Archaeological science, methodology and techniques Books

Book SynopsisBringing together a team of international experts from different subject areas including law, history, archaeology and anthropology this book re-evaluates the traditional narratives surrounding the origins of Roman law before the enactment of the Twelve Tables.

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Book SynopsisFirst hand anecdotal snap shots offer a taste of daily life during the author’s fifteen-year period at the High Down and Woomera rocket test sites. The preparation of eight Black Knight and four Black Arrow rockets up to their liftoff are recounted in detail with relevant diagrams and a few photos. So-called “rocket-science” jargon is deliberately sidestepped throughout. Delays that dogged Black Arrow’s birth are touched along with a full explanation for terminating RO’s maiden flight. Peripheral issues met during the final two proving flights are also discussed. The launch team’s bittersweet feelings as R3 was readied and lifted off to deliver Prospero into earth orbit are chronicled alongside their dismay at the projects unfitting end. Black Arrow was Britain’s only home grown rocket to stage an orbital insertion and may also be the only rocket to achieve this using peroxide oxidiser.

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Book SynopsisIn the past, Bronze Age painted plaster in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean has been studied from a range of different but isolated viewpoints. One of the current questions about this material is its direction of transfer. This volume brings both technological and iconographic (and other) approaches closer together: by completing certain gaps in the literature on technology and, by investigating how and why technological transfer has developed and what broader impact this had on the wider social dynamics of the late Middle and Late Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean. This study approaches the topic of painted plaster by a multidisciplinary methodology.Moreover, when human actors and their interactions are placed in the centre of the scene, it demonstrates the human forces through which transfer was enabled and how multiple social identities and the inter-relationships of these actors with each other and their material world were expressed through their craft production and organization. The investigated data from sixteen sites has been contextualized within a wider framework of Bronze Age interconnections both in time and space because studying painted plaster in the Aegean cannot be considered separate from similar traditions both in Egypt and in the Near East. This study makes clear that it is not possible to deduce a one-way directional transfer of this painting tradition. Furthermore, by integrating both technology and iconography with its hybrid character, a clear 'technological style' was defined in the predominant al fresco work found on these specific sites.The author suggests that the technological transfer most likely moved from west to east. This has important implications in the broader politico-economic and social dynamics of the eastern Mediterranean during the LBA. Since this art/craft was very much elite-owned, it shows how the smaller states in the LBA, such as the regions of the Aegean, were capable of staying within the large trade and exchange network that comprised the large powers of the East and Egypt. The painted plaster reflects a very visible presence in the archaeological record and, because it cannot be transported without its artisans, it suggests specific interactions of royal courts in the East with the Aegean peoples. The painted plaster as an immovable feature required at least temporary presence of a small team of painters and plasterers.Exactly this factor forms an argument in support of travelling artisans, who, in turn, shed light onto broader aspects of contact, trade and exchange mechanisms during the late MBA and LBA.Table of ContentsChapter One (prologue): A Tale of 'Frescoes' Chapter Two: The Power of Technology, Knowledge and Social AgencyChapter Three: Technological Style and the Power of Technology and Knowledge Chapter Four: Archaeometric Approaches to Technologies and MaterialsChapter Five: Painted Plaster in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Chapter Six: Analyzed to Bits: Technological and Iconographic TransferChapter Seven: Considering Material Culture and Social IdentitiesChapter Eight: Technology and Social Agency of Painted Plaster

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Book SynopsisLuminescence dating is now widely applied by scientists working in Quaternary geology and archaeology to obtain ages for events as diverse as past earthquakes, desertification and cave occupation sites. Using quartz or feldspar minerals found in almost ubiquitous sand and finer sediments, luminescence can provide ages from over 500,000 years ago to modern. Written by some of the foremost experts in luminescence dating from around the world, this book takes a new approach. It explains what luminescence can and can't do, what and where to sample, types of measurements available and how to interpret and analyse ages once they are measured. It is accordingly for scientists who require luminescence ages for their research rather than those scientists developing the luminescence technique or making their own luminescence measurements. The background to the technique is explained in simple terms so that the range of potential applications, limits and issues can be understood. The book helps scientists plan where and what to sample to optimise the successful application of luminescence and stemming from that the chronologies that can be constructed. The Handbook sets out the challenges and limitations when applying luminescence dating in different environmental and archaeological settings and gives practical advice on how issues might be avoided in sampling, or mitigated by requesting different laboratory measurement approaches or analysis. Guidance is provided on how luminescence ages can be interpreted and published as well as how they can be used within chronological frameworks. With luminescence dating continuing to develop, information on more experimental approaches is given which may help expand the range of chronological challenges to which luminescence dating can be routinely applied.Trade Review‘…the twelve chapters in this volume provide a succinct summary of the techniques, applications, limitations, and future of luminescence analysis. This volume is recommended as a useful acquisition for senior undergraduate and graduate Quaternary programs’. Geoscience Canada -------------------- `...a welcome introduction to the method for scientists working in all kinds of environments... ...it does not only provide the theoretical background of the technique but also systematically supplies readers with helpful practical suggestions and instructions... ...a rich and up to date reference list that includes both classical work and the latest developments. ...the book covers the entire spectrum of environmental settings commonly used in Quaternary research. ...is a guideline that accompanies researchers during the entire process of establishing a luminescence chronology, starting with sample collection and ending with reporting of luminescence ages'. Geologica BelgicaTable of ContentsPrinciples and history of luminescence dating; From sampling to reporting; Incorporating luminescence ages into chronometric frameworks; Applications in aeolian environments; Applications in loessic environments; Applications in glacial and periglacial environments; Applications in fluvial and hillslope environments; Applications in coastal and marine environments; Applications of luminescence dating to active tectonic contexts; Applications in archaeological contexts; Rock surface burial and exposure dating; Future developments in luminescence dating

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Book SynopsisThis volume is the first in a new series of editions of Coptic-language "magical" manuscripts from Egypt, written on papyrus, ostraca, parchment, and paper, and dating to between the fourth and twelfth centuries CE. Their texts attest to non-institutional rituals intended to bring about changes in the lives of those who used them – heal disease, curse enemies, bring about love or hatred, or see into the future. These manuscripts represent rich sources of information on daily life and lived religion of Egypt in the last centuries of Roman rule and the first centuries after the Arab conquest, giving us glimpses of the hopes and fears of people of this time, their conflicts and problems, and their vision of the human and superhuman worlds. This volume presents 37 new editions and descriptions of manuscripts, focusing on formularies or "handbooks", those texts containing instructions for the performance of rituals. Each of these is accompanied by a history of its acquisition, a material description, and presented with facing text and translations, tracings of accompanying images, and explanatory notes to aid in understanding the text.

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Book SynopsisExamining such nation-states as Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Israel, Russia, Ukraine, India, and Thailand, this book shows how states invoke the remote past to extol the glories of specific peoples or prove claims to ancestral homelands. It is suitable for archaeologists and historians.Trade Review"In this deeply intriguing and appealing book, expert contributors explore a wide and varied set of political, cultural, and ethical issues. Not only will this excellent collection be formative for the history and practice of archaeology for years to come, but it may also be hotly debated in the various regions it describes." - Suzanne Marchand, author of Down from Olympus"

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Book SynopsisThe vertebrate fossil record extends back more than 500 million years, and bonebeds - localized concentrations of the skeletal remains of vertebrate animals - help unlock the secrets of this long history. This book provides readers with definitions, theoretical frameworks, and modern techniques in bonebed data collection and analysis.

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Book SynopsisConsidering the history and theory of geoarchaeology, this book discusses soils and environmental interpretations; initial context and site formation; methods of discovery and spatial analyses; estimating time; and others. It is for all professionals and students interested in the field of geoarchaeology.Trade Review"Probably the most comprehensive treatise on geoarchaeology yet written."—Vance Haynes, University of Arizona -- Vance Haynes"Rapp and Hill provide the single most comprehensive guide to basic principles in the field of Geoarchaeology. The text is an essential resource for teaching earth science applications to undergraduate archaeologists."—Andrea Freeman, University of Calgary -- Andrea Freeman

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Book SynopsisStatistics in Practice A new series of practical books outliningthe use of statistical techniques in a wide range of applicationareas: Human and Biological Sciences Earth and Environmental Sciences Industry, Commerce and Finance The authors of this important text explore the processes throughwhich archaeologists analyse their data and how these can be mademore rigorous and effective by sound statistical modelling. Theyassume relatively little previous statistical or mathematicalknowledge. Introducing the idea underlying the Bayesian approach tothe statistical analysis of data and their subsequentinterpretation, the authors demonstrate the major advantage of thisapproach, i.e. that it allows the incorporation of relevant priorknowledge or beliefs into the analysis. By doing so it provides alogical and coherent way of updating beliefs from those held beforeobserving the data to those held after taking the data intoaccount. To illustrTable of ContentsThe Bayesian Approach to Statistical Archaeology. Outline of the Approach. Modelling in Archaeology. Quantifying Uncertainty: The Probability Concept. Statistical Modelling. Bivariate and Multivariate Distributions. Bayesian Inference. Implementation Issues. Interpretation of Radiocarbon Results. Spatial Analysis. Sourcing and Provenancing. Application to Other Dating Methods. The Way Forward. References. Index.

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Book Synopsis* The latest contribution to debates about archaeological theory by this leading figure in the field. * Provides a provocative, yet accessible, overview of the most important new school of archaeological thought and practice to have emerged over last 20 years.Trade Review"The most important study of its kind to have appeared since Wheeler's Archaeology from the Earth in 1954...Prof. Hodder has issued a clear and cogent challenge to which our profession should respond." Antiquity.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations. Preface: Digging Outside the Shelter. Acknowledgements. 1. Crises in Global Archaeology. 2. Archaeology - Bridging Humanity and Science. 3. How do Archaeologists Reason?. 4. Interpreting Material Culture. 5. Towards a Reflexive Method. 6. The Natural Sciences in Archaeology. 7. Using the New Information Technologies. 8. Windows into Deep Time: Towards a Multiscalar Approach. 9. Archaeology and Globalism. 10. Can the New Technologies Deliver a Reflexive Methodology?. 11. Conclusion: Towards Non-dichotomous Thinking in Archaeology. Bibliography. Index.

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Book Synopsis* Wide--ranging geographical and historical coverage. * Includes new research data. * Includes contributions from a variety of perspectives. .Trade Review"Good insights for landscape historians and archaeologists." Landscape History "The varied contributions and stimulating interpretations combine with a strong and thought-provoking introduction by the editors and useful concluding commentaries on sacred landscapes and everyday places and cosmologies to produce a well-structured book of unusually powerful appeal." LandscapesTable of Contents1. Archaeological Landscapes: Constructed, Conceptualized, Ideational: A. Bernard Knapp and Wendy Ashmore. Part I: Ethnographic and Historical Cases:. 2. Identifying Ancient Sacred Landscapes in Australia: From Physical to Social: Paul S. C. Taçon. 3. Creating Social Identity in the Landscape: Tidewater, Virginia 1600-1750: Lisa Kealhofer. 4. Conceptual Landscapes in the Egyptian Nile Valley: Janet E. Richards. 5. Buddhist Landscapes in East Asia: Gina L. Barnes. 6. Mountains, Caves, Water: Ideational Landscapes of the Ancient Maya: James E. Brady and Wendy Ashmore. Part II: Protohistoric / Ethnohistoric Cases:. 7. The Inca Cognition of Landscape: Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and the Aesthetic of Alterity: Maarten van de Guchte. 8. The Ideology of Settlement: Ancestral Keres Landscapes in the Northern Rio Grande: James E. Snead and Robert W. Preucel. Part III: Prehistoric Cases:. 9. Centering the Ancestors: Cemeteries, Mounds and Sacred Landscapes of the Ancient North American Midcontinent: Jane E. Buikstra and Douglas K. Charles. 10. Ideational and Industrial Landscape of Prehistoric Cyprus: A. Bernard Knapp. 11. The Mythical Landscapes of the British Iron Age: John C. Barrett. Part IV: Commentaries:. 12. Sacred Landscapes: Constructed and Conceptualized: Carole L. Crumley. 13. Exploring Everyday Places and Cosmologies: Peter van Dommelen. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis work consists of three illustrated sections presenting the ceramic finds excavated at Sardis, but produced in the mainland Greek centers of Corinth, Athens, and Sparta. The authors' study of this material from the Harvard-Cornell excavations offers new evidence of the taste for Greek wares and shapes in Anatolia before the time of Alexander.Trade ReviewThis volume, the tenth in the monograph series Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, is the first to be devoted exclusively to pottery from the site...[It presents] some of the most easily identified and most prominent classes of Greek pottery of the Archaic period found in Sardis: the Corinthian, Attic and Lakonian...The volume provides as up-to-date an overview of these relevant classes of pottery as possible...The plates, 66 in all, many combining line-drawings with photographs, are of good quality and the volume itself is well edited and handsomely produced. The volume will quickly find its place as an important reference tool in any archaeological library. -- John K. Papadopoulos * Bryn Mawr Classical Review *The prestigious series of monographs on the results of the Harvard-Cornell excavations at Sardis, nine volumes of which have already appeared, is now enriched by the publication of a tenth, devoted to the imported Corinthian, Attic, and Lakonian pottery. Written by three scholars whose prose styles are refreshingly different, yet compatible, this volume catalogues finds from more than 30 years of excavation...This book is a pleasure to read and use. It is logically organized and written with clarity and insight. The catalogue entries are both concise and complete, with up-to-date references. A useful concordance of finds by inventory number and a comprehensive index accompany the text. The plates include plans of the site of Sardis and photographs, often accompanied by profile drawings, of the majority of the catalogued items. The overall quality of the illustrations is excellent...This volume makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of the nature and distribution of imported mainland Greek pottery in western Anatolia. It should prove a valuable tool for vase specialists, as well as for those interested in ancient Mediterranean trade patterns and the chronological application of stratified pottery. We eagerly await further monographs on the pottery from Sardis. -- Evelyn E. Bell * American Journal of Archaeology *Table of ContentsEDITOR'S PREFACE AUTHORS' PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS THE CORINTHIAN POTTERY by Judith Snyder Schaeffer INTRODUCTION Chronology Distribution of the Finds at Sardis Stratigraphy Shapes Kotylai with Linear Decoration CATALOGUE Use of the Catalogue Corinthian Geometric: Cor 1-Cor 3 Early Protocorinthian: Cor 4-Cor 9 Middle Protocorinthian: Cor 10-Cor 25 Late Protocorinthian: Cor 26-Cor 51 Transitional: Cor 52-Cor 79 Early Corinthian: Cor 80-Cor 114 Middle Corinthian: Cor 115-Cor 138 Late Corinthian: Cor 139-Cor 143 Corinthianizing: Cor 144-Cor 148 APPENDIX: Corinthian Pottery from Sardis Found by the Butler Expedition THE ATTIC POTTERY by Nancy H. Rarnage INTRODUCTION Imports and Trade Relations The Painters Condition, Findspots, and Stratigraphy Graffiti and Dipinti Shapes Reuse of Attic Fragments CATALOGUE Use of the Catalogue ATTIC BLACK FIGURE Amphorai: Alt 1-Att 17 Hydria: Aft 18 Olpai: Att 19-Att 20 Lekythoi: Aft 21-Alt 34 Dinoi: Aft 35-Att 39 Column-kraters: Att 40-Att 43 Lekanides: An 44-Att 45 Cups: Aft 46-Att 78 Skyphoi: Aft 79-Alt 87 Plate: Att 88 Indeterminable Shapes: Att 89-Att 90 ATTIC BLACK PATTERN Floral Band Cups: Alt 91-Att 107 ATTIC RED FIGURE Pelike: Att 108 Oixiochoe (?):Att 109 Lekythoi: Aft 110-Att 112 Askoi: Alt 113-114 Head Vases: Alt 115-Att 116 Closed Shape: Alt 117 Kraters: Att 118-Att 123 Lekanides: Att 124-Att 125 Cups: Att 126-Att 129 Skyphoi: Att 130-Att 135 Fish-plate: Att 136 ATTIC BLACK GLAZE Amphorai: Att 137-Att 139 Hydriai or Other Large, Closed Vessels: Att 140-Att 143 Oinochoai (?): Att 144-Att 148 Mug: Att 149 Lekythoi: Att 150-Att 157 Amphoriskoi: Att 158-Att 160 Kraters: Att 161-Att 166 Lekanides: Att 167-Att 170 Stemmed Dishes: Att 171-Att 177 Cups: Att 178-Att 299 Stemless Cups: Att 300-Att 321 Skyphoi: Att 322-Att 336 Cup-skyphoi: Att 337-Att 344 Kantharoi: Att 345-Att 357 Cup-kantharoi: Att 358-Att 377 Bolsals: Att 378-Att 392 Phialai: Att 393-Att 394 Bowls: Aft 395-Att 537 Bowls or Other Open Shapes: Aft 538-Att 546 Plates: Att 547-Att 559 Fish-plates: Att 560-Att 569 Small Bowls: Att 570-Att 576 Saltcellars: Att 577-Att 584 Miniature Kothon: Att 585 Kothon: Aft 586 APPENDIX 1: Attic Pottery from Sardis Found by the Butler Expedition APPENDIX 2: Chemical Analysis of Some Pottery from Sardis by R.E. Jones THE LAKONIAN POTTERY by Crawford H. Creenewalt, Jr. INTRODUCTION CATALOGUE Lakonian II Cups: Lak 1-Lak 4 Black-figure Cups: Lak 5-Lak 8 Kraters: Lak 9-Lak 15 APPENDIX: Lakonian Pottery from Sardis Found by the Butler Expedition CONCORDANCE INDEX PLATES

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Book SynopsisThe Giza Plateau represents perhaps the most famous archaeological site in the world. With the advent of new technologies, the Necropolis is now accessible in four dimensions. Peter Der Manuelian explores technologies for cataloging and visualizing Giza and offers more general philosophical reflection on the nature of visualization in archaeology.Trade ReviewDigital Giza is not only a welcome contribution to Egyptology and Old Kingdom archaeology, but also a well-designed scholarly presentation of this monumental 3D project to a wider audience. Manuelian’s systematic approach and big picture vision have created a powerful scientific manual that many across the world will follow. -- Miroslav Barta, Czech Institute of EgyptologyHow did the amazing Digital Giza online resource come into being? This book illustrates vividly how a virtual army of people, from early excavators to programmers and volunteers, were involved in exploring, recording, organizing, connecting, and showing a wealth of information on the Giza necropolis. Manuelian, who is the driving force in this project, gives ample credit to all those who followed his vision. -- Willeke Wendrich, University of California, Los AngelesDer Manuelian provides a well-written, profusely illustrated, and thought-provoking case study of the digital Giza project that will be of great interest to anyone involved in a digital archaeology project. -- W. Kotter * Choice *I thoroughly enjoyed this book…It is clear that Manuelian has ‘lived and breathed’ Giza for many years and his deep insight comes shining through in his account of the key figures that have contributed to our understanding of the site…A very rewarding andthought-provoking work. -- Colin Reader * Ancient Egypt *

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Book SynopsisCatherine M. Cameron provides a detailed comparative study of captive-taking in small-scale societies and explores the profound impacts captives had on the societies they joined. Cameron’s book opens new avenues of research about captives as significant sources of culture change. Trade Review“In this ambitious and learned work, award-winning archaeologist Catherine Cameron explores how violence against the few may transform the cultures of the many.”—James Brooks, author of Captives and Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands “[Captives] could have a significant impact on archaeological studies.”—Eric E. Bowne, Journal of Anthropological Research "Cameron accomplishes exactly what she set out to do: opening up a new space for investigation and laying out an agenda for further research. . . . She makes it clear that Captives is intended not to be the final word but, rather, the opening salvo. Archaeologists, anthropologists, historians, and ethnohistorians should heed her call."—Matthew Kruer, Ethnohistory"This is a well-written text. . . . Equally accessible to advanced undergraduate students and researchers, with a wide range of studies and well-structured approach to captives as social beings that are organized in a coherent manner throughout. It should be the starting point for anyone seeking to understand the various facets of captive-taking and the lives of captives in small-scale societies."—Liza Gijanto, Historical Archaeology"[Captives] is useful for scholars in many fields interested in the topic, for classroom use, and the public. It is a significant contribution to the topic of captives and slaves, which remains urgent as we struggle with our own national legacy of slavery, as well human trafficking across the world and down the street."—Kenneth M. Ames, Oregon Historical Quarterly“This moving book helps us understand: What was it like to be a slave? A slave-owner? How does slavery affect society? It demonstrates that archaeology—the social science of the past—can ask big questions about the human experience.”—Michelle Hegmon, professor in the School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University and editor of The Archaeology of the Human Experience“Captives challenges archaeologists to broaden their scope of inquiry to recognize the temporal depth, geographical breadth, and nearly universal presence of captives in small-scale societies of the past. Catherine Cameron’s comparative approach to captives lays the groundwork, methodologically and theoretically, for understanding the lives of captives, their social locations, and their significance as agents of change in societies of all scales throughout human prehistory and, indeed, into the present.”—Brenda J. Bowser, associate professor of anthropology at California State University–Fullerton, coeditor of Cultural Transmission and Material Culture: Breaking Down Boundaries "Captives: How Stolen People Changed the World challenges archaeologists to consider captive-taking, an ancient and almost universal practice in human history, as a significant mode of cultural transmission and a source of culture change. . . . Here Cameron provides a framework that enables archaeologists to investigate the nature and scale of the roles that captives have played in small-scale societies."—David H. Dye, American Antiquity"Captives is foremost an invitation to begin to see the past in a new way—to make visible individuals who have long been made invisible in archaeological interpretations but have nonetheless been there all along."cLydia Wilson Marshall, KIVA: Journal of Southwestern Anthropology and History"This book will be an eye-opener for archaeology."—European Journal of ArchaeologyTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Acknowledgments 1. The Captive in Space, Time, and Mind 2. Captive Taking in Global Perspective 3. The Captive as Social Person 4. Captives and the Creation of Power 5. Captives, Social Boundaries, and Ethnogenesis 6. Captives and Cultural Transmission 7. Captives in Prehistory Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisThis is a facsimile reprint of a 1958 title. It outlines the state of American archaeology at that time. It suggests that little interpretation was taking in place in American Archaeology, and offered an analytical perspective.Trade ReviewThis newly edited edition will give the large number of new millennium archaeologists a chance to read and own a pivotal work in American archaeological theory. - Stephen Williams Harvard University

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Book SynopsisThis volume explains the deep influence of biological methods and theories on the practice of Americanist archaeology by exploring W.C. McKern's use of Linnaean taxonomy as the model for development of a pottery classification system.

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Book SynopsisNASA is composed of a vast and varied network of scientists across the academic spectrum involved in research and development programs that have wide application on planet Earth. This book, using case studies, reveals how the broad application of remote sensing and geophysical techniques is altering the usual conduct of dirt archaeology.

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Book SynopsisThis descriptive report on the 1975 archaeological excavations at Cowboy Cave, an Archaic site located in Wayne County, Utah, provides relevant comparative and interpretive comments by a number of authors.

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Book SynopsisArchaeological sites world-wide are threatened by different forces. This volume reports on the proceedings of a workshop held to discuss challenges faced by archaeological sites in the Mediterranean and to examine management planning methods that might generate effective conservation strategies.

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Book SynopsisThis text is an ideal introduction to the use of quantitative methods in archaeology. Statistical techniques are presented in a clear and straightforward manner throughout, and the careful balance between introduction of key concepts and their application to archaeological data is perfectly suited for both students and professionals in the field.Table of ContentsList of Tables. List of Figures. List of Equations. Acknowledgments. 1 Quantifying Archaeology. 2 Data. Scales of Measurement. Nominal level measurement. Ordinal level measurement. Interval level measurement. Ratio level measurement. The relationship among the scales of measurement. Validity. Accuracy and Precision. Populations and Samples. 3 Characterizing Data Visually. Frequency Distributions. Histograms. Stem and Leaf Diagrams. Ogives (Cumulative Frequency Distributions). Describing a Distribution. Bar Charts. Displaying Data like a Pro. Archaeology and Exploratory Data Analysis. 4 Characterizing Data Numerically: Descriptive Statistics. Measures of Central Tendency. Mean. Median. Mode. Which measure of location is best? Measures of Dispersion. Range. Interquartile range. Variance and standard deviation. Calculating Estimates of the Mean and Standard Deviation. Coefficients of Variation. Box Plots. Characterizing Nominal and Ordinal Scale Data. Index of dispersion for nominal data and the index of qualitative variation. 5 An Introduction to Probability. Theoretical Determinations of Probability. Empirical Determinations of Probability. Complex Events. Using Probability to Determine Likelihood. The Binomial Distribution. The psychic's trick. Simplifying the binomial. Probability in Archaeological Contexts. 6 Putting Statistics to Work: The Normal Distribution. 7 Hypothesis Testing I: An Introduction. Hypotheses of Interest. Formal Hypothesis Testing and the Null Hypothesis. Errors in Hypothesis Testing. 8 Hypothesis Testing II: Confi dence Limits, the t-Distribution, and One-Tailed Tests. Standard Error. Comparing Sample Means to m. Statistical Inference and Confidence Limits. The t-Distribution. Degrees of freedom and the t-distribution. Hypothesis Testing Using the t-Distribution. Testing One-Tailed Null Hypotheses. 9 Hypothesis Testing III: Power. Calculating. Statistical Power. Increasing the power of a test. Calculating Power: An Archaeological Example. Power Curves. Putting it all Together: A Final Overview of Hypothesis Testing. Steps to hypothesis testing. Evaluating common hypotheses. 10 Analysis of Variance and the F-Distribution. Model II ANOVA: Identifying the Impacts of Random Effects. Model I ANOVA: The Analysis of Treatment Effects. A Final Summary of Model I and Model II ANOVA. ANOVA Calculation Procedure. Identifying the Sources of Signifi cant Variation in Model I and Model II ANOVA. Comparing Variances. 11 Linear Regression and Multivariate Analysis. Constructing a Regression Equation. Evaluating the Statistical Significance of Regression. Using Regression Analysis to Predict Values. Placing confi dence intervals around the regression coefficient. Confidence Limits around Y for a Given Xi. Estimating X from Y. The Analysis of Residuals. Some Final Thoughts about Regression. Selecting the right regression model. Do not extrapolate beyond the boundaries of the observed data. Use the right methods when creating reverse predictions. Be aware of the assumptions for regression analysis. You may be able to transform your data to create a linear relationship from a curvilinear relationship. Use the right confi dence limits. 12 Correlation. Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. The assumptions of Pearson's product-moment correlation coeffi cient. Spearman's Rank Order Correlation Coeffi cient. Some Final Thoughts (and Warnings) about Correlation. 13 Analysis of Frequencies. Determining the Source of Variation in a Chi-Square Matrix. Assumptions of Chi-Square Analysis. The Analysis of Small Samples Using Fisher’s Exact Test and Yate's Continuity Correction. The Median Test. 14 An Abbreviated Introduction to Nonparametric and Multivariate Analysis. Nonparametric Tests Comparing Groups. Wilcoxon two-sample test. Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric ANOVA. Multivariate Analysis and the Comparison of Means. A review of pertinent conceptual issues. Two-way ANOVA. Nested ANOVA. 15 Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis. Objectives of Principal Component and Factor Analysis. Designing the Principal Component/Factor Analysis. Assumptions and Conceptual Considerations of Factor Analysis. An Example of Factor Analysis. Factor Analysis vs. Principal Component Analysis. 16 Sampling, Research Designs, and the Archaeological Record. How to Select a Sample. How Big a Sample is Necessary? Some Concluding Thoughts. References. Appendix A Areas under a Standardized Normal Distribution. Appendix B Critical Values for the Student's t-Distribution. Appendix C Critical Values for the F-Distribution. Appendix D Critical Values for the Chi-Square Distribution. Appendix E Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Two-Sample U-Test. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the concept of antiquarianism and recasts its role for a new generation. The term antiquarianism refers to engagement with the material heritage of the past - an engagement that preceded the modern academic discipline of archaeology. Antiquarian activities result in the elaboration of particular social behaviours and the production of tools for exploring the collective memory. This book is the first to compare antiquarianism in a global context, examining its roots in the ancient Near East, it's flourishing in early modern Europe and East Asia, and its manifestations in non-literate societies of Melanesia and Polynesia. By establishing wide-reaching geographical and historical perspectives, the essays reveal the universality of antiquarianism as a manifestation of the human mind and open new avenues for understanding the representation of the past, from ancient societies to the present.

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Book SynopsisThis is the definitive account of the ground-breaking conservation project to conserve the cave paintings of the Mogao Grottoes in China. The Mogao Grottoes, a World Heritage Site in northwestern China, are located along the ancient caravan routes, collectively known as the Silk Road, that once linked China with the West. Founded by a Buddhist monk in the late fourth century, Mogao flourished over the following millennium, as monks, local rulers, and travellers commissioned hundreds of cave temples cut into a mile-long rock cliff and adorned them with vibrant murals. More than 490 decorated grottoes remain, containing thousands of sculptures and some 45,000 square metres of wall paintings, making Mogao one of the world's most significant sites of Buddhist art. In 1997 the Getty Conservation Institute, which had been working with the Dunhuang Academy since 1989, began a case study using the Late-Tang dynasty Cave 85 to develop a methodology that would stabilize the deteriorating wall paintings. This abundantly illustrated volume is the definitive report on the project, which was completed in 2010.

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Book SynopsisThis book is essential reading for archaeologists working in the field, as well as conservation scientists, museum curators and students of archaeology. The relationship between archaeology and conservation has long been complex and, at times, challenging. Archaeologists are often seen as interested principally in excavation and research, while conservators are concerned mainly with stabilization and the prevention of deterioration. Yet it is often initial conservation in the field that determines the long-term survival and intelligibility of both moveable artefacts and fixed architectural features. This user-friendly guide to conservation practices on archaeological excavations covers both structures and artefacts, starting from the moment when they are uncovered. Individual chapters discuss excavation and conservation, environmental and soil issues, deterioration, identification and condition assessment, detachment and removal, initial cleaning, coverings and shelters, packing, and documentation. There are also eight appendixes. Geared primarily for professionals engaged in the physical practice of excavation, this book will also interest archaeologists, archaeological conservators, site managers, conservation scientists, museum curators, and students of archaeology and conservation.

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Book SynopsisIn this innovative study, Pamela H. Simpson examines the architectural materials that proliferated between 1870 and 1930. Produced by new technology, promoted by new forms of advertising, and eagerly adopted by a new middle class, these “cheap, quick, and easy” materials helped to transform building practices in the United States and Great Britain.As Simpson shows in fascinating detail, rockface concrete blocks, pressed metal imitations of stone, linoleum “marble” and “parquet,” and embossed wall coverings made available to the masses a host of ornamental effects that only the wealthy could previously have afforded. But, she notes, wherever these new materials appeared, a heated debate over the appropriateness of imitation followed. Were these materials merely tasteless shams? Or were they economical, durable alternatives that democratically extended the possibilities of ornamentation?Simpson devotes chapters to each of the various ornamental materials, considering its precursors, invention, production, and distribution. In her final chapter, she traces the history of the aesthetic debate over imitation and analyzes the social meaning of the materials. Far from being “bad taste,” she concludes, these new ornamental forms reflected modernism, democracy, and progress—some of the most deeply held values of the period.

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Book Synopsis A century ago, the Old Vero Site was brought to prominence by Elias Sellards upon his claim that the site contained early human remains associated with Pleistocene fauna. It was the first serious challenge to the belief, widely accepted until the Folsom discoveries in 1926, that humans had not entered Florida before the current Holocene geological epoch. The claim that human remains at the site were contemporary with late Ice Age animals stirred enduring controversy. Recent construction near the site resulted in new archaeological work being completed from 2014 to 2017.The Old Vero Site (8IR009) details the course of the recent re-excavations of the Old Vero Site while also summarizing the original excavations from a century ago. Additionally, the volume lays out the sequence and results of the recent project, using these new data to assess the accuracy of Sellards’s assertions. This re-examination determined that Sellards’s claims are not supported by the evidence. Adovasio, Hemmings, and Vento provide the data to settle the matter definitively: human remains at the site were intrusive from a later time horizon, as critics of the original work had vociferously argued. Trade ReviewWith contributions by an eminent group of natural scientists, archaeologists, and others, this volume examines the Old Vero site, which was first excavated in the early 1900s and has since become integral to understanding scholarly debates on early people in the Western Hemisphere. It is thus an ideal location for exploring theories and databases about the role of these types of sites in early American life." —Tom Dillehay, Vanderbilt UniversityTable of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. General Setting 3. History of Research 4. Environmental Setting by A. J. Vega 5. Research Design and Excavation Methodology 6. Field Results 7. Material Culture and Ecological Remains 8. Conclusions Afterword Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H References List of Contributors

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis volume holds a datelist of 1285 radiocarbon determinations carried out between 1981 and 1988 on behalf of the Ancient Monuments Laboratory of English Heritage. It contains supporting information about the samples and the sites producing them, a comprehensive bibliography, and two indexes for reference and analysis. An introduction provides discussion of the character and taphonomy of the dated samples and information about the methods used for the analyses reported and their calibration. The datelist has been collated from information provided by the submitters of the samples and the dating laboratories. Many of the sites and projects from which dates have been obtained are published, although, when many of these measurements were produced, high-precision calibration was not possible. At this time, there was also only a limited range of statistical techniques available for the analysis of radiocarbon dates. Methodological developments since these measurements were made may allow revised archaeological interpretations to be constructed on the basis of these dates, and so the purpose of this volume is to provide easy access to the raw scientific and contextual data which may be used in further research.Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. History of this volume 3. Sample selection and characterisation 4. Laboratory methods 5. Fractionation and radiocarbon ages 6. Calibration 7. Quality assurance 8. Statistical modelling 9. Using the datelist The Datelist Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis volume holds a datelist of 882 radiocarbon determinations carried out between 1988 and 1993 on behalf of the Ancient Monuments Laboratory of English Heritage. It contains supporting information about the samples and the sites producing them, a comprehensive bibliography, and two indexes for reference and analysis. An introduction provides discussion of the character and taphonomy of the dated samples and information about the methods used for the analyses reported and their calibration. The datelist has been collated from information provided by the submitters of the samples and the dating laboratories. Many of the sites and projects from which dates have been obtained are published, although, when some of these measurements were produced, high-precision calibration was not possible for much of the radiocarbon timescale. At this time, there was also only a limited range of statistical techniques available for the analysis of radiocarbon dates. Methodological developments since these measurements were made may allow revised archaeological interpretations to be constructed on the basis of these dates, and so the purpose of this volume is to provide easy access to the raw scientific and contextual data which may be used in further research.Table of ContentsIntroduction History of this volume Sample selection and characterisation Laboratory methods Fractionation and radiocarbon ages Calibration Quality assurance Statistical modelling Using the datelist Acknowledgements Datelist Bibliography Index of laboratory codes General index

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Book SynopsisThis document provides practical guidance on how to investigate sites where pottery production has taken place. It describes how to anticipate and locate pottery production sites and the types of evidence that may be found. This document also provides advice on the available methods and strategies for examining, recording and sampling features and finds of various types at each stage of the work. The different techniques for establishing the date of pottery production, and for characterising the products of a site, are given particular emphasis. This document was compiled by Harriet White, Sarah Paynter and Duncan Brown with contributions by Joanne Best, Chris Cumberpatch, David Dawson, Peter Ellis, Jane Evans, Laurence Jones, Oliver Kent, Gareth Perry, The Prince’s Regeneration Trust, Ian Roberts, Kerry Tyler and Ann Woodward.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Investigating a Pottery Production Site 2. Evidence of Pottery Production 3. Background Information on Pottery Production in England 4. Where to Get Advice 5. Glossary 6. References Acknowledgements

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Book SynopsisThis guidance document provides an introduction to the ways that the archaeological evidence for metalworking is studied. Archaeometallurgical evidence can include whole landscapes, buildings, features, artefacts and waste materials (eg slag and crucibles). Archaeometallurgy includes fieldwork investigations (survey and excavation) and the subsequent study of these data as well as any artefacts and residues recovered. Scientific approaches provide insights into the techniques used to produce different metals and how these were fabricated into artefacts. Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. What to expect 2. Standards and good practice for archaeometallurgy 3. Archaeometallurgical processes and finds: iron and its alloys 4. Archaeometallurgical processes and finds: copper and its alloys 5. Archaeometallurgical processes and finds: lead 6. Archaeometallurgical processes and finds: other metals 7. Non-metallurgical residues and materials 8. Scientific techniques applied to metalworking 9. Where to get advice 10. Glossary 11. Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThis guidance document covers the use of geoarchaeology to assist in understanding the archaeological record. Geoarchaeological techniques may range in scale from landscape studies to microscopic analysis, and are carried out by practitioners with specialist knowledge about the physical environment in which archaeological stratigraphy is preserved, and excavations take place. The main aim is usually to understand site formation processes, but there may also be issues concerning site preservation, refining field interpretations of archaeological contexts and identifying changes in the physical landscape through time. Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Site formation processes and deposits 3. Geoarchaeological approaches to stratigraphy 4. Project organisation and planning 5. Where to get advice 6. Appendix 1: Methods 7. Appendix 2: Glossary of terms 8. Bibliography 9. Acknowledgements

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Book SynopsisThis guidance is designed to help those intending to use airborne laser scanning (ALS), also known as lidar, for archaeological survey. The aim is to help archaeologists, researchers and those who manage the historic environment to decide first, whether using lidar data will actually be beneficial in terms of their research aims, and second, how the data can be used effectively. The guidance will be most useful to those who have access to data that have already been commissioned, or are planning to commission lidar for a specific purpose. They also provide an introduction to data interpretation in order to separate archaeological and non-archaeological features. Although important themes are introduced, this guidance are not intended as a definitive explanation of the technique or the complexities of acquiring and processing the raw data, particularly as this is a still developing technology. This document is intended to complement 3D Laser Scanning for Heritage, which covers a wider range of uses of laser scanning for heritage purposes (Historic England 2018). This Guidance is a revision of The Light Fantastic: Using Airborne Lidar in Archaeological Survey published by English Heritage in 2010. The text has largely been maintained except for certain areas where major changes have occurred in the ensuing years. This is particularly true with regard to increased access to data and the wide range of visualisation techniques now available. The case studies have also been updated to reflect more recent survey activity and to include examples from outside Historic England.Table of ContentsIntroduction Lidar and archaeology Deciding to use lidar Using lidar Woodland survey Conclusions Case studies Decision tree Further resources References Further reading Glossary Acknowledgements

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Book SynopsisThis guidance note has been prepared to assist planning authorities and archaeological officers, developers and their consultants to make clear and informed decisions about piling schemes and their potential impact upon archaeological remains. It provides information on piling types, impacts, and solutions for sustainable foundation design and is illustrated by case studies. Originally published in 2007, it has been revised by a team of archaeologists and engineers, to place a greater emphasis on the planning process and current planning guidance (NPPF). This new edition also includes a risk assessment methodology to provide a framework in which clients and their contractors can identify, avoid or otherwise manage the key construction risks to archaeological remains arising from their schemes. Table of Contents1. Introduction 2. Overview of key points 3. Piling types 4. Piling impacts upon archaeological remains 5. Designing a sustainable foundation scheme 6. Risk assessment 7. Case studies 8. Supporting information - pile impacts 9. Glossary 10. References

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Book SynopsisThis open access peer-reviewed volume was inspired by the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology International Workshop held at Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia in November 2016. Content is based on, but not limited to, the work presented at the workshop which was dedicated to 3D recording and interpretation for maritime archaeology. The volume consists of contributions from leading international experts as well as up-and-coming early career researchers from around the globe. The content of the book includes recording and analysis of maritime archaeology through emerging technologies, including both practical and theoretical contributions. Topics include photogrammetric recording, laser scanning, marine geophysical 3D survey techniques, virtual reality, 3D modelling and reconstruction, data integration and Geographic Information Systems. The principal incentive for this publication is the ongoing rapid shift in the methodologies of maritime archaeology within recent years and a marked increase in the use of 3D and digital approaches. This convergence of digital technologies such as underwater photography and photogrammetry, 3D sonar, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing has highlighted a pressing need for these new methodologies to be considered together, both in terms of defining the state-of-the-art and for consideration of future directions. As a scholarly publication, the audience for the book includes students and researchers, as well as professionals working in various aspects of archaeology, heritage management, education, museums, and public policy. It will be of special interest to those working in the field of coastal cultural resource management and underwater archaeology but will also be of broader interest to anyone interested in archaeology and to those in other disciplines who are now engaging with 3D recording and visualization.Table of ContentsCalibration of Camera Systems for Underwater Photogrammetry - Mark ShortisPresenting Photogrammetric 3D Recording Essays in the Submerged Harbour Infrastructure of the Ancient and Medieval Harbour of Kyllene/Glarentza - Kalliopi BaikaUsing Digital Visualisation of Archival Sources to Enhance Archaeological Interpretation of the 'Life History' of Ships: Case Study of HMCS/HMAS Protector - J. Hunter IIIPresenting Computer Vision Photogrammetry (CVP) for Maritime Archaeology Research and Public Outreach: A Recording and Surveying Procedure Combining Photogrammetry and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) - Barbara DaviddeHigh-Resolution Sub-Seabed Survey and Visualisation: Recent Korean Case Studies - YonHwa JungFrom Integration to Explanation: Moving from 3 to 4 Dimensions. Maximising the Temporal Potential of 3D Datasets with Regard to Integration and Comparison of Data from Multiple Sources - Fraser Sturt3D Scanning and Mapping of the City of Adelaide - Daniel AtkinsonRecent 3D Survey Work in Egypt - Ziad M. MorsyInnomar's Parametric Sub-Bottom Profiler (SBP) Survey of Sub-Seabed Viking Fortifications in the Baltic - Douglas BergersenEarly Results of the High-Resolution Imaging of HMAS Sydney and HSK Kormoran - Andrew HutchinsonUnderwater Archaeology using Riegl Bathymetric Lidars: An Overview - Jorg HackerThe 17th/18th Century Drumbeg Shipwreck in Scotland: Seamless Integration of Multi-Sensor Non-Intrusive 3D Survey - John McCarthyJames Matthews Trial Sub-Bottom Profile Survey - Trevor WintonImage-Based 3D Underwater Recording and Ocularcentrism - Madeline McAllister3D Photogrammetry for and by the Public - Kevin EdwardsIntegration of Topographical and Bathymetrical Surveys in High-Resolution Textured 3D Prints - Andrew Ternes

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