Automatic control engineering Books

Book SynopsisA Review of Studies on Museum Information Design Based on VR and AR in China.- Automated Drone Image Analysis for Real-Time Disaster Response and Emergency Situations.- Interfaces and Usability in Digital Flight Logs: Applied Design in the Aeronautical Context.- Adversarial Pattern Identification in Face Recognition System.- DDG: Detecting Deceptive Gait Walk Based on Videos.- Apple Leaf Disease Detection: A Comprehensive Analysis of Pre-Trained Models and Platform Development.- A Knowledge Management System for Capturing and Reusing Best Practices in Learning Design: A Pilot Study.- Reducing Social Isolation and Solitary Deaths with AI-Powered Conversational Companions.- The Relationship of Software Complexity and Understandability.- Evaluating Hyper-V vs. Proxmox: Performance Comparison for Virtualization.- Enhancing Data Collection for Humanitarian Demining: Mobile Applications and Approaches for Registering Geospatial Structures.

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Book SynopsisDieses Buch eignet sich für die Grundausbildung in der Automatisierungstechnik und pneumatischen Steuerungstechnik. Es werden Kenntnisse über die physikalischen Grundlagen der Pneumatik sowie Funktion und Einsatz pneumatischer Elemente vermittelt. Die Neuauflage wurde überarbeitet und erweitert.Table of ContentsHinweise zur Konzeption des Buches.- Anwendungen in der Pneumatik.- Elemente pneumatischer Systeme.- Symbole und Normen in der Pneumatik.- Methoden zur Entwicklung pneumatischer Systeme.- Schaltungen mit einem Aktor.- Schaltungen mit mehreren Aktoren.- Fehlersuche in pneumatischen Systemen.- Teil B: Grundlagen.- Grundbegriffe der Pneumatik.- Drucklufterzeugung und Druckluftzufuhr.- Aktoren und Ausgabegeräte.- Wegeventile.- Sperr-, Strom- und Druckventile, Ventilkombinationen.- Systeme.- Teil C: Lösungen.-

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Book SynopsisExplicit Stability Conditions for Continuous Systems deals with non-autonomous linear and nonlinear continuous finite dimensional systems. Explicit conditions for the asymptotic, absolute, input-to-state and orbital stabilities are discussed. This monograph provides new tools for specialists in control system theory and stability theory of ordinary differential equations, with a special emphasis on the Aizerman problem. A systematic exposition of the approach to stability analysis based on estimates for matrix-valued functions is suggested and various classes of systems are investigated from a unified viewpoint.Table of ContentsPreliminaries.- Perturbations of Linear Systems.- Linear Systems with Slowly Varying Coefficients.- Linear Dissipative and Piecewise Constant Systems.- Nonlinear Systems with Autonomous Linear Parts.- The Aizerman Problem.- Nonlinear Systems with Time-Variant Linear Parts.- Essentially Nonlinear Systems.- The Lur'e Type Systems.- The Aizerman Type Problem for Nonautonomous Systems.- Input - State Stability.- Orbital Stability and Forced Oscillations.- Positive and Nontrivial Steady States.

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Book Synopsis1 Einleitung.- 2 Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik.- 3 Bauelemente und Baugruppen des elektrischen Signalsteuerteils.- 4 Elektrisch betätigte Wegeventile.- 5 Entwicklung einer elektropneumatischen Steuerungen.- 6 Dokumentation einer elektropneumatischen Steuerung.- 7 Sicherheitsmaßnahmen bei elektropneumatischen Steuerungen.- 8 Relaissteuerungen.- 9 Aufbau moderner elektropneumatischer Steuerungen.- Stichwortverzeichnis.- Normen.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Grundlagen der Elektrotechnik.- 3 Bauelemente und Baugruppen des elektrischen Signalsteuerteils.- 4 Elektrisch betätigte Wegeventile.- 5 Entwicklung einer elektropneumatischen Steuerungen.- 6 Dokumentation einer elektropneumatischen Steuerung.- 7 Sicherheitsmaßnahmen bei elektropneumatischen Steuerungen.- 8 Relaissteuerungen.- 9 Aufbau moderner elektropneumatischer Steuerungen.- Stichwortverzeichnis.- Normen.

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Book SynopsisFor the first time, this book covers the entire field of piezoelectric sensors for mechanical measurands. It gives extensive practical advice along with an overview of the most important piezoelectric materials and their properties, plus consistent terminology for describing sensors. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "Piezoelectric Sensorics is the first book written in English to cover the entire field of piezoelectric sensors for mechanical measurands. It provides a comprehensive overview of the subject and describes the characteristics and practical applications for each type of sensor presented. … This book is well written, technically informative and a pleasure to read. It provides extensive practical advice and clear coverage of the theory, making it suitable for students, scientists, technicians and engineers." (Sensor Review, Vol. 22 (4), 2002) "This book covers the entire field of piezoelectric sensors for mechanical measurands. Scientists, engineers and technicians, as well as students in engineering will find in this book for the first time a complete overview of this special type of sensors. Extensive practical advice is given throughout the text allowing the reader to profit from author’s many years of experience. … numerous examples illustrate the vast range of practical applications." (ETDE Energy Database, October, 2002)Table of Contents1 Introduction.- 2 Background of Piezoelectric Sensors.- 3 Piezoelectric Materials for Sensors.- 4 Piezoelectric Sensor Terminology.- 5 Piezoelectric Sensors.- 6 Force and Torque Sensors.- 7 Strain Sensors.- 8 Pressure Sensors.- 9 Acceleration Sensors.- 10 Acoustic Emission Sensors.- 11 Amplifiers for Piezoelectric Sensors.- References.- List of Manufacturers.

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Book SynopsisDas Buch behandelt sowohl die theoretischen Grundlagen im Zusammenhang mit Stellgeräten, als auch die zahlreichen Bauformen und Ausführungsvarianten der Regelventile, Stellantriebe und Hilfsgeräte. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Anwendung dieser Geräte bei der Prozeßautomatisierung.Table of Contents1 Einleitung.- 2 Definition der Begriffe.- 3 Hydrodynamik.- 4 Gasdynamik.- 5 Bemessungsgleichungen von Stellgeräten.- 6 Arten und Bauformen von Stellventilen.- 7 Ausführungsvarianten bei Stellgeräten.- 8 Geräuschemission bei Stellgeräten.- 9 Antriebe für Stellgeräte.- 10 Hilfsgeräte für pneumatische Stellventile.- 11 Anwendung und Auswahlkriterien von Stellgeräten.- 12 Die Auswahl geeigneter Werkstoffe.- 13 Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen.- 14 Spezifikation und Auswahl von Stellgeräten.- 15 Schnittstellen zum Prozeßleitsystem.- 16 Qualitätsprüfungen an Stellgeräten.- 17 Literaturverzeichnis und Bildquellen.- 18 Sachwortverzeichnis.- A.1 Das Normenwerk DIN/IEC 534 für Stellventile.- A.1.1 Hierarchie der Normungsgremien.- A.1.2 Stellventile als Bestandteil industrieller Prozeßautomatisierung.- A.1.3 Europäische Normung von Armaturen durch CEN/TC65.- A.1.4 Begleitende deutsche Normen für Armaturen.- A.1.5 VDI/VDE Richtlinien im Zusammenhang mit Stellventilen.- A.2 Andere Richtlinien und Vorschriften.- A.3 Bedeutung der ANSI-Normen.- A.4 Geräuschberechnung nach ISA-S75.17-1989.- Berechnungsbeispiele.- B.1 Berechnung und Auswahl eines Ventils für Flüssigkeit.- B.2 Berechnung und Auswahl eines Ventils für Dampf.- B.3 Berechnung des Kv-Wertes bei nicht-turbulenter Strömung.- B.4 Berechnung der Stellzeiten für pneumatische Antriebe.- Verschiedene Ausdrucke des DIN/IEC-Spezifikationsblattes.- C Lösung der Übungsaufgaben.

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Book SynopsisIn dem Lehrbuch stellt der Autor grundlegende methodische Ansätze für den modellbasierten Systementwurf von mechatronischen Systemen in systematischer und geschlossener Form dar. Der Methodenkanon umfasst domänenneutrale Methoden zur Modellbildung und Verhaltensanalyse, der Modellkanon analytische Verhaltensmodelle für wichtige physikalisch-technische Domänen der mechatronischen Funktionsrealisierung. Mehr als 50 durchgerechnete Entwurfsbeispiele demonstrieren die dargestellten Methoden und Konzepte und unterstützen das Selbststudium.Table of ContentsElemente der Modellbildung.- Simulationstechnische Aspekte.- Funktionsrealisierung – Mehrkörperdynamik.- Funktionsrealisierung – Mechatronischer Elementarwandler.- Funktionsrealisierung – Elektrostatische Wandler.- Funktionsrealisierung – Piezoelektrische Wandler.- Funktionsrealisierung – Wandler mit elektromagnetischer Wechselwirkung.- Funktionsrealisierung – Digitale Informationsverarbeitung.- Regelungstechnische Aspekte.- Stochastische Verhaltensanalyse.- Entwurfsbewertung – Systembudgets.

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Book SynopsisCompiling the expertise of nine pioneers of the field, Magnetic Bearings - Theory, Design, and Application to Rotating Machinery offers an encyclopedic study of this rapidly emerging field with a balanced blend of commercial and academic perspectives. Every element of the technology is examined in detail, beginning at the component level and proceeding through a thorough exposition of the design and performance of these systems. The book is organized in a logical fashion, starting with an overview of the technology and a survey of the range of applications. A background chapter then explains the central concepts of active magnetic bearings while avoiding a morass of technical details. From here, the reader continues to a meticulous, state-of-the-art exposition of the component technologies and the manner in which they are assembled to form the AMB/rotor system. These system models and performance objectives are then tied together through extensive discussions of control methods for both rigid and flexible rotors, including consideration of the problem of system dynamics identification. Supporting this, the issues of system reliability and fault management are discussed from several useful and complementary perspectives. At the end of the book, numerous special concepts and systems, including micro-scale bearings, self-bearing motors, and self-sensing bearings, are put forth as promising directions for new research and development. Newcomers to the field will find the material highly accessible while veteran practitioners will be impressed by the level of technical detail that emerges from a combination of sophisticated analysis and insights gleaned from many collective years of practical experience. An exhaustive, self-contained text on active magnetic bearing technology, this book should be a core reference for anyone seeking to understand or develop systems using magnetic bearings.Table of Contentsand Survey.- Principle of Active Magnetic Suspension.- Hardware Components.- Actuators.- Losses in Magnetic Bearings.- Design Criteria and Limiting Characteristics.- Dynamics of the Rigid Rotor.- Control of the Rigid Rotor in AMBs.- Digital Control.- Dynamics of Flexible Rotors.- Identification.- Control of Flexible Rotors.- Touch-down Bearings.- Dynamics and Control Issues for Fault Tolerance.- Self#x2013;Sensing Magnetic Bearings.- Self#x2013;Bearing Motors.- Micro Magnetic Bearings.- Safety and Reliability Aspects.

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Book SynopsisInternal combustion engines (ICE) still have potential for substantial improvements, particularly with regard to fuel efficiency and environmental compatibility. In order to fully exploit the remaining margins, increasingly sophisticated control systems have to be applied. This book offers an introduction to cost-effective model-based control-system design for ICE. The primary emphasis is put on the ICE and its auxiliary devices. Mathematical models for these processes are developed and solutions for selected feedforward and feedback control-problems are presented. The discussions concerning pollutant emissions and fuel economy of ICE in automotive applications constantly intensified since the first edition of this book was published. Concerns about the air quality, the limited resources of fossil fuels and the detrimental effects of greenhouse gases exceedingly spurred the interest of both the industry and academia in further improvements. The most important changes and additions included in this second edition are: restructured and slightly extended section on superchargers, short subsection on rotational oscillations and their treatment on engine test-benches, complete section on modeling, detection, and control of engine knock, improved physical and chemical model for the three-way catalytic converter, new methodology for the design of an air-to-fuel ratio controller, short introduction to thermodynamic engine-cycle calculation and corresponding control-oriented aspects.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The topic of this book is modeling and control of internal combustion engines for automotive applications. … In summary, this book is an essential text for anyone interested in engine control design. It seems appropriate for a graduate-level course in particular, for students with some control background. According to the authors, the book is intended for students … . I would also like to add that engine control practitioners can also learn a lot from this book … ." (Mrdjan Jankovic, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, December 2005)Table of ContentsMean-Value Models.- Discrete-Event Models.- Control of Engine Systems.

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Book SynopsisThe “language-communication-society” triangle defies traditional scientific approaches. Rather, it is a phenomenon that calls for an integration of complex, transdisciplinary perspectives, if we are to make any progress in understanding how it works. The highly diverse agents in play are not merely cognitive and/or cultural, but also emotional and behavioural in their specificity. Indeed, the effort may require building a theoretical and methodological body of knowledge that can effectively convey the characteristic properties of phenomena in human terms.New complexity approaches allow us to rethink our limited and mechanistic images of human societies and create more appropriate emo-cognitive dynamic and holistic models. We have to enter into dialogue with the complexity views coming out of other more ‘material’ sciences, but we also need to take steps in the linguistic and psycho-sociological fields towards creating perspectives and concepts better fitted to human characteristics.Our understanding of complexity is different – but not opposed – to the one that is more commonly found in texts written by people working in physics or computer science, for example. The goal of this book is to extend the knowledge of these other more ‘human’ or socially oriented perspectives on complexity, taking account of the language and communication singularities of human agents in society. Our understanding of complexity is different – but not opposed – to the one that is more commonly found in texts written by people working in physics or computer science, for example. The goal of this book is to extend the knowledge of these other more ‘human’ or socially oriented perspectives on complexity, taking account of the language and communication singularities of human agents in society. Table of ContentsIntroduction .-Facing complexity: Prediction vs. adaptation .- Sociolinguistics: Towards a complex ecological view.- Language as a Complex Adaptive System: Towards an Integrative Linguistics.- An experientially-based informationless communication .- Conversation as emergent function .- Communication situations: A dialogic quiz? .-Education, emotion, complexity.-Minds and screens. Communication and socialization from a complexity perspective .-Self-organization in communicating groups: The emergence of coordination, shared references and collective intelligence .- General linguistics and communication sciences: Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .Sociocomplexity as an integrative perspective .-The Fuzzy Complexity of Languag.- The emergence of complexity in language: An evolutionary perspective .- The ecology of pressures: Towards a tool to analyze the complex process of language shift and maintenance .- Ethics and Progress in Today’s World .

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Book SynopsisElectrical drives play an important role as electromechanical energy convert­ ers in transportation, material handling and most production processes. The ease of controlling electrical drives is an important aspect for meeting the in­ creasing demands by the user with respect to flexibility and precision, caused by technological progress in industry as well as the need for energy conser­ vation. At the same time, the control of electrical drives has provided strong incentives to control engineering in general, leading to the development of new control structures and their introduction to other areas of control. This is due to the stringent operating conditions and widely varying specifications - a drive may alternately require control of torque, acceleration, speed or position - and the fact that most electric drives have - in contrast to chem­ ical or thermal processes - well defined structures and consistent dynamic characteristics. During the last years the field of controlled electrical drives has undergone rapid expansion due mainly to the advances of semiconductors in the form of power electronics as well as analogue and digital signal electronics, eventu­ ally culminating in microelectronics and microprocessors. The introduction of electronically switched solid-state power converters has renewed the search for adjustable speed AC motor drives, not subject to the limitations of the mechanical commutator of DC drives which dominated the field for a century.Table of Contents1. Elementary Principles of Mechanics.- 1.1 Newtons Law.- 1.2 Moment of Inertia.- 1.3 Effect of Gearing.- 1.4 Power and Energy.- 1.5 Experimental Determination of Inertia.- 2. Dynamics of a Mechanical Drive.- 2.1 Equations Describing the Motion of a Drive with Lumped Inertia.- 2.2 Two Axes Drive in Polar Coordinates.- 2.3 Steady State Characteristics of Motors and Loads.- 2.4 Stable and Unstable Operating Points.- 3. Integration of the Simplified Equation of Motion.- 3.1 Solution of the Linearised Equation.- 3.1.1 Start of a Motor with Shunt-type Characteristic at No-load.- 3.1.2 Starting the Motor with a Load Torque Proportional to Speed.- 3.1.3 Loading Transient of the Motor Initially Running at No-load Speed.- 3.1.4 Starting of a DC Motor by Sequentially Short-circuiting Starting Resistors.- 3.2 Analytical Solution of Nonlinear Differential Equation.- 3.3 Numerical and Graphical Integration.- 4. Thermal Effects in Electrical Machines.- 4.1 Power Losses and Temperature Restrictions.- 4.2 Heating of a Homogeneous Body.- 4.3 Different Modes of Operation.- 4.3.1 Continuous Duty.- 4.3.2 Short Time Intermittent Duty.- 4.3.3 Periodic intermittent duty.- 5. Separately Excited DC Machine.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Mathematical Model of the DC Machine.- 5.3 Steady State Characteristics with Armature and Field Control.- 5.3.1 Armature Control.- 5.3.2 Field Control.- 5.3.3 Combined Armature and Field Control.- 5.4 Dynamic Behaviour of DC Motor with Constant Flux.- 6. DC Motor with Series Field Winding.- 6.1 Block Diagram of a Series-wound Motor.- 6.2 Steady State Characteristics.- 7. Control of a Separately Excited DC Machine.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Cascade Control of DC Motor in the Armature Control Region.- 7.3 Cascade Control of DC Motor in the Field-weakening Region.- 7.4 Supplying a DC Motor from a Rotating Generator.- 8. Static Converter as a Power Actuator for DC Drives.- 8.1 Electronic Switching Devices.- 8.2 Line-commutated Converter in Single-phase Bridge Connection.- 8.3 Line-commutated Converter in Three-phase Bridge Connection.- 8.4 Line-commutated Converters with Reduced Reactive Power.- 8.5 Control Loop Containing an Electronic Power Converter.- 9. Control of Converter-supplied DC Drives.- 9.1 DC Drive with Line-commutated Converter.- 9.2 DC Drives with Force-commutated Converters.- 10. Symmetrical Three-Phase AC Machines.- 10.1 Mathematical Model of a General AC Machine.- 10.2 Induction Motor with Sinusoidal Symmetrical Voltages in Steady State.- 10.2.1 Stator Current, Current Locus.- 10.2.2 Steady State Torque, Efficiency.- 10.2.3 Comparison with Practical Motor Designs.- 10.2.4 Starting of the Induction Motor.- 10.3 Induction Motor with Impressed Voltages of Arbitrary Wave- forms.- 10.4 Induction Motor with Unsymmetrical Line Voltages in Steady State.- 10.4.1 Symmetrical Components.- 10.4.2 Single-phase Induction Motor.- 10.4.3 Single-phase Electric Brake for AC Crane-Drives.- 10.4.4 Unsymmetrical Starting Circuit for Induction Motor.- 11. Power Supplies for Adjustable Speed AC Drives.- 11.1 Pulse width modulated (PWM) Voltage Source Transistor Converter (IGBT).- 11.2 Voltage Source PWM Thyristor Converter.- 11.3 Current Source Thyristor Converters.- 11.4 Converter Without DC Link (Cycloconverter).- 12. Control of Induction Motor Drives.- 12.1 Control of Induction Motor Based on Steady State Machine Model.- 12.2 Rotor Flux Orientated Control of Current-fed Induction Motor.- 12.2.1 Principle of Field Orientation.- 12.2.2 Acquisition of Flux Signals.- 12.2.3 Effects of Residual Lag of the Current Control Loops.- 12.2.4 Digital Signal Processing.- 12.2.5 Experimental Results.- 12.2.6 Effects of a Detuned Flux Model.- 12.3 Control of Voltage-fed Induction Motor.- 12.4 Field Orientated Control of Induction Motor with a Current Source Converter.- 12.5 Control of an Induction Motor Without a Mechanical Sensor.- 12.5.1 Machine Model in Stator Flux Coordinates.- 12.5.2 Example of an “Encoderless Control”.- 12.5.3 Simulation and Experimental Results.- 12.6 Control of an Induction Motor Using a Combined Flux Model.- 13. Induction Motor Drive with Reduced Speed Range.- 13.1 Doubly-fed Induction Machine with Constant Stator Frequency and Field-orientated Rotor Current.- 13.2 Control of a Line-side Voltage Source Converter as a Reactive Power Compensator.- 13.3 Wound-Rotor Induction with Slip-Power Recovery.- 14. Variable Frequency Synchronous Motor Drives.- 14.1 Control of Synchronous Motors with PM Excitation.- 14.2 Synchronous Motor with Field- and Damper-Windings.- 14.3 Synchronous Motor with Load-commutated Inverter (LCI- Drive).- 15. Some Applications of Controlled Electrical Drives.- 15.1 Speed Controlled Drives.- 15.2 Lineax Position Control.- 15.3 Lineax Position Control with Moving Reference Point.- 15.4 Time-optimal Position Control with Fixed Reference Point.- 15.5 Time-optimal Position Control with Moving Reference Point.

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Book SynopsisA straightforward introduction to basic concepts and methodologies for digital photoelasticity, providing a foundation on which future researchers and students can develop their own ideas. The book thus promotes research into the formulation of problems in digital photoelasticity and the application of these techniques to industries. In one volume it provides data acquisition by DIP techniques, its analysis by statistical techniques, and its presentation by computer graphics plus the use of rapid prototyping technologies to speed up the entire process. The book not only presents the various techniques but also provides the relevant time-tested software codes. Exercises designed to support and extend the treatment are found at the end of each chapter.Trade ReviewExcerpts from the Reviews of the book on Digital Photoelasticity(Pattern I) The author has produced a first class text book that should find widespread use among students, researchers, and design engineers in many branches of engineering….. Applied Mechanics Reviews 55(4) B69-B71 JUL 2002 The book is accompanied by a CD-ROM of the C source code of the programs referred to in the text along with some photoelasticity simulations and some hardware-specific code. The text is supported by ample end-of-chapter tutorial questions….. Strain 38 85-86 2002 Bible of digital photoelasticity., 17 February, 2001 Not only beginners and students but also researchers, engineers and inspectors should read this book as a bible of photoelasticity. http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540667954/qid%3D1050727743/202-1368056-3855028 ….This is the first monograph in its field and forms a useful contribution… Meas. Sci. Technol. 11 (December 2000) 1826-1827Table of Contents1 Transmission Photoelasticity.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Physical Principle Used in Photoelasticity.- 1.3 Nature of Light.- 1.4 Polarization.- 1.5 Passage of Light Through Isotropic Media.- 1.6 Passage of Light Through a Crystalline Medium.- 1.7 Light Ellipse.- 1.8 Retardation Plates and Wave Plates.- 1.9 Stress-Optic Law.- 1.10 Plane Polariscope.- 1.10.1 Analysis by Trigonometric Resolution.- 1.11 Jones Calculus.- 1.11.1 Rotation Matrix.- 1.11.2 Retardation Matrix.- 1.11.3 Representation of a Retarder.- 1.11.4 Polarizer.- 1.11.5 Quarter-Wave Plate.- 1.12 Analysis of Plane Polariscope by Jones Calculus.- 1.13 Circular Polariscope.- 1.14 Use of White Light.- 1.15 Determination of Isoclinic and Isochromatic Fringe Order at a Point.- 1.15.1 Ordering of Isoclinics.- 1.15.2 Ordering of Isochromatics.- 1.16 Tardy’s Method of Compensation.- 1.17 Calibration of Photoelastic Model Materials.- 1.17.1 Stress Field in a Circular Disc Under Diametral Compression.- 1.17.2 Conventional Method.- 1.17.3 Sampled Linear Least Squares Method.- Need for a better methodology.- Use of whole field data to evaluate material fringe value.- 1.17.4 Theoretical Reconstruction of Fringe Patterns.- 1.18 Further Comments on Fringe Ordering.- 1.18.1 Properties of Isochromatic Fringe Field.- 1.18.2 Properties of Isoclinic Fringe Field.- 1.18.3 Use of Fringe Field Properties to Identify Fringe Ordering.- 1.18.4 Role of Principles of Solid Mechanics in Fringe Ordering.- 1.19 Determination of the Sign of the Boundary Stresses.- 1.20 Resolving the Ambiguity on the Principal Stress Direction.- 1.21 Introduction to Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity and Integrated Photoelasticity.- 1.21.1 Conventional Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity.- 1.21.2 Principle of Optical Equivalence.- 1.22 Model to Prototype Relations.- 1.23 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 2 Reflection Photoelasticity.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Reflection Polariscope.- 2.3 Stress and Strain-Optic Relations for Coatings.- 2.4 Coating and Specimen Stresses.- 2.5 Correction Factors for Photoelastic Coatings.- 2.6 Poisson’s Ratio Mismatch.- 2.7 Coating Materials.- 2.8 Bonding the Coating.- 2.9 Selection of the Coating Thickness.- 2.10 Calibration of the Coating Material.- 2.11 Data Collection and Analysis.- 2.12 Application of Photoelastic Coatings.- 2.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 3 Digital Image Processing.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Image Sampling and Quantization.- 3.2.1 Pictures as Functions.- 3.2.2 Uniform Sampling and Quantization.- 3.3 Video Standards.- 3.4 Image Sensors.- 3.5 Image Display.- 3.6 Image Perception.- 3.7 Image Storage.- 3.8 Some Basic Relationships and Mathematical Operations Between Pixels.- 3.8.1 Neighbours of a Pixel.- 3.8.2 Arithmetic and Logic Operations.- 3.8.3 Neighbourhood Oriented Operations.- 3.9 Basic Steps in Image Processing.- 3.10 Typical Image Processing Systems for Digital Photoelasticity.- 3.11 Software Structure and Design.- 3.12 Image Acquisition.- 3.13 Tools for Image Understanding.- 3.13.1 Pseudo Colouring.- 3.13.2 Histogram.- 3.13.3 Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Intensity Plots.- 3.14 Filtering in Spatial Domain.- 3.14.1 Low Pass Spatial Filtering.- 3.14.2 Median Filtering.- 3.15 Image Enhancement.- 3.15.1 Contrast Stretching.- 3.15.2 Histogram Equalisation.- 3.16 Image Segmentation.- 3.16.1 Thresholding.- Global thresholding.- Semi thresholding.- Dynamic thresholding.- 3.16.2 Edge Detection.- Edge detection by convolution filters.- Edge detection by non-convolution filters.- Edge detection by thresholding.- 3.17 Morphological Filters.- 3.18 Further Discussions on Image Sensors.- 3.18.1 Operation of CCD Arrays.- 3.18.2 Interline Transfer CCD.- 3.18.3 Linearity and Dynamic Range.- 3.18.4 Sources of Noise.- 3.19 Digitisation of the Camera Video Signal.- 3.20 Resolution of an Image Processing System.- 3.21 Gamma Compensation.- Exercises.- References.- 4 Fringe Multiplication, Fringe Thinning and Fringe Clustering.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Fringe Multiplication.- 4.3 Half Fringe Photoelasticity (HFP).- 4.4 DIP Methods for Fringe Thinning.- 4.5 Algorithms Based on Considering the Fringe Patterns as a Binary Image.- 4.6 Mask-Based Algorithms for Skeleton Extraction Using Intensity Variation within a Fringe.- 4.7 Global Identification of Fringe Skeletons Based on Intensity Variation.- 4.7.1 Edge Detection.- 4.7.2 Fringe Skeletonization.- Row-Wise scanning algorithm.- Algorithm for fringe skeleton extraction for arbitrarily shaped fringes.- 4.7.3 Applications of the Algorithm to Actual Experimental Conditions.- 4.8 Further Improvements on the Global Thinning Algorithm.- 4.9 Performance Evaluation of Various Fringe Thinning Algorithms.- 4.9.1 Comparison of the Skeleton Extraction.- Computer generated test images.- Images recorded from actual experimental situations.- 4.9.2 Comparison of the Computational Effort.- 4.10 Use of Tiling to Improve Information in Stress Concentration Zones.- 4.11 Fringe Tracing Algorithm.- 4.12 Ordering of Fringes.- 4.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 5 Phase Shifting, Polarization Stepping and Fourier Transform Methods.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Early Attempts for Automated Polariscopes.- 5.3 Phase Shifting in Photoelasticity.- 5.4 Intensity of Light Transmitted for a Generic Arrangement of a Plane Polariscope.- 5.5 Intensity of Light Transmitted for a Generic Arrangement of a Circular Polariscope.- 5.6 Evaluation of Fractional Fringe Order along an Isoclinic Contour.- 5.7 Whole Field Evaluation of Photoelastic Data by Using a Plane Polariscope.- 5.8 Whole Field Evaluation of Photoelastic Data by Using a Circular Polariscope.- 5.8.1 The Generic Procedure.- 5.8.2 Calculation and Representation of Whole Field Data.- 5.8.3 Parameters Affecting the Generation of Phase Map and its Solution.- Influence of local oscillations of isoclinic parameter on fractional retardation calculation.- Importance of isoclinic parameter representing either ?1 or ?2 direction over the domain.- Ambiguity in experimentally evaluating the isoclinic parameter.- Interactive approach to obtain a good phase map.- 5.9 Error Sources and Methods to Minimise Their Influence.- 5.9.1 Influence of Error in Measuring Intensities.- 5.9.2 Errors Due to Mismatch of Quarter-Wave Plates.- 5.10 Evaluation of Isoclinic Value by Phase Shifting Technique.- 5.10.1 Use of Two Loads to Get Continuous Isoclinic Contours.- 5.10.2 Use of Multiple Wavelengths to Get Continuous Isoclinic Contours.- 5.11 Polarization Stepping for Isoclinic Determination.- 5.12 Fourier Transform Methods for Photoelastic Data Acquisition.- 5.12.1 Use of Carrier Fringes.- 5.12.2 Use of Multiple Polarization Stepped Images.- 5.12.3 Use of Load Stepping.- 5.13 Comparative Evaluation of Phase Shifting, Polarization Stepping and Fourier Transform Techniques.- 5.14 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 6 Phase Unwrapping and Optically Enhanced Tiling in Digital Photoelasticity.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Boundary Detection.- 6.3 Noise Removal in Phase Maps.- 6.4 Algorithm for Phase Unwrapping.- 6.5 Representation of the Unwrapped Phase.- 6.5.1 Three-Dimensional Plots.- 6.5.2 Total Fringe Order Viewing on the Image.- 6.6 Parameters Affecting Phase Unwrapping.- 6.6.1 Influence of the Selection of the Phase Unwrapping Threshold.- 6.6.2 Influence of the Location of the Primary Seed Point.- 6.7 Use of Tiling Procedure for Phase Unwrapping.- 6.8 Digital Magnification of High Fringe Density Zones.- 6.8.1 Replication.- 6.8.2 Linear Interpolation.- 6.8.3 Higher Order Interpolation.- 6.9 Optically Enhanced Tiling (OET).- 6.10 Cementing of a Tile.- 6.11 OET Applied to a Circular Disc Under Diametral Compression.- 6.12 OET Applied to a Ring Under Diametral Compression.- 6.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 7 Colour Image Processing Techniques.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Colour Models.- 7.2.1 RGB Model.- 7.2.2 HSI Model.- 7.3 Colour Image Processing Systems.- 7.3.1 Hardware.- Transmission Photoelasticity.- Reflection Photoelasticity.- 7.3.2 Software.- 7.4 Typical Spectral Response of a Colour Camera.- 7.5 Intensity of Light Transmitted in White Light for Various Polariscope Arrangements.- 7.6 Three Fringe Photoelasticity (TFP).- 7.6.1 Calibration.- 7.6.2 Methodology.- 7.6.3 Application to the Problem of a Circular Disc Under Diametral Compression.- 7.7 Green Image Plane as a Green Filter.- 7.8 Phase Shifting in Colour Domain.- 7.8.1 Transmission Photoelasticity.- 7.8.2 Reflection Photoelasticity.- 7.9 Spectral Content Analysis (SCA).- 7.10 Digital Spectral Content Analysis (DSCA).- 7.11 Hybrid Techniques.- 7.11.1 Polarization Stepping in Colour Domain.- 7.12 Tricolour Photoelastic Method.- 7.13 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 8 Evaluation of Contact Stress Parameters and Fracture Parameters.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Basic Data Required and its Digital Acquisition.- 8.2.1 Conversion of Pixel Co-ordinates to Model Co-ordinates.- 8.2.2 Rotational Transformation.- 8.3 Stresses in Terms of Contact Length and Geometrical and Elastic Properties of the Bodies in Contact.- 8.4 Evaluation of Contact Stress Parameters by Least Squares Analysis.- 8.4.1 Validation for Hertzian and Non-Hertzian Contact.- 8.5 Developments in the Description of the Stress Field Equations in the Neighbourhood of a Crack-tip.- 8.5.1 Mode-I Stress Field Equations.- 8.5.2 Mixed-Mode (Combination of Mode-I and Mode-II) Stress Field Equations.- 8.5.3 Equivalence Between the Multi-Parameter Stress Field Equations.- 8.6 Developments in SIF Evaluation Methodology.- 8.7 Evaluation of Mixed-Mode Stress Field Parameters Using Least Squares Technique.- 8.8 Experimental Validation of the Methodology.- 8.8.1 Mode-I Loading.- 8.8.2 Mixed-Mode Loading.- 8.9 Contact Stress and Fracture Analysis of a Spur Gear.- 8.9.1 Loading Frame Design.- 8.9.2 Evaluation of Contact Parameters.- Measurement of radius of curvature at the point of contact.- Experimental results.- 8.9.3 Evaluation of Fracture Parameters.- 8.10 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 9 Stress Separation Techniques.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Oblique Incidence Method.- 9.2.1 Secondary Principal Stresses.- 9.2.2 The Methodology.- 9.3 Shear Difference Technique.- 9.3.1 Conventional Method.- 9.3.2 Improvement by Tesar.- 9.4 Survey of Numerical Methods.- 9.4.1 Integration of Compatibility Condition.- Finite difference approach.- 9.4.2 Integration of Stress Difference Equations.- 9.4.3 Least Squares Method.- 9.4.4 Hybrid Techniques.- 9.4.5 Methods Using Only Isochromatic Data.- 9.5 Stress Separation by Combined Phase Shifting and FEM.- 9.5.1 Finite Element Formulation.- 9.5.2 Meaningful Discretization of the Domain.- 9.5.3 Plotting of Fringe Contours from FE Results.- 9.5.4 Influence of Error in Fringe Data.- 9.5.5 Application of the Technique to the Problem of Plate with a Hole.- 9.6 Use of Integrated Photoelasticity Concepts for Stress Separation.- 9.6.1 Least Squares Algorithm.- 9.6.2 Design of the Loading Frame.- 9.6.3 Application to the Problem of Disc under Diametral Compression.- 9.7 Stress Separation in Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity.- 9.8 Stress Separation in Reflection Photoelasticity.- 9.8 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 10 Fusion of Digital Photoelasticity, Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling Technologies.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Difficulties in Conventional Three-Dimensional Photoelasticity.- 10.3 Rapid Prototyping in Model Making.- 10.3.1 Software Issues in RP.- 10.3.2 Stereolithography Process.- 10.3.3 Solid Ground Curing.- 10.3.4 Fused Deposition Modelling.- 10.4 Direct Analysis of RP Models by Photoelastic Coatings.- 10.4.1 Experimental Results.- 10.4.2 Analysis of the Results.- Evaluation of Young’s modulus by tensile test.- Study on the seepage of the adhesive.- Numerical simulation of fringe patterns.- 10.4.3 Recommendations.- 10.5 Direct Use of RP Models for Transmission Photoelastic Analysis.- 10.6 Rapid Tooling for Model Making.- 10.6.1 Basic Steps in Rapid Tooling.- 10.6.2 Digital Photoelastic Characterisation of the Process.- 10.7 Closure.- Exercises.- References.- 11 Recent Developments and Future Trends.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Evaluation of Characteristic Parameters.- 11.2.1 Srinath and Keshavan’s Method.- 11.2.2 Whole Field Determination of Characteristic Parameters by Phase Shifting.- Development of relevant equations.- Experimental evaluation of characteristic parameters.- Whole field theoretical evaluation of characteristic parameters.- 11.3 Tensorial Tomography.- 11.4 Developments in DIP Hardware.- 11.5 Developments in DIP Software.- 11.5.1 Development of a Device Independent Software.- Selection of software features.- FRN_DAT software.- An application.- 11.5.2 Future Possibility.- 11.6 Digital Dynamic Photoelasticity.- 11.6.1 Classification of High, Very-high and Ultra-high-speed Photography.- 11.6.2 Classical Methods for High-speed Photography.- 11.6.3 Digital Dynamic Recording.- 11.7 Application to Composites.- 11.7.1 Photo-Orthotropic Elasticity Theories.- Stress-Optic law.- Strain-Optic law.- 11.7.2 Calibration of Photo-Orthotropic Composites.- 11.7.3 Influence of Residual Birefringence.- 11.7.4 Separation of Stresses in Photo-Orthotropic Elasticity.- 11.7.5 Application of Digital Photoelasticity to Composites.- 11.8 Closure.- Exercises.- References.

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Book SynopsisErstmals werden die beiden großen Einsatzfelder der Lichtwellenleiter in einem Buch vereint dargestellt, womit dem wichtiger werdenden Anwendungsgebiet der Lichtwellenleiter in der Sensortechnik angemessen Rechnung getragen wird.Table of Contents1 Optische Wellen.- 1.1 Einige Grundbegriffe der Wellenlehre.- 1.1.1 Ebene harmonische Wellen.- 1.1.2 Phase einer Welle; Phasenänderung längs einer Wegstrecke und innerhalb einer Zeitspanne.- 1.1.3 Phasengeschwindigkeit und Ausbreitungskonstante.- 1.1.4 Wellenlänge.- 1.1.5 Wellengruppen und Gruppengeschwindigkeit.- 1.2 Elektromagnetische Wellen.- 1.2.1 Mathematische Beschreibung.- 1.2.2 Transversale und longitudinale Feldanteile; Wellenbezeichnungen.- 1.2.3 Polarisation.- 1.2.4 Intensität und Leistung.- 1.2.5 Komplexe Notation.- 1.2.6 Freie Wellenausbreitung in Vakuum.- 1.3 Licht als elektromagnetische Welle.- 1.3.1 Frequenzmäßige Einordnung.- 1.3.2 Phasengeschwindigkeit in Materie, Brechungsindex.- 1.3.3 Gruppengeschwindigkeit in Materie, Gruppenbrechungsindex.- 1.3.4 Kohärenz realer optischer Wellen.- 1.3.5 Strahlenmodell der Lichtausbreitung.- 2 Lichtwellenleiter.- 2.1 Dielektrische Wellenleiter.- 2.2 Lichtwellenleiter in Faserform.- 2.2.1 Einteilung nach dem Brechzahlprofil.- 2.2.2 Einteilung nach der übertragbaren Modenvielfalt.- 2.3 Integriert-optische Lichtwellenleiter.- 2.3.1 Streifenleiter mit aufgesetzten oder versenkten Streifen.- 2.3.2 Streifenleiter mit Höhenprofilierung eines Kernfilms (Rippenleiter).- 2.3.3 Funktionstypen und Substratmaterialien.- 3 Geometrisch-optische Lichtwege in LWL.- 3.1 Strahlenoptische Lichtwege im Stufenindex-LWL.- 3.1.1 Reelle Totalreflexion an einer Trennfläche.- 3.1.2 Prinzip der Lichtführung im Filmwellenleiter mit Stufenprofil.- 3.1.3 Lichtausbreitung in gebogenen LWL.- 3.2 Prinzip der Lichtfuhrung in Gradientenindex-LWL mit parabolischem Brechzahlprofil.- 3.2.1 Virtuelle Totalreflexion.- 3.2.2 Lichtwege in Filmwellenleitern mit Parabelprofil.- 3.3 Übertragung auf rotationssymmetrische Faser-LWL.- 3.3.1 Meridionalstrahlen, schiefe Strahlen, Helixstrahlen.- 3.3.2 Akzeptanzwinkel, Akzeptanzkegel, numerische Apertur.- 4 Berücksichtigung der Wellennatur des Lichtes.- 4.1 Stufenprofil-Filmwellenleiter.- 4.1.1 Stehwellen.- 4.1.2 Interferenz bei mehrfacher Totalreflexion: charakteristische Gleichung.- 4.1.3 Moden.- 4.1.4 Evaneszente Felder und Intensitäten.- 4.1.5 Modenverhalten bei Biegung des LWL.- 4.2 Gradientenindex-Filmwellenleiter mit Parabelprofil.- 4.3 Übertragung auf rotationssymmetrische Faser-LWL und auf integriert-optische LWL.- 5 Exakte Berechnung der Lichtausbreitung.- 5.1 Faser-LWL mit Stufenprofil.- 5.1.1 Entwicklung einer Wellendifferentialgleichung aus den Maxwell’sehen Gleichungen.- 5.1.2 Geführte Moden als Lösung der „reduzierten“ Differentialgleichung.- 5.1.3 Lösungsversuch: LP-Moden (Moden mit einheitlich in derselben Richtung linear polarisierten Feldern).- 5.1.4 LP-Modenbilder in Stufenprofilfasern.- 5.1.5 Strahlungsmoden und Leckmoden.- 5.1.6 Kern-Mantel-Leistungsaufteilung, Moden-cutoff.- 5.1.7 Übergang zur Einmodigkeit, Gauß’sche Näherung für LP01.- 5.1.8 Modenberechnung bei Verzicht auf einheitliche lineare Polarisation.- 5.2 Modenfelder in Gradientenprofilfasern.- 5.3 Modenfelder in integriert-optischen Lichtwellenleitern.- 6 Einige Grundlagen der optischen Nachrichtenübertragung.- 6.1 Anaolge und digitale Signale.- 6.2 Nachrichtenübertragung in Trägerfrequenztechnik.- 6.2.1 Analoge Übertragung.- 6.2.2 Binäre digitale Übertragung.- 6.2.3 Optische Wellen als Nachrichtenträger.- 6.2.4 Übertragungsgeschwindigkeit.- 6.3 Der Einfluß des Rauschens.- 6.3.1 Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis.- 6.3.2 Abnahme des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses durch Laufzeitunterschiede.- 6.3.3 Ursachen der Laufzeitunterschiede: Dispersion.- 6.4 Systemkenngrößen für die Übertragung von leistungsmoduliertem Licht.- 7 Verluste in Lichtweilenleitern.- 7.1 Quantitative Erfassung der Dämpfung.- 7.2 Dämpfung in Glasfaser-LWL.- 7.2.1 Intrinsische Verluste: IR-Absorption, Rayleighstreuung.- 7.2.2 Extrinsische Verluste: Absorption durch Verunreinigungen, Makrobiegung der Faser.- 7.2.3 Modenabhängigkeit der Dämpfung.- 7.2.4 Intrinsische Dämpfung in LWL aus Sulfidglas oder Fluoridglas.- 7.3 Dämpfung in POF-Fasern.- 7.4 Dämpfung in integriert-optischen LWL.- 8 Modenlaufzeitunterschiede (Modendispersion).- 8.1 Laufzeiten nach dem Strahlenmodell in Stufenprofil- und Gradientenprofilfasern.- 8.1.1 Strahlenoptische Laufzeiten im Stufenprofil.- 8.1.2 Strahlenoptische Laufzeiten im Parabelprofil.- 8.2 Exakte Theorie der Modenlaufzeiten von LP-Moden.- 8.2.1 Stufenindex-LWL.- 8.2.2 Gradientenindex-LWL mit Potenzprofil.- 8.2.3 Profiloptimierung.- 9 Einfluß der spektralen Breite der Lichtquelle: chromatische Dispersion.- 9.1 Mathematische Beschreibung.- 9.1.1 Beiträge zur chromatischen Dispersion, Dispersionskoeffizienten.- 9.1.2 Dispersionsnullstelle und dispersionsverschobene Faser.- 9.1.3 Verbesserung des Dispersionsverlaufes von Einmodenfasern durch W-Profile.- 9.2 Abschätzung der durch chromatische Dispersion verursachten Laufzeitunterschiede.- 10 Impulsverbreiterung und 3-dB-Grenzfrequenz.- 10.1 Impulsübertragung.- 10.1.1 Pulsantwortfunktion und das Problem der Leistungsaddition.- 10.1.2 Quantitative Erfassung der Impulsverbreiterung.- 10.1.3 Impulsverbreiterung einer Einmodenfaser.- 10.1.4 Impulsverbreiterung einer Vielmodenfaser.- 10.2 Analogübertragung.- 10.2.1 Bandbreite einer Einmodenfaser.- 10.2.2 Bandbreite einer Vielmodenfaser.- 10.3 Dispersion im Datenblatt; Bandbreite-Länge-Produkte.- 10.3.1 Einmoden-LWL.- 10.3.2 Vielmoden-LWL.- 11 Grenzen optischer Übertragungssysteme durch Dämpfung und Dispersion.- 11.1 Analoge Übertragung.- 11.2 Digitale Übertragung (PCM-Übertragung).- 12 Meßwerterfassung mit Lichtwellenleiter-Sensoren.- 12.1 Einige Grundbegriffe der Sensorik.- 12.2 Einteilung der Sensoren.- 12.3 Optische Sensorik mit Lichtwellenleitern.- 12.3.1 Extrinsische LWL-Sensoren: LWLinSensoren.- 12.3.2 Intrinsische LWL-Sensoren: LWLalsSensor.- 12.3.3 LWL in hybriden Sensoren.- 13 Beispiele extrinsischer optischer Sensoren.- 13.1 Füllstandsanzeiger.- 13.2 Abstandssensor durch Phasenlaufzeitmessung.- 13.3 Temperatursensor.- 13.4 Polarisationssensor (Polarimeter).- 13.4.1 Aufbau und Wirkungsweise.- 13.4.2 Mathematische Behandlung.- 13.4.3 Erzeugung linearer Doppelbrechung am Beispiel des elastooptischen Effektes und des Kerr-Effektes.- 13.4.4 Querempfindlichkeit und optische Gleichtaktunterdrückung.- 14 Intrinsische Sensoren mit Standardfasern.- 14.1 Mikrobiegungssensor.- 14.2 Sensorwirkung durch Abänderung der Mantelbrechzahl.- 14.3 Evanescent field sensor.- 14.4 „Verteilte“ Intensitätssensoren und OTDR-Auswertung.- 14.5 Sensoren mit Bragg-Gitter im Glasfaserkern.- 15 Polarisationscharakteristik von Faser-LWL.- 15.1 Polarisation in Vielmodenfasern.- 15.2 Polarisation in Standard-Einmodenfasern.- 15.3 Fasern mit modifiziertem linearen Polarisationsanteil.- 15.3.1 Fasern mit reduzierter eigener linearer Anisotropie (LoBi fiber).- 15.3.2 Fasern mit verstärkter eigener linearer Anisotropie (HiBi fiber).- 15.3.3 Polarisationsmodenkopplung.- 15.3.4 HiBi-Fasern als Polarisatoren.- 15.4 Fasern mit modifiziertem zirkularen Polarisationsanteil.- 16 Intrinsische faseroptische Polarimeter.- 16.1 Einbringen zusätzlicher linearer Anisotropie.- 16.2 Einbringen zusätzlicher zirkularer Anisotropie.- 17 Interferometrische Sensoren: Grundlagen.- 17.1 Sensorik durch Änderung optischer Weglängen.- 17.2 Messung von Phasendifferenzen mit Zweistrahlinterferometern.- 17.3 Zweistrahlinterferometer als Sensor.- 17.4 Anforderungen an die Lichtquelle.- 17.5 Lichtwellenleiter in Zweistrahlinterferometern.- 18 Sensoren mit LWL-Interferometern nach Mach-Zehnder und nach Michelson.- 18.1 Mach-Zehnder-Interferometer als Sensor.- 18.1.1 Interferometeraufbau und Sensorkennlinie.- 18.1.2 Linearisierung der Kennlinie durch aktive Rückkoppelung.- 18.1.3 Einsatzmöglichkeiten.- 18.2 Michelson-Interferometer als Sensor.- 18.2.1 Interferometeraufbau und Sensorkennlinie.- 18.2.2 Linearisierung der Kennlinie durch Phasenmodulation.- 19 Faseroptisches Sagnac-Interferometer als Drehratensensor.- 19.1 Aufbau des Interferometers.- 19.2 Sagnac-Effekt.- 19.3 Berechnung des Phasen Versatzes infolge Rotation.- 19.4 Technische Realisierung; Linearisierung der Kennlinie.- 19.5 Einsatz von Sagnac-Drehratensensoren.- A1 Anhang: Sellmeier-Beschreibung der Wellenlängenabhängigkeit der Brechzahl.- A2 Anhang: Zentrum und effektive Breite eines Zeitpulses bzw. einer Spektrallinie.- A3 Anhang: Polarisation von Licht.- A4 Anhang: Mathematische Beschreibung der Polarisation mit dem Jones-Formalismus.- A4.1 Jones-Vektoren.- A4.2 Polarisationsoptische Bauelemente und Jones-Matrizen.- A4.2.1 Linearpolarisator.- A4.2.2 Linearer Retarder (lineare Doppelbrechung, lineare optische Anisotropie).- A4.2.3 Zirkularer Retarder (zirkuläre Doppelbrechung, zirkuläre optische Anisotropie).- A4.2.4 Eigenzustände polarisationsoptischer Bauelemente.- A5 Anhang: Vereinfachte mathematische Beschreibung von Kopplern mit Einmoden-LWL.- A6 Anhang: Transversaler Pockels-Effekt (transversaler linearer elektrooptischer Effekt).- Literaturvierzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisAuf Basis mehrerer experimenteller Untersuchungen analysiert Alexander Weeth verschiedene Managemententscheidungen in der Neuproduktentwicklung auf kognitive Verzerrungen und betrachtet dabei insbesondere den Einfluss des organisationalen Kontexts. Er zeigt, dass die Abteilungszugehörigkeit eines Managers einen Einfluss auf Projektfortführungsentscheidungen hat und dass die organisationale Position einer Informationsquelle maßgeblich die Beurteilung ihrer Prognosen beeinflusst. Das Institut für Marktorientierte Unternehmensführung (IMU) wurde 1999 an der Universität Mannheim neu konstituiert. Es versteht sich als Plattform für anwendungsorientierte Forschung sowie als Forum des Dialogs zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis. Ziel dieser Schriftenreihe ist es, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu publizieren, die für die marktorientierte Unternehmensführung von Bedeutung sind.Table of ContentsDer Einfluss der Abteilungszugehörigkeit zu Marketing oder F&E auf die Verlusteskalation in Neuproduktentwicklungsprojekten.- Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Informationsquellen auf prognosebasierte Beurteilungen von Neuprodukteinführungen

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Book SynopsisSensors are used to measure physical, chemical and biological quantities. The book offers a comprehensive overview of physical principles, functions and applications of sensors. It is structured according to the fields of activity of sensors and shows their application by means of typical examples. Measured variables that can be recorded by sensors are e.g. mechanical, dynamic, thermal, electrical and magnetic. Furthermore, optical and acoustical sensors are discussed in detail in the book. The sensor signals are recorded, processed and converted into control signals for actuators. Such sensor systems are also presented.Table of ContentsFundamentals of sensor systems.- Physical effects for sensor use.- Measured variables that can be recorded by sensors.- Mechanical measured variables.- Dynamic measured variables.- Thermal measured variables.- Electrical and magnetic measured variables.- Optical measured variables.- Acoustic measured variables.- Climatic and meterological measured variables.- Chemical measured variables.- Biological and medical measured variables.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook and exercise book provides a solid basic knowledge and comprehensive practical skills in dealing with PLC programming. Numerous exercises help to deepen the material. With the accompanying simulation software and sample solutions, the acquired knowledge can be applied immediately. The software can be downloaded via the Internet. The knowledge of number systems and digital technology conveyed in the book is an important prerequisite for skilful and clever PLC programming. The programming language used, "Instruction list according to IEC 61131-3", provides the best insights into the functioning of a PLC. The didactically prepared programming examples for switching networks, signal memories, time functions, counters, function blocks and functions, program structures, sequence controls, data types and much more enable systematic learning of programming. The 5th, corrected edition experiences an expansion of the exercises with a didactically prepared project for the control of a mountain railway. The associated simulation software "PLC-lite" enables the realisation of controls for the mountain railway and the "realistic" representation of the cableway movements on the screen.Table of ContentsNumber systems, dual numbers and codes.- Boolean algebra.- Flip-flops and static memories.- Dynamic memory elements and counters.- Switching networks with PLC.- Circuits with signal memories.- Time functions.- Counters.- Function blocks.- Jumps, loops and repetitions.- Functions.- Sequential controls.

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Book SynopsisUrban rail systems are increasingly reaching their limits as traffic demand rises. Expanding the transport offering requires efficient signaling systems, known as Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC) systems. In this book, the author presents the system environment into which CBTC systems are integrated within urban transport companies.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an introduction to the programming language Ladder Diagram (LD) used in Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC).The book provides a general introduction to PLC controls and can be used for any PLC brands.With a focus on enabling readers without an electrical education to learn Ladder programming, the book is suitable for learners without prior knowledge of Ladder.The book contains numerous illustrations and program examples, based on real-world, practical problems in the field of automation.CONTENTS- Background, benefits and challenges of Ladder programming- PLC hardware, sensors, and basic Ladder programming- Practical guides and tips to achieve good program structures- Theory and examples of flowcharts, block diagrams and sequence diagrams- Design guide to develop functions and function blocks- Examples of organizing code in program modules and functions - Sequencing using SELF-HOLD, SET/RESET and MOVE/ COMPARE- Complex code examples for a pump station, tank control and conveyor belt- Design, development, testing and simulation of PLC programsThe book describes Ladder programming as described in the standard IEC 61131-3. PLC vendors understand this standard in different ways, and not all vendors follows the standard exactly. This will be clear through material from the vendor. This means that some of the program examples in this book may not work as intended in the PLC type you are using. In addition, there is a difference in how the individual PLC type shows graphic symbols and instructions used in Ladder programming.Note: This is a book for beginners and therefore advanced techniques such as ARRAY, LOOPS, STRUCT, ENUM, STRING, PID and FIFO are not included.

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Book SynopsisDelving into World of Dentistry.- Significance of Oral Health.- Dental Terminologies.- Role of Artificial Intelligence in Dental Science.- Robotics revolution in Dentistry.- Technical Aspects of Robotics.- Robotics in Dental Therapy.- Challenges in Robotics.- Future of Robotic Therapy.

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Book SynopsisSystem Identification.- Data-driven Modeling and Control.- Adaptive Control.- Linear/Nonlinear Control Systems.- Predictive Control.- Optimization and Optimal Control.- Process Modeling and Process Control.- Cooperative Control Systems.- Networked Control Systems.- Intelligent Systems.- Soft Computing Techniques.- Signal Processing and Information Fusion.- Fault Diagnosis and Reliable Control.- Vibration Analysis.- Noise Measuring and Control.- Condition Monitoring.- Structural Dynamics.- Pattern Recognition.- Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence.

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Book SynopsisIndustry 4.0 and 5.0.- Robotics and Automation.- AI & Computational Intelligence.- Intelligent Manufactory.- Design and Optimization.- Product Life-cycle Management.- Advanced Manufacturing Systems.- Manufacturing Operations Management.- Smart Aquaculture Technology.- Knowledge Management and Decision Making.- Manufacturing Quality Control and Management.- Sustainable Production.- Diagnosis and Prognosis of Machines.- Lean and Agile Manufacturing.- Virtual and Grid Manufacturing.- Resource and Asset Management.- Logistics and Supply Chain Management.- Fashion Logistics and Marketing.- RFID Applications.- Predictive and Cognitive Maintenance.- 3D Printing.- Intelligent Inspection.- Chemical Process Equipment.- Parallel Mechanism and Manipulator.- Integration of CAD/CAPP/CAM/CIMS.- Smart Factory.

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Book SynopsisThe Hypersonic Aircraft Trajectory Planning by Relative Entropy Programming.- A Rapid Prediction Method for Re-entry Vehicle Reachable Domain Based on Deep Neural Network.- Autonomous Attitude Control and Trajectory Planning for UAV.- Research on UAV Attitude Control Based on Fractional-order PID Controller.- An Intelligent Maneuver Decision for Target Drone Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning.- UAV Trajectory Planning Based on Deep Residual Learning Network Optimization.- Design and Test of a Long Endurance Two-propeller Tail-sitter UAV.

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Book SynopsisActive Disturbance Rejection Control of Carrier-based Aircraft with High Angle of Attack Research Based on Trajectory Optimization.- Simulation and Performance Test of Large Thrust Ducted Fan.- A Data-driven Linear Model for Flexible Vehicles Based on Koopman Operator.- UAV Path Planning Method for Key Target Reconnaissance Mission.- Study on the Stability of Spring Valve Considering the Inlet Pipeline.- UAV formation control based on multi-strategy search improved pigeon-inspired optimization.- Airworthiness Technology: The Key for the Development and Application of Civilian Unmanned Aircraft Systems.- A Frequency Domain System Identification Toolbox for Aircraft and Rotorcraft.- Measurement information consensus based distributed estimation of unknown source by using mobile sensor networks.- Path planning and composite attitude control for a satellite with 2-DOF large-inertia turntable.- An improved Cubature Kalman Filter-based optoelectronic tracking method.- Autonomous Landing of a Low-Cost Quadrotor on a Moving Target.- Reentry trajectory planning based on proximal policy optimization.- Investigation and Applications of Multi-species Numerical Method Based on NNW-FlowStar, etc.

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Book SynopsisActive Disturbance Rejection Control of Carrier-based Aircraft with High Angle of Attack Research Based on Trajectory Optimization.- Simulation and Performance Test of Large Thrust Ducted Fan.- A Data-driven Linear Model for Flexible Vehicles Based on Koopman Operator.- UAV Path Planning Method for Key Target Reconnaissance Mission.- Study on the Stability of Spring Valve Considering the Inlet Pipeline.- UAV formation control based on multi-strategy search improved pigeon-inspired optimization.- Airworthiness Technology: The Key for the Development and Application of Civilian Unmanned Aircraft Systems.- A Frequency Domain System Identification Toolbox for Aircraft and Rotorcraft.- Measurement information consensus based distributed estimation of unknown source by using mobile sensor networks.- Path planning and composite attitude control for a satellite with 2-DOF large-inertia turntable.- An improved Cubature Kalman Filter-based optoelectronic tracking method.- Autonomous Landing of a Low-Cost Quadrotor on a Moving Target.- Reentry trajectory planning based on proximal policy optimization.- Investigation and Applications of Multi-species Numerical Method Based on NNW-FlowStar, etc.

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