocid. Hawaiian Monk Seal Conservation: Past, Present and Future. Guadalupe Fur Seal Population Expansion and its Post-Breeding Male Migration to the Gulf of Ulloa, México. Population Status, Anthropogenic Stressors and Conservation of the Galapagos Fur Seal (Arctocephalusgalapagoensis): An Overview. Diving Physiology, Foraging and Reproductive Behavior of the Galapagos Sea Lion (Zalophus wollebaeki). Management Strategies and Conservation Status of Galapagos Sea Lion Populations at San Cristobal Island, Galapagos, Ecuador. Population Ecology, Trends and Distribution of the Juan Fernandez Fur Seal, Arctocephalus philippii (Peters 1866) in Chile. Population Ecology and Conservation Status of the South American Sea Lion in Uruguay Ecology and Conservation Status of the South American Fur Seal in Uruguay. The Uncertain Fate of the Endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal Monachus monachus in the 21st Century: Population, Ecology and Conservation Threats. Bioecology and Conservation Threats of the Cape Fur Seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Emerging Pathogens and Health Issues in the 21st Century: A Challenge for Tropical and Subtropical Pinnipeds. Pathologies of Pinnipeds in Brazil.

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Book SynopsisBiogeography and Evolution in New Zealand provides the first in-depth treatment of the biogeography of New Zealand, a region that has been a place of long-enduring interest to ecologists, evolutionary scientists, geographers, geologists, and scientists in related disciplines. It serves as a key addition to the contemporary discussion on regionalizationhow is New Zealand different from the rest of the world? With what other areas does it share its geology, history, and biota? Do new molecular phylogenies show that New Zealand may be seen as a biological parallel universe' within global evolution? Trade ReviewI believe this to be a significant, and comprehensive, account of the plants and animals of New Zealand. It is replete with distribution maps done in an original style. Heads’s approach to biogeography is notable for its originality, and this manuscript is an especially good example. There is nothing like it. Forty years ago I wrote (and am quoted by Heads): ‘With regard to general problems of biogeography, the biota of New Zealand has been, perhaps, the most important of any in the world. …all notable authorities have felt obliged to explain its history: explain New Zealand and the world falls into place around it.’And so it is with Heads’ manuscript!—Gareth Nelson, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, AustraliaThe author has made a significant contribution by drawing together information on the New Zealand biota and its relationships from around 2000 primary sources. As a compendium, it has no equal. Although its theoretical content will be challenged, Heads has provided an accessible entrée to the diversity of the New Zealand biota.-- Richard N. Holdaway, Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, in The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol 93, 2018I believe this to be a significant, and comprehensive, account of the plants and animals of New Zealand. It is replete with distribution maps done in an original style. Heads’s approach to biogeography is notable for its originality, and this manuscript is an especially good example. There is nothing like it. Forty years ago I wrote (and am quoted by Heads): ‘With regard to general problems of biogeography, the biota of New Zealand has been, perhaps, the most important of any in the world. …all notable authorities have felt obliged to explain its history: explain New Zealand and the world falls into place around it.’And so it is with Heads’ manuscript!—Gareth Nelson, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, AustraliaThe author has made a significant contribution by drawing together information on the New Zealand biota and its relationships from around 2000 primary sources. As a compendium, it has no equal. Although its theoretical content will be challenged, Heads has provided an accessible entrée to the diversity of the New Zealand biota.-- Richard N. Holdaway, Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, in The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol 93, 2018Table of ContentsAnalyzing the Spatial Component of Evolution. Analyzing the Timeline of Evolution. New Zealand Geology. An introduction to the New Zealand Biota and its Geography. Biogeography of the Northern New Zealand Offshore Islands. Biogeography of the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands and the Chatham Islands. Biogeography of Mainland New Zealand and Neogene Geology: the Alpine Fault, the Kaikoura Orogeny, and the Pleistocene Glaciation. Case Studies of New Zealand Plants. Some More Case Studies of New Zealand Plants. Case Studies of New Zealand Animals. Structural Evolution and Ecology. Biogeography and Evolution in New Zealand Birds. Biogeography and Evolution in New Zealand Bats. Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook focuses on the enormous literature applying statistical methodology and modelling to environmental and ecological processes. The 21st century statistics community has become increasingly interdisciplinary, bringing a large collection of modern tools to all areas of application in environmental processes. In addition, the environmental community has substantially increased its scope of data collection including observational data, satellite-derived data, and computer model output. The resultant impact in this latter community has been substantial; no longer are simple regression and analysis of variance methods adequate. The contribution of this handbook is to assemble a state-of-the-art view of this interface. Features: An internationally regarded editorial team. A distinguished collection of contributors. A thoroughly contemporary treatment of a substantial interdisciplinary interTrade Review"This is an extremely well-composed book, offering an interdisciplinary exposure to the concepts and methods that are very valuable to perform environmental and ecological data analysis. The contributors are recognized experts in the topics of their writing...Noteworthy features in this book are introducing uncertainty, anisotropy and non-stationarity, threshold exceedance, coenospace, stochasticity, tail-down models, entropy-based design among others...I highly recommend this book to environmental, climate, statistics and computing researchers and practicing professionals."- Ramalingam Shanmugam, JSCS, Aug 2020 Table of ContentsIntroduction. Methodology for Statistical Analysis of Environmental Processes. Basics of modeling for environmental processes. Time series methodology. Dynamic models. Geostatistical modeling for environmental processes. Point patterns. Data fusion. Analysis of Extremes. Environmental sampling methods. Zero-inflation modeling and hurdle models. Ordination methods. Topics in Ecological Processes. Species distribution models – Plants. Species distribution models - Animals. Demography. Modeling traits. Ecology of infectious diseases. Wildfires and fire recovery. Modeling of streams. Topics in Environmental Exposure. Modeling environmental contaminants. Data fusion for exposure. Modeling other exposures and modeling personal exposure. Preferential sampling with regard to exposure levels. Dynamic source apportionment. Dynamics of environmental epidemiology. Connecting exposure to outcome. Experimental design for environmental epidemiology. Topics in Climatology. Trends in climatology. Climate models. Spatial analysis for climatology. Remote sensing - the statistical contribution. Data assimilation. Spatial extremes with application to climate and environmental exposure. Paleoclimate and paleoecology. Detection and attribution. Effects of climate change on health effects.

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Book SynopsisShortlisted for the 2018 TWS Wildlife Publication Awards in the edited book categoryThe various species of new world blackbirds, often intermingled in large foraging flocks and nighttime roosts, collectively number in the hundreds of millions and are a dominant component of the natural and agricultural avifauna in North America today. Because of their abundance, conspicuous flocking behavior, and feeding habits, these species have often been in conflict with human endeavors. The pioneering publications on blackbirds were by F. E. L. Beal in 1900 and A. A. Allen in 1914. These seminal treatises laid the foundation for more than 1,000 descriptive and experimental studies on the life histories of blackbirds as well as their ecology and management in relation to agricultural damage and other conflicts such as caused by large winter roosting congregations. The wealth of information generated in over a century of research is found in disparate outlets thTrade ReviewRecommended by CHOICE (January 2018 Vol. 55 No. 5) for upper-division undergraduates and above; faculty and professionals.The beauty of a displaying territorial male red-winged blackbird pales when magnified a million fold. Blackbirds, cowbirds, grackles, and starlings are among the most conspicuous and abundant North American birds and gather in huge flocks in the non-breeding season. These birds can inflict costly damage on crops, and their huge roosts can be a nuisance. Mainly through the United States Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, researchers have studied the biology of these birds and invested in a variety of "control methods." Red-winged and yellow-headed blackbirds, cowbirds, and grackles each merit a chapter reviewing their ecology. General chapters address economic impacts, habitat and climate change, and management, including repellents, frightening devices, and lethal methods. A chapter on preventive strategies for avoiding damage is unique, and the chapter entitled "The Future of Blackbird Management Research" is promising. Each chapter has its own extensive bibliography. Additionally, each chapter is a valuable contribution to the comprehension of blackbird’s "functional roles." This work will also benefit those who handle the management of blackbird flocks and roosts. Inexplicably, there is hardly a mention of the European starling, which also forms huge, hungry flocks and roosts in urban areas. --M. Gochfeld, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolTable of ContentsHistory of Research and Management, Policy and Regulations of Blackbirds. Red-winged Blackbirds. Yellow-headed Blackbirds. Common Grackles. Brown-headed Cowbirds. Effects of Habitat and Climate Change on Blackbird Populations. Population Dynamics and Management of Blackbird Populations. Repellents. Frightening Devices. Evading Strategies. Case Study: Using Harvest Theory and the Prescribed Take Level Framework to Assess Allowable Take of a Population of Red-winged Blackbirds in the northern Great Plains. The Economic Impacts of Bird Damage to Crops. The Future of Blackbird Management in United States.

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Book SynopsisCommunity-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is an approach that offers multiple related benefits: securing rural livelihoods; ensuring careful conservation and management of biodiversity and other resources; and empowering communities to manage these resources sustainably. Recently, however, the CBNRM concept has attracted criticism for failing in its promise of delivering significant local improvements and conserving biodiversity in some contexts. This book identifies the flaws in its application, which often have been swept under the carpet by those involved in the initiatives. The authors analyse them, and propose remedies for specific circumstances based on the lessons learned from CBNRM experience in southern Africa over more than a decade. The result is essential reading for all researchers, observers and practitioners who have focused on CBNRM in sustainable development programmes as a means to overcome poverty and conserve ecosystems in various parts of the globe. It is a vital tool in improving their methods and performance. In addition, academics, students and policy-makers in natural resource management, resource economics, resource governance and rural development will find it a very valuable and instructive resource.Table of ContentsPart 1: Synthesis � The Fundamentals of Community-based Natural Resource Management * Community-based Natural Resource Management and Rural Livelihoods * Political Economy, Governance and Community-based Natural Resource Management * Putting Out Fires: Does the 'C' in CBNRM Stand for Community or Centrifuge? * Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation with Rural Development: The Holy Grail of CBNRM? * Part 2: Case Studies - Community-based Natural Resource Management, Traditional Governance and Spiritual Ecology in Southern Africa: The Case of Chiefs, Deviners and Spirit Mediums * The Contribution of Bees to Livelihoods in Southern Africa * Everyday Resources are Valuable Enough for Community-based Natural Resource Management Programme Support: Evidence from South Africa * Community-based Resource Management in the Okavango Delta * Local Ecological Knowledge and the Basarwa in the Okavango Delta: The Case of Xaxaba, Ngamiland District * a Land Without Fences: Range Management in Lesotho * Beach Village Committees as a Vehicle for Community Participation: Lake Malombe/Upper Shire River Participatory Programme * Key Issues in Namibia's Communal Conservancy Movement * The Torra Conservancy in Namibia * The Tchumo Tchato Project in Mozambique: Community-based Natural Resource Management in Transition * The Richtersveld and Makuleke Contractual Parks in South Africa: Win-win for Communities and Conservation? *The Lungwa Integrated Rural Development Project, Zambia * Community Wildlife Management in Zimbabwe: The Case of CAMPFIRE in the Zambezi Valley * New Configurations of Power Around Mafaungautsi State Forest in Zimbabwe * Conclusions and Recommendation: What We Have Learned from a Decade of Experimentation * Index

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Book SynopsisThe thought-provoking articles in Conservation can assist in catalyzing the transition to a new green economy by shaping the mind-sets of leaders, students, teachers and the public alike.' Achim Steiner, UN Under-Secretary General and Executive Director, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) 'An extremely useful compilation of articles on the complex issues underlying nature conservation.' Ashish Kothari, Co-chair, IUCN Intercommission Strategic Direction on Governance, Equity, and Livelihoods in Relation to Protected Areas (TILCEPA) 'In this intelligently chosen, broadly ranging set of readings on conservation, Professor Adams assembles a set of vital readings for professionals, teachers, students, and the interested public.' Kent Redford, Director, Wildlife Conservation Society Institute This 4-volume set, edited by a leading expert on nature conservation, brings together in one collection a series of papers fundamental to understanding the social, political, cultural and scientific dimensions of conservation. Each volume is introduced by a new review essay, which both sets the scope for the collection and advances analytical understanding of conservation issues. Volume I covers the historical development of conservation ideas and reviews the diverse contemporary philosophical, ethical, cultural and practical arguments for conservation. Volume II addresses the core issue of conservation: the maintenance of living diversity in the face of human demands on the biosphere. The intention here is not to offer a sourcebook of conservation science, but to include the key texts that have changed the way conservation is understood and practised. Volume III explores the overlaps and conflicts between conservation and development, andwin-win solutions to conflicts between the two, including ideas of sustainable development. Volume IV presents work on conservation as an essentially political process, drawing chiefly on social science and, in particular, political ecology and environmental history.Table of ContentsVolume I: The Idea of Conservation Editorial Introduction to Volume I Part I: Western Ideas of Nature 1. Creating a Second Nature 2. The Origins of Environmentalism 3. Walking 4. The Hetch Hetchy Valley 5. A Fable for Tomorrow and the Obligation to Endure Part II: Indigenous Ideas of Nature and Conservation 6. Animals 7. Traditional Knowledge Systems in Practice Part III: The Misuse of Nature 8. Destructiveness of Man and Human and Brute Action Compared 9. Principles of Conservation 10. The Former Abundance of Wildlife 11. The Round River Part IV: Philosophies of Conservation 12. Ideas of Nature 13. The Cultural Approach to Conservation Biology 14. The Conservation Ethic 15. Definitions, Values and Philosophies Part V: Wilderness and Countryside 16. Thinking Like a Mountain 17. The Trouble with Wilderness; or Getting Back to the Wrong Nature 18. The Making of an Ideal Part VI: Protecting Nature 19. Perspectives 20. The Carbon Connection Index Volume II: The Conservation of Diversity Editorial Introduction to Volume II Part I: Biodiversity and Biodiversity Loss 1. The Vulnerable Earth: Toward a Planetary History 2. Biodiversity Threatened 3. Human domination of Earth's ecosystems Part II: Understanding Change in Nature 4. Anecdotes and the Shifting Baseline Syndrome of Fisheries 5. What is Natural? The Need for a Long-term Perspective in Biodiversity Conservation 6. False Forest History, Complicit Social Analysis: Rethinking Some West African Environmental Narratives Part III: Ecology and Conservation 7. The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms 8. Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems 9. Pyromancy: Reading Stories in the Flames Part IV: Conservation Planning 10. Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities 11. The Global 200: A Representation Approach to Conserving the Earth's Most Biologically Valuable Ecoregions 12. Mapping the Conservation Landscape 13. Systematic Conservation Planning Part V: Managing Species and Spaces 14. Command and Control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management 15. Directions in Conservation Biology 16. The Island Dilemma: Lessons of Modern Biogeographic Studies for the Design of Natural Reserves 17. A Regional Landscape Approach to Maintain Diversity 18. Effectiveness of Parks in Protecting Tropical Biodiversity Part VI: Conservation Management and Restoration 19. Biological Invasions: Winning the Science Battles but Losing the Conservation War? 20. Restoration Ecology: Repairing the Earth's Ecosystems in the New Millennium Index Volume III: Conservation and Development Editorial Introduction to Volume III Part I: Conservation and Sustainable Development 1. The Land Ethic 2. Towards Sustainable Development 3. Conservation of Biodiversity in a World of Use 4. Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty Part II: Sustainability and Wild Harvests 5. Fishing Down Marine Food Webs 6. Having Your Wildlife and Eating It Too: An Analysis of Hunting Sustainability Across Tropical Ecosystems 7. Requiem for the Grand Banks Part III: Institutions and Environmental Management 8. The Struggle to Govern the Commons 9. Human Ecology and Resource Sustainability: The Importance of Institutional Diversity 10. People, Livelihoods and Collective Action in Biodiversity Management Part IV: Economics and Conservation 11. The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value 12. Who Should Pay for Tropical Conservation, and How Could the Costs Be Met? 13. Direct Payments to Conserve Biodiversity Part V: Community and Conservation 14. If Community Conservation is the Answer, What is the Question? 15. Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation 16. The Background to Community-based Conservation 17. Planning for People and Parks: Design Dilemmas 18. The Future of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects: Building on What Works 19. Sustainable Use and Incentive-driven Conservation: Realigning Human and Conservation Interests Index Volume IV: The Politics of Conservation Editorial Introduction to Volume IV Part I: The State, Conservation and Protected Areas 1. Nature and Space 2. Nature-State-Territory: Towards a Critical Theorization of Conservation Enclosures 3. The Environmental Challenge to the Nation-State: Superparks and National Parks Policy in Zimbabwe 4. Coercing Conservation? The Politics of State Resource Control Part II: Science, Knowledge and the Politics of Conservation 5. Deliberative Democracy and Participatory Biodiversity 6. Environmentality: Community, Intimate Government, and the Making of Environmental Subjects in Kumaon, India 7. Non-governmental Organizations and Governmentality: 'Consuming' Biodiversity and Indigenous People in the Philippines 8. Green Dots, Pink Hearts: Displacing Politics from the Malaysian Rainforest 9. The Shifting Middle Ground: Amazonian Indians and Eco-politics 10.The 'Wild', the Market and the Native: Indigenous People Face New Forms of Global Colonization 11. Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique Part III: The Social Impacts of Protected Areas 12. Salvaging Nature: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas 13. Farewell Song 14. Displacement and Relocation from Protected Areas: Towards a Biological and Historical Synthesis 15. The Winding Road: Incorporating Social Justice and Human Rights into Protected Areas Policies 16. Political Incentives for Biodiversity Conservation Part IV: Conservation Futures 17. Love it Or Lose it: The Coming Biophilia Revolution 18. Nature Matrix: Reconnecting People and Nature 19. Society With Nature 20. Optimism and Hope in a Hotter Time Index

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Book SynopsisDebate about how best to ensure the preservation of agricultural biodiversity is caught in a counter-productive polemic between proponents and critics of market-based instruments and agricultural modernisation. This book argues that neither position does justice to the range of strategies that farmers use to manage agrobiodiversity and other livelihood assets as they adapt to changing social, economic, and environmental circumstances. Chapters explore relationships between the exploitation and conservation of agricultural biodiversity and the livelihoods of agricultural communities, and evaluate the capacity of national and multilateral institutions and policy settings to support the protection and capture by communities of agrobiodiversity values. The place of ecosystem services in valuing biodiversity in the marketplace is emphasized. A number of authors assess the potential for market-based instruments and initiatives to encourage the protection of biodiversity, while others compare agrobiodiversity/community relationships, and the effectiveness of instruments designed to enhance these, across international boundaries. The book takes a comparative approach, drawing on empirical case studies from across the developed and developing worlds. In doing so, the book does not simply point to similarities and differences in the experience of rural communities. It also shows how global trade and multilateral institutions bring these otherwise disparate communities together in networks that exploit and/or preserve agrobiodiversity and other resources. Trade Review'This volume does an excellent job in bringing together a rich diversity of empirical material from around the world to analyze the complex interdependencies between biodiversity protection and agricultural livelihoods. It provides new and better insights into whether, why and how biodiversity values should be given pride of place in agroecosystems. Highly recommended.' Arthur P.J. Mol, Chair and Professor in Environmental Policy, Wageningen University, The Netherlands 'Biodiversity plays a pivotal role in determining agricultural production and shaping the livelihoods of agricultural communities. This volume skilfully examines relationships between agricultural biodiversity, livelihoods and markets. It is essential reading for anyone wishing to know more about these vitally important relationships.' Professor Mark McGillivray, Chief Ec0onomist, Australian Agency for International Development Agricultural biodiversity - or agrobiodiversity - plays a pivotal role in the livelihoods of all farmers, since it 'encompasses the variety of plants and animals and micro-organisms at sepcies and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain key functions in the agroecosystem.' New Agriculturist, May 2010.Table of ContentsContributors Preface 1. Agriculture, Biodiversity And Markets Part I: Agrobiodiversity in Context 2. The Ecological Role and Enhancement of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 3. The Human Ecology of Agrobiodiversity 4. Multilateral and National Regulatory Regimes for Agrobiodiversity 5. Plant Breeders' Rights and On-Farm Seed-Saving 6. International Biosecurity Frameworks to Protect Biodiversity with Emphasis on Science and Risk Assessment Part II: Agriobiodiversity and Modernization 7. Complementarity in the Conservation of Traditional and Modern Rice Genetic Resources on the Philippine Island of Bohol 8. The Contribution of Biodiversity to Modern Intensive Farming Systems 9. Genetic Erosion and Degradation of Ecosystem Services of Wetland Rice Fields: A Case Study from Western Ghats, India Part III: Agrobiodiversity, Standards and Markets 10. Environmental Certification: Standardization for Diversity 11. Challenges of Global Environmental Governance by Non-state Actors in the Coffee Industry: Insights from India, Indonesia and Vietnam 12. Geographical Indicators 13. Value Chain Coordination for Agroiodiversity Conservation Part IV: Agrobiodiversity and Payment for Ecological Services 14. Paying for Biodiversity Conservation in Agricultural Landscapes 15. Targeting Payments for Ecological Services 16. The 'Green Box': Multifunctionality and Biodiversity Conservation in Europe 17. Market Instruments and Collective Obligations for On-Farm Biodiversity Conservation CONCLUSION 18. Agrobiodiversity and Sustainable Farm Livelihoods: Policy Implications and Imperatives Index

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Book SynopsisIn the last decade biodiversity loss and persistent poverty in developing countries have been recognised as major international problems that require urgent attention. However, the nature and scale of the links between these two problems, and between efforts to address them, has been the subject of much heated debate. Understanding the different elements of this debate is critical if we are to move towards constructive solutions. This Reader provides a guide to, and commentary on, the different strands of the current conservation-poverty debate through a selection of key readings from both the conservation and development literature including policy documents, journal articles and reports. The breadth of material will help readers, including both students and professionals, to locate current debates within their wider contexts. Among the areas of debate covered are: ' The lack of attention to biodiversity concerns in international development policy ' The social implications of protectionist conservation policy ' The roles and responsibilities of conservation NGOs towards local communities ' The links between climate change, biodiversity and poverty reduction, and in particular the implication of discussions around reduced emissions from deforestation (REDD) as a climate change mitigation strategy.Trade Review'We are at the threshold of an exciting but fraught new paradigm that compels conservation NGOs to shift from the notion that nature must be protected from people, to embracing the realization that natural systems must be conserved for people. This timely and important book is a must read for all who are ready to explore and examine the challenging new frontier that links conservation with human well-being.' – Steve McCormick, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, USA 'Biodiversity provides essential goods and services that people everywhere - above all poor people -- depend on. And it helps people cope with change and manage risk. Yet too often development erodes biodiversity, and too often conservation has been promoted without engaging poor people and without caring for their needs and rights. This book provides a valuable toolkit that will assist all those seeking to eradicate poverty, conserve biodiversity, and manage the trade-offs between these fundamental goals.' – David Cooper, Secretariat, Convention on Biological Diversity 'This book provides a stark reminder that one group's biosphere is another group's backyard. The rich biodiversity of our forests, coasts, and grasslands stands in contrast with the poverty of the people living there. The plants, people, and animals in these landscapes are inextricably connected. In this outstanding reader leading experts describe and debate those connections. No easy answers here, but who said life was simple. This is definitely worth the read.' – David Kaimowitz, Ford Foundation 'The collection of writings thoroughly explains the complex relationships between conservation and poverty reduction. It is possible to imagine motivated and careful readers to become well enough informed after finishing this book to work in the field or want to.' – Crosslands: Bulletin on Business, Law and the Environment 'The editors have drawn together a galaxy of authors who bring expertise on all aspects of biodiversity loss, conservation, poverty and its alleviation. In fact the book may be regarded as a manual on these two subjects with a wealth of references, experiences and perspectives.' – Professor John Hodges, AGRI 'The breadth of material will help readers, including students and professionals, to locate current debates within their wider contexts.' – Abstracts of Public Administration, Development, and Environment. "The editors (Dilys Roe and Joanna Elliot) have carefully structured the Reader to cover a range of important issues and provide a clear and helpful commentary on the individual articles ... Many of the articles are thought provoking and likely to stimulate renewed discussion on the difficult questions that confront those interested in the topic" – Toby Hodgkin, Experimental AgricultureTable of Contents1. Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Reduction: An Introduction to the Debate Part I: Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Reduction - Where, How and Why? Editors' Introduction 2. Biodiversity Conservation and the Eradication of Poverty 3.Linking Conservation and Poverty Reduction: Landscapes, People and Power 4. Poverty, Development and Biodiversity Conservation: Shooting in the Dark? 5. Livelihoods, Forests and Conservation in Developing Countries: An Overview Part II: Conservation's Place in International Development Editors' Introduction 6. Integrating the Rio Conventions into Development Co-operation 7. Wildlife and Poverty Study 8. Striking a Balance: Ensuring Conservation's Place on the International Biodiversity Assistance Agenda 9. Report of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group of Review of Implementation of the Convention 10. Contested Relationships between Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation 11. Poverty and Conservation: The New Century's 'Peasant Question?' 12. Making Poverty Reduction Irreversible: Development Implications of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Part III: Conservation Policy and Protectionism Editors' Introduction 13. Protected Areas and Poverty - The Linkages and How to Address Them 14. Conservation Policy and Indigenous Peoples 15. The Role of Protected Areas in Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Local Livelihoods. 16. Eviction for Conservation: A Global Overview 17. Political Ecology and the Costs and Benefits of Protected Areas 18. A Property Rights Approach to Understanding Human Displacement from Protected Areas: The Case of Marine Protected Areas Part IV: Conservation NGOs and Poor People Editors' Introduction 19. Two Agendas on Amazon Development 20. International Conservation Organisations and the Fate of Local Tropical Forest Conservation Initiatives 21. A Challenge to Conservationists 22. Conservation, Development and Poverty Alleviation: Time for a Change in Attitudes 23. Conserving What and for Whom? Why Conservation Should Help Meet Basic Needs in the Tropics 24. Disentangling the Links between Conservation and Poverty Reduction in Practice Part V: New Developments: Ecosystem Services, Carbon and Climate Change Editors' Introduction 25. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends 26. Selling Out on Nature (and letters in response) 27. Payments for Environmental Services and the Poor: Concepts and Preliminary Evidence 28. Climate, Carbon, Conservation and Communities 29. Protecting the Future: Carbon, Forests, Protected Areas and Local Livelihoods 30. Seeing REDD? Forests, Climate Change Mitigation the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities Part VI: Moving Beyond the Debate - The Need for Conservation-poverty Partnerships Editors' Introduction 31. Partnerships for Conservation and Poverty Reduction 32. Common Ground between Anthropology and Conservation Biology 33. Thinking Like a Human: Social Science and the Two Cultures Problem

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Book SynopsisThe purpose of this book is to assess a variety of economic issues as they relate to agro-biodiversity and show how addressing these issues can assist in agro-biodiversity policy-making. This is illustrated using empirical data from some of the countries (Ethiopia, Nepal and Zambia) which are part of the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative. The empirical chapters apply the relevant economic methods, including regression analysis, choice experiments, hedonic pricing, contingent valuation and farm business income analysis. The authors discuss the economics of managing crop diversity on-farm in the context of crop variety attribute preferences, farmers' perception of agro-biodiversity loss, and value addition and marketing of the products of traditional crop varieties. The case studies include detailed analysis of traditional varieties of groundnut, maize, rice, sorghum, and teff. The results are relevant not only to GRPI countries but also to other countries concerned with the sustainable utilization of these resources. Overall, the studies illustrate how genetic resources issues can be integrated into rural development interventions.Trade Review'The book by Wale and collaborators helps to enlighten us about the deep rooted causes of agro-biodiversity loss. A very valuable addition to the libraries of policy makers, scientists and environmental and development NGOs concerned with this global problem.' Dr. Unai Pascual, Lecturer, Department of Land Economy, Cambridge 'Based on the Genetic Resources Policy Initiative (GRPI), which aims to strengthen the capacity of developing countries to design comprehensive policy frameworks for genetic resources, this book aims to document the range of economic issues of relevance to agro-biodiversity policy. In so doing, it succeeds to link results based on scientific, in this case economic, work to policy recommendations and thereby contributing to both the scientific as well as the policy discussion. Its major contribution to the scientific discussion is the application of various economic approaches (e.g., choice experiments, hedonic pricing, variety attribute preference ranking, contingent valuation and farm business income analysis) to empirically analyze the value chains of plant genetic resources used in food production. In that way the multi-dimensions of in situ conservation become better understood and it is easier to integrate in situ conservation policies into rural development interventions to address potential policy trade-offs. The enhanced economic understanding of the decision processes enables the improved design of well targeted conservation policies for both the traditional varieties well marketable (de facto conserved) and the threatened varieties, which need clear (financial) compensatory measures to be maintained by the farmers. By doing so, the book takes forward the policy discussion to make the conservation of plant genetic resources (used in food production) part of the broader rural development agenda.' Dr. Detlef Virchow, Food Security Center (FSC), University of Hohenheim, GermanyTable of ContentsPreface List of Contributors Part I: Setting the Scene 1. Introduction: Setting the Scene for GRPI Economics Part II: Variety Trait Preferences and On-Farm Conservation Policy 2. Economic Analysis of Ethiopian Farmers' Preferences for Crop Variety Attributes: A Choice Experiment Approach 3. Valuation of Rice Diversity in Nepal: A Trait-based Approach 4. Farmers' Perceptions on Replacement and Loss of Traditional Crop Varieties: Examples from Ethiopia and Implications Part III: Market Value Chains, Commercialization and On-farm Conservation Policy 5. Consumers' Attribute Preferences and Traders' Challenges Affecting the Use of Local Maize and Groundnut Varieties in Lusaka: Implications for Crop Diversity Policy 6. Commercialization and Market Linkages for Promoting the Use of Local Rice Varieties: A Nepalese Case Study Part IV: Conclusions and Outlook 7. Findings, Conclusions, Implications and Outlook Index

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Book SynopsisMany traditional approaches to rural land management are strictly sectoral, with a rigid introspective focus. Consequently the impact of silo-driven change on other land users they can often be overlooked or not appreciated. This book critically reviews why there has yet to be a clear route to upland resource management and provides insight and options for integrated transdisciplinary land management solutions for rural areas, specifically uplands. It considers the problem in order to derive appropriate solutions enhanced by a number of in-depth case studies by resource management professionals and the use of many examples of contemporary good practice from different uplands, organisations, projects and programmes.The overarching approach of the book is to provide a tool kit for those individuals, groups or organisations looking to manage the upland resource for the benefit of all. Readers are provided with a range of practical options to develop their own solutions. The book is written in such a way that readers can dip in and out of sections to plug knowledge gaps or read in its entirety for those experiencing a first foray into the complexities of upland resource management.Increasingly, rural areas are becoming recognised as a wider resource beyond traditional food, fibre and water, leading to inevitable management tensions. Goal setting, vision and strategy development, management planning, aims, objectives and prescription (actions) are considered and some of the new agendas for resource use in uplands which may be worth consideration for individual projects are explored. This comprehensive book deals with the implementation, advantages and disadvantages of a range of traditional and contemporary resource management approaches which are then expanded upon by a range of resource management professionals based on their own experiences. These case studies demonstrate the development of more effective projects and the book concludes by considering how work can be monitored and evaluated before ideas are synthesised for best practice.Trade Review'...this is a competent and thorough contribution, demostrating extensive knowledge and diligent research. It should serve as a standard reference of rural planning and economics, agriculture, human geography etc. It is also relevant to specialists within government departments, local authorities, national park administrations, environmental charities, environmental consultancies, land and forestry agents and larger rural estate offices...' Scottish Forestry, the RSFS journal​ -------------------- `A wonderfully comprehensive and insightful exploration of the multiplicity of issues affecting the uplands. The focus boxes are really good'. John Clarkson, Senior Lecturer Wildlife Conservation, Nottingham Trent University -------------------- `...we need more and better livelihoods in the uplands - Lois Mansfield's new book shows, with some much needed intellectual rigour, how this can be achieved. There's a nice set of tables...giving a pick-and-mix menu for upland resource management which is well worth thumbing through'. Alan Spedding, RuSource the rural information network and Royal Agricultural Society of England Members' Agri-Bulletin -------------------- `...an invaluable blueprint for the future. ...a narrative, interspersed with diagrams, coloured charts, tables, lists of all kinds to which you can refer for evidence and information. The results of an immense amount of research are summarised and acknowledged. Most interesting are the large sections of case studies of `working with people', and `working with territories'. ...this most complete reference book for the professionals, the scientist, the academic, or the amateur upland enthusiast. It's a one-book degree-course - highly recommended'. George Macpherson, Consultant Editor to Appropriate Technology MagazineTable of ContentsUpland resource management: why has it failed?; The character of traditional upland resource use; Setting goals for uplands; Resource appraisal techniques; Approaches to resource management; Case studies: working with people; Case studies: working with territories; Monitoring and evaluation; Upland resource management: new agendas; Glossary; References; Index

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Book SynopsisIt is vital that we adopt interdisciplinary approaches such as ecological economics to gain an understanding of the values that determine human interaction with, and use and abuse of, the environment. This book is a model of applied ecological economics. It presents an accessible introduction to the subject while at the same time broadening its theoretical basis by introducing a post-positivist, participatory method. The theoretical framework is applied to case studies in biodiversity conservation, drawn from around the world and a range of different ecosystems. The book is a suitable textbook for students of ecological economics and an ideal introduction for scientists and environmentalists needing to understand the role of economics in ecology and conservation.Trade Review'This text is well referenced and especially in the first part, it is advanced in its levels of analysis, ideas, and vocabulary...well worth reading.' Patrick W. Colgan, Biodiversity, Journal of Life on Earth, 2001.Table of ContentsPart I: Methodology, Paradigms, Ethics and Participation - Introduction and Background * Scientific Methodology * Paradigms and Environmental Decision-making * Economics, Intergenerational Equity and Biodiversity Conservation * Economics, Land Use Planning and Participation * Part II: Case Studies - Conflict and Agreement in Australian Forests * Marine Conservation Through Collaboration and Partnership: Recent Australian Experiences * Biodiversity Conservation in Indonesia: Policy and Politics * From Top-down to Participatory Planning: Conservation Lessons from the Adirondack Park, United States * Policy, Institutions, Values and Biodiversity Conservation in Vanuatu * Negotiating Agendas in Biodiversity Conservation: The India Ecodevelopment Project, Karnataka * Conflict Management in community-based Natural Resource Projects: Experiences from the Lakekamu Basin Integrated Conservation and Development Project, Papua New Guinea * References * Index

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Book SynopsisAlaska in the early 1950s was one of the world's last great undeveloped areas. Yet sweeping changes were underway. In l958 Congress awarded the new state over 100 million acres to promote economic development. In 1971, it gave Native groups more than 40 million acres to settle land claims and facilitate the building of an 800-mile oil pipeline. Spurred by the newly militant environmental movement, it also began to consider the preservation of Alaska's magnificent scenery and wildlife. Northern Landscapes is an essential guide to Alaska's recent past and to contemporary local and national debates over the future of public lands and resources. It is the first comprehensive examination of the campaign to preserve wild Alaska through the creation of a vast system of parks and wildlife refuges. Drawing on archival sources and interviews, Daniel Nelson traces disputes over resources alongside the politics of the Alaska statehood movement. He provides in-depth coverage of the growth of Alaskan environmental organizations, their partnerships with national groups, and their participation in political campaigns into the 1970s and after. Engagingly written, Northern Landscapes focuses on efforts to persuade public officials to recognize the value of Alaska's mountains, forests, and wildlife. That activity culminated in the passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980, which set aside more than 100 million acres, doubling the size of the national park and wildlife refuge systems, and tripling the size of the wilderness preservation system. Arguably the single greatest triumph of environmentalism, ANILCA also set the stage for continuing battles over the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and Alaska's national forests.Trade Review'This detailed description of the conservation history of our 49th state provides valuable context and background. . . .Offers direct, often terse narrative that brings us right into the action and lets us share the often agonizing suspense.' Alaska Report, Sierra ClubTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Prologue: Washington, December 1980 Part I. Seedtime: Alaska to the 1960s 1. The Emergence of Alaska 2. Conservation in Transition Part II. Wilderness Politics: Alaska, 1960s-1976 3. Alaska Upheavals 4. Congressional Responses 5. Southeast Alaska and the Wilderness Movement 6. Oil Age Discontents Part III. The ANILCA Campaign: Alaska and Washington, 1977-1980 7. Congress Deliberates 8. Birth of ANILCA Postscript: Alaska in the 1980s and Beyond Notes Index

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to bring together multidisciplinary research in the field of green infrastructure design, construction and ecology. The main core of the volume is constituted by contributions dealing with green infrastructure, vegetation science, nature-based solutions and sustainable urban development. The green infrastructure and its ecosystem services, indeed, are gaining space in both political agendas and academic research. However, the attention is focused on the services that nature is giving for free to and for human health and survival. What if we start to see things from another perspective? Our actions shall converge for instance to turn man-made environment like cities from heterotrophic to autotrophic ecosystems. From landscape ecology to urban and building design, like bricks of a wall, from the small scale to the bigger landscape scale via ecological networks and corridors, we should start answering these questions: what are the services that are we offering to Nature? What are we improving? How to implement our actions? This book contains three Open Access chapters, which are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).Table of ContentsPreface.- Acknowledgements.- Chapter 1. Urban Services to Ecosystems: An introduction (Riccardo Guarino, Maria Beatrice Andreucci, Manfredi Leone, Francesca Bretzel, Salvatore Pasta & Chiara Catalano).- Part I: Green Infrastructure, Urban Ecology and Vegetation Science.- Chapter 2. Improving extensive green roofs for endangered ground-nesting birds (Nathalie Baumann, Chiara Catalano & Salvatore Pasta).- Chapter 3. A plant sociological procedure for the ecological design and enhancement of urban green infrastructure (Chiara Catalano, Salvatore Pasta & Riccardo Guarino).- Chapter 4. Functional and phylogenetic characteristics of vegetation: effects on constructed green infrastructure (Amy Heim, Garland Xie & Jeremy Lundholm).- Chapter 5. Green Infrastructure within urban and rural landscapes following Landscape Bionomics (Vittorio Ingegnoli).- Chapter 6. Roof greening with native plant species of dry sandy grasslands in northwestern Germany (Kathrin Kiehl, Daniel Jeschke & Roland Schröder).- Chapter 7. Nature-Based Solutions as Tools for Monitoring the Abiotic and Biotic Factors in Urban Ecosystems (Federica Larcher, Chiara Baldacchini, Chiara Ferracini, Monica Vercelli, Martina Ristorini, Luca Battisti & Carlo Calfapietra).- Chapter 8. Anthosart Green Tool: selecting species for green infrastructure design (Patrizia Menegoni, Riccardo Guarino, Sandro Pignatti, Claudia Trotta, Francesca Lecce, Federica Colucci, Maria Sighicelli & Loris Pietrelli).- Chapter 9. Stewardship innovation: the forgotten component in maximising the value of urban nature-based solutions (Caroline Nash, Heather Rumble & Stuart Connop).- Chapter 10. Nature as model: Evaluating the mature vegetation of early extensive green roofs (Christine Thuring & Nigel Dunnett).- Chapter 11. Less is more: soil and substrate quality as an opportunity for urban greening and biodiversity conservation (Francesca Vannucchi, Francesca Bretzel, Roberto Pini & Heather Rumble).- Part II: Planning and Implementation of Green Infra-structure.- Chapter 12. Public Nature: The Contribution of Urban Agriculture to New Green Infrastructure in Japan (Noriko Akita).- Chapter 13. Anticipating an Urban Green Infrastructure Design for the Turkish Mediterranean City of Antalya (Meryem Atik, Veli Ortaçesme & Emrah Yildirim).- Chapter 14. Multifunctional ecological networks as framework for landscape and spatial planning in Italy (Serena D’ambrogi & Matteo Guccione).- Chapter 15. The foodscape as ecological system. Landscape resources for r-urban bmetabolism, social empowerment and cultural production (Sara Favargiotti & Angelica Pianegonda).- Chapter 16. Policies and planning of urban Green Infrastructure and sustainable urban drainage systems (Daniele La Rosa & Viviana Pappalardo).- Chapter 17. Soil and Water Bioengineering as Natural Based Solutions (Paola Sangalli, João Paulo Fernandes & Guillermo Tardío).- Chapter 18. Guided by Water: Green Infrastructure Planning and Design Adapted To Climate Change (Camila Gomes Sant’anna, Ian Mell & Luciana Bongiovanni Martins Schenk).- Chapter 19. Abandoned Lands on Lower Danube’s Urban Front as Opportunity to Enhance the River Corridor and the Urban Green Infrastructure (Angelica - Ionela Stan & Mihaela Hărmănescu).- Chapter 20. The Collserola Special Protection Plan (PEPNat): a bid for coresponsibility in agricultural and forest management (Eugènia Vidal-Casanovas, Laura Cid, Antoni Farrero, Patricia García-Rodríguez & Kyriaki Ilousi).- Part III: Nature-Based Solutions and Innovative Design Approaches.- Chapter 21. Exploring Regenerative Co-benefits of Biophilic Design for People and the Environment (Maria Beatrice Andreucci, Angela Loder, Beth Mcgee, Jelena Brajković & Martin Brown).- Chapter 22. Design the Urban Microclimate: Nature-based Solutions and Technology at Nexus (Silvia Coccolo, Marco Delli Paoli, Alessandro Stracqualursi & Maria Beatrice Andreucci).- Chapter 23. Evolution of the Approaches to Planting Design of Parks and Gardens as Main Greenspaces of Green Infrastructure (Maria Ignatieva).- Chapter 24. Environment in megacities: Tehran Waterscapes (Manfredi Leone, Ayda Alehashemi & Giuditta Lo Tauro).- Chapter 25. Cities facing the Wild (Annalisa Metta & Maria Livia Olivetti).- Chapter 26. Biodiverse Cities: Exploring multifunctional green infrastructure for ecosystem services and human well-being (Alessio Russo & Katie A. Holzer).- Chapter 27. In Consideration of the Tree: The importance of structure and function in the realization of Ecological Design (Naomi Zürcher).- Index

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Book SynopsisWas ist Biodiversität?.- Globale Artenvielfalt taxonomische und räumliche Charakteristika.- Hauptfaktoren des Artensterbens (globale Biodiversitätskrise: weltweit, Mitteleuropa).- Warum brauchen wir biologische Vielfalt (biodiversity an human well-being).- Wie kann man die funktionale Bedeutung von Arten untersuchen?.- Vom Phänomen zum Mechanismus: Wie koexistieren Arten und wie funktionieren Ökosysteme?.- Schutz der biologischen Vielfalt: Was ist zu tun?.

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Book SynopsisAlthough the unique flora of the Socotra Archipelago with its high degree of endemism has received much attention recently, little information is available on the vegetation and related ecological aspects. Based on their extensive field experience of the region, the authors have assimilated a vast amount of knowledge to produce this book, which gives a detailed insight into the plant ecology of Socotra, designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2008. The book is divided into seven chapters. After a brief introduction and overviews of important abiotic features, various aspects of the vascular flora are presented in Chapter 4, together with accounts of the bryophyte and lichen flora. Ecology and adaptive strategies of the plants are dealt with in Chapter 5, and Chapter 6 gives a concise description of the main vegetation units. Finally, important management issues of the vegetation are discussed, an essential topic to ensure preservation of the natural heritage of the archipelago.Table of ContentsPreface.- Acknowledgements.- 1. Introduction.- 2.- Topography, Climate and Soils.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Topography.- 2.3. Climate and weather patterns.- 2.4. Soils.- 3. Geology.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. General geology and structure.- 3.3. Basement rocks.- 3.4. Triassic and Jurassic strata.- 3.5. Cretaceous strata.- 3.6. Tertiary strata.- 3.7. Quaternary deposits.- 3.8. Brief geology of the ancillary islands.- 3.9. Brief tectonic and climate history of the region.- 4. Flora and Biogeography.- 4.1. History of botanical exploration.- 4.2. Vascular plants.- 4.2.1. General attributes of the flora of Socotra.- 4.2.2. Characteristic distribution patterns.- 4.2.3. Endemism.- 4.2.3.1. Endemic taxa.- 4.2.3.2. Palaeoendemics and neoendemics.- 4.2.4. Origins of the Socotra flora and colonisation of the islands.- 4.2.4.1. Dispersal and vicariance.- 4.2.4.2. Long-distance dispersal.- 4.2.4.3. Examples of dispersal and vicariance in the flora of Socotra.- 4.2.4.4. Dispersal and vicariance in the fauna of Socotra.- 4.2.4.5. Invaders and colonizers.- 4.3. Ferns.- 4.4. Non-vascular cryptogams.- 4.4.1. Bryophytes.- 4.4.2. Lichens.- 5. Ecology and Adaptive Strategies.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Adaptation of plants to desert ecosystems.- 5.2.1. Photosynthetic pathways.- 5.2.2. Plant water relations.- 5.2.2.1. Leaf and stem adaptations to counteract low water potentials.- 5.2.2.2. Root systems.- 5.2.3. Energy balance.- 5.2.3.1. Energy balance and leaf morphology 5.2.3.2. Energy balance and water cycling.- 5.2.3.3. Leaf anatomy, reflectance, orientation.- 5.3. Adaptation of plants to highly saline ecosystems.- 5.4. Adaptation of plants to high-montane ecosystems.- 5.5. Life and growth-forms.- 5.5.1. Raunkiaer life-form classification.- 5.5.2. Growth-form classification of Socotran plants.- 5.5.2.1. Drought-deciduous trees.- 5.5.2.2. Drought-deciduous shrubs and dwarf shrubs.- 5.5.2.3. Evergreen trees and shrubs.- 5.5.2.4. Phreatophytes.- 5.5.2.5. Aphyllous spartinoid shrubs.- 5.5.2.6. Stem and leaf succulents.- 5.5.2.7. Caespitose graminoids.- 5.5.2.8. Stoloniferous perennial graminoids.- 5.5.2.9. Cliff-dwelling perennials.- 5.5.2.10. Cushion and mat-forming plants.- 5.5.2.11. Lianas.- 5.5.2.12. Epiphytes.- 5.5.2.13. Ephemerals.- 5.5.2.14. Parasitic plants.- 5.5.3. Life-form analysis.- 5.6. Adaptive strategies.- 5.6.1. Relating net carbon gain to environmental stress in arid ecosystems.- 5.6.2. Plant strategies in arid ecosystems.- 5.6.3. r/K-selection theory and the three-strategy CSR classification system of Grime.- 5.7. Pollination.- 5.8. Seed dispersal and germination.- 6. Vegetation.- 6.1. General comments on the vegetation.- 6.2. Broad vegetation classification.- 6.3. Vegetation of the different altitudinal belts.- 6.3.1. Coastal vegetation types.- 6.3.1.1. Sea-grass beds.- 6.3.1.2. Sandy beaches, coastal sand sheets and dunes.- 6.3.1.3. Mangroves: Avicennia marina community.- 6.3.1.4. Salt-marsh and sabkha vegetation: Arthrocnemum macrostachyum community.- 6.3.1.5. Salt-marsh and sabkha vegetation: Limonium sokotranum community.- 6.3.1.6. Other salt-marsh and sabkha vegetation.- 6.3.2. Vegetation of the coastal plains.- 6.3.2.1. Croton socotranus community.- 6.3.2.2. Tephrosia apollinea stands.- 6.3.2.3. Acacia edgeworthii community.- 6.3.2.4. Pulicaria stephanocarpa community.- 6.3.2.5. Indigofera pseudointricata–Salsola spinescens community.- 6.3.2.6. Limonium paulayanum community.- 6.3.2.7. Other vegetation types of the plains.- 6.3.3. Vegetation of the wadis at lower and middle altitudes.- 6.3.3.1. Characteristic species and assemblages of the wadis.- 6.3.4. Vegetation of lower-altitude rocky slopes.- 6.3.4.1. Adenium obesum community.- 6.3.4.2. Dwarf stem succulent communities.- 6.3.5. Vegetation of the cliffs and crevices.- 6.3.5.1. Characteristic species and assemblages of the cliffs.- 6.3.6. Vegetation of the mid-elevation plateaus and gentle slopes.- 6.3.6.1. Buxanthus pedicellatus–Dracaena cinnabari woodland of the mid-elevation limestone plateaus.- 6.3.6.2. Other vegetation types.- 6.3.6.3. Lower montane woodland.- 6.3.7. Vegetation of the montane and high-montane cloud zone.- 6.3.7.1. Cephalocroton socotranus community.- 6.3.8. Other montane vegetation types.- 6.3.9. Vegetation of the high-montane granite peaks.- 6.3.9.1. Leucas hagghierensis–Pittosporum viridiflorum community.- 6.3.9.2. Helichrysum–Hypericum dwarf shrub communities.- 6.3.10. Vegetation of wet flushes and other semi-aquatic habitats.- 6.4. Vegetation map of Socotra.- 6.5. Potential natural vegetation.- 7. Environmental Management.- 7.1. General introduction.- 7.2. Habitat degradation and desertification.- 7.3. Direct causes of ecosystem degradation.- 7.3.1. Effects of overgrazing.- 7.3.2. Soil erosion.- 7.3.3. Wood-collecting and deforestation.- 7.3.4. Infrastructure development.- 7.3.5. Impacts of drought.- 7.3.6. Potential impacts of climate change.- 7.3.7. Water extraction.- 7.3.8. Invasive species.- 7.3.9. Rubbish.- 7.4. Regeneration of the natural vegetation.- 7.4.1. Restoration.- 7.4.2. Native plant production.- 7.5. Conservation of the flora of Socotra.- 7.5.1. The conservation of Dracaena cinnabari.- 7.5.2. The conservation of Boswellia elongate.- 7.6. Coordination of conservation efforts.- 7.6.1. Conservation zoning plan.- Appendix 1. List of vascular plant species of the Socotra archipelago.- Appendix 2. List of bryophytes of Socotra.- Appendix 3. List of lichens of Socotra.- References.- Index

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