Agriculture and farming Books

Book SynopsisThis new approach to insect modeling discusses population dynamics' regularities, control theory, theory of transitions, and describes methods of population dynamics and outbreaks modeling for forest phyllophagous insects and their effects on global climate change. Research in insect population dynamics is important for more reasons than just protecting forest communities. Insect populations are among the main ecological units included in the analysis of stability of ecological systems. Moreover, it is convenient to test new methods of analyzing population and community stability on the insect-related data, as by now ecologists and entomologists have accumulated large amounts of such data. In this book, the authors analyze population dynamics of quite a narrow group of insects forest defoliators. It is hoped that the methods proposed herein for the analysis of population dynamics of these species may be useful and effective for analyzing population dynamics of other animal species Table of ContentsAuthors ix Introduction xi 1 Population Dynamics of Forest Insects: Outbreaks in Forest Ecosystems 1 1.1 Approaches to modeling population dynamics of forest insects 1 1.2 The role of insects in the forest ecosystem 4 1.3 The phenomenological theory of forest insect population dynamics: the principle of stability of flexible ecologicalsystems 10 1.4 Classification of the factors of forest insect population dynamics 12 1.5 Delayed and direct regulation mechanisms 14 2 Ways of Presenting Data on Forest Insect Population Dynamics 17 2.1 Representation of population dynamics data 17 2.2 Presenting the data on forest insect population dynamics through changes in density over time 18 2.3 Presenting the data on populatiozn dynamics as a phase portrait 24 2.4 The probability of the population leaving the stability zone and reaching an outbreak density: a model of a one-dimensional potential well 40 2.5 Presenting the data on forest insect population dynamics as a potential function 47 3 The Effects of Weather Factors on Population Dynamics of Forest Defoliating Insects 53 3.1 The necessary and sufficient weather conditions for the development of outbreaks of defoliating insects in Siberia 53 3.2 Weather influence on the development of the pine looper Bupalus piniarius L. outbreaks 55 3.3 Siberian silk moth Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv. population dynamics as related to weather conditions 61 3.4 Synchronization of weather conditions on vast areas as a factor of the occurrence of pan-regional outbreaks 64 4 Spatial and Temporal Coherence of Forest Insect Population Dynamics 79 4.1 Coherence and synchronicity of population dynamics 79 4.2 Spatiotemporal coherence of the population dynamics of defoliating insects in pine forests of Middle Siberia 83 4.3 Spatiotemporal coherence of population dynamics of defoliating insects in the Alps 90 4.4 Global coherence of pine looper population dynamics in Eurasia 94 4.5 Synchronization of the time series of gypsy moth population dynamics in the South Urals 96 5 Interactions Between Phytophagous Insects and Their Natural Enemies and Population Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects During Outbreaks 101 5.1 Entomophagous organisms as a regulating factor in forest insect population dynamics 101 5.2 A “phytophagous – entomophagous insect” model 106 6 Food Consumption by Forest Insects 113 6.1 Energy balance of food consumption by insects: an optimization model 113 6.2 A population-energy model of insect outbreaks 127 7 AR- and ADL-Models of Forest Insect Population Dynamics 139 7.1 An ADL-model (autoregressive distributed lag) of insect population dynamics 139 7.2 A model of population dynamics of the gypsy moth in the South Urals 145 7.3 Modeling population dynamics of the larch bud moth in the Alps 155 7.4 Simulation models of population dynamics of defoliating insects in the Krasnoturansk pine forest 165 7.5 Modeling and predicting population dynamics of the European oak leaf-roller 172 7.6 Gain margin of the AR-models of forest insect population dynamics 176 8 Modeling of Population Dynamics and Outbreaks of Forest Insects as Phase Transitions 183 8.1 Models of phase transitions for describing critical events in complex systems 183 8.2 Population buildup and development of an outbreak of forest insects as a first-order phase transition 185 8.3 Possible mechanisms of the development of forest insect outbreaks 192 8.4 Colonization of the tree stands by forest insects as a second-order phase transition 194 8.5 Risks of elimination of the population from the community 201 9 Forecasting Population Dynamics and Assessing the Risk of Damage to Tree Stands Caused by Outbreaks of Forest Defoliating Insects 207 9.1 Methods of forecasting forest insect population dynamics 207 9.2 Long-term forecast of population dynamics of defoliating insects 217 9.3 Assessment of the maximum risk of damage to tree stands caused by insects 223 9.4 Modeling and forecasting of eastern spruce budworm population dynamics 225 10 Global Warming and Risks of Forest Insect Outbreaks 233 10.1 Climate change and forest insect outbreaks in the Siberian taiga 233 10.2 Stress testing of insect impact on forest ecosystems under different scenarios of climate changes in the Siberian taiga 236 10.3 Risks of outbreaks of forest insect species with the stable type of population dynamics 244 Conclusion 251 References 255 Index 285

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Book SynopsisThe first guide devoted to the functions, structures, and applications of natural hydrocolloids In today's health-conscious climate, the demand for natural food products is growing all the time. Natural hydrocolloids, therefore, have never been more popular. With their thickening, stabilizing, gelling, fat replacing, and binding qualities, these naturally occurring, plant-based polymers can fulfil many of the same functions as commercial ingredients like xanthan, guar, gum Arabic, pectin, and starch. Moreover, certain health benefits have been linked with their often biological active compounds and high-fiber compositions, including potential prebiotic effects and the reduction of blood cholesterol levels. Application of these novel hydrocolloids is, however, still underexplored. Emerging Natural Hydrocolloids aims to remedy this by providing a thorough overview of their structurefunction relationships, rheological aspects, and potential utility in mainlyTable of ContentsAbout the Editor xxi List of Contributors xxiii Preface xxvii 1 Introduction to Emerging Natural Hydrocolloids 1Seyed M.A. Razavi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 World Market of Hydrocolloids 2 1.3 Hydrocolloids Classification 4 1.4 Functions of Hydrocolloids 8 1.5 Overview of the Chapters 13 1.6 Conclusion 24 References 25 2 Dilute Solution Properties of Emerging Hydrocolloids 53Ali R. Yousefi and Seyed M.A. Razavi 2.1 Introduction 53 2.2 Partial Specific Volume 54 2.3 Hydrogel Content 55 2.4 Molecular Weight 57 2.5 Intrinsic Viscosity 59 2.6 Coil Overlap Parameter and Molecular Conformation 65 2.7 Chain Flexibility Parameter 67 2.8 Stiffness Parameter 68 2.9 Coil Radius and Volume 69 2.10 Voluminosity and Shape Factor 70 2.11 Hydration Parameter 71 2.12 Conclusion and Future Trends 72 References 73 3 Steady Shear Rheological Properties of Emerging Hydrocolloids 81Fataneh Behrouzian and Seyed M.A. Razavi 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 Time-Independent Rheological Properties 83 3.3 Time-Dependent Rheological Properties 87 3.4 Yield Stress 92 3.5 Cluster Analysis 94 3.6 Conclusion and Future Trend 97 References 97 4 Transient and Dynamic Rheological Properties of Emerging Hydrocolloids 101Ali Alghooneh and Seyed M.A. Razavi 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Viscoelastic Characteristics 103 4.3 Cluster Analysis 125 4.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 129 References 131 5 Hydrocolloids Interaction Elaboration Based on Rheological Properties 135Ali Alghooneh, Fataneh Behrouzian, and Seyed M.A. Razavi 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Dilute Regime 136 5.3 Concentrated Regime 137 5.4 Thermodynamic 151 5.5 Miscibility 152 5.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 154 References 154 6 Sage(Salvia macrosiphon) Seed Gum 159Seyed M.A. Razavi, Ali Alghooneh, and Fataneh Behrouzian 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Salvia macrosiphon Seed Mucilage 160 6.3 Rheological Properties 163 6.4 Textural Properties 177 6.5 Applications 177 6.6 Summary 179 References 179 7 Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) Seed Gum 183Asad Mohammad Amini 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Extraction and Purification 184 7.3 Physicochemical and Structural Properties 185 7.4 Rheological Properties 187 7.5 Functional Properties 194 7.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 199 References 200 8 Qodume Shirazi (Alyssum homolocarpum) Seed Gum 205Arash Koocheki and Mohammad Ali Hesarinejad 8.1 Introduction 205 8.2 Gum Extraction Optimization 205 8.3 Physicochemical Properties 207 8.4 Rheological Properties 209 8.5 Biological Activity 212 8.6 Applications 213 8.7 Conclusion and Future Trends 219 References 219 9 Espina Corona (Gleditsia amorphoides) Seed Gum 225María J. Spotti, Martina Perduca, Paula Loyeau, Amelia Rubiolo, and Carlos Carrara 9.1 Introduction 225 9.2 Purification and Composition 226 9.3 Flow Behavior 227 9.4 Viscoelasticity 231 9.5 Applications of ECG in Colloidal Systems 233 9.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 244 References 245 10 Qodume Shahri (Lepidium perfoliatum) Seed Gum 251Arash Koocheki and Mohammad A. Hesarinejad 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Gum Extraction Optimization 252 10.3 Chemical Compositions 253 10.4 Functional Properties 253 10.5 Rheological Properties 253 10.6 Applications 259 10.7 Conclusions and Future Trends 267 References 268 11 Persian Gum (Amygdalus scoparia Spach) 273Soleiman Abbasi 11.1 Botanical Aspects and Importance 273 11.2 General Specifications 275 11.3 Production, Collection, and Processing 277 11.4 Physicochemical Properties 278 11.5 Structural Characteristics 279 11.6 Rheological Properties 284 11.7 Interaction with Other Macromolecules 286 11.8 Surface Activity and Emulsifying Properties 290 11.9 Thermal Characteristics 291 11.10 Potential Applications 291 11.11 Concluding Remarks 292 References 293 12 Gum Tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer Labillardiere) 299Zahra Emam-Djomeh, Morteza Fathi, and Gholamreza Askari 12.1 Introduction 299 12.2 Structure 300 12.3 Thermal Properties 306 12.4 Functional Properties 306 12.5 Biological Activity 312 12.6 Antibacterial Activity 312 12.7 Effect of Pre-treatment on GT: Physicochemical Properties 313 12.8 Food Applications 314 12.9 Conclusions and Future Trends 319 References 320 13 Cashew Tree (Anarcadium occidentale L.) Exudate Gum 327Esther Gyedu-Akoto, FrankM. Amoah, and Ibok Oduro 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Cashew Tree Gum 328 13.3 Application of Cashew Gum in Foods 336 13.4 Application of Cashew Gum in the Pharmaceutical Industry 339 13.5 Conclusion 342 13.6 Future Trends 342 References 343 14 Brea Tree (Cercidium praecox) Exudate Gum 347María A. Bertuzzi and Aníbal M. Slavutsky 14.1 Introduction 347 14.2 Physicochemical Characteristics 349 14.3 Functional Properties 352 14.4 Applications 358 14.5 Conclusions 364 14.6 Future Trends 365 Acknowledgments 365 References 366 15 Chubak (Acanthophyllum glandulosum) Root Gum 371Hojjat Karazhiyan 15.1 Introduction 371 15.2 Chubak Root Extract (CRE) 372 15.3 Applications of CRE in Foods 374 15.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 388 References 389 16 Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) Flower Gum 397Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi, Seyed M.A. Razavi, and Arash Koocheki 16.1 Introduction 397 16.2 Extraction Optimization using RSM 398 16.3 Chemical Compositions 407 16.4 FT-IR 408 16.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 409 16.6 DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity 409 16.7 Steady Shear Rheological Properties 411 16.8 Intrinsic Viscosity 416 16.9 Conclusions and Future Trends 417 References 418 17 Opuntia ficus-indica Mucilage 425Elnaz Salehi, Zahra Emam-Djomeh, Morteza Fathi, and Gholamreza Askari 17.1 Introduction 425 17.2 Opuntia ficus-indica Plant Parts 428 17.3 Opuntia ficus-indica Mucilage 431 17.4 Food Applications 441 17.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 443 References 444 18 Emerging Technologies for Isolation of Natural Hydrocolloids from Mucilaginous Seeds 451Asgar Farahnaky, Mahsa Majzoobi, and Shaahin Bakhshizadeh-Shirazi 18.1 Introduction 451 18.2 Mucilaginous Seeds 451 18.3 Mucilage Isolation using Conventional Methods 452 18.4 Emerging Mucilage Isolation Technologies 461 18.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 469 References 469 19 Purification and Fractionation of Novel Natural Hydrocolloids 473Somayeh Razmkhah 19.1 Introduction 473 19.2 Purification of New Natural Hydrocolloids 474 19.3 Fractionation of New Natural Hydrocolloids 482 19.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 494 References 496 20 Improving Texture of Foods using Emerging Hydrocolloids 499Ali Rafe 20.1 Introduction 499 20.2 Influence of Hydrocolloids on Food Structure 499 20.3 Textural Attributes 502 20.4 Tribology (Body–Texture Interaction) 506 20.5 Consumer Perceptions of Food Hydrocolloids 510 20.6 Fractal Analysis 511 20.7 Microstructure of BSG 515 20.8 Conclusions and Future Trends 517 References 518 21 New Hydrocolloids in Ice Cream 525Fatemeh Javidi and Seyed M.A. Razavi 21.1 Introduction 525 21.2 New Sources of Hydrocolloids in Ice Cream 526 21.3 Functions of New Hydrocolloids in Ice Cream 530 21.4 Conclusions 541 21.5 Future Trends 542 References 543 22 Novel Hydrocolloids for Future Progress in Nanotechnology 549Sara Naji-Tabasi 22.1 Introduction 549 22.2 Importance of Finding New Material Sources in Nanotechnology 550 22.3 Nanomaterials 550 22.4 Conclusions and Future Trends 563 References 564 23 Edible/Biodegradable Films and Coatings from Natural Hydrocolloids 571Younes Zahedi 23.1 Introduction 571 23.2 Film Preparation 572 23.3 Film Characteristics 573 23.4 Applications 593 23.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 594 References 595 24 Health Aspects of Novel Hydrocolloids 601Jafar M.Milani and Abdolkhalegh Golkar 24.1 Introduction 601 24.2 Health Benefits of Hydrocolloids 602 24.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 614 References 615 Index 623

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Book SynopsisMelding the hands-on experience of producing yogurt and fermented milks over four decades with the latest in scientific research in the dairy industry, editor Chandan and his associate editors have assembled experts worldwide to writeManufacturing Yogurt and Fermented Milks, 2nd Edition.Table of ContentsList of contributors xi Preface to the second edition xiii Preface to the first edition xv PART I BASIC BACKGROUND 1 1 History and consumption trends 3 Ramesh C. Chandan 1.1 Overview of the world dairy industry 3 1.2 Milk production in the USA 3 1.3 Production of dairy foods in the USA 4 1.4 Fermented/cultured dairy products 7 1.5 Occurrence and consumption of fermented milks in various regions 8 1.6 Major commercial fermented milks 11 1.7 Scandinavian fermented milks 15 1.8 Russian and Eastern European fermented milks 16 1.9 Middle Eastern fermented milks 16 1.10 South Asian fermented milks 17 2 Milk composition, physical and processing characteristics 21 Guillaume Brisson and Harjinder Singh 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Milk composition 21 2.3 Milk components and processing characteristics 23 2.4 Physicochemical properties of milk 37 3 Regulatory requirements for milk production, transportation and processing 49 Cary P. Frye 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 From farm to factory 49 3.3 History of milk safety 50 3.4 United States Public Health Grade "A" Milk Safety Program 50 3.5 Inspection of milk safety 51 3.6 Farm requirements 52 3.7 Milk transportation 53 3.8 Processing plant 54 3.9 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point System 58 3.10 Standards and regulations 60 3.11 Milk pricing—US Federal Milk Marketing Orders 65 4 Regulations for product standards and labeling 71 Cary P. Frye 4.1 US Code of Federal Regulations 71 4.2 US product standards of identity 71 4.3 Fermented milk and milk products 72 4.4 Stayed provisions 77 4.5 Frozen yogurt 79 4.6 Food additives and packaging 79 4.7 Labeling 80 4.8 Codex Standards and definitions for fermented-milk products 89 5 Principles of dairy processing 95 Arun Kilara 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 From farm to factory 95 5.3 Storage of raw milk 96 5.4 Overview of processing equipment in a dairy plant 99 5.5 Centrifugal operations 105 5.6 Thermal-processing systems 107 5.7 Homogenization 110 5.8 Membrane technology 111 5.9 Conclusion 113 6 Starter cultures for yogurt and fermented milks 115 Ebenezer R. Vedamuthu 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Starter functions 118 6.3 Factors affecting starter performance 120 6.4 Microorganisms used in starters for cultured dairy products 127 6.5 Genus Lactococcus 130 6.6 Comments on Cit + Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis 136 6.7 Genus Leuconostoc 136 6.8 Genus Streptococcus 138 6.9 Genus Lactobacillus 140 6.10 Genus Bifidobacterium 142 6.11 Starter-culture production 142 6.12 Miscellaneous starters 146 6.13 Literature 146 7 Fermented dairy packaging materials 149 Aaron L. Brody 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Fundamentals of packaging 150 7.3 Packaging materials 151 7.4 Interactions between product and packaging 160 7.5 The package in product distribution 162 7.6 Graphic design and assessment 163 7.7 Economics of packaging 164 7.8 Regulation 165 7.9 Packaging and the environment 166 7.10 Packaging for yogurt and fermented dairy products 168 7.11 Future trends 174 8 Milk and milk-based ingredients 177 Isabelle Sodini and Phillip S. Tong 8.1 Introduction 177 8.2 Composition and specifications 177 8.3 Performances in yogurt formulation 178 8.4 Conclusion 189 PART II MANUFACTURE OF YOGURT 193 9 Yogurt: fruit preparations and fl avoring materials 195 Kevin O'Rell and Ramesh C. Chandan 9.1 Introduction 195 9.2 Fruit as a raw material for yogurt preparations 196 9.3 Processing of fruit for use in yogurt fruit preparations 197 9.4 Formulation of fruit preparations 200 9.5 Processing yogurt fruit preparations 209 9.6 Packaging of fruit preparations 213 9.7 Acknowledgment 215 10 Ingredients for yogurt manufacture 217 Ramesh C. Chandan and Kevin O'Rell 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Dairy ingredients and their origin 217 10.3 Sweeteners 224 10.4 Stabilizers 233 11 Principles of yogurt processing 239 Ramesh C. Chandan and Kevin O'Rell 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Mix preparation 239 11.3 Heat treatment 239 11.4 Homogenization 241 11.5 Yogurt starter 242 11.6 Changes in milk constituents during yogurt production 256 12 Manufacture of various types of yogurt 263 Kevin O'Rell and Ramesh C. Chandan 12.1 Introduction 263 12.2 General manufacturing procedures applicable to all categories 263 12.3 Yogurt types, styles, subcategories and definitions 268 12.4 Market statistics on the yogurt trade 269 12.5 Manufacturing process for major yogurt categories 272 12.6 General manufacturing procedures for major types of yogurt 278 12.7 Post-culturing heat treatment 294 13 Greek-style yogurt and related products 297 Arun Kilara and Ramesh C. Chandan 13.1 Introduction 297 13.2 Greek-style yogurt 299 13.3 Chakka and shrikhand 305 13.4 Quarg and fromage frais 309 13.5 Mishti doi/dahi 315 14 Plant cleaning and sanitization 319 Dennis Bogart 14.1 Introduction 319 14.2 Cleaning 320 14.3 Sanitization 326 14.4 Phage control 328 14.5 A final thought 330 15 Yogurt plant: quality assurance 331 Kevin O'Rell and Ramesh C. Chandan 15.1 Introduction 331 15.2 Regulatory obligations 331 15.3 Quality-control programs 341 15.4 National Yogurt Association criteria for live- and active-culture yogurts 346 15.5 Specification program 348 16 Sensory analysis of yogurt 353 Yonca Karagül-Yüceer and MaryAnne Drake 16.1 Introduction 353 16.2 Sensory-analysis techniques 353 16.3 Sensory analysis of yogurt 359 16.4 Conclusions 364 PART III MANUFACTURE OF FERMENTED MILKS 369 17 Cultured buttermilk 371 Charles H. White 17.1 Introduction 371 17.2 Milk supply 373 17.3 Processing of milk 374 17.4 Buttermilk starter culture 374 17.5 Breaking, cooling, bottling and distribution 376 18 Cultured/sour cream 381 Bill Born 18.1 Early history 381 18.2 Present standards 383 18.3 Sour-cream products 388 19 Other fermented and culture-containing milks 393 Ebenezer R. Vedamuthu 19.1 Introduction 393 19.2 Dahi 395 19.3 Kefir 399 19.4 Koumiss 402 19.5 Acidophilus milk and sweet acidophilus milk 403 19.6 Probiotic milks 406 19.7 Bulgarian milk 407 19.8 Skyr 407 19.9 Viili 408 19.10 Kurut 409 PART IV HEALTH BENEFITS 411 20 Functional foods and disease prevention 413 Ramesh C. Chandan and Nagendra P. Shah 20.1 Introduction 413 20.2 Functional foods 414 20.3 Bioactive dairy ingredients 415 20.4 Milk fat 421 20.5 Probiotics 422 20.6 Fortification 429 20.7 Physiologically active ingredients 429 21 Health benefits of yogurt and fermented milks 433 Nagendra P. Shah 21.1 Introduction 433 21.2 Yogurt and other fermented milks 435 21.3 Health benefits of fermented milks 438 22 Probiotics and fermented milks 451 Nagendra P. Shah 22.1 Introduction 451 22.2 Taxonomy of lactic-acid bacteria 451 22.3 Probiotic bacteria 452 22.4 Selection criteria for probiotics 453 22.5 Health benefits of Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria 459 22.6 Conclusion 465 References and further reading 466 Index 469

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Book SynopsisCombining economic theory with the history of technology, Making Tobacco Bright revises several narratives in American history, from colonial staple-crop agriculture to the origins of the tobacco industry to the rise of identity politics in the twentieth century.Trade ReviewA discerning analysis of not only how a commodity-tobacco-was shaped and defined by technology, but also how technology can be influenced by a commodity... This interesting, thorough history will appeal to readers and researchers alike. Highly recommended. Choice Thoroughly researched, engaging, and enjoyable...An excellent first book. -- James C. Giesen Environmental History Strongly argued and deeply researched. -- Evan P. Bennett Agricultural History Hahn has produced an important book, thoroughly researched and persuasively argued, that deserves a wide audience among American historians. Journal of American History Hahn has written an ambitious book that examines how Americans created a commodity whose roots were densely-perhaps inextricably-tangled with those of the growing nation. Her work deserves a broad readership among students of southern agriculture, economic history, and the history of science and technology. -- Max Grivno Journal of Southern History ... Making Tobacco Bright is an impressive book, one that rewrites conventional understandings of tobacco as a crop, a commodity, and a symbol. From Jamestown to contemporary southern fields, Hahn tells an old story in an entirely fresh way. -- Drew A. Swanson Technology and CultureTable of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroductionProloguePart I1. Making Tobacco Virginian2. Growing the Business3. Death and TaxesPart II4. Ripeness Is All5. Inventing Tradition6. StabilizationAppendixNotesEssay on SourcesIndex

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Book SynopsisUltimately, he asks whether a distinctive style of rural life exists any longer.Table of ContentsPreface to the Third EditionPreface to the Second EditionPreface to the First Edition1. Rural Europe and Pre-Columbian America2. The Rural Development of English North America3. Maturity and Its Discontents4. Agriculture and Economic Growth in the Young Republic5. Rural Life in the Young Nation6. The Unmaking and Remaking of the Rural South7. Rural America in the Age of Industrialization8. Prosperity and Its Discontents9. From the Best of Times to the Worst10. The New Deal and Rural America11. The Production Revolution and the New Agriculture12. Agriculture and Rural Life in the Twenty-First CenturyNotesSuggestions for Further ReadingIndex

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Book SynopsisUrban gardeners. Native seed-saving collectives. Ecovillage developments. What is the connection between these seemingly disparate groups? The ecological design system of permaculture is the common thread that weaves them into a powerful, potentially revolutionary—or reevolutionary—movement. Permaculture is a philosophy based on common ethics of sustainable cultures throughout history that have designed settlements according to nature''s patterns and lived within its bounds. As a movement that has been building momentum for the past 40 years, it now is taking form as a growing network of sites developed with the intention of regenerating local ecologies and economies. Permaculture strategies can be used by individuals, groups, or nations to address basic human needs such as food, water, energy, and housing. As a species, humans are being called forth to evolve, using our collective intelligence to meet the challenges of the future. Yet if we are to survive our collective planetary crisis, we need to revisit history, integrating successful systems from sustainable cultures. To boldly confront our position on the brink of the earth''s carrying capacity and make changes that incorporate the wisdom of the past is truly revolutionary. Sustainable Revolution features the work of a worldwide network of visionaries, including journalists, activists, indigenous leaders and permaculturists such as David Holmgren, Vandana Shiva, Charles Eisenstein, Starhawk, Erik Assadourian, Victoria Tauli-Corpuz, Albert Bates, and Geoff Lawton. This beautifully photographed collection of profiles, interviews, and essays features 60 innovative community-based projects in diverse climates across the planet. Edited by anthropologist Juliana Birnbaum Fox and award-winning activist filmmaker Louis Fox, it can be read as an informal ethnography of an international culture that is modeling solutions on the cutting edge of social and environmental change. The research presented in the book frames the permaculture movement as a  significant ally to marginalized groups, such as the urban poor and native communities resisting the pressures of globalization. Sustainable Revolution uplifts and inspires with its amazing array of dynamic activists and thriving, vibrant communities.

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Book SynopsisThe Bio-Integrated Farm is a twenty-first-century manual for managing nature’s resources. This groundbreaking book brings “system farming” and permaculture to a whole new level. Author Shawn Jadrnicek presents new insights into permaculture, moving beyond the philosophical foundation to practical advanced designs based on a functional analysis. Holding his designs to a higher standard, Jadrnicek’s components serve at least seven functions (classical permaculture theory only seeks at least two functions). With every additional function a component performs, the design becomes more advanced and saves more energy. A bio-integrated greenhouse, for example, doesn’t just extend the season for growing vegetables; it also serves as a rainwater collector, a pond site, an aquaponics system, and a heat generator. Jadrnicek’s prevalent theme is using water to do the work. Although applicable in many climates, his designs are particularly important for areas coping with water scarcity. Jadrnicek focuses on his experience as farm manager at the Clemson University Student Organic Farm and at his residence in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. These locations lie at the cooler northern edge of a humid subtropical climate that extends west to the middle of Texas and north along the coast to New Jersey. He has created permaculture patterns ranging from raising transplants and field design to freshwater prawn production and composting. These patterns have simplified the operation of the 125-share CSA farm while reducing reliance on outside resources. In less time than it takes to mow his two-acre homestead, Jadrnicek is building a you-pick fruit farm using permaculture patterns. His landscape requires only the labor of harvesting, and the only outside input he buys is a small amount of chicken feed. By carefully engaging the free forces of nature—water, wind, sunlight, convection, gravity, and decomposition—Jadrnicek creates sustenance without maintenance and transforms waste into valuable farm resources. The Bio-Integrated Farm offers in-depth information about designing and building a wide range of bio-integrated projects including reflecting ponds, water-storage ponds, multipurpose basins, greenhouses, compost heat extraction, pastured chicken systems, aquaculture, hydroponics, hydronic heating, water filtration and aeration, cover cropping, and innovative rainwater-harvesting systems that supply water for drip irrigation and flushing toilets.Trade ReviewPublishers Weekly- "Jadrnicek, a farmer, educator (he teaches at and oversees Clemson University’s organic student farm in the Blue Ridge Mountains), and perpetually tinkering designer and inventor, implements the permaculture principle of 'stacking functions’—'Every component of a design should function in many ways'—and pushes its limits. 'Something very special happens when a component within the design exceeds seven functions,’ he writes. 'Once the odd magic number of seven is breached, the design takes on a life of its own.' With curiosity, imagination, and exuberant obsession, he shares his successful manifestations and ongoing experiments and shows readers how to implement them in their own agricultural pursuits, whether a market farm or steep urban yard. He provides both broad conceptual overviews and comprehensive specifics. Less committed growers may balk at the complexity of these living designs and the basic physics, chemistry, and algebra needed to realize them, but permies and others committed to developing a regenerative agriculture—as well as ambitious weekend gardeners dreaming of an in-town, self-sufficient aquaculture greenhouse—will likely be impatient to try it themselves.”“The Bio-Integrated Farm provides practical solutions for farmers and homesteaders facing the dual challenges of sustainably feeding an expanding global population and building resilience into their systems in response to climate disruption. Shawn Jadrnicek’s designs for greenhouses, irrigation, composting systems, and more are based on the most enduring answer: let’s look to nature. From experience, Jadrnicek knows how to create organic, resilient, and highly productive systems based on creative use of water, solar energy, and other free forces of nature.”--Courtney White, author of Two Percent Solutions for the Planet“The Bio-Integrated Farm is an invaluable resource for market farmers, homesteaders, and serious gardeners who are interested in improving their relationship with the land. Shawn Jadrnicek’s creative use of materials, animals, and space, which he clearly and thoroughly explains in this book, will inspire and teach you how to improve the efficiency and resiliency of your farm or garden. I can’t wait to implement some of Shawn’s designs at my site. While reading through this book, I was reminded of the ancient gardening techniques mentioned in F.H. King’s Farmers of Forty Centuries. Shawn has integrated these simple and effective technologies into his modern-day working farm; his book will allow readers to access some of that ancient wisdom, too.”--Jerome Osentowski, author of The Forest Garden Greenhouse“Harvesting, multiplying, capturing, conveying, sloping, fertilizing, irrigating, heating, cooling… ‘at least seven functions’ is the genius of Shawn Jadrnicek’s stacked systems in The Bio-Integrated Farm. Shawn turns almost everything we think we know about farming on its head, beginning with the notion that the odds are stacked against the small farmer and permaculturist. Instead, he stacks the odds in our favor by requiring every component of a farm to serve at least seven functions. These stacked systems create biological and mechanical efficiencies that maximize production and ecological diversity. While innovators abound in the permaculture world, Shawn is unparalleled in the practicality and detail of his innovative designs. As a connoisseur of college farms, I’ve visited several dozen such operations across the United States, and I have yet to see another academic farm demonstrate the level of careful design and innovation found on the Clemson University Student Organic Farm, one of several permaculture masterworks Shawn has helped create. As much an engineer as he is an ecologist, Shawn teases out nature’s secret systems with a covey of collaborators—students, prawns, soldier flies, chickens, and thermophilic bacteria to name but a few—and he shares all his best designs in this paradigm-altering guide. Be prepared to have your vision of a farm’s limits shattered. Fear not, Shawn shows you how to reassemble those broken pieces into a ‘7-plus mosaic’ that can take any homestead or farm to the next level.”--Philip Ackerman-Leist, professor, Green Mountain College; author of Rebuilding the Foodshed“What is unique about permaculture, at its heart, is integration of elements like fish ponds, greenhouses, chickens, and crops. The Bio-Integrated Farm highlights real-world farm management experiences, including particularly innovative practices such as raising freshwater shrimp in greenhouse tanks that also provide thermal mass. The authors also respect and acknowledge the ancient roots of many of these ideas.”--Eric Toensmeier, author of The Carbon Farming Solution“Nature knows no waste, and cutting-edge farmers should start today to incorporate the bio-integration principles that Shawn Jadrnicek describes in detail in this book. Shawn shares his in-the-field experience using easy-to-understand formulas and charts to encourage the reader to develop a plan and translate project descriptions into hardworking results. I have seen Shawn’s transformational power in person at Clemson University, and his visions are addictive, teaching you not just to think outside the box by harmonizing natural systems but to act outside the box to create inexpensive and highly functional growing environments that are much more profitable and efficient than traditional growing systems. Even at our mushroom farm, we are incorporating Shawn’s design approach with aquaponics, black soldier fly composting, and passive heating. Farmers need all the financial help they can get, and The Bio-Integrated Farm will help readers prevent costly experimental failures. Every farm's needs and layouts are unique, and this book allows the reader to customize and hybridize systems that harness the power of nature to transform ordinary farms into models worthy of world-class learning centers for permaculture.”--Tradd Cotter, author of Organic Mushroom Farming and Mycoremediation“As climate change drives increasingly challenging weather variability and extremes, ecosystem-based strategies such as those presented in The Bio-Integrated Farm will be crucial to successful adaptation efforts. In this practical, clearly written, and beautifully designed book, Shawn Jadrnicek shares his unique ability to conceptualize, design, and manage water for whole-system benefits at multiple scales. A must read for anyone interested in design and management of water systems for resilient homesteads and farms.”--Laura Lengnick, author of Resilient Agriculture“Shawn Jadrnicek has spent the last decade getting his hands dirty and taking risks, experimenting with how to create systems that actually work. The Bio-Integrated Farm covers areas often neglected in the current permaculture literature. Shawn's systems-based designs show permaculture's relevance beyond typical gardening scenarios. He offers a load of detailed practical advice based on personal experience, demonstrating how to make connections that result in greater yields and ease. His zeal for making the most out of the resources on hand has inspired to me to find ways to further integrate my own permaculture homestead!”--Rain Tenaqiya, author of West Coast Food Forestry

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Book Synopsis “Regenerative agriculture is going to be a key phrase in the decades ahead―and this book will get you in on the ground floor, so to speak. Not much could be more important!”―Bill McKibben, author of Falter Wondering what you can do to help address the global climate crisis? Joining the Grassroots Rising ‘Regeneration Revolution’ might be the best first step... Grassroots Rising is a passionate call to action for the global body politic; providing practical solutions for how to survive - and thrive - in catastrophic times. Author Ronnie Cummins educates and inspires citizens worldwide to organise and become active participants in preventing ecological collapse. This book offers a blueprint for building a ‘Regeneration Movement’ based on consumer activism, farmer innovation, political change, and regenerative finance, embodied most recently by the proposed Green New Deal in the US. Using regenerative agriculture practices that restore our agricultural and grazing lands, we can sequester massive amounts of carbon back into the soil. Coupled with an aggressive transition toward renewable energy sources, Cummins argues that we have the power to not only mitigate and slow down climate change, but actually reverse global warming. Grassroots Rising shows us that the solution lies right beneath our feet - and at the end of our forks - through the transformation of food systems around the world.Trade Review“The world is finally waking up to the ecological and climate emergency and the urgent need to realign the economy with the laws of ecology. In Grassroots Rising, tireless activist Ronnie Cummins outlines how we can address the multiple crises of our time by making a transition from industrial agriculture and food systems to a regenerative agriculture that recycles carbon and nitrogen in forests, grasslands, and farms; reverses climate change; creates healthy soils; and halts species extinction and the erosion of biodiversity. This is a book that should be in the hands of every activist working on food and farming, climate change, and the Green New Deal.”—Vandana Shiva, scientist, environmentalist, social activist; author of Earth Democracy, Soil Not Oil, and Stolen Harvest“Regenerative agriculture is going to be a key phrase in the decades ahead—and this book will get you in on the ground floor, so to speak. Not much could be more important!”—Bill McKibben, author of Falter“Grassroots Rising is one of the most important books you will ever read. It shows the existential environmental and health disasters caused by the toxic and degenerative practices of the poison cartels, Big Agriculture, the fossil fuel industries, predator tycoons, and the money manipulators. Most importantly, though, it is a book with good news! It outlines a logical and very achievable pathway for how we can shift from degeneration to regeneration and make this a healthy, fair, prosperous, diverse, democratic, and environmentally robust world for all of us.”—André Leu, former president, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM); author of The Myth of Safe Pesticides“Healthy soil, healthy plants, healthy animals, healthy food, healthy people. My friend and fellow activist Ronnie Cummins makes a strong case for how organic and regenerative food, farming, and land use can lead us to a healthier and happier world with a stable climate.”—Dr. Joseph Mercola, founder, Mercola.com“Grassroots Rising is not only a rousing call to action, but a book that also demystifies the confusing rhetoric about carbon that stops many of us from taking action. Ronnie Cummins, with clear and uncomplicated examples, puts the magnifying glass on the Climate Chaos issue, how it’s connected to farming and land use, and shows us exactly what needs to be done to save life on the planet within the next ten years. If you have been confused or depressed about the future, read this book. It’s time to regenerate.”—Zen Honeycutt, Moms Across America“The future doesn’t have to be gloomy. In this upbeat call to action, Ronnie Cummins, longtime campaigner for healthy food and land, guides us on a hopeful and pragmatic journey into the crucial upcoming decade. A Regenerative Economy is not pie-in-the-sky; it can be done. We have all the tools we need. And thanks to leaders such as Ronnie, we know what to do. This book is a must-read!”—Courtney White, author of Grass, Soil, Hope and Two Percent Solutions for the PlanetTable of ContentsIntroduction 1. Rules for Regenerators 2. Regeneration: The Big Picture 3. Regeneration Driver #1: Grassroots Awareness, Political Mobilization, and Marketplace Demand 4. Regeneration Driver #2: Carbon Farming, Reforestation, and Ecosystem Restoration 5. Regeneration Driver #3: Politics and Public Policy 6. Regeneration Driver #4: Commerce and Investment 7. The Global Road to Regeneration 8. Roadmap to Regeneration in the U.S., 2020-2030 Resources Notes Index

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Book SynopsisThis totally revised and updated book provides you the tools needed to craft dairy products. You will learn which ingredients are used for these assorted dairy products and what at-home equipment you will need to get started. You will learn how to clean and care for your equipment, making sure everything remains sanitary. You will learn myriad basic techniques necessary to understand the dairy product process, starting with raw milk and continuing until you make any number of soft, hard, or Italian cheeses. Dozens of top cheese makers and home dairy aficionados were interviewed for this book and provided their experiences.

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Book SynopsisA win-win for Central Asia: give back to nature and do more with less

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