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Book SynopsisCalorimetry in Food Processing: Analysis and Design of Food Systems highlights various applications of calorimetry including characterization of moisture sorption, starch gelatinization and recrystallization, lipid polymorphism, protein gelation kinetics, and inactivation of microorganisms in a variety of food and biological materials.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Contributor List xvii Part 1 Analysis of Food and Biological Materials by Calorimetry 3 Chapter 1 Calorimetric Methods as Applied to Food: An Overview 5Gönül Kaletunç Chapter 2 Methods and Applications of Microcalorimetry in Food 15Pierre Le Parlouër and Luc Benoist Chapter 3 High-Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry 51Günther W.H. Höhne and Gönül Kaletunç Chapter 4 Calorimetry of Proteins in Dilute Solution 67G. Eric Plum Chapter 5 Thermal Analysis of Denaturation and Aggregation of Proteins and Protein Interactions in a Real Food System 87Valerij Y. Grinberg, Tatiana V. Burova, and Vladimir B. Tolstoguzov Chapter 6 Heat-Induced Phase Transformations of Protein Solutions and Fat Droplets in Oil-in-Water Emulsions: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study 119Perla Relkin Chapter 7 Analysis of Foodborne Bacteria by Differential Scanning Calorimetry 147Michael H. Tunick, John S. Novak, Darrell O. Bayles, Jaesung Lee, and Gönül Kaletunç Chapter 8 Coupling of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-Ray Diffraction to Study the Crystallization Properties and Polymorphism of Triacyglycerols 169Christelle Lopez, Daniel J.E. Kalnin, and Michel R. Ollivon Part 2 Calorimetry as a Tool for Process Design 199 Chapter 9 Overview of Calorimetry as a Tool for Efficient and Safe Food-Processing Design 201Alois Raemy, Corinne Appolonia Nouzille, Pierre Lambelet, and Alejandro Marabi Chapter 10 Shelf Life Prediction of Complex Food Systems by Quantitative Interpretation of Isothermal Calorimetric Data 237Simon Gaisford, Michael A.A. O’Neill, and Anthony E. Beezer Chapter 11 Use of Thermal Analysis to Design and Monitor Cereal Processing 265Alberto Schiraldi, Dimitrios Fessas, and Marco Signorelli Chapter 12 Importance of Calorimetry in Understanding Food Dehydration and Stability 289Yrjö H. Roos Chapter 13 High-Pressure Calorimetry and Transitiometry 311Stanislaw L. Randzio and Alain Le Bail Chapter 14 Calorimetric Analysis of Starch Gelatinization by High-Pressure Processing 341Kelley Lowe and Gönül Kaletunç Chapter 15 Use of Calorimetry to Evaluate Safety of Processing 351Hans Fierz Index 369

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Book SynopsisProvides users with everything they need to know about testing and analysis of coal Includes new coverage on environmental issues and regulations as related to coal Provides the reader with the necessary information about testing and analyzing coal and relays the advantages and limitations in understanding the quality and performance of coal Explains the meaning of test results and how these results can predict coal behavior and its corresponding environmental impact during use Includes a comprehensive Glossary which defines items in straightforward language that enable readers to better understand the terminology related to coal Treats issues related to sampling, and accuracy and precision of analysis Table of ContentsAuthor Biography xi Preface xiii 1 History and Terminology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions and Terminology 2 1.3 Precursors of Coal 4 1.4 Coal-Forming Processes 7 1.5 Heteroatoms in Coal 8 1.5.1 Nitrogen 9 1.5.2 Oxygen 10 1.5.3 Sulfur 11 1.5.4 Other Elements 12 1.6 Physical Structure 13 1.7 Petrology and Petrography 14 1.7.1 Petrology 14 1.7.2 Petrography 15 1.7.3 Microlithotypes 17 1.7.4 Inorganic Constituents 17 1.7.5 Petrology, Petrography, and Behavior 18 1.8 Coal and Coal Analysis 21 References 23 2 Identification of Coal 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Analytical Techniques 31 2.3 Standard Test Methods 35 2.4 Coal Classification 37 2.5 Use of Coal 43 2.5.1 PreModern Use of Coal 44 2.5.2 Modern Use of Coal 47 2.6 The Future 49 References 50 3 Sampling and Sample Preparation 54 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Sampling 56 3.2.1 General Aspects 57 3.2.2 Manual Sampling 61 3.2.3 Mechanical Sampling 65 3.3 Sample Preparation 66 3.4 Washability 68 3.5 Accuracy and Precision 73 3.5.1 Accuracy 73 3.5.2 Precision 74 3.5.3 Repeatability 74 3.5.4 Bias 75 3.5.5 Method Validation 76 3.6 Reporting Coal Analyses 78 3.7 Interrelationships of the Data 80 References 81 4 Mineral Matter 84 4.1 Introduction 84 4.2 Origin and Occurrence 85 4.2.1 Origin 87 4.2.2 Occurrence 88 4.3 Mineral Types 90 4.3.1 Clay Minerals 91 4.3.2 Silicate Minerals 92 4.3.3 Carbonate Minerals 93 4.3.4 Sulfide and Sulfate Minerals 93 4.3.5 Other Minerals 94 4.3.6 Effect of Mineral Matter on Coal Use 94 4.4 Evaluation 95 4.4.1 Ashing Techniques 97 4.4.2 Ash Analysis and/or Direct Mineral Analysis 99 4.4.3 Non-Ashing Techniques 106 4.4.4 Data Handling and Interpretation 108 4.5 Chemistry of ASH Formation 110 References 112 5 Proximate Analysis 116 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 Moisture Content 118 5.2.1 Test Methods 124 5.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 126 5.3 ASH 127 5.3.1 Test Methods 128 5.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 131 5.4 Volatile Matter 132 5.4.1 Test Methods 133 5.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 135 5.5 Fixed Carbon 136 5.6 Coal Assay 137 5.6.1 Gray–King Assay at 600 ∘C (1112 ∘F) 137 5.6.2 Gray–King Assay at 900 ∘C (1652 ∘F) 138 5.6.3 Other Carbonization Tests 138 5.7 Other Methods 140 References 140 6 Ultimate Analysis 144 6.1 Introduction 144 6.2 Carbon and Hydrogen 145 6.2.1 Test Methods 145 6.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 147 6.3 Nitrogen 148 6.3.1 Test Methods 148 6.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 150 6.4 Oxygen 150 6.4.1 Test Methods 151 6.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 153 6.5 Sulfur 155 6.5.1 Test Methods 156 6.5.2 Determination of the Forms of Sulfur 158 6.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 160 6.6 Chlorine 161 6.6.1 Test Methods 161 6.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 162 6.7 Mercury 163 6.7.1 Test Methods 163 6.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 164 6.8 Other Constituents 164 6.8.1 Carbon Dioxide 164 6.8.2 Arsenic and Selenium 166 References 166 7 Physical Properties 170 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Density and Specific Gravity 172 7.3 Porosity and Surface Area 180 7.4 Reflectance 186 7.5 Refractive Index 190 7.6 Electrical Conductivity 190 7.7 Dielectric Constant 193 7.8 Dielectric Strength 194 References 194 8 Thermal Properties 198 8.1 Introduction 198 8.2 Calorific Value 198 8.2.1 Test Methods 203 8.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 205 8.3 Heat Capacity 206 8.3.1 Test Methods 206 8.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 206 8.4 Thermal Conductivity 209 8.4.1 Test Methods 209 8.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 209 8.5 Plastic and Agglutinating Properties 210 8.5.1 Test Methods 211 8.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 212 8.5.3 Data Handling and Interpretation 215 8.6 Free Swelling Index 216 8.6.1 Test Method 216 8.6.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 219 8.7 ASH Fusibility 220 8.7.1 Test Methods 221 8.7.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 222 8.8 Thermal Conductivity 223 8.8.1 Test Methods 223 8.8.2 Data handling and Interpretation 223 References 224 9 Mechanical Properties 226 9.1 Introduction 226 9.2 Strength 228 9.2.1 Test Methods 229 9.2.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 231 9.3 Hardness 231 9.3.1 Test Methods 232 9.3.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 233 9.4 Friability 234 9.4.1 Test Methods 236 9.4.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 237 9.5 Grindability 238 9.5.1 Test Methods 238 9.5.2 Data Handling and Interpretation 239 9.6 Other Mechanical Properties 242 9.6.1 Cleat Structure 242 9.6.2 Deformation and Flow under Stress 244 References 245 10 Solvent Properties and Spectroscopic Properties 249 10.1 Introduction 249 10.2 Solvent Properties 250 10.2.1 Action of Specific Solvents 253 10.2.2 Influence of Coal Rank 254 10.2.3 Influence of Petrographic Composition 255 10.2.4 Analysis of Coal Extracts 256 10.3 Spectroscopic Properties 257 10.3.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 257 10.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 261 10.3.3 Mass Spectrometry 263 10.3.4 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 264 10.3.5 X-Ray Diffraction 265 10.3.6 Electron Spin Resonance 265 10.3.7 Miscellaneous Methods 266 References 267 11 The Need for Coal Analysis 275 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 Identification and Character of Coal 276 11.3 Physical Properties 278 11.4 Production 279 11.4.1 Dust 280 11.4.2 Fugitive Emissions 281 11.4.3 Mine Waste Disposal 281 11.4.4 Subsidence 282 11.5 Preparation, Transportation, and Storage 283 11.5.1 Preparation 283 11.5.2 Transportation 283 11.5.3 Storage 284 11.6 Utilization 285 11.6.1 Combustion 285 11.6.2 Carbonization 292 11.6.3 Liquefaction 293 11.6.4 Gasification 293 References 294 Glossary 298 Common Conversion Factors Used in Coal Technology 338 Index 341

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Book SynopsisAdvanced Flavor and Fragrance Component Identification in Complex MixturesEssential oils are mixtures consisting of monoterpene and sesquiterpene monocarbons, their oxygenated derivatives, and aliphatic oxygenated compounds.

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Book SynopsisReduction and oxidation processes are at the heart of almost all synthetic procedures and organic chemists are keen to have a huge portfolio of slick and modern catalytic reagents performing oxidations or reductions. This new volume is part of the Handbook for Reagents for Organic Synthesis series, making use of the leading reagent database e-EROS.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Terminal Oxidants Finder xv Oxidation Catalyst Finder xix Recent Review Articles and Monographs xxv Short Note on InChIs and InChIKeys xxvii 4-Acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl 1 4-Acetylamino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium Tetrafluoroborate 2 Bathocuproine 15 Bathophenanthroline 17 Benzenecarboperoxoic acid, 1, 1-dimethylethyl Ester 20 1,2-Benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, 1-Hydroxy, 1-Oxide, IBX 32 1,2-Benziodoxol-3(1H)-one, 1-Hydroxy, 1-Oxide, stabilized (stabilized IBX) 44 1,4-Benzoquinone 49 cis-4-Benzyloxy-α,α-bis-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-Lprolinol (2S,4R)- 52 2,2_-Bipyrrolidines, (2S,2_S) and (2R,2_R) 54 2-[Bis-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)Phenyl] [(trimethylsilyl)oxy]Methyl]Pyrrolidine 57 2,2-Bis[2-[4(S)-tert-butyl-1,3-oxazolinyl]]propane 59 Bis[[(1R,1__R)-3,3__-[(1R,2R)-1,2-cyclohexanediylbis [(nitrilo-κN)methylidyne]]bis[2_-phenyl[1,1_- binaphthalen]-2-olato-κO]](2-)]di-μ-oxodi-titanium and Bis[[(1S,1__S)-3,3__-[(1S,2S)-1,2- cyclohexanediylbis[(nitrilo-κN)methylidyne]]bis [2_-phenyl[1,1_-binaphthalen]-2-olato-κO]](2-)]di- μ-oxodi-titanium 66 Bis(2,2-dimethylpropanoato - κ-O)phenyl-iodine 69 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) Peroxide 77 1,2-Bis(phenylsulfinyl)ethane 79 N,N_-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene Palladium(I) Allyl Chloride 82 Bis(trimethylsilyl) Peroxide 87 Bromamine-T 91 N-tert-Butyl-N-chlorocyanamide 94 tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide 96 tert-Butyl Hypochlorite 126 tert-Butyl Peracetate 132 Calcium Hypochlorite 137 Chloramine-T 142 Chlorobenzene 150 Chloro[N,N_-ethylenebis(salicylideneaminato)] manganese 152 Chromium(VI) Oxide 157 Chromyl Acetate 163 Cobalt, [5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23Hporphinato( 2−)-κN 21,κN 22,κN 23,κN 24]- 167 Cumyl Hydroperoxide 171 N,N_-(1R,2R)-1,2-Cyclohexanediylbis- [N-hydroxy-α-phenybenzeneacetamide] 179 1,5-Diaza-cis-decalin 183 N,N-Dibromobenzenesulfonamide and N,N-Dibromo-p-toluenesulfonamide 188 Di-μ-chlorobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) 195 Di-μ-chlorodichlorobis[(1,2,3,4,5-η)-1,2,-3,4,5- pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl]diiridium 202 (R)-2,10-Dichloro-5H-dinaphtho[2,1-g: 1,2-i][1,5]dioxacycloundecin-3,6,9(7h)-trione 210 Dichloro(ethoxy)oxovanadium(V) 213 1,1_-Difluoro-2,2_-bipyridinium Bis-(tetrafluoroborate) 217 1,2:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-β-d-erythro-hexo-2,3- diulo-2,6-pyranose 221 Di-μ-methoxobis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) 224 Dimethyldioxirane 228 (S,S)-2,2_-(Dimethylmethylene)bis(4-tert-butyl-2- oxazoline) and (R,R)-2,2_-(Dimethylmethylene)bis- (4-tert-butyl- 2-oxazoline) 234 Dispiro[2H-pyran-2,4_-[4H-5,6,8b]triazaacenaphthylene- 7_(5_H),2__-[2H]pyran], 1_,2_,2_a,3,3_,3__,4,4__,5,5__, 6,6__,8_,8_a-tetradecahydro-1_,2_-dimethoxy-6,6__- dimethyl-, monohydrochloride, (1_S,2R,2_S,2__R, 2_aS,6S,6__S,8_aS)- 257 N-fluoro-N-(phenylsulfonyl)-benzenesulfonamide 259 N-Fluoropyridinium Tetrafluoroborate 270 N-Fluoropyridinium Triflate 272 1-Fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium Tetrafluoroborate 274 1-Fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium Trifluoromethanesulfonate 278 Hydrogen Peroxide 281 Hydrogen Peroxide–Urea 295 N-Hydroxyphthalimide 307 Iodine 317 2-Iodobenzenesulfonic Acid 332 Iodosylbenzene 338 Iridium, [N-[(1R,2R)-2-(amino-κN)-cyclohexyl]-4- methylbenzenesulfonamidato-κN]chloro[(1,2,3,4,5-η)- 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-2,4,- cyclopentadien-1-yl]-; Iridium, [N-[(1R,2R)-2-(amino-κN)- cyclohexyl]-4- methylbenzenesulfonamidato-κN]chloro[(1,2,3,4,5-η)- 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-2,4,-cyclopentadien-1-yl]-; Iridium, [N-[(1S,2S)-2-(amino-κN)cyclohexyl]-4- methylbenzenesulfonamidato-κN]-chloro [(1,2,3,4,5-η)-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-2,4,- cyclopentadien-1-yl]- 354 Iridium, Dichlorodi-μ-hydrobis[(1,2,3,4,5-η)- 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl]di- 357 Iron, Bis(pyridine)bis(2-pyridinecarboxylato-N1,O2) 359 Lithium Hydroperoxide 363 Manganese(III) Acetate 367 Manganese(II), bis(octahydro-1,4,7-trimethyl-1H-1,4,7- triazonine-κN1,κN4,κN7)tri-μ-oxodi-, hexafluorophosphate 375 Manganese(II) tetraphenylporphyrin 378 9-Mesityl-10-methylacridinium Perchlorate 381 N-Methylmorpholine N-Oxide 384 (S)-(−)-4-(2-Methylpropyl)-2-(2-pyridyl)-2-oxazoline 388 Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane 390 Methyltrioxorhenium 396 Molybdenum Chloride Oxide 407 Noyori Oxidation (Sodium Tungstate Dihydrate, Hydrogen Peroxide, Methyltri-n-octylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate, Phosphonic Acid) 411 3,3_,3α,3α _,4,4_,5,5_-Octahydro-3,3,3_,3_-tetraisopropyl- 6,6_-spirobi-[6H-cyclopent[c]isoxazole] 415 4,4,4_,4_,5,5,5_,5_-Octamethyl-2,2_-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane 421 Osmium Tetroxide 433 μ-Oxo-bis[tetrakis(t-butyl)-phthalocyaninatoiron(III)] 452 Oxygen 454 Palladium (II) Sparteine Dichloride 467 Peracetic Acid 470 (8α,9R)-(8__ α,9__R)-1,1__-[1,3-Phenylene-bis(methylene)] bis[9-hydroxy-cinchonanium] Dibromide and (9S)-(9__S)-1,1__-[1,3-Phenylene-bis(methylene)] bis[9-hydroxy-cinchonanium]Dibromide 478 (−)(1S)-1-Phenylethyl Hydroperoxide and (+)(1R)-1-Phenylethyl Hydroperoxide 480 (8α,9R)-(8__ α,9__R)-9,9__-[1,4-Phthalazinediylbis(oxy)] bis[10,11-dihydro-6_-methoxycinchonan] & (9S)-(9__S)-9,9__-[1,4-Phthalazinediylbis(oxy)] bis[10,11-dihydro-6_-methoxycinchonan] 483 Picolinic Acid 495 Polyaniline 498 Potassium Bromate 502 Potassium Monoperoxysulfate 506 2-Pyrazinecarboxylic Acid 524 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic Acid 530 Pyrrolidine, 3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1- (phenylmethyl)-,(3R,4R) and Pyrrolidine, 3,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1-(phenylmethyl)-, (3S,4S) 532 2-Pyrrolidinemethanol-α,α-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)- (2S); and 2-Pyrrolidine-methanol-α,α-bis(3,5- dimethylphenyl)-(2R) 535 Rhenium(VII) Oxide 541 [RuCl2(p-cymene)2]2 546 Ruthenium(III) Chloride 549 Ruthenium Complex of N,N_,N_-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane and Ruthenium Complex of cis-Diaquabis (6,6_-Dichloro-2,2_-bipyridine) 561 Ruthenium Dodecacarbonyltri Triangulo 565 Ruthenium Hydroxide 568 Selenium(IV) Oxide 575 Sodium Bromate 583 Sodium Hypochlorite 587 Sodium Hypochlorite–N,N_-Bis(3,5-di-tertbutylsalicylidene)- 1,2-cyclohexanediaminomanganese( III) Chloride 600 Spiro[6H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-c]pyran-6,5_-oxazolidine]-3_- carboxylic acid, tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl-2_,7- dioxo-,2-methyl-2-propyl ester, (3aR, 5_S, 7aR)- 604 Tetrabutylammonium Bis(pyrazinecarboxylato)- dioxo-vanadium(V) 609 Tetrabutylammonium Dodecatungstophosphate 611 Tetrabutylammonium Peroxydisulfate 615 5,6,7,8-Tetrafluoro-1-hydroxy-1-oxobenziodoxol- 3(1H)one (Tetrafluoro-IBX) 618 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl 620 Tetra-n-propylammonium Perruthenate 626 3,3_,5,5_-Tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone 630 (S)-2-(5-1H-Tetrazolyl)pyrrolidine and (R)-2-(5-1H-Tetrazolyl)pyrrolidine 633 4,4_,4__-tri-tert-butyl-2,2_:6_,2__-terpyridine 639 Trichloroisocyanuric Acid 642 Trifluoroperacetic Acid 649 Trimethylamine N-Oxide 659 Triphenylmethyl Hydroperoxide 667 Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine 670 Tris[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phosphine 677 Vanadium,bis[N-[(1S)-1-(carboxy-κO)ethyl]-N- (hydroxy-κO)-l-alaninato(2-)-κN,κO]- 681 Vanadyl Bis(acetylacetonate) 684 List of Contributors 693 Reagent Formula Index 707 Subject Index 711

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Book Synopsis

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