Archaeology by period / region Books

Book SynopsisThis publication presents the results of the archaeological studies relative to the settlement pattern, realized between 1983 and 1996 within the framework of the Michoacán Projects I and III led by the researchers of the Centre of Mexican and Centro-American studies (CEMCA). The Michoacán project (1983-1987) aimed at the realization of a study of all the perceptible demonstrations of the prehispanic occupations in the region. After the first three field’s seasons of the year 1983, dedicated essentially to survey and test pits, we directed all our efforts to the resolution of more specific objectives, the main objective being the settlement patterns study of the very numerous postclassical sites of the south region of the Project, located in the Tarascan Sierra and Malpais of Zacapu. The excavations directly connected to this subject were made in 1984 and 1985, but various test pits and surveys realized between 1983 and 1986 brought very useful data for the study. The author presented a doctoral thesis sustained in January 1991, in Paris I University on “The sites and residential and civic-ceremonial structures of the region of Zacapu, during the Postclassic”. This thesis constituted the first synthesis in French on this subject. As a consequence of the criticisms emitted during the defense of this thesis, and of insufficient data concerning the Early Postclassic occupation of the Zacapu Region, the Michoacán III (1993-1996) project was established. Both main purposes of this Project were the study of the transition between the Palacio phase (900-1200) and the Milpillas phase (1200-1450) as well as the systematic recording of sites and various structures of these sites localized in the Zacapu Malpais and dated from the Milpillas phase. This publication will present mainly the results of the surveys, surface collections and test-pits and allow inferences on the settlement patterns of the region of Zacapu and particularly the rapid growth in the Malpais of Zacapu of large sites at the beginning of Postclassic.Table of ContentsCapítulo 1: Contexto general; Capítulo 2: Localización, jerarquización de los sitios según los datos etnohistóricos del siglo XVI; Capítulo 3: Las investigaciones arqueológicas en torno a los sitios; Capítulo 4 - Cronología Cerámica (con la Contribución de Dominique Michelet); Capítulo 5: Tipología de los sitios, evolución del poblamiento del Clásico al Posclásico temprano, estructura del habitat y estimaciones de población en el Posclásico tardío; Capítulo 6: El surgimiento de la entidad tarasca Posclásica; BIBLIOGRAFIA; GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS TARASCOS (O PURÉPECHAS) Y NAHUATL

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Book SynopsisThis work seeks to understand the process of monetization within the economy of the Galicians and Asturians and the cultural ways in which the phenomenon occurred. Numismatic remains are studied in depth, found in four of the roads crossing the northwestern territory of the Iberian peninsula in Roman times; the tracks studied, as referenced in the Itinerary of Antonino, were XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX. All the coins discovered were imported, and so it was possible to mark precisely where the greatest influx of individuals and materials came from, as well as areas and zones of different speeds of monetization and, thus, Romanization. -Spanish Description: A través de este trabajo hemos pretendido comprender el proceso de monetización de la economía de galaicos y astures y las vías culturales por las que el fenómeno se produjo. Para ello hemos estudiado en profundidad los restos numismáticos aparecidos en cuatro de las calzadas que atravesaban el territorio noroccidental de la península ibérica en época romana, las vías XVII, XVIII, XIX y XX del Itinerario de Antonino. Debido a que toda la moneda que encontramos en este territorio es importada, hemos podido marcar con precisión cuáles fueron los horizontes de mayor entrada de individuos y materias, así como áreas y zonas de diferentes velocidades de monetización y con ello de romanización. Seguramente las zonas cercanas a campamentos, dónde se alojaron miles de soldados cuya única economía posible era la monetaria, conocieron y dependieron pronto del valor de la moneda. Igualmente los nuevos núcleos romanos administrativos hubieron de ser centros focales de monetización, aunque desconocemos el por qué no se abrieron cecas de moneda en estas ricas ciudades con importante tráfico de mineral y de gentes, como pueda ser el caso de Astorga o Braga.Table of ContentsCapítulo I: Introducción; Capítulo II: Moneda, economía y sociedad; Capítulo III: La circulación monetaria marca territorios; Capítulo IV: El poco impacto de las primeras monedas; Capítulo V: El gran impacto económico de las monedas llegadas con el ejército augústeo; Capítulo VI: Una circulación envejecida. Los flavios; Capítulo VII: La llegada de nueva moneda y la reparación viaria del SIGLO II d.C. Los antoninos; Capítulo VIII: La quiebra del antiguo sistema monetario. Los severos; Capítulo IX: La recesión económica del siglo III d.C. Período de anarquía militar, ilirios y galos; Capítulo X: La reforma económica de Diocleciano. El gobierno tetrárquico; Capítulo XI: La política monetaria de Constantino y sus hijos; Capítulo XII: Las monedas más devaluadas. Los valentinianos y teodosianos; Capítulo XIII: Conclusiones. ¿Cómo se monetiza un territorio sin moneda propia?; Capítulo XIV: Mapas; Capítulo XV: Corpus de hallazgos: tesoros y depósitos; Capítulo XVI: Corpus de hallazgos: moneda perdida; Bibliografía; Appendix

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together the main discussions that took place at an international conference on the iconology of war in the ancient Near East, a subject never addressed at an international meeting before. The articles span the 3rd to the 1st millennium, with a special stress on the Neo-Assyrian period. They try to respond to many questions about representations of war: what is ‘warrior’ iconography and on what basis it can be defined? Did the war scenes follow a specific directory whereby they adopted the most varied forms? Can we determine the most usual conditions for the creation of pictures of wartime (such as periods of great change)? Were the war scenes referring to specific historical events or were they generic representations? What can a society accept from the representations of war? What did war images silence and why? What is a ‘just’ punishment for enemies and thus the ‘just’ representation of it? Who has control of the representation and therefore also the memory of war? Who is the real subject of war representations? What emerges from all the articles published here is the relevance of textual data in any analysis of iconological material. And this is not only true for iconology, but for all the archaeological material discovered at historical sites.Table of ContentsIntroduction: the War and its Representations; Some Observations on the War Scenes on the Seals from Mari City II; Elements Of War Iconography At Mari; Visualizing War in the Old Babylonian Period: Drama and Canon; Middle Assyrian Drama in depicting war: a Step towards Neo-Assyrian Art; “Losing One’s Head”. Some Hints on Procedures and Meanings of Decapitation in the Ancient Near East; Where is the public? A new look at the brutality scenes in Neo-Assyrian royal inscriptions and art; Images of War in the Assyrian Period: What They Show and What They Hide

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Book SynopsisHow can we find alternative, sensorially rich and affective ways of engaging with the material past in the present? How can photography play a central role in archaeological narratives, beyond representation and documentation? This photo-book engages with these questions, not through conventional academic discourse but through evocative creative practice. The book is, at the same time, a site guide of sorts: a photographic guide to the archaeological site of the Sanctuary of Poseidon in Kalaureia, on the island of Poros, in Greece. Ancient and not-so-ancient stones, pine trees that were “wounded” for their resin, people who lived amongst the classical ruins, and the tensions and the clashes with the archaeological apparatus and its regulations, all become palpable, affectively close and immediate. Furthermore, the book constitutes an indirect but concrete proposal for the adoption of archaeological photo-ethnography as a research as well as public communication tool for critical heritage studies, today.Trade Review‘Camera Kalaureia is a fresh, non-conventional, creative, and highly evocative archaeological photo-ethnography, combining all in one of Hamilakis’ ideological standpoints on archaeology, heritage, and the body, and against colonialism, nationalism and modernism, with Ifantidis’ masterful craft of the lens. Aimed at a broad audience, academic and not, the book does not merely present a visual alternative for ideas and interpretations in archaeology; it is also an artefact and agent, a contributor in the cultural production of the discipline itself. As a potential research tool, it is yet to be seen whether conventional archaeology is ready to take on the challenge.’ – Lita Tzortzopoulou-Gregory, Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens (2019): Journal of Greek Archaeology Table of ContentsWhat is a photograph? ; Itineraries ; Boundaries ; Traces ; Producers ; Re-collections ; Encounters ; Overwritings ; Dispersals ; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisInterpretation of coin finds is not quite an easy thing. How to distinguish, e. g., material of ‘hoards’ from that of ‘votive deposits’? Where are the ‘border lines’ dividing numismatic find categories from each other? Questions like these deserve a closer scrutiny. This book tries to face the problems by: proposing clear definitions for categories and sub-categories of coin finds; by collecting and interpreting written testimonies (from ancient literature, epigraphy and papyrology) casting light on reasons and circumstances of coin deposition and coin loss in antiquity; by describing differences of composition between the categories; by discussing difficulties of ‘differential diagnosis’; and the role of secondary finds. For each problem and for each find category a large number of examples is offered.Table of ContentsAbbildungsnachweis; Vorwort; 1. Einführung: Die Kategorien des numismatischen Fundes; 2. Münzschatzfunde (Münzhorte); 3. Weihefunde; 4. Münzen als Bau(?)- und Schiffsamulette; 5. Grabfunde; 6. Einzelfunde; 7. Sekundäre Funde und falsche Fundortangaben; 8. Zusammenfassung der Definitionen von Fundkategorien / Definitions of Find Categories (English Abstract); 9. Literaturabkürzungen

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Book SynopsisThe excavation of the Leckie Iron Age broch in Stirlingshire, Scotland, took place during the 1970’s after the author had been asked to organise the work by a local archaeological society. At that stage the author did not consider – despite its location – that the site might vividly reflect the expansion of the Roman Empire into southern Scotland in the late first century AD. For various reasons the final report was not written until about thirty years after the fieldwork finished and by then the quality and significance of the Roman finds was much better understood, thanks to the analysis of them by experts. Many of them seemed like gifts to the broch chief, despite the clear evidence of the violent destruction of the broch at a later date. The Roman author Tacitus gave a detailed account of Governor Agricola’s campaigns in southern Scotland and pointed out that he sometimes tried to make friends with local chiefs before invading their territories, to avoid un-necessary casualties. This also applied to the first Roman naval excursion up the west coast and explains the evidence from Dun Ardtreck, Skye, excavated in the 1960’s. This site was also destroyed later and this could reflect the later hostile voyage of the navy after the battle of Mons Graupius which occurred after a few years of campaigning. Thus Rome’s accounts can allow one to understand the history of some native sites much more vividly.Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES; INTRODUCTION; PART 1: THE IMPACT OF ROME ON IRON AGE SCOTLAND; PART 2: BACKGROUND TO THE EXCAVATIONS; PART 3: THE BASIC STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SITE; PART 4: OCCUPATION PHASES AND DAILY LIFE; PART 5: Bibliography and Appendices

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Book SynopsisThe Old Kingdom of Egypt (Dynasties 4–6, c. 2600–2180 BC) is famous as a period of the builders of the largest Egyptian pyramids. It is generally accepted that the evidence on the use of copper alloy tools from this era is meagre. Martin Odler gathers the textual, iconographic and palaeographic evidence and examines Old Kingdom artefacts in order to revise this view on the use of copper alloy tools and model tools. Furthermore, he provides updated definitions of tool classes and tool kits, together with the context of their use. Besides rare specimens of full-size tools, the largest corpora of the material have been preserved in the form of model tools in the burial equipment of the Old Kingdom elite and were most probably symbols of their power to commission and fund craftwork. Moreover, the size and elaboration of the model tools were probably connected to the social status of the buried persons. The long-standing division in the Egyptological literature between full-size tools and model tools is questioned. The ancient sources also enable to show that the preservation of material culture from the Old Kingdom was largely dependent on a conscious selection made within the past culture, with completely different settlement and funerary contexts and a conspicuous absence of weapons. The volume is completed by co-authored case studies on archaeometallurgy of selected Old Kingdom artefacts in the collection of the Egyptian Museum of Leipzig University, on morphometry of Old Kingdom adze blades and on the finds of stone and ceramic vessels associated with the findings of so-called Old Kingdom model tools.Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Limits of subject, chronology and chorology ; 2. Tools and model tools in archaeological theory ; 3. Tools and toilet implements in Ancient Egypt – history of research ; 4. Definitions of artefacts ; 5. Research tools ; 6. Copper tools in Old Kingdom textual and iconographic sources ; 7. Archaeological sources – material culture ; 8. Tools and toilet implements ; 9. Towards a semiosis of tools in the Old Kingdom culture ; 10. Conclusion ; 11. Case studies ; Bibliography ; Web sources ; Online Catalogue bit.ly/2cT1NFz

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Book SynopsisSince absolute dating of rock art is limited, relative chronologies remain useful in contextualising interpretations of ancient images. This book advocates the archival capacity of rock art and uses archival perspectives to analyse the chronology of paintings in order to formulate a framework for their historicised interpretations. The Western Cape painting sequence is customarily accepted to include the hunter-gatherer phase from c. 10,000 BP, pastoralism from c. 2,000 BP and finally the historical-cum-colonial period several centuries ago. Painting traditions with distinct depiction manners and content are conventionally linked to these broad periods. This study evaluates this schema in order to refine the diverse hunter-gatherer, herder and colonial era painting contexts and histories. Using superimpositions as one analytical tool, the notion of datum aided the referencing and correlation of layered imagery into a relative sequence. Although broad differences separate painting traditions, and these variations are generally indistinguishable within a single tradition, it is clear that the long-spanning hunter-gatherer segment of painting in this region reflects a hitherto unrecognised sub-tradition. Some painted themes such as elephants, fat-tailed sheep, handprints and possibly finger dots occur within various levels of the sequence, which this study views as shared graphic fragments occurring between and across traditions and sub-traditions. Through the archival concept of respect des fonds such observable complexities were clarified as coherent graphic narratives that run through the entire chronological sequence of the Western Cape rock paintings. Probing archaeological, ethnographic and historical sources revealed that while these themes remained fundamentally consistent throughout the stratigraphic sequence as preferred subject matter, their meanings might have transformed subliminally from earlier to later periods, possibly reflecting layered shifts in the socio-economic, cultural and political circumstances of the region. Fundamentally, the framework of image histories shown by the choice and sustenance of specific themes is understood to mean that their significance and specific graphic contexts throughout the chronological sequence are pivoted and mirrored through the long established hunter-gatherer rock paintings which predate periods of contact with other cultures. The resulting sequence and interpretation of these painted themes is a descriptive and organisational template reflecting the original organic character in the creation of the paintings and ordered cultural continuities in the use of animal/human symbolism. This book’s agenda in part involves reviewing the Western Cape’s changing social and historical landscape to show variation in painting over time and to project possible interpretative transformations. Painting sequences and cultural (dis)continuities are thus intricately entwined and can be disentangled through a recursive analytical relationship between archaeology, ethnography and history. This amalgamated analytical approach produces historicised narratives and contextual meanings for the rock paintings.Table of ContentsAbstract ; CHAPTER ONE: CONCEIVING ROCK ART ARCHIVES ; CHAPTER TWO: SHIFTING ROCK ART PERSPECTIVES ; CHAPTER THREE: ECOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT ; CHAPTER FOUR: CAPE HISTORICAL SETTING ; CHAPTER FIVE: THEORY, METHOD AND METHODOLOGY ; CHAPTER SIX: KEY SITES AND THEIR CONSTELLATIONS ; CHAPTER SEVEN: CAPE CHRONOLOGY ; CHAPTER EIGHT: ART ON THE FRONTIER ; CHAPTER NINE: PAST TO PRESENT ; REFERENCES ; APPENDIX 1

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Book SynopsisAt the end of the 6th dynasty the 500 year old established order of the Old Kingdom fell apart, which, according to the interpretation given to various contemporary literary sources, started a period of social unrest and economic decline. The magnitude of the economic investment bestowed by the members of the higher social strata on the monuments that would be the abode for their after-life leads to the hypothesis that an economic decline could also manifest itself in the dimensions of the various architectonic elements of these monuments. The dimensions of the tombs have been chosen as the subject of this study. The preliminary part of the study is performed on the tombs in the necropolis of Giza. The results of the study are compared with the same measurements in the necropoleis of Saqqara and Abusir. The conclusion is that the economic decline started already at the early dynastic period and not as a result of the caving in of the Old Kingdom. An interesting ‘side-effect’ of the study is that the dimensions of the tombs can serve as a method to check a dating that has been proposed based on other aspect of the tomb.Table of ContentsPart I: Various Chronological Developments of Dimensional Aspects of the Tombs in the Necropolis of Giza ; Introduction ; Chapter One: Preliminary Considerations ; Chapter Two: The Necropolis of Giza ; Chapter Three: The Chronological Development of the Number of False Doors ; Chapter Four: The Chronological Development of the Dimensions of the Tombs and Their Chapels. Part I ; Chapter Five: The Chronological Developments in the Dimensions of the Tombs and Their Chapels. Part II ; Chapter Six: The Chronological Development of the Number of False Doors in Relation to the Dimensions of the Tomb ; Chapter Seven: Discussion, Analyses and Conclusions in Relation to the Necropolis of Giza ; Part II: The Necropoleis of Abusir and Saqqara. A Verification of the Chronological Tendencies in the Necropolis of Giza ; Chapter Eight: The Necropolis of Saqqara ; Chapter Nine: Various Chronological Developments in the Necropolis of Saqqara ; Chapter Ten: The Tombs in the Necropolis of Abusir ; Part III: Additional Methods for Controlling the Proposed Dating of a Tomb ; Chapter Eleven: Methods of Checking the Proposed Datings of Tombs ; Chapter Twelve: The Necropoleis of Saqqara, Giza and Abusir: Discussion and Conclusions ; Part IV: Catalogues and Tables

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Book SynopsisThis meticulous investigation, based around a famous rock image, the ‘White Lady’, makes it possible to take stock of the mythical presuppositions that infuse a great deal of scientific research, especially in the case of rock art studies. It also highlights the existence of some surprising bridges between scholarly works and literary or artistic productions (novels, films, comic strips, adventure tales). The examination of the abbé Breuil’s archives and correspondence shows that the primary motivation of the work he carried out in southern Africa like that of his pupil Henri Lhote in the Tassili was the search for ancient, vanished ‘white’ colonies which were established, in prehistory, in the heart of the dark continent. Both Breuil and Lhote found paintings on African rocks that, in their view, depicted ‘white women’ who were immediately interpreted as goddesses or queens of the ancient kingdoms of which they believed they had found the vestiges. In doing this, they were reviving and nourishing two myths at the same time: that of a Saharan Atlantis for Henri Lhote and, for the abbé, that of the identification of the great ruins of Zimbabwe with the mythical city of Ophir from which, according to the Bible, King Solomon derived his fabulous wealth. With hindsight we can now see very clearly that their theories were merely a clumsy reflection of the ideas of their time, particularly in the colonial context of the Sahara and in the apartheid of South Africa. Without their knowledge, these two scholars’ scientific production was used to justify the white presence in Africa, and it was widely manipulated to that end. And yet recent studies have demonstrated that the ‘White Lady’ who so fascinated the abbé Breuil was in reality neither white nor even a woman. One question remains: if such an interpenetration of science and myth in the service of politics was possible in the mid-20th century, could it happen today?Table of ContentsList of Figures; Introduction; Acknowledgements; Chapter 1: Reinhard Maack and the Brandberg; Chapter 2: A few other servants of the White Lady; Chapter 3: Mary Boyle puts pen to paper; Chapter 4: In which a few doubts arise; Chapter 5: Of a hapax which isn’t one any longer; Chapter 6: The ‘Saharan connection’; Chapter 7: From Atlantis seekers to flying saucer dreamers; Chapter 8: On the role of literature and especially tales of ‘lost worlds’; Chapter 9: In which we look at bridges; Chapter 10: Ophir, the mythical city and Solomonic traditions; Chapter 11: The Queen of Sheba among the Afrikaners; Chapter 12: No photos!; Chapter 13: Knossos in Africa; Chapter 14: The future of an illusion; Chapter 15: Short biographical dictionary of the principal protagonists; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis volume comprises thirteen reports detailing fieldwork undertaken by a research project which sought to assess the archaeological evidence of the period of conflict that took place in mid-twelfth-century England popularly known as ‘the Anarchy’. The reign of King Stephen (ad 1135– 54) was characterised by a protracted struggle for power between forces loyal to the crown and those who supported the Angevin claim of his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda. Alongside a succession of bitter rebellions the war also saw large-scale Scottish invasions into, and occupation of, large parts of northern England as well as border warfare on the marches between England and Wales and a struggle for control of Normandy. While the period is infamous for the proliferation of conflict, castle-building and siege warfare, and for a breakdown of royal government, its characterisation as ‘the Anarchy’ is now challenged by historians, however. As previous understanding of this tumultuous period had rested almost entirely upon interpretation of written sources, Anarchy? War and Status in Twelfth-Century Landscapes of Conflict was a programme of research which systematically studied the archaeology of mid-twelfth century England for the first time. A major component of the project was the targeted archaeological investigation of selected case study locations across England. Geophysical and topographic surveys were supplemented with archival, documentary and cartographic analyses in order to reveal the character and chronological development of a sample of potential Anarchy-period sites and landscapes. The current volume represents the product of these endeavours, presenting self-contained reports of the sites where these investigations took place, arranged alphabetically.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction: Surveying the Archaeology of Twelfth-Century England; Chapter 2 Burwell Castle, Cambridgeshire; Chapter 3 Castle Carlton, East Lindsey, Lincolnshire; Chapter 4 Corfe, ‘The Rings’, Dorset; Chapter 5 Crowmarsh Recreation Ground, South Oxfordshire; Chapter 6 Folly Hill, Faringdon, Oxfordshire; Chapter 7 Hailes Camp, Gloucestershire; Chapter 8 Hamstead Marshall, Castle I, Berkshire; Chapter 9 Malmebury, ‘Cams’s Hill’, Wiltshire; Chapter 10 Mountsorrel, Leicestershire; Chapter 11 Rampton, ‘Giant’s Hill’, Cambridgeshire; Chapter 12 Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire; Chapter 13 Wellow, Nottinghamshire; Chapter 14 Woodwalton, ‘Church End’, Cambridgeshire; Chapter 15 Conclusion; References

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Book SynopsisAncient Greek vase-paintings offer broad-ranging and unprecedented early perspectives on the often intricate interplay of images and texts. By bringing together—for the first time in English-language scholarship—an international group of leading scholars in classical art and archaeology who have worked on vase-inscriptions, this book investigates epigraphic technicalities of Attic and non-Attic inscriptions on pottery as well as their broader iconographic and sociocultural significance. The ten chapters in this book propose original and expert methodological approaches to the study of vase-inscriptions and vasepaintings, while also foregrounding the outstanding but not fully examined importance of the area of vase-inscriptions for current research on ancient Greek visual representations. Epigraphy of Art: Ancient Greek Vase-Inscriptions and Vase-Paintings constitutes a major contribution to the fields of Greek epigraphy and classical art and archaeology and will prove significant for epigraphists, archaeologists, and art-historians interested in the complexities of the interaction of art and text.Trade Review'Lavishly illustrated, as the subject demands, and showing Archaeopress at its best.' * Volume 19 *Table of ContentsPreface: Art and Epigraphy: Ancient Greek Vase-Inscriptions - Dimitrios Yatromanolakis Inscriptions and Visual Representations on Attic Vases: Questions, Methodologies, Technical and Contextual Approaches Chapter One: Soundscapes (and Two Speaking Lyres) - Dimitrios Yatromanolakis Chapter Two: Hipparchos kalos - Thomas Mannack Chapter Three: ‘So-and-so καλή’: A Reexamination - Guy Hedreen Chapter Four: Inscribed Mythical Names on Attic Vase-Paintings from 570 to 530 BC: A Contextual Approach - Burkhard Fehr Chapter Five: Meaningless, But Not Useless!: Nonsense Inscriptions on Athenian Little-Master Cups - Pieter Heesen Inscriptions on Apulian Vases Chapter Six: Inscriptions on Apulian Red-Figure Vases: A Survey - John H. Oakley Chapter Seven: Some Observations on Apulian Vase-Inscriptions with a Particular Focus on the Darius Painter - Thomas H. Carpenter Visual Identities: Attic and Corinthian Vase-Inscriptions and the Significance of their Placement Chapter Eight: Instant Messaging: Dance, Text, and Visual Communication on Archaic Corinthian and Athenian Vases - Tyler Jo Smith Chapter Nine: Tracing Letters on the Eurymedon Vase: On the Importance of Placement of Vase-Inscriptions - Georg Simon Gerleigner Chapter Ten: Sophilos, Inscriptions, and the Funeral Games for Patroklos - Mary Moore Index

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Book SynopsisThe Roman fort at Bearsden and its annexe, together with areas beyond its defences, were extensively excavated from 1973 to 1982. The report on these excavations was published in 2016. This ‘popular’ account of the discoveries looks at the material recovered from the site in a different way, examining the process of archaeological excavation, the life of the soldiers at the fort based on the results of the excavation as well as material from elsewhere in the Roman Empire, the presentation and interpretation of the bath-house and latrine, and a discussion of possible future work arising out of the excavation. The excavation report was well illustrated with reconstruction drawings and the process of creating these is also discussed.Table of ContentsPreface; Finding the fort; Building the fort; Life in the fort; Bathing at Bearsden; Protecting the empire; Reconstructing Bearsden; The end – and the future

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Book SynopsisArchaeology with Art is the result of a 2013 Theoretical Archaeology Group (TAG) conference session that aimed to merge the perspectives of artists and archaeologists on making art. It explores the relationship between archaeology and art practice, the interactions between materials and practitioners, and the processes that result in the objects and images we call ‘art’. The book offers new approaches to the study of creative practices in archaeology, ranging from experimental investigations to philosophical explorations and contains a diverse set of papers that use insights from contemporary art practice to examine the making of past artworks.Table of ContentsArchaeology with Art: A short introduction to this book (Helen Chittock and Joana Valdez-Tullett) ; The paragone has gone (Andrew Cochrane) ; Making carved stone balls: art, experimental practice and archaeological research (Andrew Meirion Jones) ; The fate of a thinking animal: the role of Upper Palaeolithic rock-art in mediating the relationship between humans and their surroundings (António Batarda Fernandes) ; The rock ‘artist’: exploring processes of interaction in the rock art landscapes of the north of Ireland (Rebecca Enlander) ; Art, Materiality and Creativity: understanding Atlantic Rock Art (Joana Valdez-Tullett) ; Images and materials: The making of narrative imagery in rock art and on metalwork (Peter Skoglund) ; Categorising the Iron Age: Similarity and Difference in an East Yorkshire Assemblage (Helen Chittock) ; Imagining and Illustrating the Archaeological Record: The Power of Evocation and ; Augmentation of Linear Drawing (Dragoş Gheorghiu) ; Moving, changing, becoming: applying Aristotle´s kinesis paradigm to rock art (Andy Valdez-Tullett) ; Experiential Art and Archaeology: Vital Material Engagements (Eloise Govier) ; Living Symbols of Kilmartin Glen (John Was & Aaron Watson)

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Book SynopsisThe 18th annual meeting of the Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (SOMA) was held in Wrocław-Poland, 24th to 26th April 2014. Since prehistoric times the Mediterranean has acted as a stage for intense interactions between groups inhabiting regions that are now studied mainly within various sub-fields of ancient studies. In recent years, however, the development of research techniques and analytical models of archaeological evidence have identified similar historical paths that are similar, if not, in some cases, common to these disparate areas of the ancient world from West (Iberian peninsula) to East (Anatolia and Levant), from North (Europe, Black Sea Coast) to South (Maghreb and Egypt). The 18th SOMA provided a forum for presentations related to the above-mentioned topics, as well as general themes such as the role of the sea, trade, colonization, even piracy, using archaeological data collected within contexts associated with the Mediterranean Basin and the area referred to as the Ancient Near East, ranging chronologically from the Prehistoric to Medieval periods. This current volume contains 22 papers selected from the 90 presented.Table of ContentsPreface (Błażej Stanisławski, Hakan ÖNİZ); Reconstruction of the Lost Temples of Palmyra (Ahmet DENK ER, Hakan ÖNİZ); Circulation of Christian Relics through the Mediterranean Sea (Alessandro LUCIAN O); The Wooden Medieval Ports (Alessandro LUCIAN O); Archaeometrical Studies of Ancient Window Glass Finds from Olba (Silifke, Mersin) Excavations in Turkey (Ali Akın AK YOL, Ayşe Emel ERTEN); The Conservation Project of the Mosaics in Metropolis (Ali Kazım ÖZ); An Ostothek with Mythological Scene From Avsar (Asuman BALDIRAN); An Ostothek with Mythological Scene From Avsar Aims, Sources and Objectives of the Project: ‘Constantinople/ İstanbul-Küçükçekmece – The Port of Destination of the Varangian Way: “Byzantinization”’ of a Rus Community Centre (Błażej Stanisławski, Sengül Aydı ngün, Hakan Öniz); Northwest Anatolia from the Perspective of Travellers: Social, Cultural Life and Archaeological Remains (Güngör KA RAUĞUZ); Submerged Prehistoric Sites in Turkey: Dam Constructions (Hakan Öniz); The Coastal Quarries of Lebanon: Case Studies of Enfeh, Batroun and Byblos (Jeanine Abdul MASSIH); Private Architecture from Ptolemais (Libya) (Julia MIK OCKA); Expeditions to Turkey – First Attempts at Heritage Recognition (Katarzyna JELEŃ); Some Oil Lamp Ship Scenes from the Roman Period (Koray ALPER, Eda Güngör ALPER); The Lion as a Symbol in Mesopotamian and Greek Civilizations: Archaeological Remarks and Historical Evidence (Krzysztof ULAN OWSKI); Architectural and Artistic Changes and Developments in Transjordanian Churches under Islamic Rule (Lihi HABAS); Examining Aspects of History, Religion and Trading Contacts of Ionian Colonies of the Western Shores of ‘Euxinus Pontus’: The Case of Tomi and Orgame (Maria GI RTZI); Amphorae Ceramic Stoppers From Risan, Montenegro (Seasons 2001-2013) (Marta BAJTLER); Applied Methodology for the Terrestrial Survey of the Coastal Town of Anfeh, Lebanon (Nadine PANA YOT HAROUN); Spatial Planning of the Narlıca Baths, Antakya (Nizam ABAY); Spolia in Seljuk Buildings (Osman ERAVŞAR); Everyday Life of a Medieval Ship Crew – Ceramic Materials from a Shipwreck near Novyi Svit (Veiber ALINA)

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Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of the results of the research project DESPAMED funded by the Spanish Minister of Economy and Competitiveness. The aim of the book is to discuss the theoretical challenges posed by the study of social inequality and social complexity in early medieval peasant communities in North-western Iberia. Traditional approaches have defined these communities as poor, simple and even nomadic, in the framework of a self-sufficient economy that prioritised animal husbandry over agriculture. This picture has radically changed over the last couple of decades as a result of important research on the archaeology of peasantry and the critical analysis of ninthand tenth-century documentary evidence that show the complexity of these rural societies. These new records are discussed in the light of a new research agenda centred on the analysis of the emergence of villages, the formation of local elites, the creation of socio-political networks and the role of identities in the legitimation of local inequalities. The nine chapters of this book explore the potential and the limits of the archaeological record to tackle social inequality in rural communities. Those considerations have a wider theoretical and methodological potential and are applicable to other regions and chronologies. The different chapters explore local societies through different methodologies and approaches such as food, settlement patterns, social exclusion, consumption patterns and social practices. In addition, the book introduces some of the most relevant topics studied currently by Iberian Medieval archaeologists, which are not always accessible to an international audience.Table of ContentsPreface (Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo); Inequality and social complexity in peasant societies. Some approaches to early medieval north-western Iberia (Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo); Settlement patterns and social inequality: The Duero Basin in Early Middle Ages (4th-8th centuries) (Carlos Tejerizo García); Social inequality in Early Medieval rural settlements: The case of central-northern Portugal in the 10th century (Catarina Tente); Faunal remains and social inequality in the Basque Country during the Early Middle Ages (Idoia Grau-Sologestoa); Food consumption patterns and social inequality in an early medieval rural community in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula (Maite Iris García-Collado); Technology and social complexity: iron tools and peasant communities in the Medieval period (David Larreina García); Production, consumption and political complexity: early medieval pottery in Castile and Southern Tuscany (7th-10th centuries) (Francesca Grassi); Invisible social inequalities in early medieval communities: the bare bones of household slavery (Alfonso Vigil-Escalera Guirado); Words, things and social inequality: the village of Torrentejo (Igor Santos Salazar)

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Book SynopsisThe Nature and Origin of the Cult of Silvanus in the Roman Provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia deals with the cult of Silvanus and presents the evidence and current state of research of the cult in Dalmatia and Pannonia to the wider scholarly community. New perceptions on the subject are proposed and a fresh standpoint from which certain problems may be (re)addressed is presented.Table of ContentsForeword; Introduction; 1. The Cult of Silvanus in Rome, Dalmatia and Pannonia; 2. Dedicators and Epithets of Silvanus; 3. The Reliefs; 4. Interpretatio Romana and Syncretism; 5. Silvanus' Shrines; 6. Concluding Remarks; 7. Conclusion; Bibliography; I Catalogue; II The Catalogue Unit; III. Silvanus in Dalmatia (Map 1); IV. Silvanus in Pannonia (Map 2)

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Book SynopsisScholars who will study the historiography of the European Neolithic, more particularly with regards to the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, will observe a progressive change in the core understanding of this period. For several decades the concept of ‘culture’ has been privileged and the adopted approach aimed to highlight the most significant markers likely to emphasise the character of a given culture and to stress its specificities, the foundations of its identity. In short, earlier research aimed primarily to highlight the differences between cultures by stressing the most distinctive features of each of them. The tendency was to differentiate, single out, and identify cultural boundaries. However, over the last few years this perspective has been universally challenged. Although regional originality and particularisms are still a focus of study, the research community is now interested in widely diffused markers, in medium-scale or large-scale circulation, and in interactions that make it possible to go beyond the traditional notion of ‘archaeological culture’. The networks related to raw materials or finished products are currently leading us to re-think the history of Neolithic populations on a more general and more global scale. The aim is no longer to stress differences, but on the contrary to identify what links cultures together, what reaches beyond regionalism in order to try to uncover the underlying transcultural phenomena. From culturalism, we have moved on to its deconstruction. This is indeed a complete change in perspective. This new approach certainly owes a great deal to all kinds of methods, petrographic, metal, chemical and other analyses, combined with effective tools such as the GIS systems that provide a more accurate picture of the sources, exchanges or relays used by these groups. It is also true that behind the facts observed there are social organisations involving prospectors, extractors, craftsmen, distributors, sponsors, users, and recyclers. We therefore found it appropriate to organise a session on the theme ‘Materials, productions, exchange networks and their impact on the societies of Neolithic Europe’. How is it possible to identify the circulation of materials or of finished objects in Neolithic Europe, as well as the social networks involved? Several approaches exist for the researcher, and the present volume provides some examples.Table of ContentsForeword to the XVII UISPP Congress Proceedings Series Edition (Luiz Oosterbeek); Foreword (Jean Guilaine and Marie Besse); White-painted Pottery in the Early Neolithic Balkans (Darko Stojanovski); Settlements – Head and Settlements – Tail in the Neolithic Obsidian Exchange Network in the Western Mediterranean (Tania Quero); Original and Skeuomorph: On the materiality of the Chalcolithic package of prestige in South Eastern Europe (Dragoş Gheorghiu); Exchange and interaction: the Iberian Mediterranean between the VI and III millennia cal BC (Teresa Orozco Köhler and Joan Bernabeu Aubán); The Western network revisited: the transition into agro-pastoralism in the Alto Ribatejo, Portugal (Nelson J. Almeida, Cristiana Ferreira, Sara Garcês, Ana Cruz, Pierluigi Rosina and Luiz Oosterbeek); Mobility in late Prehistory in Galicia: a preliminary interpretation from pottery (M Pilar Prieto Martínez and Óscar Lantes Suárez); Types and gesture. The jewellery of the Copper age in the Alps in a techno-typological study (Stefano Viola, Maria Adelaide Bernabo’ Brea, Dino Delcaro, Federica Gonzato, Cristina Longhi, Giorgio Gaj, Roberto Macellari, Luciano Salzani, Alessandra Serges, Iames Tirabassi, Marie Besse)

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Book SynopsisThis work provides the first overview of mammal species distributions in Africa since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 18 ky) to modern time. It is derived from data published mainly in the zooarchaeological literature until 2009. During a post-doctoral project hosted in the zoological department of mammal collection at the Naturhistoriches Museum in Vienna (Austria), the occurrences of taxa in archaeological sites on the African continent were recorded in a database, integrating geographical and chronological information. This record offers the opportunity to produce a chronological atlas of mammalian distributions by presenting their occurrences on successive maps over the last 18 ky. This work is useful for zooarchaeologists dealing with one particular species by providing a bibliographical work that documents its past locations. It must be noted that fauna are mainly documented through their presence at archaeological sites and are therefore tied to the presence of humans and their activities. This may only partially reproduce their true past distribution. However, the sites offer a good coverage throughout space and time and generally reflect the extent of mammalian distributions, although the limits of their distributions may be further refined. The atlas will aid in the investigation of palaeoecological issues, such as the capacity of mammals to adapt to climatic change and respond to human disturbance in the recent past of Africa. The database also provides information that is fundamental to a better understanding of what influenced the present-day distribution, dynamism and structure of mammalian communities in Africa. By incorporating a larger temporal scale to modern ecological studies, it may help control their conservation since desiccation and human disturbance in Africa is still a worrying question for their future.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction; Chapter 2 Data and Methods; Chapter 3 Site Data : geography, archaeological context; Chapter 4 Chronological Data; Chapter 5 Species Distribution; Chapter 6 References

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Book SynopsisThe present study examines the death of maidens in classical Athens, combining the study of Attic funerary iconography with research on classical Attic maiden burials, funerary inscriptions, tragic plays, as well as the relevant Attic myths. The iconography of funerary reliefs focuses on the idealized image of the deceased maiden, as well as the powerful bonds of love and kinship that unite her with the members of her family, whereas the iconography of vases emphasizes the premature death of the maiden, the pain of loss and mourning felt by her family, as well as the observance of the indispensable funerary rites concerning her burial and ‘tomb cult’. Particularly interesting is the fact that the ‘traditional’ theory according to which the loutrophoros marked the graves of the unmarried dead alone has been proven non valid. The study of classical Attic maiden burials indicates that the prematurely dead maidens were buried as children who didn’t live long enough to reach adulthood. The untimely death of maidens in Attic drama and mythology is beneficial to the family or the city. In great contrast to that, the premature death of real - life Athenian maidens was a terrible disaster for the girls’ families, as well as the polis itself. Despite this, the iconography of dead maidens in classical Athens is in accordance with the ‘image’ of the deceased maidens presented by funerary epigrams, tragedy, and mythology. It has to be noted though, that the same is not true in the case of maiden burials. This Access Archaeology publication presents a special edition of Katia Margariti’s doctoral thesis entitled The Death of the Maiden in Classical Athens. The original thesis was submitted to the Department of History, Archaeology, and Social Anthropology (IAKA) of the University of Thessaly in Volos in 2010. Here the original thesis is augmented by an extensive 63 page summary in English accompanied by the original Greek text, catalogue and illustrations. The thesis contains much valuable analysis and catalogue material and this publication has been produced in order that the work should not be overlooked merely for reasons of language.Table of ContentsENGLISH SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS; Introduction; History of the subject; THE DEAD MAIDENS IN THE FUNERARY ART OF CLASSICAL ATHENS; MAIDEN BURIALS IN CLASSICAL ATHENS; FUNERARY EPIGRAMS OF DEAD MAIDENS; THE DEATH OF THE MAIDEN IN GREEK TRAGEDY; THE DEATH OF THE MAIDEN IN ATHENIAN MYTHS; CONCLUSIONS; TABLE OF CONTENTS (English translation of the Greek thesis table of contents): Introduction; 1. The dead maidens on the Attic vases of the Classical period; 2. The dead maidens on the Attic funerary reliefs of the Classical period; 3. The burials of maidens in other areas of the Greek world; 4. The dead maidens in the Attic funerary epigrams of the Classical period; 5. The death of the maiden in Attic tragedy; 6. The death of the maiden in Athenian mythology; The death of the maiden in classical Athens: Conclusions; CATALOGUES: Funerary Reliefs; Attic Vases; Funerary Inscriptions; ABBREVIATIONS; BIBLIOGRAPHY; TABLES - GRAPHS

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Book SynopsisWe are very lucky to have small, contemporary records of history scattered throughout our soil in the form of lead seals. With a couple of notable exceptions, they have largely been ignored by archaeologists and historians, but the recent explosion in the numbers found and recorded has helped to bring their importance and potential to the attention of those interested in our heritage. This book is intended to be a repository of the salient information currently available on the identification of cloth seals, and a source of new material that extends our understanding of these important indicators of post medieval and early modern industry and trade. It is, primarily, a guide to help with the identification of cloth seals, both those found within and those originating from the United Kingdom. Most of the extra examples, referenced beneath the images, can be quickly located and viewed through access to the internet.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Cloth Seals: Aim; Sources; Introduction; Basic Identification of Cloth Seal Type; Component Parts of a Cloth Seal; The Use of Lead Cloth Seals; Alnage & Subsidy; Cloth Seal Matrices; Lead v Wax Seals; The Type of Seals Attached to a Cloth (and Woven Marks); Dating of Cloth Seals; Ordering of Presentation; Images; List and Description of Seals: Seals of Known Locations; Seals of Known Monarch; Seals with Type of Cloth Named; Seals for Faulty Cloth; Seals of Guilds and Companies; Broad Arrow Seals; Alnage Seals; Searchers’ Seals; Clothworkers’ Personal Seals; Other Seals Conventionally Grouped with Cloth Seals; Continental Seals; Cloth Seal Identification Resources; Handling, Cleaning and Obtaining Images of Lead Seals; Bibliography; Appendix 1: Time-line of Events & Legislation in the Textile Industry with Emphasis on the Use of Cloth Seals & the Information They Displayed; Appendix 2: Types of Cloth; Appendix 3: List of Known Alnagers and Their Agents; Appendix 4: Known 16th & 17th Century Clothworkers’ Privy Marks; Appendix 5: Distinctive Identification Features on Cloth Seals; Appendix 6: Tubular Cloth Seals Employed by the Dutch Immigrant Cloth Makers in 16th and 17th Century England; Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume presents the proceedings of the conference “L’arte rupestre dell’età dei metalli nella penisola italiana: localizzazione dei siti in rapporto al territorio, simbologie e possibilità interpretative” that took place in Pisa at the Cantiere delle Navi di Pisa under the aegis of the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Toscana and of the University of Pisa on 15th June 2015. The addressed issues were related to the Post-Pleistocene rock art along the Apennine ridge; in recent years more and more evidence has been identified, which is different from the magnificent evidence found in the Alps such as, for example, the well-known Monte Bego and Val Camonica. This evidence, despite various and peculiar features, can be all related to the iconographic field whose main expressions are anthropomorphic figures, weapons, daggers, halberds and several other symbols, all similarly stylised. A peculiarity of these manifestations is their location in small shelters inappropriate for habitation or in places suitable for supervising mountain and territory roads, bearing comparison to evidence from Western Mediterranean coastal areas. An interpretative possibility has emerged: these sites could have been not only ceremonial places, but also spaces linked to the socio-economic fields or perhaps to the power of communities that occupied these territories.Table of ContentsRENATA GRIFONI CREMONESI, ANNA MARIA TOSATTI Prefazione; RENATA GRIFONI CREMONESI, L’arte rupestre dell’età dei metalli nella penisola italiana. Localizzazione dei siti in rapporto al territorio, simbologie e possibilità interpretative; ANDREA DE PASCALE, GIUSEPPE VICINO, Le incisioni rupestri del Finalese: nuovi dati, riflessioni e proposta di classificazione; NADIA CAMPANA, NEVA CHIARENZA, MARCELLA MANCUSI, La Liguria di Levante tra problematiche e prospettive; ANNA MARIA TOSATTI, Manifestazioni di arte rupestre nella Toscana nord‐occidentale in relazione all’ambiente e ai percorsi montani; TOMASO DI FRAIA, Le nuove scoperte di arte rupestre in Abruzzo: verso un’interpretazione sistemica; DARIO SIGARI, L’arte rupestre si fa paesaggio. Il caso del Morricone del Pesco (Civitanova del Sannio, IS); ARMANDO GRAVINA, Alcuni dati sull’arte rupestre preistorica nel Gargano meridionale. Nota preliminare; MARTA COLOMBO, MARCO SERRADIMIGNI, L'arte rupestre in Italia meridionale e in Sicilia; DARIO SIGARI, GINEVRA GAGLIANESE, Pietra Santa Filomena (Decollatura, CZ), una roccia coppellata sul Monte Reventino. Nuovi aspetti pre‐protostorici dell’appennino calabrese; ANDREA ARCÀ, Documentazione e rilevamento delle incisioni rupestri dell'arco alpino tra esame autoptico, gestione informatizzata dei dati e restituzione digitale; FRANCESCO M. P. CARRERA, Metodologie di analisi e tecniche di rilievo dei graffiti rupestri: il caso della grotta di Diana (MS); SUELY AMANCIO MARTINELLI, Caratterizzazione delle figure di siti di arte rupestre della Fazenda Mundo Novo Caninde di San Francisco – Sergipe – Brasile. Inter‐relazione di simboli Brasile – Italia.

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Book SynopsisThis volume illustrates lamps from the Byzantine period excavated in the Holy Land and demonstrates the extent of their development since the first enclosing/capturing of light (fire) within a portable man-made vessel. Lamps, which held important material and religious functions during daily life and the afterlife, played a large role in conveying art and cultural and political messages through the patterns chosen to decorate them. These cultural, or even more their religious affinities, were chosen to be delivered on lamps (not on other vessels) more than ever during the Byzantine period; these small portable objects were used to ‘promote’ beliefs like the ‘press’ of today. Each cultural group marked the artifacts / lamps with its symbols, proverbs from the Old and New Testaments, and this process throws light on the deep rivalry between them in this corner of the ancient world. The great variety of lamps dealt with in this volume, arranged according to their various regions of origin, emphasizes their diversity, and probably local workshop manufacture, and stands in contrast to such a small country without any physical geographic barriers to cross, only mental ones (and where one basket of lamps could satisfy the full needs of the local population). The lamps of the Byzantine period reflect the era and the struggle in the cradle of the formation of the four leading faiths and cultures: Judaism (the oldest), Samaritanism (derived from the Jewish faith), newly-born Christianity – all three successors to the existing former pagan culture – and the last, Islam, standing on a new threshold. Unlike during the former Greek and Roman periods of rule, the land of Israel during the Byzantine period did not really have a central government or authority. The variety of the oil lamps, their order and place of appearance during the Byzantine period can be described as a ‘symphony played by a self-conducted orchestra, where new soloists rise and add a different motet, creating stormy music that expresses the rhythm of the era’. This volume, like the author’s earlier books on this subject, is intended to create a basis for further study and evaluation of the endless aspects that lamps bring to light and which are beyond the capacity of any single scholar.Table of ContentsIntroduction; I. The Southern region: Judean Shephelah; II: The Yavne region: (I. LR2a, LR5a included above) and II. LR 11, II. LR11a; III. Jerusalem workshops, types III. LR12-III.B15 (Map 4); IV. Negev, Southern region, wheel-made oil lamps; V. The Samaria Region (V. LR 18 - V. B27); VI. The Phoenician coast including the Northern part of the country (VI. I B31- VI.III B 45); VII. The Bet She’an boundary, eastern part of the Decapolis (VII. LR45–VII. B54); VIII: Imported Oil Lamps; Bibliography; Concordance Table of Sites; Catalogue; Plates

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Book SynopsisThe Hellenistic society of the Rhodian metropolis, a naval aristocracy (Gabrielsen), dedicated bronze statues of their members in the sanctuaries and public buildings and used marble and -occasionally-lartios lithos to carve portrait-statues originally for funerary use and in a later period also for honorific purposes, figures of deities and decorative sculpture for the houses and the parks. The artists, local and itinerant, from Athens, the islands and the Asia Minor, established artistic workshops on Rhodes, some of them active for three centuries and for more than one generation. The impact of Rhodian art is evident on the islands of the Aegean and the cities of Asia Minor, due to the expansion of the Rhodian Peraia. Together with Pergamon, Rhodes emerges as a productive artistic centre of the Hellenistic era, creating statuary types and combining them with landscape elements. The radiance of its art is evident in the late Hellenistic period in Rome, the new capital of the world, where the Rhodian artists create mythological statuary groups set in grottoes. This volume presents the large-scale Rhodian sculpture of the Hellenistic and Roman period through the publication of sixty unpublished sculptures of life size or larger than life size, together with forty-five sculptures already published. The sculptures are grouped according to their statuary type (gods, mortals and portraits), while those unable to be firmly identified due to their fragmentary condition are grouped under the category ‘uncertain identification’. The presentation of the sculptures is further supplemented by a technical description and an analysis of stylistic characteristics according to chronological development. Excavation data, wherever available, are also provided.

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Book SynopsisThe XXI International Congress of Roman Frontier studies was hosted by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums in Newcastle upon Tyne (Great Britain) in 2009, 60 years after the first Limeskongress organised in that city by Eric Birley in 1949. Sixty years on, delegates could reflect on how the Congress has grown and changed over six decades and could be heartened at the presence of so many young scholars and a variety of topics and avenues of research into the army and frontiers of the Roman empire that would not have been considered in 1949. Papers are organised into the same thematic sessions as in the actual conference: Women and Families in the Roman Army; Roman Roads; The Roman Frontier in Wales; The Eastern and North African Frontiers; Smaller Structures: towers and fortlets; Recognising Differences in Lifestyles through Material Culture; Barbaricum; Britain; Roman Frontiers in a Globalised World; Civil Settlements; Death and Commemoration; Danubian and Balkan Provinces; Camps; Logistics and Supply; The Germanies and Augustan and Tiberian Germany; Spain; Frontier Fleets. This wide-ranging collection of papers enriches the study of Roman frontiers in all their aspects.Table of ContentsForeword (David J Breeze); Introduction by the Editors; Women and Families in the Roman Army (Session organisers: Carol van Driel-Murray, Martina Meyr, Colin Wells): Women, the Military and patria potestas in Roman Britain (Lindsay Allason-Jones); Beyond von Petrikovits - artefact distribution and socio-spatial practices in the Roman military (Penelope Allison); Some thoughts about the archaeological legacy of soldiers' families in the countryside of the civitas Batavorum (Harry van Enckevort); The Families of Roman Auxiliary Soldiers in the Military Diplomas (Elizabeth M. Greene); British families in the Roman army: living on the fringes of the Roman world (Tatiana Ivleva); Women and Children in Military Inscriptions from northern Germania Superior (Michael J. Klein); The Empress and her Relationship to the Roman Army (Kai M. Topfer); Women and children at the Saxon Shore fort of Oudenburg (Belgium) (S. Vanhoutte and A. Verbrugge); Roman Roads: Decem Pagi at the end of antiquity and the fate of the Roman road system in eastern Gaul (Joachim Henning, Michael McCormick and Thomas Fischer); The planning of Roman Dere Street, Hadrian's Wall, and the Antonine Wall in Scotland (John Poulter); Some notes on the development of the military road network of the Roman Empire (Zsolt Visy); The Roman Frontier in Wales (Session organisers: Barry Burnham, Jeffrey Davies): Rewriting The Roman Frontier in Wales: an introduction (Barry C. Burnham and Jeffrey L. Davies); Recent work on the site of the legionary fortress at Caerleon (Peter Guest and Tim Young); Roman Roads in Wales (R. J. Silvester); The Cadw-grant-aided `Roman Fort Environs Project' - the contribution of geophysics (David Hopewell); Roman Frontiers in Wales: 40 years on (Jeffrey L. Davies); The military `vici' of Wales - progress since Jarrett 1969 (Barry C. Burnham); The Eastern and North African Frontiers (Session organisers: James Crow, Eberhard Sauer): Transformation patterns of Roman Forts in the Limes Arabicus from Severan to Tetrarchic and Justinianic periods (Ignacio Arce); Recent Research on the Anastasian Wall in Thrace and late antique linear barriers around the Black Sea (James Crow); New Research on the Roman Frontier in Arabia (S. Thomas Parker); The Archaeology of Sasanian Frontier Troops: Recent Fieldwork on Frontier Walls in Northern Iran (Hamid Omrani Rekavandi, Eberhard Sauer, Tony Wilkinson and Jebrael Nokandeh); Soldiers or Tribesmen: who guarded the frontiers of late Roman Africa? (Alan Rushworth); Roman-Armenian Borders, Part I: The Upper Euphrates Frontier (Everett L. Wheeler); Smaller Structures: towers and fortlets (Session organisers: Bill Hanson, Matt Symonds); Bauliche und funktionale Gliederung des Obergermanisch-Raetischen Limes anhand der Turmgrundrisse (Thomas Becker); A Roman road station on the Pannonian limes (Szilvia Biro); River frontiers or fortified corridors? (Erik Graafstaliii); A Battle of Wills: Manoeuvre Warfare and the Roman defence of the North Yorkshire Coast in the late C4th (A McCluskey); The Castelinho dos Mouros (Alcoutim) and the `casas fuertes' of southern Portugal (Thomas Schierl, Felix Teichner, Gerald Grabherr, Alexandra Gradim); Smaller structures on Hadrian's coastal frontier (Matthew F. A. Symonds); Roman Towers (David Woolliscroft); Recognising Differences in Lifestyles through Material Culture (Session organisers: Stefanie Hoss, Sonja Jilek, Eckhard Deschler-Erb): La ceramique " militaire " dans le Nord de la Gaule de la Conquete au debut du IIe siecle apres J.-C.: Facies et particularites (Cyrille Chaidron, Raphael Clotuche et Sonja Willems); Auxiliaries and their forts: expression of identity? (Julia Chorus); Military versus civilian and legionary versus auxiliary: the case of Germania Inferior (Stefanie Hoss); Die zivile Nutzung militarischen Baumaterials - Kontexte und Interpretation (Thomas Schmidts); Barbaricum (Session organiser: Thomas Grane): Barbaricum: an introduction to the session (Thomas Grane); An imported bronze casket from the Przeworsk culture cemetery in Lachmirowice, distr. Inowroclaw (Katarzyna Czarnecka); Multifunctional coins - a study of Roman coins from the Zealandic isles in eastern Denmark (Mads Drevs Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen); Medical instruments, tools and excavation locations - `The reason why...' (Annette Frolich); Patterns in Cross-frontier Relations (Marjan C. Galestin); Bemerkungen zu den Formen des Zustroms der Importguter in das germanische Siedlungsmilieu wahrend der Romischen Kaiserzeit im mittleren Donauraum (Balazs Komoroczyiv); Romische Bronzegefassgarnituren Romischer und germanischer Fundkontext im Vergleich und deren jeweilige Aussage: Wo, wann, wie, warum, wer, fur was? Sudskandinavien und die romischen Provinzen (Ulla Lund Hansen); The C3rd AD Romano-Germanic Battlefield at Harzhorn near Kalefeld, Landkreis Northeim (Michael Meyer, Felix Bittmann, Michael Geschwinde, Henning Hassmann, Petra Lonne and Gunther Moosbauer); Hacksilber inside and outside the late Roman world: a view from Traprain Law (Kenneth Painter and Fraser Hunter); Why are the South Scandinavian weapon deposits relevant for limes research? An update of research progress (Xenia Pauli Jensen); Corpus der romischen Funde im europaischen Barbaricum - Ruckblick und Ausblick (Hans-Ulrich Voss und Claus-Michael Hussen); Britain: Hadrian's Wall and the Mommsen thesis (David J Breeze); Continuing the search for an `Antonine Gap' on Hadrian's Wall (R. J. Brickstock); A late Roman military command in Britain reinstated (Roger White); A new Roman fort at Staxton in the Vale of Pickering, Yorkshire, England (Pete Wilson); Roman Frontiers in a Globalised World (Session organisers: Richard Hingley, Divya Tolia-Kelly, Rob Witcher): Does History repeat itself?- The Roman Frontiers from the viewpoint of a European Archaeologist of today (Eduard Nemeth); The attraction of opposites: Owen Lattimore and studies of the Inner Asian frontiers of China (Naomi Standen); Changing Presents Interpret the Past, AD 1500-2010: The Frontier on the Limes and the Upper Danube (Peter S. Wells); Civil Settlements (Session organisers: Edward Dabrowa, Pete Wilson): Military Colonization in the Near East and Mesopotamia under the Severi (Edward Dabrowav); The Canabae Legionis of Carnuntum: Modelling a Roman Urban Landscape from systematic, non-destructive Prospection and Excavation (Christian Gugl, Michael Doneus and Nives Doneus); Neues vom Vicus der Saalburg (Cecilia Moneta); Viminacium - Roman City and Legionary Camp: Topography, Evolution and Urbanism (Nemanja Mrdic and Bebina Milovanovic); The Veterans' Colony Aequum, the Legionary Fortress Tilurium and the Sinj Field.Re-examining Old Problems (Mirjana Sanader); Death and Commemoration (Session organiser: Maureen Carroll); Some aspects of death, ritual and commemoration in the Lower Rhineland (Germany) (Clive Bridger); Dress, self and identity in Roman funerary commemoration on the Rhine and Danube frontiers (Maureen Carroll); The Funerary Commemoration of Veterans and Soldiers at the Colony of Augusta Emerita (Merida, Spain), 25 BC - AD 235 (Jonathan Edmondson); The Roman Cemetery at Pottenbrunn.Structural Analysis of a rural necropolis (Eva Hoelbling); The Roman cemetery at Mannersdorf am Leithagebirge, Lower Austria: The late antique inhumations as an information source of the population of the C4th and C5th (Rene Ployer); Ein neue Grabinschrift fur einen Soldaten der legio VI Victrix in Novaesium/Neuss (Marcus Reuter); The Decoration of some Early Imperial Tombs of Primi Pili (Kai M. Topfer); Danubian and Balkan Provinces: Stories and Facts about the Function of Dacia's South-eastern Frontier: Forty Years of Research (I. Bogdan Cataniciu); Maximinus Thrax in Novae (Piotr Dyczek and Jerzy Kolendo); A contribution to the study of the Roman Limes in the Croatian Danube region (Mato Ilkic and Daska Osonjacki); Overlapping Phases in the defensive systems of the Roman forts and the archaeological experience: the case of Roman Dacia (Dan Isacvi); Detail eines romischen Kellers aus dem Vicus von Aquincum - Vizivaros (Budapest) (Katalin H. Kerdo); Vindobona fortress - barracks, fabrica and intervallum (Martin Mosser); The Late Roman Principia in Tarsatica, part of Claustra Alpium Iuliarum (Josip Visnjic and Luka Bekic); Romuliana - Gamzigrad in der Provinz Dacia ripensis.Kaiserpalast und Militarstation (Gerda von Bulow); The Army in the Hinterland - a case study of Pons Aeni/Pfaffenhofen (Meike B Weber); The Scythian Section of Notitia Dignitatum: A Structural and Chronological Analysis (Mihail Zahariade); Camps (Session organiser: Rebecca Jones): What is a Roman Camp? (Rebecca H. Jones); The Marching Camp at Deer's Den, Aberdeenshire: a precis of the excavations (Murray Cook); Romische Feldlager aus der Zeit der Markomannenkriege in der Slowakei (Jan Rajtar und Claus-Michael Hussen); GIS application in Roman military invasion survey within barbarian territories during the Marcomannic wars - introduction into problems and perspectives (Balazs Komoroczy and Marek Vlach); The Roman Republican Battlefield at Pedrosillo (Casas de Reina, Badajoz, Spain): New Research (2007) (Angel Morillo, German Rodriguez Martin and Esperanza Martin Hernandez); Remains of the Roman baggage train at the battlefield of Kalkriese (Achim Rost); The function of temporary camps along Hadrian's Wall (Humphrey Welfare); The battlefield of Kalkriese: The rampart at the site `Oberesch' during and after the battle (Susanne Wilbers-Rost); Logistics and Supply (Session organisers: Bill Hanson, Valerie Maxfield): Voorburg-Arentsburg: a Roman harbour with a British connection in the hinterland of the Limes (Mark Driessenvii); The grain supply for the Roman army in Hispania during the Republican period (Javier Salido Dominguez); Die romischen Steinbruchinschriften des Brohltals (Markus Scholz - unter Mitarbeit von Holger Schaaff); A sustainable frontier? Timber supply for the Roman army in the Lower-Rhine delta, AD 40-150 (Pauline van Rijn); The Germanies and Augustan and Tiberian Germany (Session organiser: Sebastian Sommer); Lahnau - Waldgirmes.Die Ausgrabungen 2007 - 2009 (Armin Becker); Neue Luftbilder zu den Militarlagern und den canabae legionum von Vetera castra I (Xanten) (Norbert Hanel und Baoquan Song); The Augustan legionary camp on the Hunerberg in Nijmegen (NL) revised.New information and re-interpretation of old data of the defence system (Elly N. A. Heirbaut); New thoughts on the so-called temple of Mars in the legionary camp of Vindonissa (Andrew Lawrence); Iupiter im Brunnen - Neues zur siedlungsgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im Nordvicus von Heidelberg (Petra Mayer-Reppert); The Roman military presence in the Rhine delta in the pre-Flavian period (Marinus Polak); Quarries on the Raetian Limes, the height and construction of the wall (C. Sebastian Sommer); Spain: The Roman fort in El Real (Campo de Criptana, Ciudad Real, Spain) (Antxoka Martinez Velasco); The Cantabrian Wars (26-25 BC campaigns): contesting old interpretations (Angel Morillo); Frontier Fleets (Session organisers: Boris Rankov, Jorit Wintjes); Antiqua ... Arte Cilix (Lucan., Phars.4.449) (Sinisa Bilic-Dujmusic); Ultro Citroque Discurrere - Operational Patterns and Tactics of Late Roman Frontier Fleets on Rivers (Florian Himmlerviii); Project Exploratio Danubiae - New Insights into Troop Transport on the River Danube in the Late Roman Period (Heinrich Konen); The Frontier Fleets: What Were They and What Did They Do? (Boris Rankov); The Northern Fleets in the Principate (Christoph Rummel); Did the Romans have a fleet on the Red Sea? (Denis B. Saddington); The Ghost Fleet of Seleucia Pieria (Jorit Wintjes); Miscellaneous Contributions: Wells and Ritual Deposition at the Newstead Roman Military Complex (Simon Clarke); A Cost-Control Model for Imperial Frontiers? (Raphael M. J. Isserlin); Der Soldat und die Gotter - wie privat war Religion? (Nina Willburger)

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Book SynopsisUnlike the Sahara or Southern Africa, the rock art of Central Africa is still largely unknown today. Despite being reported as early as the 16th century by Diego del Santissimo Sacramento, the rock art of the Kongo Central, an area encompassing parts of modern day Angola, Cabinda, the Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Gabon, has never been widely researched and its age remains uncertain. Populated by the Ndibu, one of the Kongo subgroups, the Lovo massif is in the north of the ancient kingdom of Kongo. Even though this kingdom has, since 1500 AD, been one of the best documented in Africa, from historical sources as well as ethnographic and anthropological sources for the more recent periods, it remains largely unrecognized archaeologically. With 102 sites inventoried (including 16 ornate caves), it contains the largest concentration of rock art sites in the region, representing more than 5000 rock art images. Crossing ethnological, historical, archaeological and mythological points of view, this book illustrates that rock art played an important part in Kongo culture. Like historical sources or oral traditions, it can provide historians with important documentation and contribute significantly to the reconstruction of Africa's past. French description: A la difference des arts rupestres du Sahara ou d'Afrique australe, ceux d'Afrique centrale restent encore aujourd'hui largement meconnus. Bien que signale des le XVIe par Diego del Santissimo Sacramento, l'art rupestre du Kongo Central n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une recherche de grande ampleur et son age reste toujours incertain. Peuple par les Ndibu, un des sous-groupes kongo, le massif de Lovo se trouve dans le nord de l'ancien royaume de Kongo. Meme si ce royaume est, a partir de 1500, l'un des mieux documentes de toute l'Afrique tant par les sources historiques que par les sources ethnographiques et anthropologiques pour les periodes plus recentes, il reste largement meconnu sur le plan archeologique. Avec 102 sites inventories (dont 16 grottes ornees), il contient la plus importante concentration de sites rupestres de toute la region, ce qui represente plus de 5000 images rupestres. En croisant les points de vue ethnologique, historique, archeologique et mythologique, j'ai pu montrer que l'art rupestre a bel et bien une part importante dans la culture kongo. Au meme titre que les sources historiques ou les traditions orales, il peut apporter aux historiens une documentation de premier plan et contribuer a reconstruire le passe de l'Afrique.Table of ContentsRemerciments; Chapitre 1 Le Massif de Lovo, un Patrimoine Meconnu; Chapitre 2 Presentation du Massif de Lovo; Chapitre 3 Historique des Regards; Chapitre 4 Methodologie; Chapitre 5 Presentation des Sites; Chapitre 6 Apport d'une Documentation Nouvelle; Chapitre 7 Analyse de la Matiere Picturale; Chapitre 8 Elements de Datation; Chapitre 9 L'Art Rupestre en Contexte : un Etat des Lieux; Chapitre 10 Les Sources Capucines; Chapitre 11 La Croix Kongo a travers les Siecles; Chapitre 12 La Figure du Lezard : une Piste Possible ?; Chapitre 13 Les Motifs Derives de la Vannerie et du Textile; Chapitre 14 L'Art du Mythe; Chapitre 15 L'Art Rupestre du Massif de Lovo au sein des Zones Kongo et Mbundu; Chapitre 16 Le Massif de Lovo, quel Futur ?; Epilogue; Bibliographie; Volume 2 : Annexes (online)

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Book SynopsisIn ancient times, the first communities, societies and civilizations in the Iberian peninsula, according to archaeological evidence, began to develop following a progressive local evolution tempered by the significance of outside contacts. In order to reconstruct our history, resorting to ancient poets, we strive to distinguish reality from myth in the pursuit of a bond of certainty between the data provided by historical and literary sources and the excavated remains. Greek epics, based on the Illiad and the Odyssey, are the basis for the first speculations that link societies all along the Mediterranean coast, from east to west, with a common thread. However, how many times have we been told about mythical places, such as cities of great splendour and unique cultural progress? Did the land which Plato called Atlantis and Adolf Schulten linked to Tartessos truly exist? These answers may never be revealed (they are not at the forefront of research interests nowadays); for the time being, they are lost into a mythical and legendary world. Nonetheless, they remain alive over time. Spanish description: En tiempos lejanos, ahora sepultadas bajo la caída de los años, comienzan a formarse las primeras comunidades, sociedades y civilizaciones que se irán desarrollando en la Península Ibérica, por una progresiva evolución local, sin descuidar la atención de los contactos foráneos previa contrastación arqueológica. Refugiándonos en figuras creadas por los antiguos poetas, tratamos de discernir entre lo que comúnmente se ha denominado mito-leyenda y lo real, buscando un vínculo de certeza entre los datos que revelan las fuentes literario-históricas y los vestigios que se desentierran de nuestra primera historia, aquella que tratamos de reconstruir. La épica occidental apoyada en los relatos homéricos de la Ilíada y la Odisea, son la base de las primeras conjeturas que con un hilo, unen a las sociedades que conviven en el Mar Mediterráneo desde Oriente hasta Occidente. Pero ¿cuántas veces hemos oído contar relatos sobre míticas ciudades de gran esplendor e inigualable progreso cultural? ¿Existió aquella tierra denominada por Platón “Atlántida” y que fue asociada por Adolf Schulten a Tartessos? Estas respuestas quizá nunca lleguen a desvelarse (tampoco están en la vanguardia de los intereses de la investigación), por ahora sólo están inmersas en un mundo mítico y legendario, pero es cierto que se mantienen vivas, nostálgicas, con el paso del tiempo.Table of Contents1. Introducción.; 2. ¿Crecientes intercambios, contactos interregionales, formas de contacto?; 3. Una visión historiográfica del II milenio a. C. en el Sur de la Península Ibérica.; 4. El proceso de análisis de los yacimientos prehistóricos de Llanete de los Moros (Montoro, Córdoba) y Fontanar de Cábanos (Córdoba).; 5. Metodología y tipología para el estudio del material cerámico.; 6. El yacimiento protohistórico El Llanete de los Moros (Montoro, Córdoba).; 7. El yacimiento protohistórico El Fontanar de Cábanos (Córdoba).; 8. Contactos e influencias provenientes de Oriente.; 9. Conclusiones.; 10. Bibliografía.; 11. Catálogo.; 12. Lista de figuras, cuadros, mapas, tablas, gráficos y muestras.

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Book SynopsisThis volume has two main objectives: establishing a chronology of the Middle Balsas and detailing the region’s pottery production methods. The author posits that pottery intended for different functions was often deliberately made and/or decorated in ways that were chosen to make the vessels more appropriate for their intended functions. More specifically, this study determines whether any of the pottery production patterns identified in the region are linked to specific constraints imposed by the materials during the process of pottery manufacture. For example, it examines whether variables such as vessel shape and wall thickness correlate with the clay types and processing techniques determined during thin section analysis of the ancient sherds. Additionally, certain production behaviours are identified that are characteristic of the entire region and that can be used as markers of local tradition.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction: Problem Statement, Theoretical Underpinnings, and the Ecology of the Middle Balsas Region ; Chapter 2: Previous Work and Contemporary Archaeological Projects in and Surrounding the Middle Balsas Region ; Chapter 3: Methods ; Chapter 4: Field Results from the Sites of La Quesería, Itzímbaro, and Mexiquito ; Chapter 5: Results from Laboratory Analyses and Replication Studies ; Chapter 6: Patterns in Middle Balsas Pottery Production and their Interpretation ; Chapter 7: Conclusions ; Bibliography ; Appendix 1: Registry of Bags from La Quesería, Itzímbaro, and Mexiquito ; Appendix 2: Ceramic Analysis ; Appendix 3: Diameter and Thickness Measurements ; Appendix 4: Obsidian Analysis ; Appendix 5: Figurine Analysis ; Appendix 6: Raw Point Count Data ; Appendix 7: Strength Test Data

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Book SynopsisThe later part of the Bronze Age (1500-700 BC) was a time of settlement expansion and economic prosperity in Ireland. This was a landscape of small autonomous farming communities, but there is also evidence for control of territory and population, involving centralized organization of trade and economy, ritual and military force. That concentration of power was connected to the emergence of chiefdom polities active in the consolidation of large regional territories. Their competitive tendencies led on occasion to conflict and warfare, at a time of growing militarism evident in the mass production of bronze weaponry, including the first use of swords. Hillforts are another manifestation of a warrior culture that emerged not only in Ireland but across Europe during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. They were centers for high-status residence, ceremony and assembly, and represented an important visual display of power in the landscape. This is the first project to study hillforts in relation to warfare and conflict in Bronze Age Ireland. New evidence for the destruction of hillforts is connected to territorial disputes and other forms of competition arising from the ambitions of regional warlords, often with catastrophic consequences for individual communities. This project combines remote sensing and GIS-based landscape analysis with conventional archaeological survey and excavation, to investigate ten prehistoric hillforts across southern Ireland. These include a cluster of nine examples at Baltinglass, Co. Wicklow, often termed ‘Ireland’s hillfort capital’. The results provide new insights into the design and construction of these immense sites, as well as details of their occupation and abandonment. The chronology of Irish hillforts is reviewed, with a new understanding of origins and development. The project provides a challenging insight into the relationship of hillforts to warfare, social complexity and the political climate of late prehistoric Ireland.Table of Contents1. Introduction (William O’Brien); 2. Prehistoric Hillforts in Ireland and Europe (James O’Driscoll); 3. Clashanimud Hillfort, Co. Cork (William O’Brien); 4. Other Bronze Age Hillforts in Munster/south Leinster (William O’Brien); 5. The Baltinglass Hillfort Landscape of Co. Wicklow (James O’Driscoll); 6. The Baltinglass Hillfort Excavations (William O’Brien); 7. Hillfort Chronology in Ireland (William O’Brien); 8. Modelling the Baltinglass Hillfort Landscape (James O’Driscoll); 9. Hillforts and Warfare (William O’Brien); 10. The Hillfort in Prehistoric Ireland (James O’Driscoll and William O’Brien); Appendix 1. Archaeological survey of environs of Clashanimud hillfort (Nick Hogan); Appendix 2. Public presentation of Clashanimud hillfort (William O’Brien); Appendix 3. Hillfort conservation and forestry in Ireland (William O’Brien; Catalogue of hillforts in Ireland (James O’Driscoll); Bibliography

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Book SynopsisShifting Sand is the journal of Julian Berry, then a 17-year-old archaeologist, written on-site during excavations in Deir Alla, Jordan, in 1964. The dig was organized by the University of Leiden and led by Dr Henk Franken who was looking to find a material context for Old Testament narratives, and to build a stratigraphic chronology to mark the transition from the Bronze through to the early Iron Ages based mainly around pottery finds. When the author was working on the site, three clay tablets were discovered from the late Bronze Age with early Canaanite inscriptions, that when translated in 1989 showed that Deir Alla was the Biblical Pethor, and that it had been attacked by Israelites from Pithom in Egypt. Later a wall inscription was found in Aramaic dating to 880-770BCE referencing the prophet Balaam. Berry was as much interested by what was going on above ground as below, and kept a detailed journal of the daily lives of the archaeologists and life in the camp. The dig also had many fascinating and famous archaeologists visiting, including Father Roland de Vaux, and Diana Kirkbride. During breaks from the dig Berry went on a number of journeys in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria and he describes their cities, but also the very tranquil agricultural countryside that he found at that time. He discovered adventure when a drunk taxi driver tried to murder him as he resisted his advances; later he was caught up in a revolt against Hafez al-Assad in Homs, father of Bashir, and was asked by a taxi driver if he had come to Damascus to see the public hanging. Above all this book should be read as fascinating insight into the lives of archaeologists over 50 years ago, and the very close links between the European team, the Arab workmen, and the daily life in a simple mud-brick village.Table of ContentsForeword; Introduction; Diary Entries, 1964; Appendix; Postscript

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Book SynopsisNormally dealt with in a rather limited way, through the examination of a particular activity or geographical zone, the artisans of ancient North Africa are here, for the first time, the subject of an entire book. Focusing on urban production in Algeria during Antiquity, this critical study brings together new documentation drawn up on the basis of field data and the consultation of archives from a long history of survey in Algeria and France. This synthesis reviews the archaeological sites with workshops by defining their activities, at the same time as analyzing how they operated and looking at them typologically. Based on a comparison with documented workshops in the Western Roman world, the study of the techniques highlights the very strong similarities between the Roman regions but also the specific local variations of the methods used in Africa at this time. Maghreb ethnography shows the permanence of certain practices over time while attempting to reconstruct the "chaîne opératoire". Although it is still difficult to obtain an overall picture both from a spatial and a chronological point of view of the artisanal topography, the data reveals the existence of varied artisanal and commercial activities in urban areas throughout Antiquity. French description: Abordé généralement de façon ponctuelle à travers une activité particulière ou une zone géographique donnée, l’artisanat en Afrique du nord antique fait ici pour la première fois l’objet d’un ouvrage. Centrée sur la production urbaine en Algérie durant l’Antiquité, cette étude critique rassemble une nouvelle documentation élaborée à partir des données de terrain et de la consultation des archives à partir d’un long travail d’enquête en Algérie et en France. La synthèse fait le point sur les sites archéologiques présentant des ateliers en définissant leur activité tout en analysant leur fonctionnement et leur typologie. En s’appuyant sur une comparaison avec les découvertes d’ateliers dans le monde romain occidental, l’étude des techniques met en évidence les similitudes très fortes entre les régions romaines mais aussi les spécificités locales des méthodes employées en Afrique durant cette période. L’ethnographie maghrébine montre quant à elle la permanence de certaines pratiques à travers le temps tout en complétant l’essai de restitution de la « chaîne opératoire ». S’il est encore difficile d’avoir une vision d’ensemble tant d’un point de vue spatial que chronologique de la topographie artisanale, les données recensées révèlent l’existence d’activités artisanales et commerciales variées incluses dans l’ensemble du domaine urbain tout au long de l’Antiquité.Trade ReviewAmraoui’s main achievement is to assemble and evaluate the evidence for the spectrum of different ancient crafts, hitherto scattered widely throughout multiple publications, archives, and museum collections. As her supervisors remark in their highly supportive preface, by making clear the current foundation of evidence and what still survives in the museums, she manages to draw a line under more than a century of previous research and provide the point of departure for future study of artisanal crafts in this region. This alone will make the reworked version of the thesis published here essential reading for anyone engaging with the issues of craft production and the economic organization of Roman-period North Africa for a long time to come. -- Matthew S. Hobson * American Journal of Archaeology *Table of ContentsPréface; Introduction générale; Première partie. Les installations artisanales urbaines : descriptions et documentation; Chapitre 1: La Maurétanie césarienne; Chapitre 2: La Numidie; Chapitre 3: L’Afrique proconsulaire; Deuxième partie. La technologie et le fonctionnement des ateliers; Chapitre 4: La production de denrées alimentaires; Chapitre 5: L’artisanat du textile, de la matière première à l’entretien des vêtements; Chapitre 6: Les artisanats du feu; Troisième partie. Les ateliers et les artisans dans la ville en Afrique : réflexions sur la topographie artisanale et l’économie urbaines; Chapitre 7: Implantation et répartition des ateliers dans la ville; Chapitre 8: Les productions urbaines et l’économie des villes romaines en Algérie; English Summary: Urban crafts in ancient Algeria (Ist century BC – VIIth century AD); Arabic summary; Index

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Book SynopsisThe secluded sanctuary on the coastal promontory of Ras il-Wardija on the central Mediterranean island of Gozo (near Malta) constitutes another landmark on the religious map of the ancient Mediterranean. Ritual activity at the sanctuary seems to be evidenced from around the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century AD and, possibly, even as late as the 4th century AD. This ritual activity was focused in a small built temple and in a rock-cut cave that seems to have incorporated a built extension in a later stage. But the practised cult or cults were aniconic and remained so largely throughout. This may explain why the sanctuary’s excavators did not report any findings of statuettes or any figural images. Contemporaneously, figural images were also venerated on other sites showing that, for a long while, iconism and aniconism co-existed on the Maltese islands. There might have been more than one deity venerated in this sanctuary. Dionysos could have been one of them. But whoever they were, they are likely to have been somehow connected with the sea and / or with a maritime community or communities as the sanctuary itself evidently was.Table of ContentsPreface; Chapter 1: 1.1 Introducing the sanctuary site at Ras il-Wardija; 1.2 History of research and existing literature; 1.3 Objectives, aims, approach, and method of this study; 1.4 Background to the Maltese islands: a brief historical profile; Chapter 2: 2.1 Ras il-Wardija and its regional context: geographical extent and topography; 2.2 Continuous human presence and occupation; 2.3 Maritime connections and related activities; 2.4 Seeking divine protection at sea; Chapter 3: 3.1 The toponym ‘Ras il-Wardija’; 3.2 Origins and development of the sanctuary complex; 3.3 Relationship between the sanctuary and the physical form of the landscape; 3.4 Visual domination of the seascape; 3.5 The temple building on the first terrace; 3.6 The cave and ancillary features on the fifth terrace; 3.7 Sacrality of doors: doorways with offering holes or other sacred features; 3.8 Stone worship; 3.9 Possible mysteries and the enigmatic cruciform and ‘flying’ figures; 3.10 Regulating relations through ritual; Chapter 4: 4.1 Closure of the site; 4.2 Concluding observations; Appendix I; Appendix II; Bibliography; General Index

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Book SynopsisGlassware and Glassworking in Thessaloniki: 1st Century BC – 6th Century AD is a detailed examination of the production of glass and glass vessels in the eastern Mediterranean from the Hellenistic Age to the Early Christian period, analysing production techniques and decoration. The volume establishes the socio-economic framework of glassmaking and glassmakers’ social status in the Roman world generally and in Thessaloniki specifically, while identifying probable local products. Presented are all the excavation glass finds from Thessaloniki and its environs found between 1912 and 2002. A typological classification was created for almost 800 objects – which encompass the overwhelming majority of common excavation finds in the Balkans – as well as for the decorative themes that appear on the more valuable pieces. Comparative material from the entire Mediterranean was studied, verified in its entirety through primary publications. A summary of the excavation history of these vessels’ find-spots is provided, with details for each excavation, in many cases unpublished and identified through research in the archives of the relevant museums and Ephorates of Antiquities. The uses of glass vessels are presented, and there is discussion and interpretation of the reasons that permitted, or imposed, the choice of glass for their production. The finds are statistically analysed, and a chronological overview examining them century by century on the basis of use and place of production is given. Finally, there is an effort to interpret the data from the study in historical terms, and to incorporate the results into the political-economic evolution of the region’s political history. Relatively unfamiliar glassmaking terms are explained in a glossary of glassworking technology and typology terms. The material is fully documented in drawings and photographs, and every object in the catalogue is illustrated. A detailed index of the 602 geographical terms in the work, many unknown, concludes the book.Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Production – Forming – Decoration ; 2. Secondary Glass-Workshops ; 3. Glassworkers: People, Artisans and Traders ; 4. Typological Classification of the Material Under Study ; 5. Decoration of the Studied Material ; 6. Uses of Glass Vessels ; 7. Chronological Overview of the Finds – Conclusions ; 8. Catalogue of the Glass Vessels ; 9. Catalogue and Brief History of the Excavations and Find-Spots of the Glass Vessels ; Glossary of Technological Terms Related to Glassworking ; Plates ; Bibliography and Abbreviations ; Index of Places

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Book SynopsisThis short introduction aims to provide archaeologists of all backgrounds with a grounding in the principles, materials, and methods of geology. Sections include coverage of main rock-forming minerals and classes of rocks. Geological maps and structures are introduced, and the elements of geological stratigraphy and dating are explained and related to archaeological experience. Fluvial and coastal environments are important archaeological landscapes and their formation processes, sediments and topography are outlined. Stone for building, implement-making, tool-making, and making mortar are all discussed, followed by an introduction to clays and ceramics. A final chapter introduces metallurgical landscapes: metalliferous ores, mining and smelting, and metal-making industries. Each chapter ends with a short reading list, and many have selected case-histories in illustration of the points made. Included is a glossary of technical terms.Table of Contents1. Why Geology Matters ; 2. Minerals ; 3. Rocks and Sediments ; 4. Geological Maps ; 5. Geological Stratigraphy ; 6. Geology and Landscape ; 7. Rivers and Water Management ; 8. Sea-Level and Coasts ; 9. Stone for Building ; 10. Stone for Tools and Implements ; 11. Pottery and Brick ; 12. Metallurgical Landscapes ; Glossary ; Index

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Book SynopsisLos yacimientos olvidados: registro y musealización de campos de batalla is a project that aims to encompass all aspects of battlefield archaeology, in order to be a reference work in this study area. Therefore, a detailed historiographical study about this branch of archaeology has been made, from early origins until the present day, allowing us to gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of battlefield archaeology. Two methodologies, archaeological and museographical, are proposed for the treatment of this particular type of archaeological site. In order to prove the viability of both methodologies, a theoretical application has been carried out in two research examples from different periods, demonstrating both the project’s methodological validity and reinforcing our theories. Two registers were made regarding battlefields ¬- one historical and another archaeological. The purpose of this was to catalogue all possible existing sites in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula from Roman times through to the Spanish Civil War, which will hopefully serve as a point of reference for future researchers. Through this book, people will be able to understand the great potential of Spanish battlefields and their heritage. Furthermore, Spain could be regarded as a very important country regarding battlefield archaeology. Spanish Description: Los yacimientos olvidados: registro y musealización de campos de batalla es un trabajo que recoge todos los aspectos referentes a la arqueología de campos de batalla, con el objetivo de ser una obra de referencia en esta área de estudio. En ella se ha llevado a cabo un estudio historiográfico pormenorizado de esta rama de la arqueología, remontándose hasta los orígenes de la misma, permitiendo comprender su evolución hasta nuestros días. Se han planteado dos propuestas metodológicas, arqueológica y museográfica, para el tratamiento de esta tipología de yacimiento. Para comprobar la viabilidad de ambas metodologías se realizó una aplicación teórica en dos casos de estudio de distinta época, lo que nos permitió ver su validez y reforzar nuestras teorías. Para esta obra elaboramos dos registros de campos de batalla, uno de tipo histórico y otro de tipo arqueológico, con el objetivo de catalogar todos los posibles yacimientos existentes en interior peninsular desde la época romana hasta la Guerra Civil, sirviendo así de punto de partida para futuros investigadores. A través de este libro se puede comprobar el gran potencial que posee España en campos de batalla y que podría situarse entre los países más destacados.Table of ContentsPrólogo; Introducción; Capítulo I. La arqueología de campos de batalla. Desde sus orígenes a la actualidad; Capítulo II. La protección de los campos de batalla fuera de nuestras fronteras; Capítulo III. Registro histórico de campos de batalla en España; Capítulo IV. Metodología arqueológica aplicada al tratamiento de los campos de batalla; Capítulo V. Registro de campos de batalla en España; Capítulo VI. La musealización de los campos de batalla: una vía de futuro; Capítulo VII. Aplicación metodológica a nuestros casos de studio; Capítulo VIII. Conclusiones; Capítulo IX. Anexo I: Campo de batalla de Alarcos; Capítulo X. Anexo II: Campo de batalla de Somosierra; Capítulo XI. Anexo III: Batalla del Jarama; Capítulo XII. Anexo IV: Sistema de siglas del registro histórico; Capítulo XIII. Índice de figuras, gráficos y tablas; Capítulo XIV. Bibliografía y recursos electrónicos

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Book SynopsisHillforts are among the most dramatic and visually striking of prehistoric monuments in the British Isles. Dorset, in southern England, is particularly rich in these Iron Age earthwork enclosures, with over 30 examples being so far recorded, including the internationally famous sites of Maiden Castle, Hod Hill, Badbury Rings and Hambledon Hill. Many have been the subject of archaeological investigation, such as the excavations conducted at Maiden Castle in the 1930s by Tessa and Mortimer Wheeler, but few have, to date, been intensively examined. This volume sets out the results of a detailed programme of non-intrusive geophysical survey conducted across the Dorset hillforts, generating detailed subsurface maps of archaeological features, in the hope of better resolving the phasing, form and internal structure of these iconic sites. The dataset presented here not only helps to change our perception of what hillforts were, how they functioned and what went on within them, but also provides a way of assessing their longevity, reconsidering how they were perceived and reused in subsequent periods. Given the oft-cited association between the Dorset enclosures and the Durotriges tribe, who are thought to have occupied the area in the Later Iron Age, serious consideration is also for the first time given to the belief that hillforts formed the focus of conflict between the native tribes and the armies of imperial Rome in the first century AD.Table of Contents1. Introduction: The Durotriges Project (Miles Russell and Paul Cheetham) 2. Defining Hillforts in Dorset (Dave Stewart and Miles Russell) 3. A History of Dorset Hillfort Investigation (John Gale) 4. The Survey (Dave Stewart): Abbotsbury; BadburyRings; Banbury; Bulbury; Buzbury; Chalbury; Chilcombe; Coney’s Castle; Dungeon Hill; Eggardon; Flowers Barrow; Hambledon Hill; Hod Hill; Lambert’s Castle; Maiden Castle; Nettlecombe Tout; North Poorton; Pilsdon Pen; Poundbury; Rawlsbury; Spettisbury 5. Understanding Hillforts: What Geophysical Survey is Teaching Us (Dave Stewart) 6. Once Upon a Hill: Uncoupling the Durotriges (Miles Russell) References Acknowledgements

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Book SynopsisThis year, 2017, marks 70 years since the discovery of the famous Dead Sea Scrolls at Khirbet Qumran by the Dead Sea in 1947. The Dead Sea Scrolls are one of the most well-known archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. This book addresses the proto-history and the roots of the Qumran community and of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the light of contemporary scholarship in Alexandria, Egypt. Alexandria, as the centre for Hellenistic Jews and the location of the Library of Alexandria, forms a key to understanding the theme of the book. The relationship of this context to the thoughts of the Essenes, the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria, the Jewish Therapeutae of Egypt living in the neighbourhood of Alexandria and the Pythagoreans are especially studied in this work. Historical sources (both Jewish and Classical authors) and archaeological evidence are taken into account in the wider Graeco-Roman context. The connection between the Jewish Therapeutae in the Lake Mareotis region and the Palestinian Essenes is explained by the ‘Jewish Pythagoras’ based on the idea that the movements share the same philosophical tradition based on Judaism and Pythagoreanism. The prototypes of the Dead Sea Scrolls are explained in their Egyptian context, in association with the Library of Alexandria, the Egyptian temple manuals, and the formation of libraries in the Hellenistic period including that of Qumran.Table of ContentsPreface and Introduction; I Alexandria and Jewish Philosophies; II Pythagorean Philosophy; III Background to the Organisation of the Qumran-Essene Community; IV Qumran and the Pythagorean Philosophy: The Eleven Pythagorean Tetraktys in Comparison with the DSS; V Daily Life and Religion among the Qumran-Essenes; VI The Qumran Sundial and Ancient Solar Thinking; VII Back to the Beginning; VIII Summary; Sources, Bibliography, and Index

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Book SynopsisThe significant body of stone and flint axe-heads imported into Britain from the Continent has been poorly understood, overlooked and undervalued in Neolithic studies, particularly over the past half century. It is proposed, in this study, that the cause is a bias of British Neolithic scholarship against the invasion hypothesis and diffusionist model, and it is sought therefore to re-assess the significance accorded to these objects. The aim is to redress the imbalance by re-focusing on the material, establishing a secure evidence base, and exploring the probable conditions in which these often distinctive items made their way to Britain. The narrative presented here rests upon the argument that imported axe-heads came into what is today called Britain as objects of considerable significance. Specifically, they were items of high symbolic value that played a crucial role in fostering particular ways of thinking about, and addressing, social identity in the Neolithic period. These issues are the context for the study, whose main objectives are the close and detailed cataloguing of relevant material, and a documentation of the investigative work needed to establish the credentials of each artefact.Trade Review'It is excellent to see all the disparate data collected together with a persistent reminder of the problem of fakes and manuports (most axe-heads are stray finds, others form part of donated antiquarian collections, or, these days, bought on eBay); it allows, for the first time, an overview of the ‘oddities’. This clearly shows that a re-examination of the material is overdue, and the need for the original lithological descriptions/attributions to be confirmed is the author’s constant and timely cry (but for safe progress it must to be done by a competent petrographer). The questions this book (re-)raises are important and are clarified. Most notably (placing jade to one side), why, after the early Neolithic, were so very few axes imported?' – Rob Ixer (2018): Current Archaeology #343 ‘Overall, this book provides a wealth of interesting ideas and observations of the British Neolithic and its relations with its nearest neighbours. It highlights what the author has rightly identified as a greatly neglected class of objects… For those with a fascination for stone tools, this provides an enjoyable wander through the problems and pitfalls, but also the considerable potential, of axeheads with possible Continental associations.’ – Barry Bishop (2019): Archaeological Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.2019.1591070 Table of ContentsPreface and acknowledgements; Chapter One: Introduction; Chapter Two: Re-connecting British and continental research traditions: dynamic approaches to the relationship between axe-heads and identity; Chapter Three: ‘Afterlives’; Chapter Four: An investigation into the contexts of jade axe-heads found in Britain, using GIS terrain modelling of HER data; Chapter Five: ‘Projet Breton’ and the search for Group X; Chapter Six: ‘Crudwell’ type, ‘Smerrick’ type, and marbled all-over-polished axe-heads in Neolithic Britain; Chapter Seven: The rectangular-sectioned axe-head in Britain and its implications for understanding the Neolithic; Chapter Eight: Answering the original questions; Appendix One: Table of all known published jade axe-heads with attributed British find-spot locations (correct until 2017). Shaded in grey are axe-heads with ‘precise’ find-spot locations, included in Appendix Two); Appendix Two: Find-spot locations, and archaeology of Mesolithic to Roman date within a 1000m radius, for 43 jade axe-heads found in Britain, presented as 41 GIS terrain models with accompanying text; Appendix Three: A table of all known Group X axe-heads and a table of Breton fibrolite axe-heads with attributed British find-spot locations; Appendix Four: Table of all published ‘Crudwell-Smerrick’ type axe-heads; Appendix Five: Table of all known axe-heads with rectangular sections which have British find-spot locations attributed. Highlighted in grey are axe-heads of probable Scandinavian origin. This is a summary of the information presented in Appendix Six; Appendix Six: Corpus of all known axe-heads with rectangular sections which have British find-spot locations attributed (summarised in Appendix Five); Appendix Seven: Caches and hoards of axe-heads in Britain. Please note, almost all of the data included in this corpus has been taken directly from Pitts 1996, Appendix One, with a few additions by the author; Bibliography; Index

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Book SynopsisThe carved stone crosses of the Isle of Man of the late fifth to mid-eleventh century are of national and international importance. They provide the most coherent source for the early history of Christianity in the Island, and for the arrival and conversion of Scandinavian settlers in the last century of the Viking Age - a century which produced some of the earliest recognisable images of the heroes and gods of the North; earlier, indeed, than those found in Scandinavia. This, the first general survey of the material for more than a century, provides a new view of the political and religious connections of the Isle of Man in a period of great turmoil in the Irish Sea region. The book also includes an up-to-date annotated inventory of the monuments.Trade Review‘In his book, David Wilson discusses the emergence, zenith, and decline of Manx crosses in six stimulating chapters, supported by a comprehensive list of sites and that all-important index. He clearly shows that major influences were brought to bear over the 600-year period, initially by early Christian missionaries, followed by Picts, and finally Vikings. His book is the first comprehensive survey to be undertaken for over a century, and provides invaluable context to their origins and use at a time when, politically, the Irish Sea (province) was experiencing great upheaval. This is a must-read for scholars interested in the religious iconography of the early medieval period.’ – George Nash (2019): Current Archaeology #339 ‘We have needed this book: an authoritative and holistic introduction to the Isle of Man’s early medieval sculpture. From the book’s Preface we get a good sense of just how hard-won its contents have been for the ‘retired’, eminent Viking scholar Sir David Wilson, who long ago made the Isle of Man his home… Throughout, Wilson draws effectively on his extensive knowledge of the early medieval, particularly Scandinavian world, to situate the Manx story, as revealed through its sculpture, in its Irish Sea and wider European context.’ – Sally Foster (2019): Archaeological Journal, DOI: 10.1080/00665983.2019.1590955Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 An Introduction to the Island; CHAPTER 2 Early stones and sacred sites; CHAPTER 3 The Monastery at Maughold and pre-Scandinavian monuments in the Island; CHAPTER 4 The cusp of the Scandinavian settlement of the Isle of Man; CHAPTER 5 The stone sculpture of the Scandinavian settlement; Chapter 6 The Scandinavian runic inscriptions; Bibliography & Suggested Reading; Appendix: A hand-list of the Manx Crosses

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Book SynopsisA second revised and updated edition of Carlos Gracia Zamacona’s Manual de Egipcio Medio [Handbook of Middle Egyptian]. The book is designed as a primer, written in Spanish, to learn Middle Egyptian (2000-1500 BC), which was considered by the Egyptians the ‘classic’ stage of their language, and a guide to read hieroglyphs. The grammatical explanation is accompanied by a full list of hieroglyphic signs (Gardiner’s plus recent refinements), basic vocabulary, gradual exercises (with translation), and a short, updated bibliography. The book’s main aim is didactic, but it also addresses the latest theoretical and methodological issues in Egyptology and Linguistics/Este libro es circunstancial. Se podrá decir que todos lo son, pero éste me llegó por pura casualidad a raíz de unos cursos de lengua y escritura egipcia organizados por la Asociación de Amigos del Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid en 2007. Mi intención inicial fue la de preparar un material para los participantes de los cursos, siendo consciente de lo difícil que es empezar a leer jeroglíficos y comprender una lengua muy distinta de la nuestra o de las que nos son familiares. Debido a la misma complejidad del egipcio, que en esto no difiere de cualquier otra lengua natural, así como a mi tendencia a acabar lo que empiezo, me encontré un par de meses después de finalizados los cursos con un manual de iniciación al egipcio medio, el estado de la lengua considerado «clásico» por los propios egipcios y en el que están escritos, sobre todo, los textos del llamado Reino o Imperio Medio, que se extendió, de manera aproximada, desde el año 2000 hasta el 1500 antes de Cristo.Table of ContentsPrefacio de Pascal Vernus; Introducción a la segunda edición; Introducción a la primera edición; Parte I: Enfoque lingüístico, lectura y fonética; 0. Enfoque lingüístico; 1. La lengua egipcia y su estudio; 2. Lectura y fonética; Parte II: Gramática; 3. La proposición simple; 4. Enunciados marcados; 5. La proposición compleja; Parte III: Anexos; Anexo I. Lista de signos jeroglíficos; Anexo II. Vocabulario básico; Anexo III. Textos; Anexo IV. Soluciones de los textos; Anexo V. Bibliografía

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Book SynopsisThe area of Kymissala on the southwest coast of Rhodes is of great archaeological interest, as it conceals a large number of important archaeological sites belonging to the lesser known ancient deme of the Rhodian countryside, the deme of Kymissaleis. The region is also of exceptional environmental and ecological importance, as it has a particular biodiversity and is protected by the European ‘Natura 2000’ network of nature protection areas. Kymissala has systematically been researched during the past 10 years by the Kymissala Archaeological Research Project (KARP) inaugurated by the Department of Mediterranean Studies and the Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese in 2006. The research, escaping from its narrow academic and archaeological context and exploiting the comparative advantage of the region, may –and should– inter alia, intervene in a mild and sustainable manner in the promotion of the archaeological site of Kymissala. Its ultimate goal is to promote the antiquities of the area, its educational value and its historical and cultural continuity within a protected natural environment, in the context of an ecological-archaeological park. Under the title Kymissala: Archaeology – Education – Sustainability, fourteen original studies have been published, constituting the first complete presentation of the area of Kymissala and the work in progress, after ten years of systematic research, in terms of Archaeology, Education and Sustainable Development.Table of ContentsEDITOR’S FORWORD; 1 – KYMISSALA: TWO CENTURIES OF EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH – by Manolis I. Stefanakis; 2 – KYMISSALEIS: ARCHAEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE OF AN ANCIENT DEME IN THE RHODIAN COUNTRYSIDE – by Manolis I. Stefanakis; 3 – Η ΝΕΚΡΌΠΟΛΗ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΆΛΑΣ. ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΉΣΕΙΣ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΤΥΠΟΛΟΓΊΑ ΤΩΝ ΤΆΦΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗ ΜΟΡΦΉ ΤΩΝ ΕΠΙΤΑΦΊΩΝ ΜΝΗΜΕΊΩΝ – by Βασιλική Πατσιαδά; 4 – THE INSCRIPTIONS OF THE ANCIENT RHODIAN DEME OF KYMISSALEIS – by; Anastasia Dreliossi-Herakleidou and Nikos Litinas; 5 – Η ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΟΥ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΑΠΟ ΤΗ ΝΕΚΡΟΠΟΛΗ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΑΛΑΣ – by Χρυσή Μπούρμπου; 6 – ΠΡΩΤΟΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΈΣ ΘΈΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΥΡΉΜΑΤΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΠΕΡΙΟΧΉ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΆΛΑΣ – by Νεκτάριος Ζάρρας; 7 – Η ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΣΥΜΒΟΛΗ ΤΟΥ ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΥ ΦΩΤΟΓΡΑΜΜΕΤΡΙΑΣ ΤΟΥ ΕΘΝΙΚΟΥ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟΥ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟΥ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΡΕΥΝΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΑΛΑΣ – by Σεβαστή Ταπεινάκη, Ανδρέας Γεωργόπουλος, Γεώργιος Ν. Μακρής και Μανόλης Ι. Στεφανάκης; 8 – Η ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΉ ΘΕΩΡΊΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΝΑΣΚΑΦΉ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΆΛΑΣ – by Κωνσταντίνος Καλογερόπουλος; 9 – THE PHENOMENON OF ILLEGAL EXCAVATIONS AND LOOTING OF CULTURAL RESOURCES FROM THE AREA OF KYMISSALA – by Eftychia Manousaki; 10 – Η ΑΝΑΣΚΑΦΗ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΑΛΑΣ ΩΣ ΜΕΣΟ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗΣ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗΣ, ΕΥΑΙΣΘΗΤΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΦΥΠΝΙΣΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΙΚΗΣ ΣΥΝΕΙΔΗΣΗΣ – by Ευαγγελία Δημητρίου; 11 – ΚΥΜΙΣΑΛΑ: ΤΟΠΟΣ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΣΚΗΣΗΣ ΝΕΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ – by Ανδρέας Γεωργόπουλος; 12 – Η ΕΚΠΑΊ ΔΕΥΣΗ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΑΕΙΦΌΡΟ ΑΝΆΠΤΥΞΗ ΣΤΑ ΜΟΝΟΠΆΤΙΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΆΛΑΣ – by Δημήτριος Κολοκυθάς; 13 – ΤΟ ΦΥΣΙΚΟ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΜΙΣΑΛΑΣ – by Θωμαΐς Βεργωτή; 14 – PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE: THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPORTANCE FOR PROMOTING KYMISSALA – by Manolis, I. Stefanakis

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Book SynopsisCaroline Louise Ransom Williams (1872-1952) is remembered as the first American university-trained female Egyptologist, but she is not widely-known in the history of science. Her mentor was James Henry Breasted, well-known as the first American Egyptologist and founder of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago. As long as they worked together and as much as they depended on each other professionally, Ransom Williams is little more than a footnote in the published history of archaeology. She was a successful scholar, instructor, author, and museum curator. She also had personal struggles with her mother and her husband that affected the choices she could make about her career. This book presents the correspondence between Ransom Williams and Breasted because the letters are crucial in piecing together and allowing an in-depth analysis of her life and career. The written conversation, comprised of 240 letters between the two, shows that Ransom Williams had a full life and productive career as the first American female Egyptologist. Through these letters, we see part of a life that is unique while at the same time analogous to other professional women in the period. This edition is the first book-length discussion of Ransom Williams’ life and career.Table of ContentsEditorial Principles; Preface, by Anne S. Flannery; Biographical Introduction; The Correspondence, 1898-1935; Epilogue: 1935-1952; Appendix; Character Index; Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this work is to analyze Late Prehistoric graphical markers, comprising paintings, engravings, Megalithic elements, and other portable objects. All of them can be described as post-paleolithic or Schematic Art over various surfaces. The chosen area, the inland region of the Tajo inner basin (Spain), was especially appealing for several reasons, such as the lack of scholarship on the subject, the lack of information on the geographical location of the archaeological sites, and the extended ignorance about the sites’ materials and relationships. The methodology is based on systematic registration of all archaeological sites. This is studied from an Archaeology Landscape perspective through Geographic Information Systems (GIS) analysis. It tests geographical markers according to their strategic location (pre-eminence and visibility) and their relationship with other funerary, habitable and resources sites. This has allowed parietal surfaces (megaliths, caves, shelters) and mobile pieces to be given coordinate position for the first time in the region, which has demonstrated abundant and complex prehistoric graphical markers. The results achieved allow the extrapolation of settlement models, explained in chapter VI. Generally, shelters divide the territory by geographical units where the settlers have access to a variety of economic resources and transit networks. SPANISH DESCRIPTION: El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio de los marcadores gráficos de la Prehistoria Reciente, entre los que se incluyen pinturas, grabados, elementos megalíticos y elementos mobiliares que responden a la descripción de Arte Esquemático o Postpaleolítico sobre diferentes soportes. Se eligió como zona de estudio la cuenca interior del Tajo a su paso por las provincias interiores (España), de especial interés por su carencia de valoraciones conjuntas y desde luego, por la escasa información acerca del posicionamiento geográfico de estos yacimientos y el desconocimiento bastante generalizado de sus contenidos y relaciones contextuales. El método de trabajo se ha fundamentado en la recogida sistemática de todos los yacimientos registrados. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo con nuevas tecnologías como los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), desde una perspectiva de la Arqueología del Paisaje. Se han efectuado diversos análisis establecidos sobre su posición estratégica (preeminencia y visibilidad) y su relación con otros yacimientos de carácter funerario, habitacional y recursos de explotación. Esto ha permitido que los soportes parietales (abrigos, cuevas y megalitos), así como piezas mobiliares, se hayan georreferenciado por primera vez en la región, dando muestras de la abundancia y complejidad de estas grafías prehistóricas. Los resultados nos han permitido extrapolar modelos de implantación en el territorio, expuestos en el capítulo VI. En general, existe una tendencia a delimitar el territorio en unidades geográficas caracterizadas, en las que las sociedades productoras tienen acceso a una variedad de recursos económicos y redes de tránsito.Table of ContentsPrólogo; Introducción; Introduction (English); Capítulo I. Historiografía, debate y recorrido del Arte Holocénico. Los territorios interiores en el marco de la Península Ibérica; Capítulo II. Metodología: Bases de Datos, Sistemas de Información Geográfica y corpus iconográfico en el interior del Tajo; Capítulo III. Contexto geográfico y geológico. Aproximaciones al paleoambiente y los recursos en la Prehistoria Reciente peninsular; Capítulo IV. Estudio de los yacimientos del AETA: Arte Esquemático en el Tajo. Agrupaciones, distribución y análisis; Capítulo V. Pautas de análisis en los conjuntos de abrigos del AETA. Síntesis de las variables estudiadas; Capítulo VI. Lecturas para un territorio integral de los grupos megalíticos en el interior del Tajo; Bibliografía

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Book SynopsisHuman skeletons are widely studied in archaeological, anthropological and forensic settings to learn about the deceased. Methods used to identify individuals in forensic contexts and to determine age and sex in archaeological settings are normally tested on identified skeletal collections: collections of skeletons with known age-at-death, sex, often occupation and cause of death. These collections often represent individuals dying within the last century, but this is variable and often depends on the purpose for creating the collection. Many were developed in attempts to understand local population biology whereas those collected recently are for forensic purposes: to improve identification in legal contexts. Some of these collections were developed from body donation programmes, while others have come from cemeteries: cemeteries which were either no longer viable or needed clearing. All these factors impact on who curates these collections: archaeology or anthropology departments and museums. However, unlike many other skeletons curated in these locations, these are individuals with names. All this raises ethical questions about their creation, curation and their use for research. This book focusses on identified skeletal collections in the UK, Portugal, South Africa, USA and Canada. The chapters discuss how and why collections were amassed including the local legislation governing them. Alongside this run the ethical issues associated with their collection, curation and access to them. The demographics of the collections: who is included and why, along with such biases and how they can impact on research are also discussed, as are limitations in the documentary data associated with these individuals. The importance of these collections is also focussed on: particularly their role in developing and testing methods for age determination in adults. This shows why these collections are so vital to improve methods and interpretations for archaeological and forensic research. The importance of communicating this to the wider public is also addressed.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction – Charlotte Henderson; Chapter 2. Archaeological human skeletal collections: their significance and value as an ongoing contribution to research – Jelena Bekvalac and Dr Rebecca Redfern; Chapter 3. The Grant Human Skeletal Collection and Other Contributions of J. C. B. Grant to Anatomy, Osteology, and Forensic Anthropology – John Albanese; Chapter 4. Strategies for Dealing with Bias in Identified Reference Collections and Implications for Research in the 21st Century – John Albanese; Chapter 5. Bioarchaeology and Identified Skeletal Collections: Problems and Potential Solutions – Jennifer Sharman and John Albanese; Chapter 6. The significance of identified human skeletal collections to further our understanding of the skeletal ageing process in adults – Vanessa Campanacho and Hugo F.V. Cardoso; Chapter 7. Secular changes in cranial size and sexual dimorphism of cranial size: a comparative analysis of standard cranial dimensions in two Portuguese identified skeletal reference collections and implications for sex estimation – Luísa Marinho, Ana R. Vassalo and Hugo F. V. Cardoso; Chapter 8. Lives Not Written in Bones: Discussing Biographical Data Associated With Identified Skeletal Collections – Francisca Alves Cardoso; Chapter 9. The Fate of Anatomical Collections in the US: Bioanthropological Investigations of Structural Violence – Rachel J. Watkins; Chapter 10. Final Summary – Francisca Alves-Cardoso

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Book SynopsisThe papers gathered in this volume explore the economic and social roles of exchange systems in past societies from a variety of different perspectives. Based on a broad range of individual case studies, the authors tackle problems surrounding the identification of (pre-monetary) currencies in the archaeological record. These concern the part played by weight measurement systems in their development, the changing role of objects as they shift between different spheres of exchange, e.g. from gifts to commodities, as well as wider issues regarding the role of exchange networks as agents of social and economic change. Among the specific questions the papers address is what happens when new objects of value are introduced into a system, or when existing objects go out of use, as well as how exchange systems react to events such as crises or the emergence of new polities and social constellations. One theme that unites most of the papers is the tension between what is introduced from the outside and changes that are driven by social transformations within a given group.Table of ContentsIntroduction: comparing currency and circulation systems in past societies – by Dirk Brandherm, Elon Heymans and Daniela Hofmann; Indeterminacy and approximation in Mediterranean weight systems in the third and second millennia BC – by Nicola Ialongo, Agnese Vacca and Alessandro Vanzetti; Weight units and the transformation of value: approaching premonetary currency systems in the Nordic Bronze Age – by Lene Melheim; Heads or tails: metal hoards from the Iron Age southern Levant – by Elon D. Heymans; Weighing premonetary currency in the Iberian iron Age – by Thibaud Poigt; Of warriors, chiefs and gold. Coinage and exchange in the late pre-Roman Iron Age – by David Wigg-Wolf; New wealth from the Old World: glass, jet and mirrors in the late fifteenth to early sixteenth century indigenous Caribbean – by Joanna Ostapkowicz; Gifts of the gods — Objects of foreign origin in traditional exchange cycles in Palau – by Constanze Dupont

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Book SynopsisIndonesian Megaliths: A forgotten cultural heritage' highlights aspects of Indonesian culture which are currently misunderstood and sometimes threatened by destruction. Although they are relatively recent in origin, the Indonesian megaliths offer similarities to their counterparts in the Middle East and Arabia: they reflect the rise to prominence of local chiefs in a context of acculturation which prompted the need to build megalithic monuments to bury the dead, and to honour, commemorate and communicate with ancestors. In societies of oral tradition, these stones punctuate the landscape to transmit the memory of men and social structure from one generation to the next. Based on scientific documents (articles, archaeological reports) and field visits, this new exploration clarifies various elements of the Indonesian megaliths, including their function in the daily life of the tribes and the use of certain stones for musical purposes (lithophony). In Nias, Sumba and Toraya, the megalith tradition is still alive and ethno-anthropological studies of these three regions provide a unique chance to complement the archaeological perspectives on megalithic monuments abandoned for several centuries in the rest of the Archipelago. The book includes numerous photographs documenting the monuments which were taken during the author’s stay in Indonesia (2010-2013).Trade Review'...the book succeeds in revealing the wealth of Indonesian traditions to enthusiasts and will hopefully spark a revival of interest in megaliths among professionals.' -- Véronique Degroot * Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient vol. 106 *

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Book SynopsisThe Classic Maya (AD 250-900) of central and southern Yucatan were long seen as exceptional in many ways. We now know that they did not invent Mesoamerican writing or calendars, that they were just as warlike as other ancient peoples, that many innovations in art and architecture attributed to them had diverse origins, and that their celebrated “collapse” is not what it seems. One exceptionalist claim stubbornly persists: the Maya were canny tropical ecologists who managed their fragile tropical environments in ways that supported extremely large and dense populations and still guaranteed resilience and sustainability. Archaeologists commonly assert that Maya populations far exceeded those of other ancient civilizations in the Old and New Worlds. The great center of Tikal, Guatemala, has been central to our conceptions of Maya demography since the 1960s. Re-evaluation of Tikal’s original settlement data and its implications, supplemented by much new research there and elsewhere, allows a more modest and realistic demographic evaluation. The peak Classic population probably was on the order of 1,000,000 people. This population scale helps resolve debates about how the Maya made a living, the nature of their sociopolitical systems, how they created an impressive built environment, and places them in plausible comparative context with what we know about other ancient complex societies.Table of ContentsIntroduction; A Short History of Maya Demographic Estimates and their Implications; Comparative Demographic Estimates for Other Civilizations; University of Pennsylvania Tikal Project Population Estimates; The “Managed Forest” Model for the Lowland Maya: Implications for Tikal; Biases and Limitations of the Tikal Research and some Comparisons with Copan; How Many Maya Lived in the Central and Southern Lowlands during Late and Terminal Classic Times? ; Discussion and Conclusions; Appendix A: Population Density Calculations; Appendix B: The Big Stuff; Appendix C: Agricultural Intensification; Appendix D: Maya Food Shortfalls and Their Consequences; Appendix E: Agrarian Capital, Land Tenure, Inheritance, Entitlements, and Agency; Appendix F: Classic Maya Political Organization and Institutions; Appendix G: Malthus, Boserup, and the Maya References cited

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Book SynopsisThe Roman imperial hoard from Gruia, Romania (former Roman province of Dacia) is among the largest ever discovered in this part of the Roman Empire. 1,509 silver coins dated from Vespasian to Gordian III were accidentally discovered while digging in a private garden. Wealthy or not in a Time of Turmoil? The Roman Imperial hoard from Gruia in Roman Dacia (Romania) presents a catalogue of each of these coins, photos included, with their complete descriptions. A comparative analysis with other similar hoards throughout the Roman Empire reveals general and specific patterns for hoarding in this period. At the same time, looking at the prices and salaries around the time the hoard was buried, the authors aim to establish whether such an amount of silver coins could have represented someone’s entire wealth. In addition, analysing the distribution of hoards in the provinces from the Middle and Lower Danube and the history of this area, some possible reasons for concealing and not recovering this hoard are discussed. One excited aspect emphasised in this book is the presentation of so the called ‘weird’ coins meaning those pieces that have been minted with various errors, by mistake or deliberately, such as engraving errors, coin-die malfunction, plated coins etc.Table of ContentsIntroduction; Conditions of discovery; The denominations; The hoard structure; The mints; The hoard value; The reason for the burial and non-recovery of the hoard; The “weird” coins

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