Alternative and renewable energy sources Books

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the principle of operation, materials used and possible applications of third generation solar cells that are under investigation and have been not commercialized on a large scale yet. The third generation photovoltaic devices include promising emerging technologies such as: organic, dye sensitized, perovskite and quantum dot sensitized photocells. This book introduces the reader to the basics of third generation photovoltaics and presents in an accessible way phenomena and a diversity of materials used. In this book one will find the description of the working principle of new promising solar technologies, their advantages and disadvantages, prospect applications and preliminary analysis of their impact on the environment. The fundamentals of traditional solar cell operation are also included in the book facilitating understanding of new ideas.This book is ideal reading for everyone who is interested in novel solutions in photovoltaics as well as applicatiTable of Contents1. Fundamentals of photovoltaics. 2. Organic solar cells. 3. Dye sensitized solar cells. 4. Perovskite solar cells. 5. Quantum dot sensitized solar cells. 6. Environmental impact of emerging photovoltaics. 7. Applications of emerging photovoltaics - future outlook.

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Book SynopsisHeating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold and Moderate Climates: Fundamentals and Basic Concepts covers fundamentals and design principles of vertical and horizontal indirect and direct expansion closed-loop, as well as ground and surface-water ground-source heat pump systems. It explains the thermodynamic aspects of mechanical and thermochemical compression cycles of geothermal heat pumps, and describes the energetic, economic, and environmental aspects associated with the use of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling residential and commercial/institutional buildings in moderate and cold climates. Based on the author's more than 30 years of technical experience Focuses on ground-source heat pump technologies that can be successfully applied in moderate and cold climates Discusses technical aspects as well as the most common and uncommon application fields of basic system configurations This work is aimed at designers of HVAC systems, as well as geological, mechanical, and chemical engineers implementing environmentally-friendly heating and cooling technologies for buildings.

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Book SynopsisConsidering the alarming issue of global climate change and its drastic consequences, there is an urgent need to further develop smart and innovative solutions for the energy sector. The goal of sustainable and smart energy for present and future generations can be achieved by integrating emerging technologies into the existing energy infrastructure. This book focuses on the role and significance of emerging technologies in the energy sector and covers the various technological interventions for both conventional and unconventional energy resources and provides meaningful insights into smart and sustainable energy solutions. The book also discusses future directions for smart and sustainable developments in the energy sector.

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Book SynopsisLow-carbon transition is a shift from an economy that depends heavily on fossil fuels to a sustainable, low-carbon energy economy. This book analyzes the role of renewables in driving the low-carbon transition in agriculture, explores the circular bio-based economy, and examines policies and strategies designed to facilitate low-carbon transition in agriculture, greenhouse gas mitigation, and adaptation trends in the European Union agriculture sector. It provides new knowledge and understanding about the impact of low-carbon energy transition, emphasizes the key role of renewable energy in a wide range of agricultural activities, and offers alternative sustainable solutions to current practices.Features Discusses a novel approach on low-carbon transition that is not considered by the majority of studies Emphasizes the urgent need to minimize the carbon and environmental footprint of the EU agriculture and food system through low-carbon energy tr

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Book SynopsisThe wind power business has grown from a niche sector within the energy industry to a global industry that attracts substantial investment. In Europe wind has become the biggest source of new power generation capacity, while also successfully competing with the gas, coal and nuclear sectors in China and the US. Wind Power looks at the nations, companies and people fighting for control of one of the world's fastest growing new industries and how we can harness one of the planet's most powerful energy resources. The book examines the challenges the sector faces as it competes for influence and investment with the fossil fuel industry across the globe. Over the course of this volume, Backwell analyses the industry climbers, the investment trends and the technological advancements that will define the future of wind energy. This second edition is revised throughout and contains new material on frontier wind markets and industry consolidation, as well as the cost reductionsTrade Review'Ben Backwell's new book on wind power is a great read, provides the best current overview of the wind industry, how it got to where it is, and what the future challenges are. Highly recomended!' Henrik Stiesdal, Wind Power Pioneer Table of ContentsForewordIntroductionChapter 1. From Maoism to Lear JetsChapter 2. Big industry moves inChapter 3. China shakes the wind industryChapter 4. Emerging powersChapter 5. The offshore frontierChapter 6. After CopenhagenChapter 7. Turbine manufacturers in troubleChapter 8. The Wind Industry Bounces BackChapter 9. Tipping point: Windpower’s iPhone momentChapter 10. Challenges for the wind-turbine industryConclusion

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Book SynopsisThe last decade has seen a huge interest in green organic chemistry, particularly as chemical educators look to green their undergraduate curricula. Detailing published laboratory experiments and proven case studies, this book discusses concrete examples of green organic chemistry teaching approaches from both lecture/seminar and practical perspectives. The experienced contributors address such topics as the elimination of solvents in the organic laboratory, organic reactions under aqueous conditions, organic reactions in non-aqueous media, greener organic reagents, waste management/recycling strategies, and microwave technology as a greener heating tool. This reference allows instructors to directly incorporate material presented in the text into their courses.Encouraging a stimulating organic chemistry experience, the text emphasizes the need for undergraduate education to: Focus on teaching sustainability principles throughout the curriculum BTrade Review"Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a valuable compilation of classroom and laboratory examples suitable for undergraduate organic chemistry. … Educating students about environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional solvents, reagents, and reaction conditions fosters critical thinking and promotes sustainability through green chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a useful reference book that will assist faculty in fostering these skills in their students."—Mary M. Kirchhoff, American Chemical Society, in Journal of Chemical Education, 2013 "This book is clearly directed at anyone who is interested in designing and implementing a green organic chemistry course, either by ‘greening’ existing courses or by launching a new course. It will provide the reader with an extensive source of information on the recent advances that have been made in green chemistry educational material for use in undergraduate curricula. The clear and concise layout of the book allows readers to target specific areas they are interested in, but the chapters are also properly cross-referenced for more in-depth reading. Case studies from academic and industry perspectives throughout the book provide real life examples and demonstrate the big picture application of course content."—Louise Summerton of York University, U.K., in Chemistry Industry, 2012, 76(2), 46-47 "This book helps to bring the world of green chemistry to not only the scientists and engineers of the future, but also to our prospective political leaders, economists, business leaders, teachers and world citizens."— Michael Cann, Chemistry Department, University of Scranton "[This book] covers a wide range of key themes, ranging from the 12 principles of green chemistry via various different approaches to conventional synthetic procedures, waste management and waste valorisation.What is vital to emphasise to students and to researchers is that any given technique is not necessarily green; rather it is how it is used that will decide this. ... This book makes this point several times, which is refreshing. This indicates care and depth , and should be repeated to ensure students are able to critically evaluate the reality of a case, rather than simply tick a box.The book is detailed and very readable – it is certainly a valuable addition to the area."—Duncan Macquarrie, Chemistry World, July 2012 "The principles of green chemistry should be taught to all undergraduates, but most of the available books on green chemistry do not, to my mind, provide the industrial focus, particularly the process chemistry focus, that is necessary. All that has changed with this new book, which, in most chapters, puts an industrial emphasis on the principles of green chemistry. … Overall I enjoyed reading this practical book … . The book is highly recommended to all interested in green chemistry."—Dr. Trevor Laird, Editor, Organic Process Research & Development, March 2013 "Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a valuable compilation of classroom and laboratory examples suitable for undergraduate organic chemistry. … Educating students about environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional solvents, reagents, and reaction conditions fosters critical thinking and promotes sustainability through green chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry in Lecture and Laboratory is a useful reference book that will assist faculty in fostering these skills in their students."—Mary M. Kirchhoff, American Chemical Society, in Journal of Chemical Education, 2013 "This book is clearly directed at anyone who is interested in designing and implementing a green organic chemistry course, either by ‘greening’ existing courses or by launching a new course. It will provide the reader with an extensive source of information on the recent advances that have been made in green chemistry educational material for use in undergraduate curricula. The clear and concise layout of the book allows readers to target specific areas they are interested in, but the chapters are also properly cross-referenced for more in-depth reading. Case studies from academic and industry perspectives throughout the book provide real life examples and demonstrate the big picture application of course content."—Louise Summerton of York University, U.K., in Chemistry Industry, 2012, 76(2), 46-47 "This book helps to bring the world of green chemistry to not only the scientists and engineers of the future, but also to our prospective political leaders, economists, business leaders, teachers and world citizens."—Michael Cann, Chemistry Department, University of Scranton"[This book] covers a wide range of key themes, ranging from the 12 principles of green chemistry via various different approaches to conventional synthetic procedures, waste management and waste valorisation.What is vital to emphasise to students and to researchers is that any given technique is not necessarily green; rather it is how it is used that will decide this. ... This book makes this point several times, which is refreshing. This indicates care and depth , and should be repeated to ensure students are able to critically evaluate the reality of a case, rather than simply tick a box.The book is detailed and very readable – it is certainly a valuable addition to the area."—Duncan Macquarrie, Chemistry World, July 2012 "The principles of green chemistry should be taught to all undergraduates, but most of the available books on green chemistry do not, to my mind, provide the industrial focus, particularly the process chemistry focus, that is necessary. All that has changed with this new book, which, in most chapters, puts an industrial emphasis on the principles of green chemistry. … Overall I enjoyed reading this practical book … . The book is highly recommended to all interested in green chemistry."—Dr. Trevor Laird, Editor, Organic Process Research & Development, March 2013 Table of ContentsIntroduction to Teaching Green Organic Chemistry. Green Organic Chemistry Lecture Case-Studies. Elimination of Solvents in the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory. Organic Reactions under Aqueous Conditions. Organic Reactions in Greener Non-Aqueous Media. Using More Environmentally-Friendly Organic Reagents. Green Organic Reactions under Microwave Heating.

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Book SynopsisPeople scratching a living from parched land, women walking miles for scraps of firewood are both familiar images of Africa. But, in many places, people, with the help of governments and aid agencies, are putting the land into good shape, growing more food and creating a healthy cover of trees. This book joins the ?literature of hope? by looking at these advances from the viewpoint of the energy crisis of the poor. This crisis can only be solved by going beyond the narrow confines of energy to consider all the needs of local people and the potential for change. Drawing on a wide range of case histories, the authors describe the gains in farming and forestry ? and woodfuel supply ? that have come about through this broader, people-centered approach. They also write about woodfuel prices, markets and other key elements of survival strategies for the cities. Huge efforts will be needed to recover from the failures of the past, but Leach and Mearns show that important lessons are at last bTable of ContentsAbbreviations Introduction Woodfuel Gaps and the Death of the Forests Where do Woodfuels Come From? Giving Scarcity a Human Face Part I: Rural Areas 1. Trees for Rural People Popular Knowledge and Empowerment Farmer-led Initiatives Supporting Local Initiatives The Economics of Rural Trees New Thinking on Tree Economics 2. Forestry for Land Management Definitions and Types of Agroforestry Options for Agricultural Areas Options for Livestock-keeping Areas A Note of Caution 3. Constrains on Change Household Economics, Labour and Conflicting Needs Tenure and Rights Gender Roles 4. Meeting the Constraints Governments and the Legacy of History Crossing Institutional Bridges Institutional Partnerships Building on Local Organizations New Government Structures The Extension Challenge Towards Project Design 5. Rural Cases 1. Farmer-led Initiatives in Shinyanga, Tanzania 2. Paddocks in Mwenezi, Zimbabwe 3. Building on Indigenous Practices in Turkana, Kenya 4. The Koumpentoum Entente, Senegal 5. Learning together: Forestry Developments in Konso, Ethiopia 6. Research in the Mazvihwa, Zimbabwe 7. Chitemene Shifting Cultivation, Zambia 8. Alley Farming and Dairy Development in Kenya 9. The Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme 10. Water Harvesting in Yatenga, Burkina Faso 11. Community Forestry in Northern Sudan 12. The Majia Valley Windbreaks, Niger 13. The HAD0 Project in Kondoa, Tanzania 14. Woodlots or Fuelsticks in Kenya? 15. Agroforestry in Koro village, Mali 16. Agroforestry Diagnosis and Design in Kathama, Kenya 17. The Village Afforestation Programme in Tanzania 18. Agroforestry Outreach in Haiti 19. Co-operative Forest Management in Guesselbodi, Niger 20. Refugee Forestry in Somalia: the 'Step' Plan 21. Putting Trees into Non-tree Projects in Kenya 22. The Naam Movement in Burkina Faso 23. Project Campfire, Zimbabwe 24. Rapid Rural Appraisal in Welo, Ethiopia Part II: Urban Centres 6. Paying the Price Urban Issues and Contexts Goals for Urban Energy Initiatives Soaring Prices? Woodfuel Markets Towards more Efficient Markets 7. Trees for the Cities Taxing and Guarding the Forests Managing the Forests Community Control of the Forests Peri-urban Plantations 8. Fuel Switching and Saving Is the Energy Transition Happening? Fuel Switching and Urban Size Fuel Switching and Income Fuel Prices Fuel Switching versus Fuel Saving Encouraging Fuel Saving Encouraging Fuel Switching Foreign Exchange Constraints? 9. Urban Cases 1. The Firewood Trade in Gaborone, Botswana 2. The Charcoal Trade in Tanzania 3. The Charcoal Business in the Sudan 4. Household Fuel Use and Switching in Dar es Salaam 5. Forest Taxes in Malawi 6. Successful Forest Controls in Rwanda References and Notes

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Book SynopsisGreen chemistry involves designing novel ways to create and synthesize products and implement processes that will eliminate or greatly reduce negative environmental impacts. The Green Chemistry Laboratory Manual for General Chemistry provides educational laboratory materials that challenge students with the customary topics found in a general chemistry laboratory manual, while encouraging them to investigate the practice of green chemistry. Following a consistent format, each lab experiment begins with objectives and prelab questions highlighting important issues that must be understood prior to getting started. This is followed by detailed step-by-step procedures for performing the experiments. Students report specific results in sections designated for data, observations, and calculations. Once each experiment is completed, analysis questions test students' comprehension of the results. Additional questions encourage inquiry-based investigations and further research Trade Review"…a welcome change and direction for enriching the laboratory experience of students."— Colin F. Poole, Wayne State University, in Chromatographia."This book is designed as a laboratory manual ready to be used by students. It’s suitable for late secondary or elementary tertiary-level courses. … experiments highlight a feature also found in other chapters – the links made between chemistry and everyday life. This problem-based approach has to be lauded. Overall, this book provides an introduction to green chemistry and engages students in the process of challenging traditional methods by benchmarking them against the 12 principles of green chemistry."— Thomas Logothetis, for Education in Chemistry, August 2016."…a welcome change and direction for enriching the laboratory experience of students."— Colin F. Poole, Wayne State University, in Chromatographia."This book is designed as a laboratory manual ready to be used by students. It’s suitable for late secondary or elementary tertiary-level courses. … experiments highlight a feature also found in other chapters – the links made between chemistry and everyday life. This problem-based approach has to be lauded. Overall, this book provides an introduction to green chemistry and engages students in the process of challenging traditional methods by benchmarking them against the 12 principles of green chemistry."— Thomas Logothetis, for Education in Chemistry, August 2016.Table of ContentsDetermining the percent of water in epsom salt. Determination of the formula of a copper supplement. Determination of mass and mole relationships in a chemical reaction. Finding ethanol's molar mass using vapor density. Determining molar volume of a gas at standard temperature and pressure. Determining the enthalpy change for solvation reactions. Spectroscopic determination of food dye in popsicles. Separation of food dyes by paper chromatography. What is the best solution to lower a freezing point? Standardization of a sodium hydroxide solution. Determining the amount of acid in ketchup and hot sauce. Using an appropriate indicator for acid-base titrations. Preparation and properties of buffer solutions. Determination of the rate of reaction and its order. Equilibrium constant for ferric ion-salicylic acid complex determination. Determination of amount of ascorbic acid in a vitamin C tablet by redox titration. Qualitative analysis of metal cations and using ion-selective electrodes. How to determine the order of an electrochemical series. Voltaic cells and how batteries are made. Synthesis and chemical analysis of sodium iron (III) EDTA. Analysis of biodiesel synthesized from canola oil.

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Book SynopsisGeothermal energy stands out because it can be used as a baseload resource. This book, unlike others, examines the geology related to geothermal applications. Geology dictates (a) how geothermal resources can be found, (b) the nature of the geothermal resource (such as liquid- or vapor-dominated) and (c) how the resource might be developed ultimately (such as flash or binary geothermal plants). The compilation and distillation of geological elements of geothermal systems into a single reference fills a notable gap.Trade Review"Anyone in the business of geothermal energy would find this book to be a valuable reference and an excellent treatise on why understanding the geological setting of geothermal systems is essential for a profitable enterprise. The book will also be of interest to geoscientists and engineers involved in the discovery and mining of metallic ore deposits."— Jonathan G. Price, Nevada State Geologist Emeritus; Reno University of Nevada, Reno, USA "I really like the focus on the geologic aspects of geothermal energy, and the description of the physical and chemical properties of water and its importance in extracting heat from the earth and altering the host rock is excellent. I’m excited to bring this book into my classroom. The end-of-chapter questions are thought provoking and could be easily incorporated into an exam, in-class discussion or role-playing activity. I think this text will be an excellent contribution to geothermal energy classrooms and as a reference for geothermal geologists." — Pete Stelling, Western Washington University, USA"The topics are well thought out and organized. Dr. Boden has a rarely matched diversity of experience in metals exploration, geothermal exploration, and teaching in both subjects, which gives him a unique perspective and makes him eminently qualified to write this book."—Mark Coolbaugh, Nevada Bureau of Mines and University of Nevada, Reno, USATable of ContentsIntroduction. Classification and uses of geothermal systems. Geology and heat architecture of earth's interior. Fundamental geologic elements of geothermal systems. Subsurface flow of geothermal fluids. Physical and chemical characteristics of geothermal systems. Geologic settings and case studies of geothermal systems. Exploration and discovery of geothermal systems. Environmental considerations of geothermal operations. Geothermal systems and mineral deposits. New generation geothermal systems. The future of geothermal energy.

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Book SynopsisBiomass and bioenergy are essential components of the energy mix in most countries Biomass is organic matter available on a renewable basis. Biomass includes forest and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, fast-growing trees and plants, and municipal and industrial wastes. Bioenergy is useful, renewable energy produced from organic matter. The conversion of the complex carbohydrates in organic matter to energy. Organic matter may either be used directly as a fuel or processed into liquids and gases. This book presents up-to-date research in this field.

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Book SynopsisWith the rapid growth of wind energy worldwide, challenges in the operation and control of wind turbine systems are becoming increasingly important. These affect all parts of the system, and require an integrated approach to optimize safety, cost, integrity and survivability of the system, while retaining the desired performance quality. This book conveys up to date theoretical and practical techniques applicable to the control of wind turbine systems. Topics covered include wave loads on monopole-supported offshore wind turbines; numerical and experimental tools for small wind turbine load analysis; structural control concepts for load reduction of offshore wind turbines; towards farm-level health management of wind turbine systems; data-based approaches to the monitoring of wind turbines; fault diagnostics for electrically operated pitch systems in offshore wind turbines; an emulator prototype design for vibration control of magnetic bearings for wind turbine power generator shafts; condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbine power trains; and robust fuzzy fault tolerant control wind energy systems subject to actuator and sensor faults.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Wave loads on monopile-supported offshore wind turbines: current methods and future challenges Chapter 3: Numerical and experimental tools for small wind turbine load analysis Chapter 4: Structural control concept for load reduction of offshore wind turbines Chapter 5: Advanced control of wind turbine system Chapter 6: Toward farm-level health management of wind turbine systems: status and scope for improvements Chapter 7: Health monitoring of wind turbine: data-based approaches Chapter 8: Fault diagnostics for electrically operated pitch systems in offshore wind turbines Chapter 9: Magnetic bearing for wind turbine power generator shaft: an emulator prototype design for vibration control Chapter 10: Condition monitoring and diagnostics of wind turbine power train Chapter 11: Robust fuzzy fault tolerant control wind energy system subject to actuator and sensor faults

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Book SynopsisThis book is divided into two parts. The first covers biomass modification to facilitate the industrial degradation processing and other characteristics of feedstocks. These include reduction in the general recalcitrance of plant cell wall and downstream processing costs. The second focuses on cutting edge technologies for the conversion of lignocelluloses into biofuels and other products. It describes the most up-to-date advances in natural biomass utilization systems, such as wood-feeding termites and animals that efficiently degrade lignocellulosic substrates. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) integrates cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis, with pentose and hexose fermentation in a single step. This replicates what happens in the digestive systems of animals, such as termites and cows, that effectively degrade lignocellulosic substrates. CBP has the potential to reduce production costs and lower capital investment whilst increasing conversion efficiency. Currently, there are no CBP-enabling micro-organisms suitable for industrial applications. Consequently, this book presents technologies which integrate the lignocellulolytic systems of insects and other animals to advance CBP strategy for cellulosic biofuels. It covers the progress made, and challenges faced, with the utilisation of gene, catalyst, and other unique mechanisms from cellulose-eating animals, as well as cutting-edge technologies developed to reduce the general recalcitrance of feedstocks for processing. This volume makes essential reading for academics and industrial groups concerned with overcoming the challenges inherent in the biological conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction; Part I: Biomass modification to reduce the recalcitrance of lignocellulose in processing; Chapter 2. Overview of lignocellulose: structure and chemistry; Chapter 3. Advances in the measurement/characterization of biomass structure; Chapter 4. Lignin modification to reduce the recalcitrance of biomass processing ; Chapter 5. Advances in genetic manipulations of plants for production of hydrolysis enzymes used in lignocellulosic bioethanol process; Chapter 6. The diversity of lignocellulosic biomass resources and their evaluations for biofuels and chemicals ; Part II: Biological conversion of biomass from the integration of natural biomass utilization systems; Chapter 7. Technologies to study plant biomass fermentation using the model bacterium Clostridium phytofermentans; Chapter 8. Lignocellulose degradation in termite symbiotic systems; Chapter 9. The functional gene resources from cellulose-feeding insects for novel catalysts; Chapter 10. Biological pre-treatment of biomass by wood-feeding termites; Chapter 11. Lignocellulolytic systems of wood-feeding insects and their potential for viable biofuels ; Chapter 12. Lignocellulolytic wood-feeding Cockroach - a forgotten treasure ; Chapter 13. Reversal design of natural biocatalyst systems for biomass conversion ; Chapter 14. The ruminant animal as a natural biomass conversion platform and a source of bioconversion agents; Chapter 15. Tipula abdominalis, an aquatic insect, provides microorganisms and enzymes with applications to the biofuels industry; Chapter 16. Cloning, Mutation and Over-expression of Lignocellulase Genes ; Chapter 17. Cellulose-dissolving systems and their effects on enzymatic hydrolysis; Chapter 18. What we can learn from the natural biomass utilization systems for developing the novel bioreactors; Chapter 19: Techno-economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Sugars using Various Pretreatment Technologies

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Book SynopsisThere has been a resurgence of interest in light-induced water splitting as the search for storable carbon neutral energy becomes more urgent. Although the history of the basic idea dates back more than four decades, efficient, economical and stable integrated devices have yet to be realized. In the continuing quest for such devices, the field of photoelectrochemistry is entering a new phase where the extraordinary interdisciplinary of the research and development efforts are opening new avenues. This aspect of current research effort is reflected in the chapters of this book, which encompass present thinking in the various disciplines such as materials science, photo-electrochemistry and interfaces that can contribute to realization of viable solar fuel generators. This book presents a blend of the background science and recent advances in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting, and includes aspects that point towards medium to long term future realization. The content of the book goes beyond the more traditional approaches to the subject by including topics such as novel excitation energy processes that have only been realized so far in advanced photonics. The comprehensive overview of current activities and development horizons provided by the impressive collection of internationally renowned authors therefore represents a unique reflection of current thinking regarding water splitting by light.Table of Contents1 The Potential Contribution of Photoelectrochemistry in the Global Energy Future; 2 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Light-Driven Reactions at Semiconductor Electrodes: Principles and Techniques; 3: Structured Materuals for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting; 4: Tandem Photoelectrochemical Cells for Water Splitting; 5: Particulate Oxynitrides for Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Visible Light; 6: Rapid Screening Methods in the Discovery and Investigation of New Photocatalyst Compositions; 7: Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Catalysts: Structural and Electronic Aspects of Transition Metal Based Compounds and Composites; 8: The Group II-Nitride Materials Class: from Preparation to Perspectives in Photoelectrocatalysis; 9: Epitaxial III-V Thin Film Absorbers: Preparation, Efficient InP Photocathodes and Routes to High Efficiency Tandem Structures; 10: Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: A First Principles Approach; 11: Electro- and Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2: The Homogeneous and Hetereogeneous Worlds Collide?; 12: Key Intermediates in the Hydrogenation and Electrochemical Reduction of CO2; 13: Novel Approaches to Water Splitting by Solar Photons; 14: Light Harvesting Strategies Inspired by Nature; 15: Electronic Structure and Bonding of Water at Surfaces; 16: New Perspectives and a Review of Progress

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Book SynopsisThis book offers the state of the art on the progress and accomplishments of 25 years of research at the Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM - Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials on lignin conversion to value-added products and their downstream separation. The first valorisation pathway presented for lignin is its partial depolymerisation by oxidation for the production of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, such as vanillin and syringaldehyde, and the second one is the lignin application as macromonomer for polyurethane synthesis. In this book, the authors present the integration of these two valorisation pathways as an exclusive vision of LSRE-LCM resulting from hands-on experience on reaction and separation processes: the integrated process for lignin valorisation. In this perspective, the lignin is oxidized to simultaneously produce syringaldehyde and vanillin, and the obtained by-products to produce a polyol for lignin-based polyurethanes, completing the lignin value chain. On the perspective of pulp mill-related biorefineries, a valorisation route for eucalyptus bark is also presented, focusing on LSRE-LCM experience on extraction and separation of bioactive polyphenols, giving some insights about further integration of extracted bark on biorefining operations. Table of Contents1. Chemical pulp mills as biorefineries 1.1 General overview: delignification industrial processes 1.2 Side-streams and current recovery cycles of chemicals and energy in typical mills 1.3 The integration of new biorefinery processes in pulp industries 1.4 Lignin: the main side-stream from delignification processes 1.4.1 Types of lignins and up-to-date market 1.4.2 Lignins from new incoming delignification processes 1.4.3 The cost and the revenues of lignin separation from liquid side streams in a pulp mill 1.5 Lignin characterization and classification 1.5.1 Impact of delignification process on the structure of the lignin 1.5.2 Radar tool for lignin classification on the perspective of it valorization 1.5.3 Improving and recognizing the lignin quality in biorefineries 1.6 Bark: an unrecognized valuable lignocellulosic material 1.6.1 Chemical composition. The particular case of Eucalyptus globulus bark 1.6.2   Current and potential commercial products from bark 2. Integrated process for vanillin and syringaldehyde production from kraft lignin 2.1 Oxidation of lignin with O2 in alkaline medium 2.1.1 Batch oxidation 2.2.1.1 Kinetics and modelling of reaction in batch reactor for vanillin production 2.2.1.2 Syringaldehyde as the main product from hardwood lignins 2.2.1.3 Oxidation of Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulping liquor versus kraft lignin 2.1.2 Oxidation in co-current gas–liquid flow structured packed reactor 2.1.2.1 Experimental and modelling of vanillin production 2.1.2.2 Experiments of oxidation of hardwood pulping liquor and lignins 2.2 Separation processes 2.2.1 Membrane separation of phenolates from depolymerized lignin 2.2.2 Ion exchange process for vanillin recovery 2.2.3 Adsorption and desorption of vanillin and syringaldehyde onto polymeric resins 2.3 The integrated process for complete lignin valorization into phenolic compounds and polyurethanes 3. Polyurethanes from recovered and depolymerized lignins 3.1 Overview of strategies and opportunities 3.2 Lignin use as such   3.2.1 Reactive filler in polyurethane foams 3.2.2 Additive to enhance biodegradability 3.2.3 Co-monomer to produce elastomers 3.3 Lignin use after chemical modification 3.3.1 Overview of lignin liquefaction processes 3.3.2 Oxypropylation as a viable route to produce liquid polyols 3.3.3 Screening of opportunities for oxypropylated lignin 3.3.4 Production of rigid polyurethane foams 3.4. Lignin use after depolymerization 4. Polyphenols from bark of Eucalyptus globulus 4.1 Composition of polar extracts 4.2 Extraction of polyphenols 4.2.1 Water and alkaline extractions: selectivity and concentration strategy 4.2.2 Ethanol/water extraction: process optimization for phenolic compounds 4.2.3 Screening for valuable applications: tanning proprieties and biological activity 4.3 Fractionation of ethanolic extracts from Eucalyptus globulus bark 4.3.1 Membrane processing 4.3.1.1 Resistance and cake build up analysis in the ultrafiltration of ethanol:water extract (80:20 v/v) 4.3.1.2 Application of ultrafiltration and nanofiltration to etanol/water extract (52:48 v/v) 4.3.2 Diafiltration and adsorption for purification and concentration of polyphenols 5. Conclusions and future perspectives 6. References

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Book SynopsisThis book, divided in two volumes, originates from Techno-Societal 2020: the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Societal Applications, Maharashtra, India, that brings together faculty members of various engineering colleges to solve Indian regional relevant problems under the guidance of eminent researchers from various reputed organizations. The focus of this volume is on technologies that help develop and improve society, in particular on issues such as sensor and ICT based technologies for the betterment of people, Technologies for agriculture and healthcare, micro and nano technological applications.This conference aims to help innovators to share their best practices or products developed to solve specific local problems which in turn may help the other researchers to take inspiration to solve problems in their region. On the other hand, technologies proposed by expert researchers may find applications in different regions. This offers a multidisciplinary platform for researchers from a broad range of disciplines of Science, Engineering and Technology for reporting innovations at different levels.Table of ContentsProvisional ToC Volume 1: Part 1. Sensor, Image and Data Driven Societal Technologies Part 2. Holistic Approach for Sustainable Technologies Part 3. Advanced Technologies for Water, Energy, Transportation, Housing and Sanitation Part 4. Chemical and Physical Processes

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Book SynopsisThis book presents novel research that represents a multidimensional approach to green energy. Each chapter addresses its subject from diverse perspectives, including financial, technological, and social. The results shown also consider various approaches to the collection and processing of data on green energy. The book also reports on analyses of data from official records and databases, as well as the analysis of primary data obtained directly. The book will be of interest to those working in green energy as well as researchers interested in the methods of scientific research.Table of ContentsGreen energy – a review of the definitions and the main directions of development.- Green energy in the political debate.- The role of green energy in the world's economic development.- Green energy and its impact on environmental protection.- The social aspects of the green transformation.- The directions of financing the green energy transformation.- Green energy transformation models – main areas and further directions of development.- The study of disproportions in the area of green energy in EU countries.

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Book SynopsisRenewable Energy Integration for Bulk Power Systems: ERCOT and the Texas Interconnection looks at the practices and changes introduced in the Texas electric grid to facilitate renewable energy integration. It offers an informed perspective on solutions that have been successfully demonstrated, tested, and validated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) to meet the key challenges which engineers face in integrating increased levels of renewable resources into existing electric grids while maintaining reliability. Coverage includes renewable forecasting, ancillary services, and grid and market operations. Proved methods and their particular use scenarios, including wind, solar, and other resources like batteries and demand response, are also covered. The book focuses on a real-world context that will help practicing engineers, utility providers, and researchers understand the practical considerations for developing renewable integration solutions and inspire the future development of more innovative strategies and theoretical underpinnings.Table of Contents1) Renewable Integration at ERCOT 2) Overview of Market Operation at ERCOT 3) Market Designs to Integrate Renewable Resources4) Ancillary Services (AS) at ERCOT5) Design of New Primary Frequency Control Market for Hosting Frequency Response Reserve Offers from both Generators and Loads 6) New Ancillary Service Market for ERCOT - Fast Frequency Response (FFR)7) System Inertia Trend and Critical Inertia8) Multiple-Period Reactive Power Coordination for Renewable Integration9) Renewable Forecast10) Ensemble Machine Learning Based Wind Forecasting to Combine NWP Output with Data from Weather Stations

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Book SynopsisGeneral Introduction to Geothermal Energy.- Policy & Regulatory aspects of geothermal energy a European perspective.- A Global Perspective on Policies for Geothermal Development.- Geothermal energy and sustainability contribution to fighting climate change, CSR, new scenarios and maximization of social impacts.- Geothermal energy and citizens' participation.- Geothermal energy in Australia insights from the energy transition.- The social acceptability of geothermal energy in Quebec and Canada.- Geothermal energy in Chile social perception, narratives and up and down trajectory.

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Book SynopsisWind Turbines addresses all those professionally involved in research, development, manufacture and operation of wind turbines. It provides a cross-disciplinary overview of modern wind turbine technology and an orientation in the associated technical, economic and environmental fields. It is based on the author's experience gained over decades designing wind energy converters with a major industrial manufacturer and, more recently, in technical consulting and in the planning of large wind park installations, with special attention to economics. The second edition accounts for the emerging concerns over increasing numbers of installed wind turbines. In particular, an important new chapter has been added which deals with offshore wind utilisation. All advanced chapters have been extensively revised and in some cases considerably extendedTrade ReviewFrom the reviews of the third edition:“It is a complete yet concise overview and study of the field, its history and all aspects of modern wind turbine technology. Aimed more at scientists and engineers … Hau starts with a list of commonly-used symbols and ends with a detailed chapter on the various facets of turbine economics. … this is a truly comprehensive sourcebook of value to anyone involved in the research, development, manufacture and operation of on- or offshore wind turbines.” (Real Power, Issue 2, 2013)From the reviews of the second edition:"This wide-ranging book, the product of over a quarter century’s experience, will be of use to any physicist with an interest in wind power electricity generation … . Some of its sections could well act as a source for solution by physics undergraduates and for more extended project work in a number of areas … . It would seem an excellent work of reference … to university and college libraries." (Dr D.G.C Jones, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 48 (4), 2007)"Erich Hau’s Wind Turbines attempts to provide a complete but brief overview and study of the field and its history. The book begins with a list of commonly used symbols, a delight for engineering scientists. … In conclusion, this book is well put together … . If one wants a summary introduction to wind turbine issues, this book would suffice." (Ramani Ramakrishnan, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 12 (1), 2007)Table of ContentsWindmills and Windwheels.- Electrical Power from the Wind – The First Attempts.- Basic Concepts of Wind Energy Converters.- Physical Principles of Wind Energy Conversion.- Rotor Aerodynamics.- Loads and Structural Stresses.- Vibrational Characteristics.- Rotor Blades.- Mechanical Drive Train and Nacelle.- Electrical System.- Control Systems and Operational Sequence.- The Tower.- The Wind Resource.- Power Output and Energy Yield.- Environmental Impact.- Commercial Applications of Wind Turbines.- Offshore Wind Energy Utilisation.- Wind Turbine Installation and Operation.- Wind Turbine Costs.- Wind Turbine Economics.

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Book SynopsisThe internal heat of the planet Earth represents an inexhaustible reservoir of thermal energy. This form of energy, known as geothermal energy has been utilized throughout human history in the form of hot water from hot springs. Modern utilization of geothermal energy includes direct use of the heat and its conversion to other forms of energy, mainly electricity. Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy and its use is associated with very little or no CO2-emissions and its importance as an energy source has greatly increased as the effects of climate change become more prominent. Because of its inexhaustibility it is obvious that utilization of geothermal energy will become a cornerstone of future energy supplies. The exploration of geothermal resources has become an important topic of study as geology and earth science students prepare to meet the demands of a rapidly growing industry, which involves an increasing number professionals and public institutions participating in geothermal energy related projects. This book meets the demands of both groups of readers, students and professionals. Geothermal Energy and its utilization is systematically presented and contains the necessary technical information needed for developing and understanding geothermal energy projects. It presents basic knowledge on the Earth’s thermal regime and its geothermal energy resources, the types of geothermal energy used as well as its future potential and the perspectives of the industry. Specific chapters of the book deal with borehole heat exchangers and with the direct use of groundwater and thermal water in hydrogeothermal systems. A central topic are Enhanced Geothermal Systems (hot-dry-rock systems), a key technology for energy supply in the near future. Pre-drilling site investigations, drilling technology, well logging and hydraulic test programs are important subjects related to the exploration phase of developing Geothermal Energy sites. The chemical composition of the natural waters used as a heat transport medium in geothermal systems can be used as an exploration tool, but chemistry is also important during operation of a geothermal power plant because of potential scale formation and corrosion of pipes and installations, which needs to be prevented. Graduate students and professionals will find in depth information on Geothermal Energy, its exploration and utilization.Trade ReviewBook: Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks (Bucher & Frey) Springer-Verlag 2002 Customer reviews on Amazon.com one of the best textbooks available, 10. April 2000 Von Katharina Dubach Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks is probable the best textbook available for students of metamorphic petrology. In a short, concise form it introduces the reader to the principles of metamorphic petrology as well as to the evolution of different rock types under changing metamorphic conditions. Excellent source for anyone studying metamorphic rocks., 2. Juni 1999 Von Ein Kunde This book is divided into two sections. The first section deals with the basic princiles of metamorphism, including composition of source rocks, types, processes and condidtions of metamorphism. A very detailed description on the construction of metamorphic projections is also included. Part two covers the metamorphism of different rock compositions including ultramafic, mafic, carbonate, pelitic, and granitoid rocks. This section is very detailed, without bogging down with specific examples of metamorphism.Table of Contents1. Thermal Structure of the Earth.-1.1 Renewable Energies, Global Aspects.- 1.2 Internal Structure of the Earth.- 1.3 Energy budget of the planet.- 1.4 Heat transport and thermal parameters.- 1.5 Brief outline of methods for measuring thermal parameters.- 2. History of Geothermal Energy Use.- 2.1 Early utilization of geothermal energy.- 2.2 History of Utilization of Geothermal Energy in the last 150 Years .- 3. Geothermal Energy Resources.- 3.1 Energy.- 3.2 Significance of "renewable" energies.- 3.3 Status of geothermal energy utilization.- 3.4 Geothermal energy sources.- 4. Application of Geothermal Energy.- 4.1 Near surface Geothermal Systems.- 4.2 Deep Geothermal Systems.- 4.3 Efficiency of geothermal systems.- 4.4 Major geothermal fields, high enthalpy fields.- 5. Potentials and Perspectives of Geothermal Utilization.- 6. Geothermal Probes.- 6.1 Planning Principles .- 6.2 Construction of ground source heat exchangers.- 6.3 Dimensioning and design of geothermal probes.- 6.4 Drilling methods for borehole heat exchanger.- 6.5 Backfill and grouting of geothermal probes.- 6.6 Construction of deep geothermal probes.- 6.7 Operating geothermal probes: Potential risks, malfunctions and damages.- 6.8 Special systems and further developments.- 7. Geothermal Well Systems.- 7.1 Building geothermal well systems.- 7.2 Chemical aspects of two-well systems.- 7.3 Thermal range of influence, numerical models.- 8. Hydrothermal Systems, Geothermal Doublets.- 8.1 Geology and tectonic structure of the underground.- 8.2 Thermal and hydraulic properties of the target aquifer.- 8.3 Hydraulic and thermal range of hydrothermal doublets.- 8.4 Hydrochemistry of hot waters from great depth.- 8.5 Reservoir-improving measures, Efficiency-boosting measures, Stimulation.- 8.6 Productivity risk, Exploration risk, Economic efficiency.- 8.7 Some site examples of hydrothermal systems.- 8.8 Project planning of hydrothermal power systems.- 9. Enhanced-Geothermal-Systems (EGS), Hot-Dry-Rock Systems (HDR), Deep-Heat-Mining (DHM).- 9.1 Techniques, procedures, strategies, aims.- 9.2 Historical development of the hydraulic fracturing technology, early HDR sites.- 9.3 Stimulation procedures.- 9.4 Experience and dealing with micro-seismicity.- 9.5 Recommendations, Notes.- 10.Environmental Issues Related to Deep Geothermal Systems.- 10.1 Seismicity related to EGS projects.- 10.2 Interaction between geothermal system operation and the subsurface.- 10.3 Environmental issues related to surface installations and operation.- 11. Drilling techniques for deep wellbores.- 13. Geophysical methods, exploration and analysis.- 12.1 Geophysical pre-drilling exploration, seismic investigations.- 12.2 Geophysical well logging and data interpretation.- 13.Testing the hydraulic properties of the drilled formations.- 13.1 Principles of hydraulic testing.- 13.2 Types of tests, planning and implementation, evaluation procedures.- 13.3 Tracer Experiments.- 13.4 Temperature evaluation methods.- 14. The chemical composition of deep geothermal waters and its consequences for planning and operating a geothermal power plant.- 14.1 Sampling and laboratory analyses.- 14.2 Deep geothermal waters, data and interpretation.- 14.3 Mineral scales and materials corrosion.- 15. References

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the key aspects that will define future sustainable energy systems: biofuels, green nanomaterials and the production of bioethanol and bio-hydrogen from bio-waste. Bio-based fuels are the future energy carriers for internal combustion engines as they have lower environmental impact and higher efficiency. The book clearly illustrates the requirement for a unified engineering approach based on solid mathematical and engineering principles. Aside from the ecological advantages, support for sustainable energy can help the socioeconomic situation of developing countries by providing a consistent supply of new energy along with the generation of new job opportunities. The sustainable energy applications and existing contextual investigations provide useful guidance for the broad comprehension of the significance of sustainable energy.Technical topics discussed in the book include: Thermochemical Conversion process; Catalytic conversion process; Rankine cycle; Nanomaterials; Table of ContentsPreface Participants of the reviewing process 1. Current scenario of Renewable Energy in India and its possibilities in the Future 2. Application of green nanomaterials for sustainable energy systems: A review of current status 3. Production of energy from biowaste: An overview of the underlying biological technologies 4. Coconut Shell-Based Activated Carbon Supported Metal Oxides in Catalytic Cracking Activity 5. Biofuels – Is it a Sustainable Alternative? 6. Current Research Trends on the Utilization of Mono and Hybrid nano-fluids for Solar Energy Applications 7. Modification and application of vegetable oils for Biofuels 8. A Green Automotive Industry for A Sustainable Future 9. Thermochemical conversions of contaminated biomass for sustainable phytoremediation Author Index Keyword Index

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Book SynopsisThe threats to the electricity grid are on the rise at the same time as society is increasing its dependence on electricity for every aspect of our personal, social, and economic lives. We are accelerating that dependence – looking to the electrification of transportation and buildings as a way to stem the threats of climate change. Those threats have now arrived (in the form of more extreme weather, droughts, and wildfire) and they are joined by increasing threats from an aging grid and cyberattacks. The grid we rely on is experiencing increasingly vulnerable external forces.We aren’t helpless. Effective planning around these threats can dramatically reduce the havoc they engender on the electric grid. At every level, from a single building, to a city, to the electric grid and the federal government, steps can be taken to improve our resilience to threats to the electricity system. When those efforts are coordinated, their benefits multiply. This book aims to provide every level of decision-maker with tools and best practices for reducing the risk of and from electricity loss. It is written in non-technical language, with a focus on actionable, easily implemented steps.Table of ContentsIntroduction Part 1: Energy Resilience Principles 1. The Energy Resilience Imperative 2. Energy Resilience Concepts Part 2: Energy Resilience Strategies and Tactics 3. The Energy Resilience Planning Process 4. Resilience Metrics and Maturity Model Part 3: Energy Resilience at Every Level 5. Energy Resilience at the Grid Level 6. Energy Resilience at the Local Level 7. Government Resilience: Policy and Programs

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Book SynopsisIn a concise and crisp manner, this book presents the state of the art in ecological economics, an interdisciplinary field focused on the analysis of sustainability of global, national and regional economic systems. An elegant guide, the book offers a range of cutting edge methods used in sustainability research including multicriteria decision aid (MCDA), input-output analysis, and life cycle analysis. This book is packed with references for students with some background in economics, environmental science or mathematics who aim to develop the analytical skills required for redirecting our development path towards sustainability in government, international organisations, academia, non-profit sector and business. As such, the book is primarily aimed at MSc and first year PhD students reading for degrees in Environmental Change and Management, Ecological Economics, Environmental Management, Philosophy, Politics and Economics, and those taking part in similar programmes. The book strives to develop the idea that a significant adjustment of the current economic theories is required, an idea supported by the emerged world economic crisis, the climatic and biodiversity crisis the world is currently facing and the enormously slow progress that has been made in the field of reorientation of the global economy towards sustainability. The practical case studies provided focus on the most pressing topics of today, and the book adopts a positive approach for problem solving and strategic development, which is aimed at educating the future decision makers and business leaders.Table of ContentsPart I: Theory of Ecological Economics Introduction 1. The Economic System and the Environment2. Industrial Ecology: Material and Energy Flows, Life Cycle Analysis3. The Big Picture Vision and the Environment: An International Perspective4. Economic Valuation and Decision Making: MCDA as a tool for the Future5. Macroeconomy: Market Failures and Externalities: What Can Be Done6. Economic Models and the Environment: Input-Output Analysis7. Sustainable Development: Measuring Progress Part II: Ecological-Economic Applications 8. Climate Change and Renewable Energy: How to Choose the Optimal Pool of Technologies9. Biodiversity Loss: New Methods for Evaluating Ecosystems10. Sustainable Cities: Interdisciplinary Perspective11. Regional Waste Management: Multicriteria Modelling 12. Business and Sustainable Development: CSR in Practice Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume focuses on a few renewable energy sources, viz. wind energy plus energy from water movement and natural temperature differences that in principle could provide enormous energy resources. Energy from wind has been a rapidly growing source of energy as wind turbines have grown in size and especially as wind turbines have moved offshore. Hydroelectric dams have continued to be used as energy sources particularly in developing countries. Other energy sources using water, including waves and tidal sources, are also discussed in this volume. Finally, the volume discusses differences between deep and surface ocean temperatures plus the extraction of energy from the earth's extremely large energy resource of magma deep below the surface. These latter two energy resources in particular require further development and the current book describes the latest advances coupled with pointing possible paths forward.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an introduction to the working principles of reverse electrodialysis and its practical application in the generation of electricity. Salinity gradient energy (SGE) has received significant attention recently due to the energy crisis resulting from the depletion of fossil fuels and the growth in energy demand. There are currently three methods to convert SGE into electricity: pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CAPMIX). This book covers the theory and implementation of reverse electrodialysis, which uses ion exchange membranes to selectively deliver cations or anions, and its advantages over other methods, such as high reliability without any moving parts, the direct energy conversion process from chemical energy to electrical energy, and its low fouling rate. All of these have made RED an attractive option, however, there are various challenges in the route to commercialization and these are also described. The book summarizes the research progress and current status of RED, with a final chapter considering the outlook for the future of the technology at a commercial level. Table of ContentsFigure captions Table captions Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Parametric study on RED with sodium chloride solution 3. Effect of flow structure on RED performance 4. REDapplied for desalination 5. Parametric study of RED using ammonium bicarbonate solution to recover low-grade waste heat 6. Nanofluidic RED 7. Conclusion and future prospects References

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Book SynopsisThe new edition of this thoroughly considered textbook provides a reliable, accessible and comprehensive guide for students of photovoltaic applications and renewable energy engineering. Written by a group of award-winning authors it is brimming with information and is carefully designed to meet the needs of its readers. Along with exercises and references at the end of each chapter, it features a set of detailed technical appendices that provide essential equations, data sources and standards. The new edition has been fully updated with the latest information on photovoltaic cells, modules, applications and policy. Starting from basics with 'The Characteristics of Sunlight' the reader is guided step-by-step through semiconductors and p-n junctions; the behaviour of solar cells; cell properties and design; and PV cell interconnection and module fabrication. The book covers stand-alone photovoltaic systems; specific purpose photovoltaic systems; remote area power supply systems; grid-connected photovoltaic systems and water pumping. Applied Photovoltaics is highly illustrated and very accessible, providing the reader with all the information needed to start working with photovoltaics. Trade ReviewPraise for previous editions"Recommended reading for any course which deals with hands-on aspects of photovoltaic systems and applications. Earthscan should be applauded" – Tom Markvart, University of Southampton, UK"An excellent introduction to the science, principles and practice of photovoltaic energy conversion." – Jenny Nelson, Professor of Physics, Imperial College, London, UK "The leading research, teaching and engineering group has made another important contribution to photovoltaic education." – Allen Barnett, Senior Policy Fellow, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, USA. "This book will make an excellent reference for engineers and scientists involved in photovoltaics. The breadth of knowledge contained within and the detailed equations to support it, as well as being an easy reading style will enable people to get to the understanding of why PV systems are put together the way they are - well beyond rules of thumb." – Mike Dymond, Sowilo Engineering Pty Ltd for Solar Progress Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. The Characteristics of Sunlight 2. Semiconductors and P-N Junctions 3. The Behaviour of Solar Cells 4. Cell Properties and Design 5. PV Cell Interconnection and Module Fabrication 6. Stand-alone Photovoltaic System Components 7. Desisigning Stand-alone Photovoltaic Systems 8. Specific Purpose Photovoltaic Applications 9. Remote Area Power Supply Systems 10. Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems 11. Photovoltaic Water Pumping. Index

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Book SynopsisNow fully revised, this second edition of Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application builds on its highly successful predecessor, now the leading textbook for wind energy degree courses.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction: Modern Wind Energy and its Origins 1 1.1 Modern Wind Turbines 2 1.2 History of Wind Energy 10 References 21 2 Wind Characteristics and Resources 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 General Characteristics of the Wind Resource 24 2.3 Characteristics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 36 2.4 Wind Data Analysis and Resource Estimation 53 2.5 Wind Turbine Energy Production Estimates Using Statistical Techniques 63 2.6 Regional Wind Resource Assessment 65 2.7 Wind Prediction and Forecasting 72 2.8 Wind Measurement and Instrumentation 74 2.9 Advanced Topics 84 References 87 3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines 91 3.1 General Overview 91 3.2 One-dimensional Momentum Theory and the Betz Limit 92 3.3 Ideal Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Wake Rotation 96 3.4 Airfoils and General Concepts of Aerodynamics 101 3.5 Blade Design for Modern Wind Turbines 115 3.6 Momentum Theory and Blade Element Theory 117 3.7 Blade Shape for Ideal Rotor without Wake Rotation 121 3.8 General Rotor Blade Shape Performance Prediction 124 3.9 Blade Shape for Optimum Rotor with Wake Rotation 131 3.10 Generalized Rotor Design Procedure 133 3.11 Simplified HAWT Rotor Performance Calculation Procedure 138 3.12 Effect of Drag and Blade Number on Optimum Performance 139 3.13 Computational and Aerodynamic Issues in Aerodynamic Design 141 3.14 Aerodynamics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 145 References 153 4 Mechanics and Dynamics 157 4.1 Background 157 4.2 Wind Turbine Loads 158 4.3 General Principles of Mechanics 161 4.4 Wind Turbine Rotor Dynamics 172 4.5 Methods for Modeling Wind Turbine Structural Response 200 References 202 5 Electrical Aspects of Wind Turbines 205 5.1 Overview 205 5.2 Basic Concepts of Electrical Power 206 5.3 Power Transformers 217 5.4 Electrical Machines 219 5.5 Power Converters 237 5.6 Electrical Aspects of Variable-Speed Wind Turbines 246 5.7 Ancillary Electrical Equipment 253 References 255 6 Wind Turbine Materials and Components 257 6.1 Overview 257 6.2 Material Fatigue 257 6.3 Wind Turbine Materials 266 6.4 Machine Elements 270 6.5 Principal Wind Turbine Components 276 References 308 7 Wind Turbine Design and Testing 311 7.1 Overview 311 7.2 Design Procedure 312 7.3 Wind Turbine Topologies 316 7.4 Wind Turbine Standards, Technical Specifications, and Certification 322 7.5 Wind Turbine Design Loads 325 7.6 Load Scaling Relations 333 7.7 Power Curve Prediction 336 7.8 Computer Codes for Wind Turbine Design 340 7.9 Design Evaluation 345 7.10 Wind Turbine and Component Testing 346 References 355 8 Wind Turbine Control 359 8.1 Introduction 359 8.2 Overview of Wind Turbine Control Systems 364 8.3 Typical Grid-connected Turbine Operation 370 8.4 Supervisory Control Overview and Implementation 374 8.5 Dynamic Control Theory and Implementation 382 References 404 9 Wind Turbine Siting, System Design, and Integration 407 9.1 General Overview 407 9.2 Wind Turbine Siting 408 9.3 Installation and Operation Issues 416 9.4 Wind Farms 419 9.5 Wind Turbines and Wind Farms in Electrical Grids 433 References 446 10 Wind Energy Applications 449 10.1 General Overview 449 10.2 Distributed Generation 450 10.3 Hybrid Power Systems 450 10.4 Offshore Wind Energy 461 10.5 Operation in Severe Climates 478 10.6 Special Purpose Applications 480 10.7 Energy Storage 489 10.8 Fuel Production 497 References 501 11 Wind Energy System Economics 505 11.1 Introduction 505 11.2 Overview of Economic Assessment of Wind Energy Systems 506 11.3 Capital Costs of Wind Energy Systems 511 11.4 Operation and Maintenance Costs 519 11.5 Value of Wind Energy 521 11.6 Economic Analysis Methods 530 11.7 Wind Energy Market Considerations 539 References 543 12 Wind Energy Systems: Environmental Aspects and Impacts 547 12.1 Introduction 547 12.2 Avian/Bat Interaction with Wind Turbines 549 12.3 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines 556 12.4 Wind Turbine Noise 561 12.5 Electromagnetic Interference Effects 573 12.6 Land-Use Environmental Impacts 582 12.7 Other Environmental Considerations 585 References 589 Appendix A Nomenclature 593 A.1 Note on Nomenclature and Units 593 A.2 Chapter 2 593 A.3 Chapter 3 595 A.4 Chapter 4 597 A.5 Chapter 5 601 A.6 Chapter 6 604 A.7 Chapter 7 606 A.8 Chapter 8 607 A.9 Chapter 9 608 A.10 Chapter 10 610 A.11 Chapter 11 612 A.12 Chapter 12 613 A.13 Abbreviations 614 Appendix B Problems 617 B.1 Problem Solving 617 B.2 Chapter 2 Problems 617 B.3 Chapter 3 Problems 621 B.4 Chapter 4 Problems 628 B.5 Chapter 5 Problems 632 B.6 Chapter 6 Problems 637 B.7 Chapter 7 Problems 639 B.8 Chapter 8 Problems 642 B.9 Chapter 9 Problems 647 B.10 Chapter 10 Problems 652 B.11 Chapter 11 Problems 656 B.12 Chapter 12 Problems 658 Appendix C Data Analysis and Data Synthesis 661 C.1 Overview 661 C.2 Data Analysis 661 C.3 Data Synthesis 671 References 675 Index 677

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Book SynopsisReliability Analysis Using MINITAB and Python Complete overview of the theory and fundamentals of Reliability Analysis applied with Minitab and Python tools Reliability Analysis Using Minitab and Python expertly applies Minitab and Python programs to the field of reliability engineering, presenting basic concepts and explaining step-by-step how to implement statistical distributions and reliability analysis methods using the two programming languages. The textbook enables readers to effectively use software to efficiently process massive amounts of data while also reducing human error. Examples and case studies as well as exercises and questions are included throughout to enable a smooth learning experience. Excel files containing the sample data and Minitab and Python example files are also provided. Students who have basic knowledge of probability and statistics will find this textbook highly approachable. Nonetheless, it also covers material on basic statistics at the beginning, soTable of ContentsAbout the Author ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii About the Companion Website xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Reliability Concepts 1 1.1.1 Reliability in Our Lives 1 1.1.2 History of Reliability 2 1.1.3 Definition of Reliability 2 1.1.4 Quality and Reliability 3 1.1.5 The Importance of Reliability 4 1.2 Failure Concepts 5 1.2.1 Definition of Failure 5 1.2.2 Causes of Failure 5 1.2.3 Types of Failure Time 7 1.2.4 The Reliability Bathtub Curve 12 1.3 Summary 16 2 Basic Concepts of Probability 19 2.1 Probability 19 2.1.1 The Importance of Probability in Reliability 20 2.2 Joint Probability with Independence 20 2.3 Union Probability 21 2.4 Conditional Probability 22 2.5 Joint Probability with Dependence 22 2.6 Mutually Exclusive Events 23 2.7 Complement Rule 24 2.8 Total Probability 24 2.9 Bayes’ Rule 25 2.10 Summary 26 3 Lifetime Distributions 29 3.1 Probability Distributions 29 3.1.1 Random Variables 29 3.2 Discrete Probability Distribution 30 3.3 Continuous Probability Distribution 32 3.3.1 Reliability Concepts 33 3.3.2 Failure Rate 35 3.4 Exponential Distribution 37 3.4.1 Exponential Lack of Memory Property 40 3.4.2 Excel Practice 41 3.4.3 Minitab Practice 41 3.4.4 Python Practice 43 3.5 Weibull Distribution 46 3.5.1 Excel Practice 52 3.5.2 Minitab Practice 52 3.5.3 Python Practice 53 3.6 Normal Distribution 54 3.6.1 Excel Practice 60 3.6.2 Minitab Practice 60 3.6.3 Python Practice 62 3.7 Lognormal Distribution 63 3.7.1 Excel Practice 66 3.7.2 Minitab Practice 66 3.7.3 Python Practice 68 3.8 Summary 70 4 Reliability Data Plotting 77 4.1 Straight Line Properties 77 4.2 Least Squares Fit 79 4.2.1 Excel Practice 81 4.2.2 Minitab Practice 82 4.2.3 Python Practice 82 4.3 Linear Rectification 84 4.4 Exponential Distribution Plotting 84 4.4.1 Excel Practice 92 4.4.2 Minitab Practice 92 4.4.3 Python Practice 94 4.5 Weibull Distribution Plotting 96 4.5.1 Minitab Practice 99 4.5.2 Python Practice 100 4.6 Normal Distribution Plotting 103 4.6.1 Minitab Practice 105 4.6.2 Python Practice 105 4.7 Lognormal Distribution Plotting 106 4.7.1 Minitab Practice 108 4.7.2 Python Practice 110 4.8 Summary 111 5 Accelerated Life Testing 115 5.1 Accelerated Testing Theory 115 5.2 Exponential Distribution Acceleration 117 5.3 Weibull Distribution Acceleration 118 5.3.1 Minitab Practice 119 5.3.2 Python Practice 120 5.4 Arrhenius Model 123 5.4.1 Minitab Practice 125 5.4.2 Python Practice 127 5.5 Summary 129 6 System Failure Modeling 131 6.1 Reliability Block Diagram 131 6.2 Series System Model 132 6.3 Parallel System Model 135 6.4 Combined Serial–Parallel System Model 138 6.5 k-out-of-n System Model 140 6.6 Minimal Paths and Minimal Cuts 142 6.7 Summary 148 7 Repairable Systems 151 7.1 Corrective Maintenance 151 7.2 Preventive Maintenance 152 7.3 Mean Time between Failures 152 7.4 Mean Time to Repair 153 7.5 Availability 153 7.5.1 Inherent Availability 153 7.5.2 Achieved Availability 154 7.5.3 Operational Availability 155 7.5.4 System Availability 156 7.6 Maintainability 156 7.7 Preventive Maintenance Scheduling 157 7.7.1 Python Practice 160 7.8 Summary 161 8 Case Studies 165 8.1 Parametric Reliability Analysis 165 8.1.1 Description of Case Study 166 8.1.2 Minitab Practice 166 8.1.3 Python Practice 177 8.2 Nonparametric Reliability Analysis 184 8.2.1 Description of Case Study 184 8.2.2 Minitab Practice 185 8.2.3 Python Practice 189 8.3 Driverless Car Failure Data Analysis 190 8.3.1 Description of Case Study 190 8.3.2 Minitab Practice 193 8.3.3 Python Practice 199 8.4 Warranty Analysis 202 8.4.1 Description of Case Study 202 8.4.2 Minitab Practice 204 8.5 Stress–Strength Interference Analysis 210 8.5.1 Description of Case Study 210 8.5.2 Minitab Practice 211 8.5.3 Python Practice 213 8.6 Summary 214 Index 219

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Trade Review"...should not be missing in the best scientific libraries in the world...a work that every expert on geothermal energy, of any discipline, would be proud to count among those of his or her personal archive."--IGA News "This book covers everything professionals and students need to know about geothermal power plants, by someone you need to know it from." --Raffaele Cataldi, Founder of the International Geothermal AssociationTable of ContentsPART ONE RESOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT 1. Geology of Geothermal Regions 2. Exploration Strategies and Techniques 3. Geothermal Well Drilling 4. Reservoir Engineering PART TWO GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATING SYSTEMS 5. Single-Flash Steam Power Plants 6. Double- and Triple-Flash Steam Power Plants 7. Dry-Steam Power Plants 8. Binary Cycle Power Plants 9. Advanced Geothermal Energy Conversion Systems 10. Exergy Analysis Applied to Geothermal Power Systems PART THREE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT CASE STUDIES 11. Larderello Dry-Steam Power Plants, Tuscany, Italy 12. The Geysers Dry-Steam Power Plants, Sonoma and Lake Counties, California, U.S.A. 13. Geothermal Power Plants of New Zealand 14. Geothermal Power Plants of Indonesia 15. Geothermal Power Plants of Latin America and the Caribbean 16. Geothermal Power Plants in Nevada, U.S.A. 17. Heber Binary Plants, Imperial Valley, California, USA 18. Magmamax Binary Power Plant, East Mesa, Imperial Valley California, USA 19. Nesjavellir and Hellisheidi Plants, Iceland 20. Raft River Plants, Idaho, USA 21. Geothermal Power Plants in Turkey 22. Enhanced Geothermal Systems – Projects and Plants 23. Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Plants Appendices

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Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Geothermal systems3. Geothermal wells4. Introduction to pressure-transient analysis5. Advanced analytical pressure-transient analysis relevant to geothermal wells6. Completion and output testing7. Downhole tools and other practical considerations8. Numerical pressure-transient analysis modelling framework9. Operation and management of geothermal wells10. Field studies

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Book SynopsisCovering all aspects of microgrid design, including formation, integration, planning, composition and operation, this self-contained resource is ideal for graduate students and professionals in electrical, mechanical and chemical engineering and materials science.Trade Review'This book brings together all the important design, operation, and control challenges for microgrids and shows why they are vital to the future power grid. It is a comprehensive, timely, and thorough treatment that offers a textbook for advanced students or a learning manual for industry practitioners seeking broad coverage of microgrids. An excellent first book on the subject for those engaged in emerging energy systems.' Philip Krein, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign'Looking to the future of dispersed control implemented in localized power systems with diverse resources, architectures, and management, this book circulates correctly around the expanding capabilities and falling costs of power electronics. It comprehensively lays out techniques for conducting the key reliability, resiliency, and related economic analyses, neatly introduces the major generation and storage technologies, and finally tackles the challenges of system integration, control, and interconnection.' Chris Marnay, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryTable of ContentsPart I. Motivation: 1. Introduction; 2. Component reliability and system availability; 3. Economics; Part II. Technologies: 4. Power electronic interfaces; 5. Power generation sources; 6. Energy storage; Part III. Integration: 7. System architecture; 8. Operation and control; 9. Grid interaction; 10. Applications; 11. Appendix.

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Book SynopsisThis Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SRREN) assesses the potential role of renewable energy in the mitigation of climate change. It covers the six most important renewable energy sources bioenergy, solar, geothermal, hydropower, ocean and wind energy as well as their integration into present and future energy systems. It considers the environmental and social consequences associated with the deployment of these technologies and presents strategies to overcome technical as well as non-technical obstacles to their application and diffusion. SRREN brings a broad spectrum of technology-specific experts together with scientists studying energy systems as a whole. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, it presents an impartial assessment of the current state of knowledge: it is policy relevant but not policy prescriptive. SRREN is an invaluable assessment of the potential role of renewable energy for the mitigation of climate change for policymakers, the Trade Review'The IPCC has provided us with a well-researched, carefully-presented assessment of the costs, risks and opportunities of renewable energy sources. It provides a systematic analysis and scientific assessment of the current knowledge about one of the most promising options to cut emissions of greenhouse gases and to mitigate climate change.' Lord Nicholas Stern, IG Patel Professor of Economics and Government, London School of Economics and Political Science'The mitigation of climate change is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. The transition of our global energy system to one that supports a high share of renewable energy could be an integral part of humankind's answer to this challenge. This report provides important groundwork for such a transition.' Hartmut Graßl, Former Director of the World Climate Research Programme, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology'This report is a comprehensive and authoritative contribution to the debate about whether renewable energy can solve the climate problem in an economically attractive fashion. It's a blueprint for further development of the renewables sector and sets out clearly its role in climate change mitigation.' Geoffrey Heal, Columbia Business School, Columbia University'Renewable energy resources and the technologies to expand their use provide the key energy source to address multiple challenges of national and global sustainability for all. This report is invaluable for the 21st Century.' Thomas B. Johansson, Lund University, Sweden'Renewable energy can drive global sustainable development. This Special Report comes at the right time and offers insights and guidance to strongly facilitate the change of our industrial metabolism.' Klaus Töpfer, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam'There may be a number of ways to achieve a low-carbon economy, but no pathway has been as thoroughly and comprehensively explored as the range of possible contributions of renewable energy sources towards achieving that goal contained in this IPCC Special Report.' John P. Weyant, Stanford UniversityTable of ContentsForeword; Preface; Summary for policymakers; Technical summary; 1. Renewable energy and climate change; 2. Bioenergy; 3. Direct solar energy; 4. Geothermal energy; 5. Hydropower; 6. Ocean energy; 7. Wind energy; 8. Integration of renewable energy into present and future energy systems; 9. Renewable energy in the context of sustainable development; 10. Mitigation potential and costs; 11. Policy, financing and implementation; Annex I. Glossary and acronyms; Annex II. Methodology; Annex III. Recent renewable energy cost and performance parameters; Annex IV. Contributors to the IPCC Special Report; Annex V. Reviewers of the IPCC Special Report; Annex VI. Permissions to publish.

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Book SynopsisWith this self-contained and comprehensive text, students and researchers will gain a detailed understanding of the fundamental aspects of the hydrodynamic control of wave energy converters. Such control is necessary to maximise energy capture for a given device configuration and plays a major role in efforts to make wave energy economic. Covering a wide range of disciplines, the reader is taken from the mathematical and technical fundamentals, through the main pillars of wave energy hydrodynamic control, right through to state-of-the-art algorithms for hydrodynamic control. The various operating principles of wave energy converters are exposed and the unique aspects of the hydrodynamic control problem highlighted, with a variety of potential solutions discussed. Supporting material on wave forecasting and the interaction of the hydrodynamic control problem with other aspects of wave energy device optimisation, such as device geometry optimisation and optimal device array layout, is alTrade Review'… the object of the book is a natural marriage between wave energy and control engineering. As a whole, the book can provide those involved in the development of wave energy converters, especially in tasks related to hydrodynamic modelling and power take-off, with the background required to use the tools of control engineering to improve the design and performance of the converter. Conversely, the book gives the control engineer the hydrodynamics and related fundamentals to move forward in his wave energy conversion studies. Boxes and numerical examples can be found along the text for better understanding of the theory. The book is highly recommended for all professionals and researchers involved in the design and control of wave energy converters. It is also suitable as a textbook for postgraduate studies in this field.' António F. O. Falcão, Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine EnergyTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. Wave energy conversion; Part II. The Basics: 2. Introduction to control engineering; 3. Bodies oscillating in air; 4. Bodies oscillating in water; Part III. The Hydrodynamics: 5. Nature of the wave input; 6. A closer look at wave energy hydrodynamics; Part IV. Velocity Control Using a Hydrodynamic Model: 7. Reactive control in time domain; 8. A causal real-time controller for WECs; Part V. Control by Optimizing a Performance Index: 9. Non-reactive switching control; 10. Optimal numerical control of wave energy converters; 11. Control strategies for WEC arrays; 12. Wave forecasting for control; Part VI. Towards Overall WEC System Hydrodynamic Optimisation: 13. Position and force constraint analysis and optimisation; 14. Interaction between control and optimum system design; Part VII. In Closing: 15. Conclusion; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisA useful text for readers in the field of solar photovoltaics (SPV), covering fundamental concepts, current devices and technologies as well as new materials and devices. Photovoltaic applications are explained for different types of SPV systems: from grid-connected to stand-alone, with plenty of solved examples and exercises for readers.Table of ContentsFigures; Tables; Preface; Acknowledgement; 1. Introduction to solar energy and solar photovoltaics; 2. Crystalline silicon cells; 3. Thin film solar cells; 4. III-V compound, concentrator and photoelectrochemical cells; 5. Organic and polymer solar cells; 6. Manufacture of c-Si and III-V based high efficiency solar PV cells; 7. Manufacture of solar PV modules; 8. Characterization, testing, and reliability of solar PV module; 9. Overview of solar PV system technology and design; 10. Design and implementation of off-grid and on-grid SPV systems; Index.

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Book Synopsis

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