Biochemistry Books

Book SynopsisThis book is part of a set of books which offers advanced students successive characterization tool phases, the study of all types of phase (liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component), process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, and the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention has been given to the rigor of mathematical developments. This fifth volume is devoted to the study of transformations and equilibria between phases. First- and second-order pure phase transformations are presented in detail, just as with the macroscopic and microscopic approaches of phase equilibria. In the presentation of binary systems, the thermodynamics of azeotropy and demixing are discussed in detail and applied to strictly-regular solutions. Eutectic and peritectic points are examined, as well as the reactions that go with them. The study of ternary systems then introduces the concepts of ternary azeotropes and eutectics. For each type of solid-liquid system, the interventions of definite compounds with or without congruent melting are taken into account. The particular properties of the different notable points of a diagram are also demonstrated.Table of ContentsPreface xi Notations and Symbols xv Chapter 1. Phase Transformations of Pure Substances 1 1.1. Standard state: standard conditions of a transformation 1 1.2. Classification and general properties of phase transformations 2 1.2.1. First-order transformations and the Clapeyron relation 4 1.2.2. Second-order transformations 7 1.3. Liquid–vapor transformations and equilibrium states 16 1.3.1. Method of two equations of state, using the Clapeyron equation 16 1.3.2. Gibbs energy and fugacity method 18 1.3.3. Unique equation of state method 19 1.3.4. The region of the critical point and spinodal decomposition 21 1.3.5. Microscopic modeling 22 1.3.6. Liquid–vapor equilibrium in the presence of an inert gas 26 1.4. Solid–vapor transformations and equilibriums 28 1.4.1. Macroscopic treatment 28 1.4.2. Microscopic treatment 29 1.5. Transformations and solid–liquid equilibria 30 1.5.1. Macroscopic treatment 31 1.5.2. Microscopic treatment 31 1.6. Diagram for the pure substance and properties of the triple point 32 1.7. Allotropic and polymorphic varieties of a solid 35 1.7.1. Enantiotropy 36 1.7.2. Monotropy 39 1.7.3. Transition from enantiotropy to monotropy and vice versa 39 1.8. Mesomorphic states 40 Chapter 2. Properties of Equilibria Between Binary Phases 43 2.1. Classification of equilibria between the phases of binary systems 43 2.2. General properties of two-phase binary systems 45 2.2.1. Equilibrium conditions for two-phase binary systems 45 2.2.2. Conditions of evolution of a two-phase binary system 46 2.3. Graphical representation of two-phase binary systems 47 2.3.1. Gibbs energy graphs 47 2.3.2. Phase diagram in the mono- and bi-phase zones 53 2.3.3. Isobaric cooling curves 63 2.4. Isobaric representation of three-phase binary systems 66 2.4.1. Gibbs energy curve 66 2.4.2. Isobaric phase diagram in tri-phase regions 68 2.4.3. Isobaric cooling curves with tri-phase zones 70 2.5. Isothermal phase diagrams 72 2.6. Composition/composition curves 73 2.7. Activity of the components and consequences of Raoult’s and Henry’s laws 73 Chapter 3. Equilibria Between Binary Condensed Phases 75 3.1. Equilibria between phases of the same nature: liquid–liquid or solid–solid 76 3.1.1. Thermodynamics of demixing 76 3.1.2. Demixing in the case of low reciprocal solubilities 79 3.1.3. Demixing of strictly-regular solutions 81 3.2. Liquid–solid systems 84 3.2.1. Thermodynamics of the equilibria between a liquid phase and a solid phase 86 3.2.2. Isobaric phase diagrams of equilibria between a solid and a liquid 90 3.2.3. Solidus and liquidus in the vicinity of the pure substance 97 3.3. Equilibria between two solids with two polymorphic varieties of the solid 100 3.4. Applications of solid–liquid equilibria 102 3.4.1. Solubility of a solid in a liquid: Schröder–Le Châtelier law 102 3.4.2. Determination of molar mass by cryometry 104 3.5. Membrane equilibria – osmotic pressure 106 3.5.1. Thermodynamics of osmotic pressure 107 3.5.2. Osmotic pressure of infinitely-dilute solutions: the Van ‘t the Hoff law 109 3.5.3. Application of osmotic pressure to the determination of the molar mass of polymers 110 3.5.4. Osmotic pressure of strictly-regular solutions 111 3.5.5. Osmotic pressure and the osmotic coefficient 112 Chapter 4. Equilibria Between Binary Fluid Phases 113 4.1. Thermodynamics of liquid–vapor equilibrium in a binary system 113 4.2. Liquid–vapor equilibrium in perfect solutions far from the critical conditions 117 4.2.1. Partial pressures and total pressure of a perfect solution 118 4.2.2. Isothermal diagram of a perfect solution 119 4.2.3. Isobaric diagram of a perfect solution 120 4.2.4. Phase composition curve 121 4.3. Liquid–gas equilibria in ideal dilute solutions 122 4.4. Diagrams of the liquid–vapor equilibria in real solutions 125 4.4.1. Total miscibility in the liquid phase 125 4.4.2. Partial miscibility in the liquid phase, heteroazeotropes 128 4.5. Thermodynamics of liquid–vapor azeotropy 129 4.5.1. Relation between the pressure of the azeotrope and the activity coefficients of the liquid phase at the azeotropic composition 129 4.5.2. Relation between the activity coefficient and the temperature of the azeotrope 130 4.6. Liquid–vapor equilibria and models of solutions 132 4.6.1. Liquid–vapor equilibria in strictly-regular solutions 132 4.6.2. Liquid–vapor equilibrium in associated solutions 137 4.7. Liquid–vapor equilibria in the critical region 140 4.8. Applications of liquid–vapor equilibria 143 4.8.1. Solubility of a gas in a liquid 143 4.8.2. Determination of molar masses by tonometry 145 4.8.3. Determination of molar masses by ebulliometry 146 4.8.4. Continuous rectification or fractional distillation 149 Chapter 5. Equilibria Between Ternary Fluid Phases 163 5.1. Representation of the composition of ternary systems 163 5.1.1. Symmetrical representation of the Gibbs triangle 163 5.1.2. Dissymmetrical representation of the right triangle 168 5.2. Representation of phase equilibria 169 5.2.1. Isothermal projections 169 5.2.2. Conjugate points and conodes 170 5.2.3. Isopleth sections 171 5.3. Equilibria in liquid phases with miscibility gaps 171 5.3.1. Representation of the miscibility gap 171 5.3.2. Sharing in liquid–liquid systems 173 5.3.3. Application of sharing between two liquids to solvent extraction 177 5.4. Liquid–vapor systems 182 5.4.1. Isothermal and isopleth sections (boiling and dew) 182 5.4.2. Distillation trajectories 184 5.4.3. Systems with two distillation fields 186 5.4.4. Systems with three distillation fields 187 5.5. Examples of applications of ternary diagrams between fluid phases 187 5.5.1. Treatment of argentiferous lead 187 5.5.2. Purity of oil products: aniline point 188 5.5.3. Obtaining concentrated ethyl alcohol 189 Chapter 6. Equilibria Between Condensed Ternary Fluid Phases 191 6.1. Solidification of a ternary system with total miscibility in the liquid state and in the solid state 192 6.2. Solidification of a ternary system with no miscibility and with a ternary eutectic 192 6.2.1. Invariant transformations of a liquid–solid ternary system 193 6.2.2. Representations of the ternary system with no miscibility in the solid state 194 6.2.3. Lowering of the melting point of a binary system by the addition of a component 199 6.2.4. Slope at the ternary eutectic 202 6.3. Ternary systems with partial miscibilities in the solid state and ternary eutectic 204 6.4. Solidification of ternary systems with definite compounds 208 6.4.1. Ternary system with a binary definite compound binary with congruent melting 208 6.4.2. Generalization to the case of a ternary compound and of multiple definite compounds 211 6.4.3. Definite compound with incongruent melting: quasi-peritectic transformation 213 6.5. A peritectic transformation in one binary system and total miscibility in the other two 215 6.6. The ternary peritectic transformation 217 Bibliography 219 Index 221

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book features comparative perspectives on the field of chemical ecology, present and future, offered by scientists from a wide variety of disciplines. The scientists contributing to this book –biologists, ecologists, biochemists, chemists, biostatisticians – are interested in marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems and work on life forms ranging from micro-organisms to mammals, including humans, living in areas from the tropics to polar regions. Here, they cross their analyses of the present state of chemical ecology and its perspectives for the future. Those presented here include complex, multispecies communities and cover a wide range both of organisms and of the types of molecules that mediate the interactions between them. Up to now, no book has presented a solid scientific treatment of a wide range of examples. This book illustrates a diverse panel of the most advanced aspects of this rapidly expanding field.Table of ContentsForeword xiStéphanie THIÉBAULT and Françoise GAILL Introduction xiiiAnne-Geneviève BAGNÈRES and Martine HOSSAERT-MCKEY Chapter 1. Biodiversity and Chemical Mediation 1Bertrand SCHATZ, Doyle MCKEY and Thierry PÉREZ 1.1. Systematic and integrative taxonomy from chemical ecology 2 1.2. Scent communication between sexual partners 4 1.3. Scent communication between species 6 1.4. Chemical mimicry, to enhance reproduction 8 1.5. A dialog that sometimes evolves into an interaction network 10 1.6. Conclusions 18 1.7. Bibliography 18 Chapter 2. Chemical Ecology: An Integrative and Experimental Science 23Anne-Marie CORTESERO, Magali PROFFIT, Christophe DUPLAIS and Frédérique VIARD 2.1. Semiochemicals 23 2.2. Chemical ecology in multitrophic networks and co-evolution between species 28 2.3. Contribution of chemical ecology to the study of tropical plant diversification 32 2.4. When chemical ecology sheds light on the process of biological invasion – an example demonstratingintegration between chemistry and ecology 36 2.5. Protection is in the air: how plants defend themselves against phytophagous insects through VOC emissions 40 2.6. Conclusions 43 2.7. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Scents in the Social Life of Non-Human and Human Primates 47Marie CHARPENTIER, Guillaume ODONNE and Benoist SCHAAL 3.1. Primate societies and their complex systems of communication 47 3.2. The role of odors in human communication 53 3.2.1. Human odors convey a large panel of cues 53 3.2.2. Body odors reflect internal states 55 3.2.3. What are the functions of social smells in human daily life? 56 3.2.4. Human pheromones, fact or fiction? 59 3.3. The senses of smell and taste in the search for food and remedies 61 3.3.1. Interactions between senses and food in primates 61 3.3.2. Senses and self-medication in animals 62 3.3.3. Senses in human therapies 63 3.3.4. An evolutionary conception of the link between senses and health 65 3.4. Conclusions – the adaptive functions of the sense of smell in “microsmatic” species 66 3.5. Bibliography 68 Chapter 4. Microbiota and Chemical Ecology 71Soizic PRADO, Catherine LEBLANC and Sylvie REBUFFAT 4.1. The protagonist microorganisms of chemical ecology 71 4.2. Strategies for the study of microbiota 72 4.2.1. How should the microbiota be characterized? 72 4.2.2. What tools are available to help understand the roles of the microbiota? 73 4.3. The molecular dialog of microorganisms 75 4.3.1. Language and social life of microorganisms 75 4.3.2. The AMPs, main actors in the equilibrium of bacterial communities 78 4.3.3. Fungi and bacteria communicate to better help each other 79 4.3.4. When helping each other degenerates into chemical warfare between bacteria and fungi 80 4.3.5. The Trichoderma fungi: heavy artillery against pathogenic fungi 80 4.4. Chemical communication between microorganisms and their hosts 81 4.4.1. Plant–bacteria relationships: essential interactions with different partners 81 4.4.2. Plants also establish intimate relations with fungi 83 4.4.3. Mutualist actinobacteria provide care to insects 85 4.4.4. Chemical communication between microorganisms and their host in the marine environment 87 4.5. Regulations and evolution of the interactions in changing ecosystems and environments 89 4.5.1. Contribution of chemical ecology to the understanding of biosynthesis mechanisms of chemical mediators 90 4.5.2. Metabolic networks: new tools for studying the evolution of host/microbiota interactions 91 4.6. Conclusions – from chemical ecology to future applications: impacts of the study of the microbiota 91 4.7. Bibliography 92 Chapter 5. From Chemical Ecology to Ecogeochemistry 95Catherine FERNANDEZ, Virginie BALDY and Nadine LE BRIS 5.1. Balance between primary and secondary metabolism 96 5.2. Role of secondary metabolites in biotic interactions and community structure 99 5.3. Secondary metabolites and ecosystem functioning: plant soil relation – brown food chain 103 5.4. Integration of biotic and abiotic dynamics: benthic marine microhabitats 109 5.5. Conclusions 114 5.6. Bibliography 114 Chapter 6. Omics in Chemical Ecology 117Sylvie BAUDINO, Christophe LUCAS and Carole SMADJA 6.1. Introduction: the different “omic” technologies 118 6.2. From “omics” to signals: identifying new active molecules 120 6.3. From “omics” to the ecology of communities: identifying chemical interactions of organisms in their environment 121 6.4. From “omics” to molecular bases: revealing the genetic and molecular bases of chemical interactions 122 6.5. From “omics” to physiology: characterizing the modes of production and the modes of reception of active molecules 127 6.6. From “omics” to the role of environment: understanding the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on interactions 128 6.7. From “omics” to evolution: understanding and predicting the adaptive value of chemical interactions 131 6.8. Conclusions and perspectives 133 6.9. Bibliography 134 Chapter 7. Metabolomic Contributions to Chemical Ecology 139Philippe POTIN, Florence NICOLÈ and Olivier P. THOMAS 7.1. Definition of metabolomics 139 7.2. Different strategies of the metabolomic approaches 140 7.3. The different steps for conducting a metabolomic study 141 7.3.1. Experimental design and sampling 142 7.3.2. Analytical approaches 144 7.3.3. Data processing 144 7.4. Applications of metabolomics 151 7.4.1. Chemical biodiversity and chemotaxonomy 151 7.4.2. Study of the regulation and evolution of metabolic/ biosynthesis pathways 152 7.4.3. Contributions to functional ecology 155 7.4.4. Application of metabolomics to the study of environmental disturbances 157 7.5. Conclusions 157 7.6. Bibliography 158 Chapter 8. Chemical, Biological and Computational Tools in Chemical Ecology 161Nicolas BARTHÈS, Jean-Claude CAISSARD, Jérémy JUST and Xavier FERNANDEZ 8.1. Chemical tools 161 8.1.1. Analytical tools of chromatography 161 8.1.2. Analytical approach by nuclear magnetic resonance 168 8.1.3. Secondary metabolite imagery techniques 170 8.2. Sequencing tools 173 8.2.1. Principles, strengths and limitations of NGS 174 8.2.2. Major domains of NGS applications 175 8.3. Databases: biodiversity in silico 179 8.3.1. Databases of chemical compounds and general ecology 180 8.3.2. Databases for the omics that can be used in chemical ecology 181 8.4. Conclusions 183 8.5. Bibliography 183 Chapter 9. Academic and Economic Values of Understanding Chemical Communication 185Bernard BANAIGS, Ali AL MOURABIT, Guillaume CLAVE and Claude GRISON 9.1. Nature as a model 185 9.2. Nature as a model for development of new molecules of interest 187 9.2.1. From chemical mediators to new bioactive structural archetypes 188 9.2.2. Biosynthesis and biomimetic synthesis 192 9.2.3. Chemical mediators and ligand/receptor interactions: to the discovery of new cellular receptors and biochemical tools 195 9.3. Chemical ecology and sustainable development 196 9.3.1. Bio-control 198 9.3.2. Bio-inspired chemistry and remedial phytotechnologies 200 9.4. Conclusions 205 9.5. Bibliography 205 Conclusion 207Martine HOSSAERT-MCKEY and Anne-Geneviève BAGNÈRES Glossary 213 List of Authors 217 Index 221

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis third volume in the Handbook of Food Science and Technology Set explains the processing of raw materials into traditional food (bread, wine, cheese, etc.). The agri-food industry has evolved in order to meet new market expectations of its products; with the use of separation and assembly technologies, food technologists and engineers now increasingly understand and control the preparation of a large diversity of ingredients using additional properties to move from the raw materials into new food products. Taking into account the fundamental basis and technological specificities of the main food sectors, throughout the three parts of this book, the authors investigate the biological and biochemical conversions and physicochemical treatment of food from animal sources, plant sources and food ingredients.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Gérard Brulé Part 1 Food from Animal Sources 1 Chapter 1 From Milk to Dairy Products 3 Thomas Croguennec, Romain Jeantet and Pierre Schuck 1.1 The biochemistry and physical chemistry of milk 3 1.1.1 Milk fat 4 1.1.2 Carbohydrates 8 1.1.3 Proteins 10 1.1.4 Milk minerals 15 1.2 Biological and physicochemical aspects of milk processing 17 1.2.1 The stability of fat globules 17 1.2.2 Protein stability 19 1.3 Dairy product technology 25 1.3.1 Liquid milk 25 1.3.2 Fermented milk products 29 1.3.3 Milk powder 32 1.3.4 Cheese 39 1.3.5 Cream and butter 58 Chapter 2 From Muscle to Meat and Meat Products 65 Catherine Guérin 2.1 The biochemistry of muscle (land animals and fish) 65 2.1.1 The structure and composition of meat and fish muscle 66 2.1.2 Muscle structure 73 2.1.3 Proteins 78 2.1.4 Carbohydrates 88 2.1.5 Vitamins and minerals 88 2.2 Biological and physicochemical changes in muscle 89 2.2.1 Muscle contraction 89 2.2.2 Changes in muscle after death 91 2.3 Meat and fish processing technology 102 2.3.1 Meat processing technology 102 2.3.2 Fish processing technology 109 Chapter 3 From Eggs to Egg Products 115 Marc Anton, Valérie Lechevalier and Françoise Nau 3.1 Chicken egg – raw material in the egg industry 117 3.1.1 Structure and composition 117 3.1.2 Biochemical and physicochemical properties of the protein and lipid fractions of egg 120 3.2 Physicochemical properties of the different egg fractions 125 3.2.1 Interfacial properties 125 3.2.2 Gelling properties 131 3.3 The egg industry: technology and products 136 3.3.1 Decontamination of shells 138 3.3.2 Breaking and separation of the egg white and yolk 138 3.3.3 Primary processing of egg products – decontamination and stabilization 139 3.3.4 Secondary processing of egg products 142 3.3.5 Egg extracts 143 Part 2 Food from Plant Sources 145 Chapter 4 From Wheat to Bread and Pasta 147 Hubert Chiron and Philippe Roussel 4.1 Biochemistry and physical chemistry of wheat 150 4.1.1 Overall composition 150 4.1.2 Structure and properties of the constituents 154 4.2 Biological and physicochemical factors of wheat processing 163 4.2.1 Development of texture 164 4.2.2 Development of color and flavor 170 4.3 The technology of milling, bread making and pasta making 172 4.3.1 Processing of wheat into flour and semolina 172 4.3.2 Bread making 180 4.3.3 Pasta making 195 Chapter 5 From Barley to Beer 205 Romain Jeantet and Ludivine Perrocheau 5.1 Biochemistry and structure of barley and malt 205 5.1.1 Morphology of barley grain 206 5.1.2 Biochemical composition of barley 207 5.1.3 Composition and structure of starch and protein 208 5.1.4 Effect of malting 209 5.2 Biological and physicochemical factors of processing 213 5.2.1 Enzymatic degradation of starch and protein 214 5.2.2 Fermentability of the wort 220 5.3 Brewing technology 221 5.3.1 Stages of malting 221 5.3.2 Stages of beer production 224 Chapter 6 From Fruit to Fruit Juice and Fermented Products 231 Alain Baron, Mohammad Turk and Jean-Michel Le Quéré 6.1 Fruit development 231 6.1.1 Stages of development 231 6.1.2 Fruit ripening 233 6.2 Biochemistry of fruit juice 237 6.2.1 Pectins 238 6.2.2 Pectinolytic enzymes 241 6.2.3 Bitter and astringent compounds 245 6.3 Fruit juice processing 249 6.3.1 Preparation of fruit 249 6.3.2 Pre-treatment 250 6.3.3 Pressing 250 6.3.4 Treatment of fruit juice 253 6.3.5 Pasteurization, high-pressure treatment, pulsed electric fields and concentration 262 6.4 Cider 264 6.4.1 French cider 264 6.4.2 Fermentation process 265 6.4.3 Action of microorganisms 267 6.4.4 Fermentation and post-fermentation 271 Chapter 7 From Grape to Wine 275 Thomas Croguennec 7.1 Raw materials 276 7.1.1 Grape variety 276 7.1.2 Composition of grapes 276 7.2 Winemaking techniques 280 7.2.1 State of the harvest and adjustments 281 7.2.2 Physicochemical processes involved in winemaking 282 7.2.3 Biological processes involved in winemaking: fermentation 285 7.3 Stabilization and maturation of wine 289 7.3.1 Biological stabilization 289 7.3.2 Physicochemical stabilization 290 7.3.3 Maturation of wine 291 7.4 Specific technology 292 7.4.1 Sparkling wines (traditional method) 292 7.4.2 Sweet wines 293 Chapter 8 From Fruit and Vegetables to Fresh-Cut Products 297 Florence Charles and Patrick Varoquaux 8.1 Respiratory activity of plants 298 8.1.1 Measurement and modeling of respiratory activity 299 8.1.2 Control of respiratory activity 301 8.2 Enzymatic browning 302 8.2.1 Mechanism and evaluation 302 8.2.2 Prevention of enzymatic browning 303 8.3 Unit operations in the production of fresh-cut products: main scientific and technical challenges 304 8.3.1 Raw materials: selection of varieties and cultivation methods 306 8.3.2 Raw material quality control: grading 307 8.3.3 Trimming and mixing 307 8.3.4 Cutting 308 8.3.5 Washing and disinfection 309 8.3.6 Draining and drying 312 8.3.7 Weighing 313 8.3.8 Bagging 313 8.4 Modified atmosphere packaging 314 8.4.1 Diffusion of gases through packaging 315 8.4.2 Change in gas content in modified atmosphere packaging 317 8.5 Conclusion 319 Part 3 Food Ingredients 321 Chapter 9 Functional Properties of Ingredients 323 Gérard Brulé and Thomas Croguennec 9.1 Interactions with water: hydration and thickening properties 324 9.1.1 Types of interaction 324 9.1.2 Influence of hydrophilic components on water availability and mobility 325 9.1.3 Influence of hydration on the solubilization, structure and mobility of compounds 325 9.1.4 Effect of the hydration of components on rheological properties 326 9.2 Intermolecular interactions: texture properties 326 9.2.1 Aggregation/gelation by destabilization of macromolecules or particles 326 9.2.2 Aggregation/gelation by covalent cross-linking 327 9.2.3 Sol–gel transitions 329 9.2.4 Influence of denaturation kinetics and molecular interactions 329 9.3 Interfacial properties: foaming and emulsification 330 9.3.1 Interfacial tension 330 9.3.2 Surfactants 332 9.3.3 Emulsification and foaming 332 Chapter 10 Separation Techniques 335 Thomas Croguennec and Valérie Lechevalier 10.1 Proteins and peptides 335 10.1.1 Milk proteins and peptides 335 10.1.2 Extraction of lysozyme from egg white 346 10.1.3 Extraction of gelatin 348 10.1.4 Plant proteins 349 10.2 Carbohydrates 351 10.2.1 Sucrose 351 10.2.2 Lactose 364 10.2.3 Polysaccharides 369 10.3 Lipids 378 10.3.1 Production of vegetable oils 379 10.3.2 Lipid modification 383 10.4 Pigments and flavorings 391 10.4.1 Types of pigments and flavorings 391 10.4.2 Extraction/concentration of colorings and flavors 397 10.4.3 Formulation 400 Bibliography 403 List of Authors 417 Index 419

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume provides an authoritative account of the use of a wide range of spectroscopic methods in the analysis of lipids, with an emphasis on topics that are attracting special current attention. Some essential background theory is included within chapters.Trade Review"Fills [an] information gap, as it now combines all aspects of lipid structural analysis by various techniques in one single volume" - Lipid Technology NewsletterTable of ContentsIntroduction. Atomic spectroscopy for heavy metal determination in edible oils and fats. Lipid chemiluminescence. NMR in conjunction with GC-MS and UV methods: a case study in marine lipids. Pulse-NMR in the food science laboratory. Mass spectrometric techniques in the analysis of triacylglycerols. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry of lipids. Infrared spectroscopy of lipids: principles and applications. Electron spin resonance studies of lipids. UV / visible light spectroscopy of lipids. X-ray diffraction of lipids. Use of colorimetry. References. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume has been designed to offer a balanced account of the laboratory synthesis, industrial manufacture and biosynthesis of lipids. Authors describe the synthesis of all the major lipid classes, including new and revised procedures, and there are chapters devoted to the synthesis and manufacture of vitamin E, other natural antioxidants, sugar esters and ethers, and food surfactants. This authoritative work of reference has something for all lipid scientists and technologists. It is directed at chemists and technologists working in oils and fats processing, the food industry, the oleochemicals industry and the pharmaceutical industry; at analytical chemists and quality assurance personnel; and at lipid chemists in academic research laboratories.Trade Review"An important compilation, as comprehensive as possible and therefore 'a must' for any chemist synthesising lipids" - Fett / Lipid "An essential reference text for scientists interested in the synthesis or isolation of lipids" - Food Chemistry "There is sufficient and basic up-to-date material that it will be good for handy reference for a long time" - Food Research InternationalTable of ContentsPolyene acids; The availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (appendix to chapter 1); Isotopically labelled fatty acids; Synthesis of long-chain compounds with conjugated unsaturation; Eicosanoids: oxygenated derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids containing twenty carbon atoms; Synthesis of triacylglycerols; Chemical synthesis of glycerophospholipids and their analogs; Sphingolipids; Synthesis and production of vitamin E; The production of natural antioxidants (other than vitamin E); Enzymic processes; The preparation of derivatives for lipid analysis; Alkyl and acyl sugars; Synthesis and commercial preparation of surfactants for the food industry; Novel chemistry of delta-5 fatty acids; Lipid biosynthesis; References; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book discusses the various types of treatment and transport of emerging contaminants, to provide a concise and useful overview for the graduate or professional students. Subjects approached include types of emerging contaminants, potential treatment avenues including natural and engineered projects, and recent avenues of research. This text will provide a repository of general information for consultation and reference of the reader.

Read more less

Book SynopsisLipidomics forms part of the field of metabolomics, which in turn follows on from genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, in a top-down manner. It is the study of hydrophobic molecules called lipids; however, lipid molecular species are so numerous that investigators tend to subdivide global lipidomics into targeted lipidomic approaches. This book focuses on structural and mediator lipidomics, with a particular emphasis on their functional aspects. This includes lipids deserving of special interest for their structures (especially as parts of cell membranes or plasma lipoprotein particles) and lipids known for their biological activities, which mediate the action of cell agonists (for example, hormones, growth factors, etc.). The oxygenated metabolites of the major functional w6 and w3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in mammals, in particular arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids, are presented, with special attention paid to their structure-function relationships. These metabolites are very active, and their biological relevance was recognized early on with a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1982. Finally, general principles for the high performance analysis and characterization of lipid species are also presented. The book has been written for undergraduate students and scientists interested in the field of lipids. Clinicians will also be able to find useful information, due to the numerous references to pathophysiology.Table of ContentsBioactive lipids and their precursors Glycerolipids Lipids antioxidants and polyisoprenes Endocannabinoids Sphingolipids Steroids Methodologies Lipid extraction Physical-chemical analyses Lipidomics approaches Fluoxolipidomics Lipid imaging Plasma lipoproteins Lipid components Functional dynamics

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook teaches bioengineers critical concepts about protein three dimensional structures, how proteins fold, and how the folding affects the functioning of the protein. Protein folding has profound effects on the discovery of biopharmaceutical drugs (especially the transport of immunological compounds to their site of action) as well as on tissue engineering. Dr. Dods covers topics in easily understood terms through the use of glossaries heading each chapter and footnotes and summaries at the end of each chapter. The chapters cover disordered proteins and large sequences of disorder that exists within proteins, secondary structure (α-helix and β-pleated structure), tertiary and quaternary structure, post-translational changes, proteopathies, bioengineering approaches used to study protein folding, and computer software for protein folding. For each of these topics the elements of biomolecular imaging, cellular and tissue engineering, and health care systems engineering are built. Molecular engineering concepts such as site-directed mutagenesis are addressed. For reinforcement of the concepts presented in this text, activities and problems (Queries) are included in the chapter. Table of ContentsPreface.- Primary Structure.- Secondary Structure.- Tertiary Structure.- Quaternary Structure.- Post-Translational Changes.- Proteopathies.- Unusual Proteins.- Techniques Used to Study Protein Folding.- Software for Protein Folding.- Bioengineering.- Postscript.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this sixth edition of Jack Jie Li's seminal "Name Reactions", the author has added three or more synthetic applications of name reactions to reflect the recent advances in organic chemistry. As in previous editions, each reaction is delineated by its detailed step-by-step, electron-pushing mechanism and supplemented with the original and the latest references, especially from review articles. This book is not only an indispensable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students for learning and preparing exams, but is also a good reference book for all organic chemists in both industry and academia. Unlike other books on name reactions in organic chemistry, Name Reactions, A Collection of Detailed Reaction Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications focuses on the reaction mechanisms. It covers over 300 classical as well as contemporary name reactions.Table of ContentsFrom the content:Alder ene reaction.-Aldol condensation.-Algar–Flynn–Oyamada reaction.-Allan–Robinson reaction.-Arndt–Eistert homologation.-Baeyer–Villiger oxidation.-Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement.-Bamford–Stevens reaction.-Baran reagents.-Barbier reaction.-Bargellini reaction.-Bartoli indole synthesis.-Barton radical decarboxylation.-Barton–McCombie deoxygenation.-Barton nitrite photolysis.-Barton–Zard reaction.-Batcho–Leimgruber indole synthesis.-Baylis–Hillman reaction.-Beckmann rearrangement.-Abnormal Beckmann rearrangement.-Beirut reaction.-Benzilic acid rearrangement.-Benzoin condensation.-Bergman cyclization.-Biginelli reaction.-Birch reduction.-Bischler–Möhlau indole synthesis.-Bischler–Napieralski reaction.-Blaise reaction.-Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis.-Boekelheide reaction.-Boger pyridine synthesis.-Borch reductive amination.-Borsche–Drechsel cyclization.-Boulton–Katritzky rearrangement.-Bouveault aldehyde synthesis.-Bouveault–Blanc reduction.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook aims to describe the fascinating area of eukaryotic gene regulation for graduate students in all areas of the biomedical sciences. Gene expression is essential in shaping the various phenotypes of cells and tissues and as such, regulation of gene expression is a fundamental aspect of nearly all processes in physiology, both in healthy and in diseased states. Th is pivotal role for the regulation of gene expression makes this textbook essential reading for students of all the biomedical sciences, in order to be better prepared for their specialized disciplines. A complete understanding of transcription factors and the processes that alter their activity is a major goal of modern life science research. The availability of the whole human genome sequence (and that of other eukaryotic genomes) and the consequent development of next-generation sequencing technologies have significantly changed nearly all areas of the biological sciences. For example, the genome-wide location of histone modifications and transcription factor binding sites, such as provided by the ENCODE consortium, has greatly improved our understanding of gene regulation. Therefore, the focus of this book is the description of the post-genome understanding of gene regulation.Table of Contents1 Genes and chromatin1.1 Central dogma of molecular biology1.2 Impact of chromatin structure1.3 Epigenetics enables gene expression1.4 Gene regulation in the context of nuclear architecture2 Basal transcriptional machinery2.1 Core promoter2.2 TATA box and other core promoter elements2.3 Genome-wide core promoter identification2.4 TFIID and Mediator as paradigms of multi-protein complexes3 Transcription factors and signal transduction3.1 Site-specific transcription factors and their domains3.2 Classification of transcription factors3.3. Activation of transcription factors3.4 Programing cellular differentiation by transcription factors3.5 Inflammatory signaling via NF-B3.6 Sensing cellular stress via p534 A key transcription factor family: Nuclear receptors4.1 The nuclear receptor superfamily4.2 Molecular interactions of nuclear receptors4.3 Physiological role of nuclear receptors5 Genome-wide principles of gene regulation5.1 Next-generation sequencing5.2 Gene regulation in the context of Big Biology5.3 Exploring genome-wide transcription factor binding5.4 Integrating epigenome-wide datasets6 Chromatin modifiers6.1 Cytosines and their methylation6.2 Histone modifications6.3 Gene regulation via chromatin modifiers6.4 Sensing energy metabolism via chromatin modifiers7 Epigenetics7.1 Epigenetics and chromatin7.2 Genome-wide understanding of epigenetics7.3 CTCF and genetic imprinting7.4 Epigenetics in health and disease8 Chromatin remodeling and organization8.1 Nucleosome positioning at promoters8.2 Chromatin remodeling8.3 Transcriptional dynamics in the presence of chromatin8.4 Organization of the nucleus9 Regulatory impact of non-coding RNA9.1 Non-coding RNAs9.2 miRNAs and their regulatory potential9.3 Long ncRNAs9.4 Enhancer RNAs

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis open access book highlights concepts discussed at two international conferences that brought together world-renowned scientists to advance the science of potassium (K) recommendations for crops. There was general agreement that the potassium recommendations currently in general use are oversimplified, outdated, and jeopardize soil, plant, and human health. Accordingly, this book puts forward a significantly expanded K cycle that more accurately depicts K inputs, losses and transformations in soils. This new cycle serves as both the conceptual basis for the scientific discussions in this book and a framework upon which to build future improvements. Previously used approaches are critically reviewed and assessed, not only for their relevance to future enhancements, but also for their use as metrics of sustainability. An initial effort is made to link K nutrition in crops and K nutrition in humans. The book offers an invaluable asset for graduate students, educators, industry scientists, data scientists, and advanced agronomists.Table of ContentsAuthors and topics confirmed, but exact titles not finalized What are key issues in human and animal potassium nutrition? Michael Stone & Connie Weaver, Purdue University What can long-term research experiments teach us about potassium management? Keith Goulding, Rothamstead Resesarch, U.K. What conditions favor loss of bioavailable potassium and how much is lost? Marta Alfaro, National Institute of Agriculture, Chile How do potassium inputs and outputs compare for different cropping systems and geopolitical boundaries? Kaushik Majumdar, IPNI Vice President How and to what extent does potassium affect use efficiency of water, energy, and other nutrients? Jeff Volenec, Purdue Univ. How and to what extent does potassium mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses on plants? Ismael Cakmak, Sabanci University, Turkey What are the lifetimes of the various global reserves of potassium? Michael Rahm, Vice President, Mosaic Co. How are crops impacted by the choice of potassium source? Robert Mikkelsen, IPNI Vice President How can we improve the quantification of plant-available potassium in the soil? Sylvie Brouder, Purdue University How can factors influencing soil potassium acquisition by crop roots be used to improve potassium rate recommendations? John Kovar, USDA, Agric. Research Service How can recognition of multiple soil potassium pools with dissimilar access among crop species be used to improve potassium rate recommendations? Michael Bell, University of Queensland, Australia How can resins be utilized to improve potassium rate recommendations? Heitor Cantarella, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Brazil How can cycling of potassium from crop and other organic residues be integrated into potassium rate recommendations? Ciro Rosolem, Sao Paulo University, Brazil How closely is potassium mass balance related to soil test changes? Dave Franzen, North Dakota State University How do mineralogy and soil chemistry impact how closely potassium soil test changes are related to mass balance? Michel Ransom, Kansas State University Why and to what extent do various crops differ in their recovery efficiency of potassium? Zed Rengel, University of Western Australia What are the genetic effects on potassium uptake and plant metabolism? Philip White, James Hutton Institute, UK How can potassium be managed to improve the synchrony of soil supply and plant demand? Still being confirmed What is the potassium recovery efficiency of the cropping system as a whole, considering the crops grown and when applications are made? Still being confirmed

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book reviews the current state of epigenetics and proteomics of leukemia and introduces the methods that are important to process and evaluate these factors in leukemia. In particular, epigenetic modifiers and their inhibitors in leukemia treatment as well as approaches to the epigenetic treatment of leukemia are covered. Various computational methods for proteome analysis are also described in detail, including 2DE fractionation and visualization, proteomic data processing, image acquisition and data anlaysis, and more. Protein localization in leukemia is also covered, in addition to the future of leukemia therapy. Epigenetics and Proteomics of Leukemia is an ideal book for advanced biomedical scientists and students, medical doctors and students, bioinformatics and health informatics researchers, computational biologists, structural biologists, systems biologists, and bioengineers.Table of ContentsOverview / IntroductionSection I: Epigenetics in Leukemia Chapter 1: Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Leukemia Chapter 2: Epigenetic Modifiers and Their Inhibitors in Leukemia Treatment Chapter 3: Chromatin Remodeling during Leukemia Cell Proliferation and Differentiation DNA Methylation and Epigenetic Regulation Chromatin Functional Regulation by Histone Modification Chapter 4: Approaches to Epigenetic Treatment of LeukemiaSection II: Proteomics in Leukemia Chapter 5: Proteome in Leukemic vs. Differentiated Leukemia Cells Chapter 6: Protein Phosphorylation in Leukemia Chapter 7: Computational Methods for Proteome Analysis 2DE Fractionation and Visualization Proteomic Data Processing Proteomic Data Analysis Image Acquisition and Data AnalysisSection III: Protein Localization in Leukemia Chapter 8: Protein Translocation into the Nucleus during Leukemia Cell Differentiation Chapter 9: Protein Visualization in Leukemic Cells Chapter 10: Computational Methods for Protein Localization Estimation Fluorescent Image Processing Fluorescent Image Acquisition and AnalysisSection IV: Future Therapy in Leukemia

Read more less

Book SynopsisPar-4 is a tumor suppressor protein first discovered and identified in 1993 by Dr. Vivek Rangnekar’s laboratory in prostate cancer cells undergoing apoptosis. Par-4 (later also known as PAWR) is a naturally occurring tumor suppressor. Studies have indicated that Par-4 selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells while leaving normal, healthy, cells unaffected. Mechanisms contributing to the cancer-selective action of Par-4 have been associated with protein kinase A activation of intracellular Par-4 in cancer cells or GRP78 expression primarily on the surface of cancer cells. Par-4 is downregulated, inactivated or mutated in diverse cancers. This first of two volumes will be the first on the market on the topic of Par-4, and will provide the opportunity for researchers to discuss the future direction of studies, broaden the scope of research, and contribute a more complete understanding of the molecule’s structural features, key functional domains, regulation and relevant basic and clinical/translational facets.Table of ContentsIntroductionChapter 1. Discovery and Overview of Par-4Chapter 2. Significance of Par-4 Interaction with aPKCChapter 3. Structural Analysis of the C-terminal domain of Par-4Chapter 4. Crystallization and crystallographic analysis of the C-terminal domain of Par-4 (PAWR)Chapter 5. Role of ubiquitinase FBX045 in Par-4 regulationChapter 6. Regulation of Par-4 by type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase βChapter 7. Role of Par-4 in regulation of cell death by circumin and ceramideChapter 8. Par-4 in dissociation induced cell death in human pluripotent stem cellsChapter 9. Role of Par-4 in EMTChapter 10. Bacillus thuringiensis Induced Par-4 and Apoptosis in Human CellsChapter 11. Role of Par-4 in ZebrafishChapter 12. Role of Par-4 in GRP78 translocationChapter 13. Interaction of THAP1 with Par-4 in PML bodiesChapter 14. Regulation of DAPK and AMIDA by Par-4Chapter 15. Regulation of Par-4 by CK2 kinase

Read more less

Book SynopsisDemand for agricultural crops and nutritional requirement continues to escalate in response to increasing population. Also, climate change exerts adverse effects on agriculture crop productivity. Plant researchers have, therefore, focused to identify the scientific approaches that minimize the negative impacts of climate change on agricultural crops. Thus, it is the need of the hour to expedite the process for improving stress tolerance mechanisms in agricultural crops against various environmental factors, in order to fulfil the world’s food demand. Among the various applied approaches, the application of phytohormones has gained significant attention in inducing stress tolerance mechanisms.Jasmonates are phytohormones with ubiquitous distribution among plants and generally considered to modulate many physiological events in higher plants such as defence responses, flowering and senescence. Also, jasmonates mediate plant responses to many biotic and abiotic stresses by triggering a transcriptional reprogramming that allows cells to cope with pathogens and stresses. Likewise, salicylates are important signal molecules for modulating plant responses to environmental stresses. Salicylic acid influences a range of diverse processes in plants, including seed germination, stomatal closure, ion uptake and transport, membrane permeability and photosynthetic and growth rate.Understanding the significant roles of these phytohormones in plant biology and from agriculture point of view, the current subject has recently attracted the attention of scientists from across the globe. Therefore, we bring forth a comprehensive book “Jasmonates and Salicylates Signalling in Plants” highlighting the various prospects involved in the current scenario. The book comprises chapters from diverse areas dealing with biotechnology, molecular biology, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, etc. We are hopeful that this comprehensive book furnishes the requisite of all those who are working or have interest in this topic.Table of ContentsChapter 01Jasmonates and Salicylates: Mechanisms, Transport and Signalling during Abiotic Stress in PlantsAkbar Hossain1,*, Zahoor Ahmad2, Debjyoti Moulik3, Sagar Maitra4, Preetha Bhadra5, Adeel Ahmad6, Sourav Garai7, Mousumi Mondal7, Anirban Roy8, Ayman El Sabagh9,10, Tariq Aftab11Chapter 02Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in generating salt stress tolerant plantsAnkur Singh, Aryadeep Roychoudhury*Chapter 03Role of Jasmonic and Salicylic acid signaling in plants under UV-B stressKrishna Kumar Choudhary1, Suruchi Singh2, Madhoolika Agrawal3 and S. B. Agrawal3*Chapter 04Plant Responses to Exogenous Salicylic and Jasmonic Acids under Drought StressKazem Ghassemi-Golezani1*, Salar Farhangi-Abriz2Chapter 05Role of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling in secondary metabolite production Samapika Nandy, Tuylee Das, Abhijit Dey*Chapter 06Role of jasmonates and salicylates in plant allelopathyAnam Asif1, Mohammad Affan Baig2*, M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui1Chapter 07Jasmonate: A versatile messenger in plantsPriyanka Singh, Yamshi Arif, Husna Siddiqui and Shamsul Hayat*Chapter 08The crucial role of jasmonates in enhancing heavy metals tolerance in plantsAli Raza1*, Sidra Charagh2, Shiva Najafi Kakavand3,4, Manzer H. Siddiqui5Chapter 09Jasmonates: The Fine-Tuning Bio-Regulators and their Crosstalk with Plant Reproductive BiologyDeepu Pandita*Chapter 10Role of Jasmonates in pathogenesis and crosstalk of Jasmonates with other hormonesShreshtha Yadav1, Simran1, Nisha Sella1, Shabir A. Rather2*Chapter 11Methyl Jasmonate and its Application for Improving Postharvest Quality of Fruits Deep Lata1, Anusree Anand1, Burhan Ozturk2, Riadh Ilahy3 , Md. Shamsher Ahmad4, and Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui4*Chapter 12Salicylic acid signalling under stress conditions in plantsTibor Janda*, Kinga O. Gondor, Magda Pál, Gabriella SzalaiChapter 13Function of Mediator in regulating salicylic acid mediated signaling and responses in plantsShubham Kumar Sinha, Koppolu Raja Rajesh Kumar*Chapter 14The Hidden Pathways Affecting Salicylic Acid Signaling in PlantsBahareh Hekmatdoust Tabrizi1, Neda Fattahi1, Rachel Backer2, Zahra Dehghanian3, Khosro Balilashaki4, Behnam Asgari Lajayer5*, and Tess Astatkie6 Chapter 15Salicylic Acid (SA): Its interaction with different molecules in the stress tolerance signaling pathwaysAparna Pandey1, Nidhi Verma1, Shikha Singh1, Gausiya Bashri2 and Sheo Mohan Prasad1*

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book, by an eminent scientist and philosopher, provides strong evidence for the claim that language is a general principle of Nature, rooted exclusively in physical and chemical laws. The author’s radical idea inevitably leads us to view the essence, origin and evolution of life in a completely new light. It shifts the coordinates of our scientific world-view in favor of an overarching concept of language that is able to bridge the gap between matter and mind. At the same time, it removes a blind spot in the Darwinian concept of evolution. To justify this far-reaching idea, the book takes a long and deep look at our scientific and philosophical thinking, at language as such, at science’s claim to truth, and at its methods, unity, limits and perspectives. These are the cornerstones structuring the book into six thematically self-contained chapters, rounded off by an epilogue that introduces the new topic of Nature’s semantics. The range of issues covered is a testimony to how progress in the life sciences is transforming the whole edifice of science, from physics to biology and beyond. The book is aimed at a broad academic and general readership; it requires no mathematical expertise.Table of Contents1. Language: Gateway to the World2. Truth: The Regulative Principle of Cognition3. Methods: Ways of Gaining Knowledge4. Unity: The Deep Structure of Science5. Limits: Insights into the Reach of Science6. Perspectives: Designing Living Matter7. Epilogue: Nature’s SemanticsAuthor IndexSubject Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis fully updated and expanded third edition is a reference guide on nutrition and its clinical implications for health and disease through the life-cycle. The book endeavors to address the needs of those who would most benefit from up-to-date information on recent advances in the field of nutrition. Written by experts in the field, chapters cover a diverse range of nutritional areas that present a succinct overview of recent thinking and discoveries that have the greatest capacity to aid physicians and other healthcare professionals in improving the nutritional health of their clients. The text is divided into eight parts. Part one and two address the nutrient requirements and special nutrition-related issues for people across all stages of the lifespan—from pregnancy and infancy through the adolescent years to the older adult years. Part three summarizes the role of nutrition in the prevention and management of chronic conditions frequently seen in clinical practice, including obesity, diabetes, bone disorders, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and cancer. Part four describes different dietary patterns (the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet, the vegetarian diet, and the ketogenic diet). Part five describes nutrition challenges specific to surgery and several different acute diseases and disorders (gastrointestinal disorders, food allergy and intolerance, diseases of the liver and pancreas, kidney disease, eating disorders, bariatric surgery, sarcopenia, and drug interactions with food). Part six looks at different aspects of the diet (coffee, tea, dietary fat, dietary sugars, energy drinks, alcohol, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and the gut microbiome). Part seven examines a range of factors that influence dietary health decisions (creating nutritional behavior change, methods for assessing nutritional status, Dietary Reference Intakes, an overview of the diet and food guides, food labels, and sources of nutrients). Finally, part eight looks at dietary supplements (including the problem of dishonest marketing) and false and misleading information in the area of nutrition. The growing nutritional impact of COVID-19 is discussed throughout the book where appropriate.Nutrition Guide for Physicians and Related Healthcare Professions Third Edition serves as a comprehensive guide that is organized by age/lifespan, nutrition therapy in relation to chronic disease and COVID, diet and its role in prevention, dietary requirements and recommendations, and influencing health decisions for the patient. It is a valuable resource of practical and easy-to-access information on nutrition for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and others in their daily practice.Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction.- Why Nutrition Matters in Clinical Practice.- Part II: Nutrition Consideration Across the Lifespan.- Pregnancy: Preparation for the Next Generation.- Infants: Transition from Breast to Bottle to Solids.- Young Children: Preparing for the Future.- Nutrition in Adolescence.- Nutritional Challenges of Girls and Woman.- Healthy Aging: Nutrition Concepts for Older Adults.- Dietary Considerations for Postmenopausal Women.- Dietary Influence on Cognitive Function in the Elderly.- Part III: Nutrition for the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases.- Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Nutritional Genomics: Choosing the Wrong Parents.- Obesity: Understanding and Achieving a Healthy Weight.- Nutrition Therapy for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes.- Nutrition Therapy for Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.- Osteoporosis and Bone Health: Sound Suggestions for Stronger Bones.- Coronary Heart Diseasee: Nutritional Interventions for Prevention and Therapy.- Dietary Influence on Blood Pressure.- Diet, Physical Activity, and Cancer Prevention.- Nutritional Prevention of Irritable Bowel and Gastrointestinal Disorders.- Part IV: Nutritional Requirements Following Surgery and Acute Disease.- Dietary Considerations During Chemotherapy.- Role or Nutrition in Understanding Common Gastrointestinal Disorders.- Food Allergy and Intolerance: Diagnosis and Nutritional Management.- Nutrition in Patients with Diseases of the Liver and Pancreas.- Medical Nutrition Therapy for Kidney-Related Disorders.- Eating Disorders: Disorders of Under and Over Nutrition.- Nutritional Considerations for the Treatment of Depression.- Nutritional Considerations Following Bariatric Surgery.- Nutrition for Sarcopenia Prevention.- Drug Interactions with Food and Beverages.- Part V: Food and Nutrient Health Effects.- Coffee Consumption and its Impact on Health.- Health Effects of Tea Consumption.- Dietary Fat: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.- Dietary Sugar Intake: Is There a Best Recommendation.- Dietary Recommendations for Juices and Soft Drinks.- Sports Beverages for Optimizing Physical Performance.- Energy Drinks and Human Healthy.- What is the Best for the Patient: Abstinence or Moderate Alcohol Consumption?.- Dietary Fiber: All Fibers are not Alike.- Vitamins: The Essentials.- Mineral Nutrients: From Macro to Ultra Trace.- Nutritional Influence on the Gut Microbiome.- Part IV: Influencing Dietary Health Decisions.- Guidelines for Nutrition Screening, Assessment, and Referrals in the Clinical Setting.- Nutritional Status: An Overview of Methods for Assessment.- Food Synergy, Nutritional Science to Food Guides.- Dietary Supplements: Navigating a Minefield.- A Plague of False and Misleading Information.- Dietary Reference Intakes: Cutting Through the Confusion.- Food Labels and Sources of Nutrients: Sorting the Wheat from the Chaff.- Part VII: Conclusions.- What Needs to Change for Nutritional Health to Improve?.- Appendix A: Aids to Calculations.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis textbook is designed for students of biology, molecular biology, ecology,medicine, agriculture, forestry and other professions where the knowledge of organic chemistry plays an important role. The work may also be of interest to non-professionals, as well as to teachers in high schools. The book consists of 13 chapters that cover the essentials of organic chemistry, including - basic principles of structure and constitution of organic compounds, - the elements of the nomenclature, - the concepts of the nature of chemical bond, - introductions in NMR and IR spectroscopy, - the concepts and main classes of the organic reaction mechanisms, - reactions and properties of common classes or organic compounds, - and the introduction to the chemistry of the natural organic products followed by basic principles of the reactions in living cells. This second edition includes revisions and suggestions made by the readers of the first edition and the author's colleagues. In addition, it includes substantial changes compared to the first edition. The chapter on Cycloaddition has been completed by including the other pericyclic reactions (sigmatropic rearrangements, electrocyclic reactions). The chapter on Organic Natural Products has been extended to include new section covering the principles of organic synthesis. New chapter "Organic Supramolecular and Supermolecular Structures" is added. This chapter covers the basic knowledge about the molecular recognition, supramolecular structures, and the mechanisms of the enzyme catalyzed reactions. Table of Contents

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis thorough introductory volume presents the background, applications, and stepwise directions for standard DNA and RNA isolation techniques. Unlike a kit chemistry approach, this book provides a breadth of information necessary for junior or non-expert researchers to learn and apply these techniques in their work. An accessible, indispensable how-to guide for researchers in immunology, molecular biology, zoology, forensic science, genetics, botany, neuroscience, physiology, and others.Table of Contents1-Basic idea about nucleic acids for non-experts 2-General steps during isolation of DNA and RNA 3-Phenol-chloroform DNA isolation method 4-RNA isolation by the guanidinium-acid-phenol method 5-Spin column-based isolation of nucleic acid 6-Isolation of plasmid DNA by alkaline lysis 7-DNA Isolation by Hydrophilic Ionic Liquid Treatment 8-Lithium Chloride based isolation of DNA and RNA 9-Isolation of Bacteriophage DNA by PEG Method 10-DNA isolation by Chelex Method 11-DNA isolation by Lysozyme and Proteinase K 12-Salting-out method for blood samples 13-CTAB or SDS based isolation of plant’s DNA 14-DNA extraction by spooling method 15-Magnetic bead-based nucleic acid isolation 16-Density gradient-based nucleic acid isolation 17-DNA extraction from agarose gel though paper-strips 18-TRANSFORMATION OR GENETIC MODIFICATION OF CELLS/ORGANISMS 19-GENE CLONING AND VECTORS 20-POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) 21-Southern and Northern Blotting 22-GENOME MAPPING 23-Applications of DNA Sequencing Technologies for Current Research

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis new book provides comprehensive coverage of the subjects of deuterium oxide and deuteration in biosciences, with an emphasis on the biochemical, biomedical, and pharmacological aspects. Deuterium oxide and deuteration effects also offer various implications for health-related issues, including diseases, vaccines and drugs. Organized in six sections, the chapter topics include the role of regular and heavy water in biosciences, and their implications to biomolecules, biochemical processes, health-related research, and pharmacology. Due to the broad scope, the book may be used as a supplemental text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate courses in the related fields of biochemistry, biology, biomedical sciences, biophysics, and pharmacology. Researchers and pharmaceutical industry professionals will also find the content useful in order to gain knowledge and better understand the implications of deuterium oxide and deuteration research.Table of ContentsSection I. Roles of regular and heavy water in biosciences Overview: background and applications Characteristics of deuterium oxide versus hydrogen oxide Section II. Molecular interactions of deuterium versus hydrogen oxide Deuterium bonding versus hydrogen bonding Hydrophobic interaction in D2O versus H2O Section III. Implications of deuterium oxide and deuteration in biological Systems Deuterium oxide and deuteration effects on biomolecules Effects of D2O and deuteration on biomembranes Section IV. Applications of D2O and deuteration to biochemical reactions Biochemical effects of deuterium oxide and deuteration Physical methods for investigating D2O and deuteration effects Section V. Exploration of deuterium oxide and deuteration in health-related research Living cells grown in deuterium oxide and deuteration Deuterium oxide and deuteration effects on health issues Section VI. Applications of deuterium oxide and deuteration to pharmacology Deuterium oxide effects on thermostability of vaccines Deuterium oxide and deuteration effects on pharmacology

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a state-of-the-art overview of key areas of subcellular aging research in human cells. The reader is introduced to the historical development and progress in biomedical aging research and learns, for example, about the role of microRNAs, circRNAs, mitochondria and extracellular vesicles in cellular senescence. The reader will also learn more about how gap junctions, the nuclear pore complex and the proteasome are affecting the ageing processes. In addition, novel therapeutic opportunities through modulation of cellular senescence are discussed. The book follows on from Parts I and II of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing (Volumes 90 and 91 of the Subcellular Biochemistry book series) by covering interesting and significant biomedical ageing topics not included in the earlier volumes. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, this book is a valuable resource for experienced researchers and early career scientist alike, who are interested in learning more about the fascinating and challenging question of why and how our cells age.Table of ContentsSee Attachments

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book outlines the use of supramolecules as different pharmaceutical drugs. Supramolecular chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences is quite a young and rapidly developing field. Supramolecular assemblies might offer an alternative for existing pharmaceutical formulations, as they facilitate the improvement of physicochemical and pharmacological properties i.e., higher bioavailability, better biocompatibility and drug-targeting, fewer multidrug-resistances. This book offers an overview of the recent advances in supramolecular structures and discusses the future aspects and challenges related to the development of these molecules, providing also a perspective on how to overcome these issues. Divided into 13 chapters contributed by experts in their field, the book provides a deeper understanding of intermolecular forces playing pivotal roles in mediating the interactions between chemical molecules and biological systems by focusing on different applications of supramolecular compounds. In this book, readers will find valuable insights into the preparation of supramolecules and the latest research and development trends of supramolecules as anticancer drugs, including liquid-crystalline supramolecular assemblies, and as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular drugs. Particular attention is given to the application of supramolecules in the fields of biomedicine, bioimaging, and vaccine development. Given its breadth, this book will appeal to a wide readership from researchers and students interested in these fields to professionals in the pharma industry.Table of ContentsTable of Contents (13 Chapters)1. Supramolecules in pharmaceutical science: A brief overviewNidhi Goel* and Naresh Kumar*2. Basic strategy and methods of preparation for supramoleculesVikrant Jayant, Shakeel Alvi and Rashid Ali*3. Research and development of supramolecules as anticancer drugsManjit and Brahmeshwar Mishra*4. Research and development of liquid-crystalline supramolecular assemblies as anticancer drugsAtsushi Yoshizawa*5. Progressive approach of supramolecules towards the advancement of antimicrobial drugsManju Sharma, Nidhi Aggarwal, Sonika Chibh, Avneet Kour, Samraggi Choudhury and Jiban Jyoti Panda*6. Promising functional supramolecules in antiviral drugsKanika Arora, Aakriti Singh, Aaqib Javaid and Shyam lal Mudavath*7. Role of supramolecules in anti-inflammatory drugsPatil Shivprasad Suresh, Anmol and Upendra Sharma*8. Recent advancements of supramolecules in the evolution of cardiovascular drugsMerve Kiremit and Ayse B. Tekinay*9. Development of supramolecules in the field of nanomedicinesAbhishesh Kumar Mehata and M. S. Muthu*10. Supramolecular self-assembled peptide-based nanostructures and their applications in biomedicineUttam Ghosh and Goutam Ghosh*11. Recent advancement of supramolecules in the field of bioimagingUttam Ghosh , Naresh Kumar and Goutam Ghosh*12. Role of supramolecules in vaccine developmentNaresh Kumar* and Nidhi Goel*13. Supramolecules: Future challenges and perspectivesNidhi Goel* and Naresh Kumar*

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides an up-to-date overview of key areas of ageing research and bridges the gap between the subcellular events and the reality of ageing as seen in clinical practice.To this end, the reader learns about the historical development and progression of clinical ageing research. All chapters address the biochemistry or cell biology of various ageing events (to the extent that the data are available) and work their way to the clinical understanding we have of ageing. The focus of this volume is on how dietary restriction, virus infection and chronic inflammation affect the ageing process. Additionally, this book discusses how phosphate metabolism and metabolic dysfunction contribute to ageing events and how various organs and tissues (e.g. tendons, ears, heart muscle, and the endocrine system) age. This book follows on from Parts I, II and III of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing within the Subcellular Biochemistry book series and aims to bring the subcellular and clinical areas into closer contact by including interesting and significant biomedical ageing topics that were not included in the earlier volumes. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, this book is a valuable resource for experienced researchers and early career scientist alike, who are interested in learning more about the fascinating and challenging question of why and how our cells age.Table of Contents​See Attachments

Read more less

Book SynopsisChapter 1: Essential Pharmaceutics in the Flipped-Classroom. - Chapter 2: Overview of Biopharmaceutics and Regulatory Concepts Relevant to Drug Product Design.- Chapter 3: Preformulation in Drug Product Design.- Chapter 4: Capsule and Tablet Dosage Forms.- Chapter 5: Modified Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms.- Chapter 6: Solution-Based Dosage Forms and Sterile Products.- Chapter 7: Disperse Systems Suspensions.- Chapter 8: Disperse Systems Emulsions.- Chapter 9: Ophthalmic and Otic Drug Delivery.- Chapter 10: Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery.- Chapter 11: Oral Transmucosal Delivery.- Chapter 12: Rectal and Vaginal Drug Delivery.- Chapter 13: Pulmonary Drug Delivery.- Chapter 14: Nasal Drug Delivery.- Chapter 15: Drug Product Design and Delivery of Biologics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisPlants produce secondary metabolites that humans harness for their own benefit. About half of drugs currently in clinical use are based on these chemicals found in nature. Chemistry of Natural Products covers secondary metabolites present in medicinal plants and their biosynthesis, biological activities, and isolation and separation techniques. This book is ideal for researchers in the areas of biochemistry, medicine, and pharmacology.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiogenic toxins are fascinating natural products characterized by an enormous diversity of chemical structures and pharmacological activities. They not only pose hazards to humans and animals, but they are important components in the interplay of substances and living beings in nature and, moreover, important sources for new drugs. The present book is the first volume of the 5-volume series "Natural Poisons and Venoms". Volumes 1-3 cover poisons produced by plants, volume 4 summarizes poisons and venoms of animals and volume 5 deal with poisons of fungi, cyanobacteria, and other microorganisms. This volume starts with a fundamental chapter on history, chemistry and pharmacology of natural toxins, importance of the toxins for their producer, potential danger for humans and animals, and general aspects of toxicology including notes for first aid and proposals for clinical measures. The following chapters focus on the poisonous representatives of terpenes and the related steroids. The reader will be informed about the botany and occurrence of plants producing these toxins, the chemistry, the biogenesis and the pharmacology of the toxins, possible causes of poisonings, precautions to avoid poisonings, symptoms of poisonings of humans and animals, proposals for treatment measures and the possible usefulness, in the past, in present and in the future, of these toxins, especially for the development of new medicines. Numerous images of plants and chemical structural formulas complete the book. Extensive lists of literature references are given. The handbook is intended for physicians, veterinarians, pharmacists, chemists, biochemists, food chemists and biologists, for the students in the relevant fields, and also for interested laymen. You will be informed about all aspects of natural toxins based on the latest knowledge.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMany brewers and craft beer drinkers have dreams of working at or owning a brewery. Chemists and Biologists are a very natural fit in the brewing industry given their training, background and interests in exploring the world around them. This book supports that natural curiosity through a series of interviews with these individuals who work in the brewing industry at all levels of employment from the lab manager to working as brewery staff to starting a brewery.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the discussion of several biomedical applications of the mechanical phenotyping of cells and tissues to specific disease models. The topical chapters on mechanics in disease are preceded by chapters describing cell and tissue structure and their relationship with the biomechanical properties, as well as by the description of dedicated sample preparation methods for the nano- and microscale mechanical measurements.

Read more less

Book SynopsisVarious physico-chemical approaches for the removal of toxic pollutants are available, but these are not very effective. Biological approaches using microorganisms, green plants or their enzymes to degrade/detoxify contaminants are eco-friendly and low cost. This book provides a comprehensive overview of contaminants, their toxicity, and eco-friendly approaches for their management by cost effective sustainable methods.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith the advancement in medicinal chemistry and material science, several highly specific, biocompatible and non-toxic therapeutic agents have been discovered and successfully applied for various clinical applications. Many of the conventional constraints of clinical therapies have been replaced and overcome by the multifaceted applications of material science and nanotechnology. Recently, material science-based therapeutic agents are the major global pharmaceutical market and are believed to mount exponentially shortly. Among the various therapeutic agents, hydrogels are one of the most widely applied materials used in the treatment of various diseases, and one of the most diverse materials that are used for multipurpose applications. Hydrogels were the first biomaterials used for Human being. Hydrogels are polymeric linkages, water-insoluble, however, sometimes established as a colloidal gel in water. Hydrogels are the superabsorbent materials because it can absorb more than 90% water, and hence regarded as natural living tissue. Mechanically strong hydrogels were synthesized by the advent of new synthetic strategies. Owing to the swollen properties, three-dimensional polymer network, and strong mechanical characteristics, these are widely used in catalysis, adsorption, drug delivery systems for proteins, contact lenses, wound dressings, wound healing, bone regeneration, tissue engineering, baby diapers, food rheology, and many others. Due to their diverse applications, hydrogels are considered one of the smartest materials in pharmaceutics, and are eco-friendly materials, cheap, and have good recyclability. They are used as therapeutic agents in different health sectors. As they are very sensitive to target, therefore it is considered favorite and preferred choice in biomedical sectors. Patients are psychologically scared of surgeries regarding huge expenses and failure. So researchers are working on hydrogels as alternative surgical replacement. In most cases, they have successfully achieved research on hydrogels in bones and tissues repairment. It might be hope of life for serious patients in future. The domain of this work will cover state of the art potentials and applications in various technological areas.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book offers a balanced mixture of practice-oriented information and theoretical background as well as numerous references, clear illustrations, and useful data tables. Problems and solutions are accessible via a special website. This new edition has been completely revised and extended; it now includes three new chapters on tandem mass spectrometry, interfaces for sampling at atmospheric pressure, and inorganic mass spectrometry.Trade Review“This third edition has many sections that make it a practical resource, with information on how to conduct tasks and on new innovations. … this well-conceived text is valuable, well written, and clearly a labor of love. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; faculty and professionals.” (J. Allison, Choice, Vol. 55 (6), February, 2018)“This book does an excellent job at covering a lot of basic and complex material spanning a wide range of expertise. … This book would be a near ideal selection for those faculty teaching a graduate course in mass spectrometry.” (David C. Muddiman, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 410, 2018)“Mass spectrometry is currently eclipsing all other methods for organic analysis. …The author has managed to create a style and presentation that is both pleasing and effective. … recommending it to chemists of all levels interested in mass spectrometry.” (Colin F. Poole, Chromatographia, Vol. 81 (2018)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Principles of Ionization and Ion Dissociation.- Isotopic Composition and Accurate Mass.- Instrumentation.- Practical Aspects of Electron Ionization.- Fragmentation of Organic Ions and Interpretation of EI Mass Spectra.- Chemical Ionization.- Field Ionization and Field Desorption.- Tandem Mass Spectrometry.- Fast Atom Bombardment.- Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization.- Electrospray Ionization.- Ambient Mass Spectrometry.- Hyphenated Methods.- Inorganic Mass Spectrometry.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsDies ist ein Kochbuch gegen ein Vorurteil.- Rückkehr zum rechten Maß.- Wissenschaftliche Einleitung: Blutdruck und Bluthochdruck.- Die Rezepte der salzarmen Feinschmeckerküche.- Rezeptverzeichnis.

Read more less

Book SynopsisGrundwissen in Biochemie und die Durchführung von Versuchen mit Biomolekülen setzen die Kenntnis chemischer Zusammenhänge, Reaktionsweisen und Stoffeigenschaften voraus. Im Zentrum dieses Buches stehen grundsätzliche Stoffeigenschaften, Enzyme, zentrale Stoffwechselreaktionen und Metabolite. Nach einer kurz gefassten Einführung in das jeweilige Kapitelthema werden umfangreiche Versuche beschrieben, die am Ende in Form von weiterführenden Fragestellungen zusammengefasst und vertieft werden. Ziel des Buches ist es, Studierenden aller Naturwissenschaften Biochemie im Grundstudium zu vermitteln. Durch seine umfassende Anlage kann es aber auch im Hauptstudium und im Laboralltag als Nachschlagewerk herangezogen werden.Table of ContentsArbeiten im biochemischen Labor - Chemische und physikalische Grundlagen - Aminosäuren und Proteine - Enzymkatalyse, Enzyme und Coenzyme - Zucker und Polysaccharide - Phosphat und Nucleotide - Nucleinsäuren - Zellorganellen - Biochemische Trenn- und Analysenverfahren - Tabellen - Nomogramme

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiomaterialien ersetzen verloren gegangene Körperfunktionen, entweder allein oder in Kombination mit elektrischen oder elektronischen Bauteilen. Künstliche Haut, künstliche Adern, künstlicher Knochen, Hüftprothesen, Herzschrittmacher, Implantate, Zahnersatz: Alle diese Errungenschaften der modernen Medizin beruhen letztlich auf geeigneten Werkstoffen, die sowohl biologischen als auch chemischen und mechanischen Ansprüchen genügen müssen. Zur Entwicklung bedarf es der gemeinsamen Kompetenz von Medizinern, Chemikern, Physikern, Biologen und Ingenieuren. Das Buch soll in die notwendigen Grundlagen in einer für alle diese Ausbildungsrichtungen verständlichen Weise einführen.Trade Review"Nicht umsonst wendet sich diese Einführung nicht nur an Chemiker, sondern allgemein an Naturwissenschaftler, Mediziner und Ingenieure. Dem Leser - insbesondere dem älteren - wird beim Lesen dieses Buches deutlich, wie weit die Medizin auf andere Wissenschaften wie die Chemie angewiesen ist und wie der medizinische Fortschritt auf den Erkenntnissen der Chemie beruht. Deswegen ist das Buch lesenswert insbesondere für denjenigen, der "etwas mehr" wissen möchte als sein Arzt..." www.chemieonline.de, 06.08.2007 "Es ist dem Autor in hervorragender Weise gelungen, jeweils eine kompakte, präzise und anschauliche Einführung der Grundbegriffe zu geben um sie dann sofort für die Formulierung fundamentaler Aussagen zu verwenden, die nicht nur für Chemiker, Biologen und Mediziner unentbehrlich sind, sondern auch zum geistigen Haushalt eines jeden allgemein gebildeten Menschen gehören sollten. [...] Dieses Buch ist ein Musterbeispiel dafür, wie Naturwissenschaft im Kontext vermittelt werden kann. Praxis der Naturwissenschaften, 08/2004Table of ContentsChemie fester Stoffe - Festkörpermechanik und Biomechanik - Stoffklassen von Biomaterialien - Herstellungsverfahren für Biomaterialien - Chemische Testverfahren - Mechanische Testverfahren - Biologische Testverfahren - Beispiele für Biomaterialien - Wichtige Biomaterialien - Bildung von Biomineralien - Biomaterialentwicklung

Read more less

Book SynopsisAs a reflection of the quantum leap that has been made in the study of glycostructures, the first edition of this book has been completely revised and updated. The editors give up-to-date information on glycostructures, their chemistry and chemical biology in the form of a completely comprehensive survey. Glycostructures play highly diverse and crucial roles in a myriad of organisms and important systems in biology, physiology, medicine, bioengineering and technology. Only in recent years have the tools been developed to partly understand the highly complex functions and the chemistry behind them. While many facts remain undiscovered, this MRW has been contributed to by a large number of the world’s leading researchers in the field.Table of Contents1 General Principles.- 1.1 Structure and Conformation of Carbohydrates.- 1.2 General Occurance and Properties of Carbohydrates.- 2 General Synthetic Methods.- 2.1 Reactions at Oxygen Atoms.- 2.2 Oxidation, Reduction and Deoxygenation.- 2.3 Heteroatom Exchange.- 2.4 Anhydrosugars.- 2.5 C-C Bond Formation.- 2.6 C=C Bond Formation.- 2.7 Degradations and Rearrangement Reactions.- 3 Chemical Glycosylation Reactions.- 3.1 Introduction to Glycosylation Reactions.- 3.2 Glycosyl Halides.- 3.3 Glycosyl Trichloroacid Imidates.- 3.4 Other Anomeric Esters.- 3.5 O-Glycosyl Donors.- 3.6 S-Glycosylation.- 3.7 Glycal Derivatives.- 3.8 Anomeric Anhydro Sugars.- 3.9 C-Glycosylation.- 4 Monosaccharides.- 4.1 Occurance, Significance and Properties.- 4.2 Monosaccharides and Polyols in Foods.- 4.3 De Novo Synthesis of Monosaccharides.- 4.4 Monosaccharides as Chiral Pools for the Synthesis of Complex Natural Compounds.- 4.5 Monosaccharides as Scaffolds for the Synthesis of Novel Compounds.- 4.6 Monosaccharides as Chiral Auxiliaries and Ligands for Asymmetric Synthesis.- 4.7 Carbohydrate Metal Complexes.- 5 Oligosaccharides.- 5.1 Occurrence, Significance and Properties.- 5.2 Sucrose and Related Oligosaccharides.- 5.3 Oligosaccharides in Food and Agriculture.- 5.4 Combinatorial Methods in Oligosaccharide Synthesis.- 5.5 Solid Phase Methods.- 5.6 Stereoselective Synthesis of ß-Manno Glycoside.- 5.7 Silalylation.- 5.8 Enzymatic Glycosylation by Tranferases.- 5.9 Enzymatic Glycosylation by Hydrolases.- 6 Complex Polysaccharides.- 6.1 Occurence, Significance and Properties.- 6.2 Starch.- 6.3 Cellulose and Hemicellulose.- 6.4 Gums and Related Polysaccharides.- 6.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Components.- 6.6 Fungal Cell Wall Components.- 6.7 Structure-Activity Relationship of Glycosaminoglycans.- 7 Glycolipids.- 7.1 Occurence, Significance and Properties.- 7.2 Synthesis.- 7.3 Biosynthesis and Degradation.- 7.4 Glycosylphosphatidylinositols.- 8 Glycoproteins.- 8.1 Occurence and Significance.- 8.2 Properties.- 8.3 Synthesis and Applications of Biologically Relevant Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins.- 8.4 Glycosilylation Engineering of Glycoproteins.- 8.5 Glycoprotein Analysis.- 9 Glycomimetics.- 9.1 Azaglycomimetics: Synthesis and Chemical Biology.- 9.2 Carbasugars: Synthesis and Functions.- 9.3 Sulfur Containing Glycomimetics.- 9.4 C-Glycosyl Analogs of Oligosaccharides and Glycosyl Amino Acids.- 9.5 Non-Sugar Glycomimetics.- 10 Key Technologies and Tools for Functional Glycobiology.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Microarrays.- 10.3 Chemical Probes and Monitoring.- 10.4 Glycomics and Mass Spectrometry.- 10.5 Bioinformatical Tools.- 11 Biosynthesis and Degradation.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Biosynthesis and Degradation of Monosaccharides.- 11.3 Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides.-11.4 Degradation of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides.- 12 Glycomedicine.- 12.1 Novel Approaches for Glycodrug Discovery.- 12.2 Biomedicine of Monosaccharides.- 12.3 Mammalian Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions.- 12.4 Multivalency in Protein-Carbohydrate Recognition.- 12.5 Synthesis of Heparin-Fragments.- 12.6 Biomedicine of Glycolipids and Glycosphingolipids.- 12.7 Biomedicine of Enkephalin-Derived Glycopeptide Analgesics.- 12.8 Antitumor and Antimicrobial Glycoconjugates.- 12.9 Biomedicine of Glycosylated Natural Compounds.- 12.10 Mucin-based Vaccines.- 12.11 Polysaccharide-based Vaccines

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis Springer Handbook provides, for the first time, a complete and consistent overview over the methods, applications, and products in the field of marine biotechnology. A large portion of the surface of the earth (ca. 70%) is covered by the oceans. More than 80% of the living organisms on the earth are found in aquatic ecosystems. The aquatic systems thus constitute a rich reservoir for various chemical materials and (bio-)chemical processes.Edited by a renowned expert with a longstanding experience, and including over 60 contributions from leading international scientists, the Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology is a major authoritative desk reference for everyone interested or working in the field of marine biotechnology and bioprocessing - from undergraduate and graduate students, over scientists and teachers, to professionals.Marine biotechnology is concerned with the study of biochemical materials and processes from marine sources, that play a vital role in the isolation of novel drugs, and to bring them to industrial and pharmaceutical development. Today, a multitude of bioprocess techniques is employed to isolate and produce marine natural compounds, novel biomaterials, or proteins and enzymes from marine organisms, and to bring them to applications as pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals or nutraceuticals, or for the production of bioenergy from marine sources. All these topics are addressed by the Springer Handbook of Marine Biotechnology.The book is divided into ten parts. Each part is consistently organized, so that the handbook provides a sound introduction to marine biotechnology - from historical backgrounds and the fundamentals, over the description of the methods and technology, to their applications - but it can also be used as a reference work.Key topics include: - Marine flora and fauna - Tools and methods in marine biotechnology - Marine genomics - Marine microbiology - Bioenergy and biofuels - Marine bioproducts in industrial applications - Marine bioproducts in medical and pharmaceutical applications - and many more...Trade Review“Marine Biotech‘s key aims is ‘to be useful as readable desk reference book to give a fast and comprehensive overview and easy retrieval of essential reliable key information, including tables, graphs, and bibliographies.’ … It is therefore important to have books such as Marine Biotech to present the drawing together of information about specific research to give the non-specialist that necessary topical overview and updating.” (Nigel Chaffey, Annals of Botany, aobblog.com, April, 2016)Table of ContentsPart A Marine Flora and FaunaMarine Fungal Diversity.- Diversity of Marine Phototrophs.-Marine Viruses.- Marine Microalgae.- Seaweed Flora of the European North Atlantic.- Corals.- Marine Sponges - Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyPart B Tools and MethodsBioprocess Engineering of Phototrophic Marine Organism.- Bioinformatic Techniques in Marine Genomics.- Bioprospection of Marine Microorganisms.- Cultures of Marine Microorganisms.- Transgenic Technology in Marine Organisms.- Marine Enzymes.- Quorum Sensing and Quenching.- Detection of Invasive SpeciesPart C GenomicsMarine Metagenomics.- Proteomics in Marine Biotechnology.- Marine Metagenome.- Microfluidic Systems.- Genome MiningPart D Algal TechnologySulphated Algal Polysaccharides.- Iodine in Seaweeds - Research History.- Marine Macrophytes.- Removal of Heavy MetalsPart E Microbiology and BiotechnologyMicrobial Biotechnology.- Actinomycetes in Biodiscovery.- Biotransformation of NitrilesPart F Derived MetabolitesMarine Natural Products.- Biocatalysts from Aplysia.- Anti-Microbial Peptides.- Fungal Metabolites.- Dinoflagellates-Associated Human Poisoning.- Carotenoids Derived from Seaweeds.- Cnidarians - Bioactive Compounds.- Lipids from Tropical Marine Sponges.- Marine Biotoxins.- Microbial Enzymes.- Polysaccharides from Marine OrganismsPart G Applications of Marine BiotechnologyPharmaceuticals.- Functional Food.- Nutraceuticals.- Cosmeceuticals.- Fatty Acids.- Selenium-Containing Antioxidant Selenoneine.- Alginate Oigosaccharides.- Plant Pest ManagementPart H Bioenergy and BiofuelsBlue Biotechnology for Marine Bioenergy.- Marine Algal Biotechnology and Bioenergy.- Marine Bioenergy and Biofuels.- Antifouling Materials for Water TreatmentPart I Biomedical ApplicationsMarine Biomaterials.-Gene Delivery.- Marine Microorganisms in Nanoparticles.- Therapeutics and Medical Diagnostics.- Biosensors.- BiomineralizationPart J Industrial ApplicationsFunctional Feeds in Aquaculture.- Mussel-Derived Bioadhesives.- Marine Silicon Biotechnology.- Microalgal Biotechnology.- Biofouling and BiocorrosionSubject Index.- Acknowledgements.- About the Authors

Read more less

Book SynopsisLife Science studies in space were initially driven by the need to explore how man could survive spaceflight conditions; the effects of being launched un­ der high accelerations, exposed to weightlessness and radiation for different periods of time, and returned to Earth in safety. In order to substantiate the detailed knowledge of potentially adverse effects, many model experiments were launched using organisms which ranged from bacteria, plants, inverte­ brates, rodents and primates through to man. Although no immediate life threatening effects were found, these experiments can be considered today as the precursors to life science research in space. Many unexplained effects on these life forms were attributed to the condition of weightlessness. Most of them were poorly recorded, poorly published, or left simply with anecdotal information. Only with the advent of Skylab, and later Spacelab, did the idea emerge, and indeed the infrastructure permit, weightlessness to be considered as an ex­ tended tool for research into some fundamental mechanisms or processes as­ sociated with the effect of gravity on organisms at all levels. The initial hy­ pothesis to extrapolate from hypergravity through 1 x g to near 0 x g effects could no longer be retained, since many of the experiment results were seen to contradict the models or theories in the current textbooks of biology and physiology. The past decade has been dedicated primarily to exploratory research.Trade Review"...the book is well supplied in valuable information for all those who are interetsed or involved in space medicine and biology and it is to be highly recommended." Radiation and Environmental PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface V.- 1: Gravitational and space biology.- 2: Physiology of cardiovascular, respiratory, interstitial, endocrine, immune, and muscular systems.- 3: Kidney function and fluid homeostasis.- 4: Neurosensory and sensory-motor functions.- 5: Bone and space flight: an overview.- 6: Radiation biology.- 7: Exobiology.- 8: National and international space life sciences research programmes, 1980 to 1993 - and beyond.- Appendix: Some comments on biological aspects of life support systems.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDas Buch liefert einen aktuellen, übersichtlichen und in der Praxis anwendbaren Überblick im Bereich der deskriptiven Lebensmittelsensorik. Die Autorinnen haben ein Nachschlagewerk erstellt, das bei der Evaluierung und Entwicklung von Lebensmitteln unverzichtbar ist. Es liefert in übersichtlichen Tabellen und praktischen Beschreibungen eine einheitliche Sprachgebung für Lebensmittel gegliedert in Produktgruppen und ist sowohl für Forscher als auch für in der Industrie Tätige beim Erforschen von Lebensmitteln ein wertvolles Lexikon. Die Erstellung einer solchen Datenbank für den deutschsprachigen Raum ist ein wichtiger Beitrag zur verbesserten Kommunikation auf dem Gebiet der Sensorik.Table of ContentsSensorische Deskriptoren und ihre Translation.- Sensorische Attribute inklusive Definitionen.

Read more less

Book SynopsisKünstliche Organe sind Membranmodule, welche in einem extrakorporalen Kreislauf Blutinhaltsstoffe austauschen bzw. entfernen. Dabei kommen die klassischen Prinzipien der Crossflow- und der Gegenstromverfahren zur Anwendung. Manfred Raff zeigt, wie für die Auslegung derartiger Membranverfahren aus Modellen am differentiellen Membranelement funktionale Zusammenhänge von Zielgrößen und geometrischen, stofflichen und Betriebsparametern für das gesamte Modul abgeleitet werden. Die Ergebnisgleichungen können auch für technische Anwendungen eingesetzt werden. Der Autor:Manfred Raff hat sich in seinem Berufsleben mit dem wissenschaftlichen Schwerpunkt Membrantechnologie beschäftigt. Er war zunächst in der Industrie in der Forschung, Entwicklung und Produktion von Membranen und Modulen tätig. Später hat er als Hochschullehrer an der Hochschule Furtwangen Verfahrenstechnik gelehrt und Membranthemen, wie Messung der Porengrößenverteilung in Membranen, Untersuchung des Stofftransports in der künstlichen Leber, Simulation des Stofftransports bei der Highflux-Dialyse, erforscht. Nach der Pensionierung arbeitet er weiterhin als Lehrbeauftragter an der HFU, Campus Schwenningen.Table of ContentsMembranen und Module.- Stofftransport-Modelle über Membranen.- Membran-Prozesse bei künstlichen Organen.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDie überarbeitete und aktualisierte 7. Auflage dieses Buches gibt einen Überblick über bewährte und neue Methoden der Proteinbiochemie und Proteomics. Es zeigt Auswege aus experimentellen und strategischen Sackgassen. Zudem weckt es ein Gespür für das richtige Experiment zur richtigen Zeit. Behandelt werden klassische Verfahren wie Säulenchromatographie, HPLC, Elektrophoresen, Blots, ELISA, Ligandenbindungstests, die Herstellung von Antikörpern, das Solubilisieren von Membranproteinen, die Analyse von Glykoproteinen usw. Einen großen Raum nehmen die modernen Verfahren ein: Massenspektrometrie, Proteomics und thermische Analyse. In die 7. Auflage wurden neue Techniken zur Bestimmung der Wechselwirkung von Proteinen mit Proteinen oder von Proteinen mit kleinen Molekülen aufgenommen: DARTS, DRACALA, SPROX und andere. Des weiteren erfahren Sie, wie man mit dem Massenspektrometer eine Bindung misst. Auch Methoden zur Herstellung von Bindungsproteinen gegen bestimmte Zielmoleküle werden vorgestellt: Ribosomen Display und DNA- und Peptid-Aptamer-Techniken. Der Fluoreszenznachweis von Proteinen mit Hilfe von Trihalogenverbindungen durfte nicht fehlen und wer die Stabilität und Faltung von Proteinen messen will, kann hier nachlesen, ob er dazu ein CD-Spektrometer benutzen sollte. Auf die Fortschritte in der HPLC und der Massenspektrometrie von Membranproteinen wird ebenso eingegangen wie auf ihre Rekonstitution in Nanoscheibchen (Nanodiscs). Die Mikrodissektion mit UV-Laser, die isoelektrische Fokussierung in Kapillaren und iTRAQ-Tags werden erklärt. Dazu kommt eine Anzahl neuer Tricks zur Proteinbestimmung, Gelfärbung, Blottechnik, Immunfärbung, Elution aus Gelstückchen etc.Table of ContentsDas tägliche Brot.- Ligandenbindung.- Membranproteine solubilisieren.- Rekonstitution von Proteinen.- Säubern und Putzen.- Antikörper.- Proteomics.- Untereinheiten.- Glykoproteine.- Der Schatz im Silbersee.- Durch die Wüste

Read more less

Book SynopsisJetzt kommt Bewegung in die Biochemie!Die ganze Welt der Biochemie und Pathobiochemie in 74 überschaubaren Kapiteln und über 1000 Abbildungen erklärt – da bleibt keine Frage offen.Und mehr noch, damit Sie die komplexen Vorgänge in Stoffwechsel, Signaltransduktion und Molekularbiologie schneller verstehen, sind mit der kostenlosen MoreMediaApp fast 400, teils vertonte Videos direkt aus dem Buch abrufbar – einfach das Bild mit dem Smartphone oder Tablet scannen und schon werden Citratzyklus, DNA-Replikation und Co. lebendig! So lässt sich auch später in der Klinik schnell etwas wiederholen – Film ab und das biochemische Hintergrundwissen ist aufgefrischt.Außerdem bietet die Biochemie und Pathobiochemie: 74 überschaubare Kapitel für einen guten Überblick Auflistung der Schwerpunkte am Kapitelanfang Einen Roten Faden, der kleine Abschnitte kurz zusammenfasst Zusammenfassungen am Kapitelende Tafelteil mit den wichtigsten Strukturformeln zum Nachschlagen Wie wichtig das Wissen über Moleküle, Mechanismen und Signalwege für das Verständnis pathologischer Vorgänge ist, wird anhand zahlreicher spezieller Abschnitte oder eigener Kapitel zur Pathobiochemie herausgestellt. Schließlich geben spannende Exkurse und Hintergrundinfos einen Blick über den Tellerrand oder weiter in die Tiefe.Biochemie ausführlich und animiert – Ihr Begleiter durchs ganze Studium!Table of ContentsI Grundlagen der Biochemie und Molekulären Zellbiologie: Ohne Wasser kein Leben.- Vom Molekül zum Organismus.- Kohlenhydrate, Lipide, Aminosäuren und Nucleotide - Bausteine des Lebens,mitTafelteil.- Thermodynamik und Bioenergetik.- Proteine - Struktur und Funktion.- Proteine – Analytische Untersuchungsmethoden, Synthese und Isolierung.- Enzyme - Molekulare und funktionelle Grundlagen der Biokatalyse.- Regulation der Enzymaktivität.- Enzyme in Analytik, Diagnoste und Therapie.- Nucleinsäuren - Struktur und Funktion.- Biokatalyse.- Zellorganellen und Vesikeltransport. Cytoskelett.-II Zellulärer Metabolismus: Glucose – Schlüsselmolekül des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels.- Mechanismen der Glucosehomöostase.- Zucker - Bausteine von Glycoproteinen und Heteroglycanen.- Pathobiochemie des Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels.- Der Citratzyklus – Abbau von Acetyl-CoA zu CO2 und H2O.- Mitochondrien – Organellen der ATP-Gewinnung.- Oxidoreduktasen und reaktive Sauerstoffspezies.- Lipogenese und Lipolyse - Bildung und Verwertung der Fettspeicher.- Stoffwechsel von Phosphoglyceriden und Sphingolipiden.- Stoffwechsel von Cholesterin.- Lipoproteine - Transportformen der Lipide im Blut.- Pathobiochemie des Lipidstoffwechsels.- Prinzipien von Aminosäurestoffwechsel und Stickstoffumsatz.- Funktioneller Aminosäurestoffwechsel.- Pathobiochemie des Aminosäurestoffwechsels.- Purinnucleotide – Biosynthese, Wiederverwertung und Abbau.- Pyrimidinnucleotide – Biosynthese, Wiederverwertung und Abbau.- Pathobiochemie des Purin- und Pyrimidinstoffwechsels.- Porphyrine - Synthese und Abbau.- III Zelluläre Kommunikation: Prinzipien zellulärer Kommunikation.- Mediatoren.- Rezeptoren und ihre Signaltransduktion.- Insulin - das wichtigste anabole Hormon.- Glucagon und Katecholamine - Gegenspieler des Insulins.- Integration und hormonelle Regulation des Energiestoffwechsels.- Hormone des Hypothalamus und der Hypophyse.- Steroidhormone – Produkte von Nebennierenrinde und Keimdrüsen.- Schilddrüsenhormone – Zentrale Regulatoren von Entwicklung, Wachstum, Grundumsatz, Stoffwechsel und Zelldifferenzierung.- Wachstumshormon und Prolactin.- IV Molekularbiologie: Zellzyklus – Koordination der Zellteilung.- Replikation –Die Verdopplung der DNA.- DNA-Mutationen und ihre Reparatur.- Transkription und Prozessierung von RNA.- Regulation der Transkription – Aktivierung und Inaktivierung der Genexpression.-Translation – Synthese von Proteinen.- Proteine - Transport, Modifikation und Faltung.- Proteine – Mechanismen ihres Abbaus.- Der programmierte Zelltod - Apotose, Nektrotose, Ferroptose und Pyroptose.- Prinzipien der zellulären Tumorgenese und –progression.- Das Tumorstroma.- Gentechnik.- Gentechnik in höheren Organismen – Transgene Tiere und Gentherapie.- V Funktionelle Biochemie der Organe: Energiebilanz und Ernährungszustand.- Makronährstoffe und ihre Bedeutung.- Fettlösliche Vitamine.- Wasserlösliche Vitamine.- Spurenelemente.- Gastrointestinaltrakt.-Leber - Zentrales Stoffwechselorgan.- Quergestreifte Muskulatur.- Die glatte Muskulatur.- Niere – Ausscheidung von Wasser und Elektrolyten.- Niere – Der Säure-Basen- und Mineralhaushalt.- Blut – Zelluläre Bestandteile und Blutplasma.- Blut – Hämatopoese und Erythrocyten.- Blut – Thrombocyten und Leukocyten.- Immunologie.- Extrazelluläre Matrix - Struktur und Funktion.- Knorpel- und Knochengewebe.- Haut.- Nervensystem.- Anhang.

Read more less

Book SynopsisDieses Lehrbuch bietet eine umfassende Übersicht über die fundamentalen Aspekte der Pflanzenbiochemie. Die biochemischen Abläufe in einer Pflanze sind letztendlich eine wesentliche Grundlage des Lebens auf unserem Planeten. Stoffwechselprozesse, wie die Photosynthese, die Kohlendioxid-Fixierung u.v.a., werden ausführlich erklärt. Die Erkenntnisse über diese pflanzenbiochemischen Prozesse könnten genutzt werden, den steigenden CO2-Emissionen auf der Erde entgegenzuwirken. Das Wissen über die molekularen und biochemischen Abläufe in Pflanzen sind also Voraussetzung, das zukünftige Leben auf der Erde zu sichern.Ebenso essenziell sind die Erkenntnisse der Pflanzenmolekularbiologie und -biochemie für die wirtschaftliche Anwendung und Nutzung der Pflanzen. Studierende werden in diesem Werk lernen, welche Schritte erforderlich sind, um transgene Pflanzen zu erzeugen und um Pros und Cons der pflanzlichen Gentechnik abschätzen und vermitteln zu können.In der 6. Auflage wurden zahlreiche Aktualisierungen vorgenommen. Es werden u.a. neue Einblicke zur Evolution der Pflanzen gegeben, und weitere Details des Photosyntheseapparates, der Stärke-Biosynthese und -Regulation, sowie der Funktionen und Biosynthesen von Sekundärmetaboliten dargestellt. Darüber hinaus wird erläutert, wie die molekulare Genschere CRISPR-Cas zur Erzeugung transgener Pflanzen eingesetzt werden kann.Besonderen Wert legen die Autor*innen darauf, durch eine klare und verständliche Didaktik komplexe Sachverhalte darzustellen – das ist ein Kennzeichen dieses Lehrbuches. Mit sorgfältig erstellten Abbildungen erfüllt es einen hohen didaktischen Anspruch und reiht sich unter die besten Biochemie-Lehrbücher. Table of ContentsEinleitung.- Eine Blattzelle ist in mehrere metabolische Kompartimente unterteilt.- Die Energie des Sonnenlichtes und Photosynthese sind die Grundlage für das Leben auf der Erde.- Die Photosynthese ist ein Elektronentransportprozess.- Bei der Photosynthese wird ATP erzeugt.- Die Mitochondrien sind die Kraftwerke der Zellen.- Der Calvin-Benson-Bassham-Zyklus katalysiert die photosynthetische CO2-Assimilation.- Der Photorespirationsweg recycelt Phosphoglykolat.- Polysaccharide sind Speicher- und Transportform der bei der Photosynthese gebildeten Kohlenhydrate.- Die Assimilation von Nitrat wird zur Biosynthese von organischem Material benötigt.- Durch die N2-Fixierung wird der Luftstickstoff für das Pflanzenwachstum nutzbar.- Die Produkte der Nitratassimilation und N2-Fixierung werden in Pflanzen in Form von Proteinen gespeichert.- Die Assimilation von Sulfat ermöglicht die Biosynthese schwefelhaltiger Verbindungen.- Durch den Phloemtransport erreichen die Photoassimilate ihre Verbrauchs- und Speicherorte.- Lipide sind Membranbausteine und Kohlenstoffspeicher.- Spezialmetabolite erfüllen in Pflanzen spezielle biologische und ökologische Funktionen.- Die große Vielfalt der Isoprenoide.- Viele pflanzlichee Spezialmetabolite und Zellwandbestandteile sind Phenylpropanoide.- Vielfältige Signale koordinieren Wachstum und Entwicklung verschiedener Pflanzenorgane und ermöglichen die Anpassung an unterschiedliche Umweltbedingungen.- Eine Pflanzenzelle besitzt drei verschiedene Genome.- Biosynthese, Prozessierung und Abbau von Proteinen in Pflanzen.- Durch Gentechnik können Pflanzen den Bedürfnissen von Landwirtschaft, Ernährung und Industrie angepasst werden.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisVorwort.- 1. Gar nicht so schlecht! Im Gegenteil!- 2. Haustiere sind unsere Freunde.- 3. Ich habe eine tierisch gute Gesundheit.- 4. Schluss mit den Antidepressiva! Ja zu Hunden, Katzen, Delfinen und Kaninchen.- 5. Schüchtern?Schaffen Sie sich einen Hund an!- Zusammenfassung: Auch wir beeinflussen sie.- Literatur.- Index

Read more less