Agricultural engineering and machinery Books

Book SynopsisExplores the entire range of tractors and farming machines from around the world, such as Fordson Model F and Massey-Harris GP. This book covers how tractors work, their history, major marques and catalogues. It is suitable for anyone fascinated by these extraordinary machines.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive how-to manual of Polyface Farm’s signature designs--with tips, tricks, and a half century of lessons learned through trial and error Have you wondered how to build the Polyface broiler shelter, or the dolly to move it, or an Eggmobile, Gobbledygo or Shademobile? For folks getting started, folks adding enterprises, or folks wanting a cheaper bootstrap way to build portable livestock infrastructure, Polyface Designs has all the diagrams and do-it-yourself building specifications. Joel Salatin wrote the text and Polyface former apprentice and engineer extraordinaire Chris Slattery did the drawings. Ultimately practical, the book includes how to build a corral, a home-made head gate and even how to select the right axle for your project. Square footage requirements for the deep bedding hay shed and area advice for pig pastures make this the definitive repository for a lifetime of Polyface experimentation. A massive volume, its 568 pages are in full color and beautiful enough to be a coffee table book even though you’ll use it in your shop. Don’t let the cover price scare you; one building tip can more than save the price of the book.Table of ContentsIntroduction Chickens Broiler Shelter Shelter Dolly Egg Mobile Millennium Feathernet Mini-Brooder Cows Shademobile Cattle Working SHute Homemade Head Gate Winter Hay Feeding Pigs Basics Pasture Infrastructure Handling Rabbits Raken Harepen Turkeys Gobbledygo Winter Hoop Houses Basic Layout Bulk Feeder Platform Standing Nest Boxes Waterer Cover Mobile Mezzanine Materials Handling Bulk Feed Buggy Hay Wagon Chassis Log Forwarding Cart Appendix Poultry Watering Shade Cloth Tips Fencing Basics How to Cut Notches Templates

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Book SynopsisChris has tried to show the tractors carrying out a wide range of tasks. His concise text explains what is going on in the pictures. He includes some basic technical specifications such as power outputs so that the reader can roughly compare different tractors and have an idea of the size and capability of each. The 41 tractors chosen come from 25 marques. Many of the tractor manufacturers have parent companies, some of which own a number of tractor makers. Chris gives these details as well as the country of assembly and/or manufacture. Tractor enthusiasts will enjoy this book, but it is particularly designed to be an introduction for visitors to rural shows, farm parks and country bookshops.Table of Contents1. Case IH MXU130X 2. Case IH MX285 3. Case IH STX450 Quadtrac 4. Caterpillar Challenger 55 5. Challenger MT765B 6. Challenger MT855B 7. Claas Ares 697ATZ 8. Claas Challenger 95 E 9. David Brown 1490 10. Deutz-Fahr Agrotron 6.00 S 11. Deutz-Fahr Agrotron 165 MK3 12. Fendt Favorit 512 C 13. Fendt 716 Vario TMS 14. Fiat 880-5 DT 15. Ford 8210 Generation III 16. Hurlimann Master H-6165 17. International 1255XL 18. JCB Fastrac 2155 19. JCB Fastrac 3190 Plus 20. John Deere 6820 21. John Deere 8530 22. John Deere 9620 23. Lamborghini 1306 Turbo 24. Landini Powermaster 180 25. Leyland 272 Synchro 26. Marshall 802 27. Massey Ferguson 6290 28. Massey Ferguson 7490 29. Massey Ferguson 8460 30. McCormick MC120 Power 6 31. McCormick MTX150 32. McCormick XTX185 XtraSpeed 33. MB-trac 1000 34. New Holland 7840 35. New Holland TM175 36. New Holland T8040 37. Renault Ares 640RZ 38. Renault Ares 836RZ 39. Same Antares II 110 40. Valtra T191 41. Zetor Forterra 11741/4C

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Book SynopsisThe Complete Book of Classic Ford Tractors presents the evolution of the popular machines from 1917 to 1996. Model histories are accompanied by detailed specification charts and, of course, gorgeous photography of restored models.Trade Review"Photos of the amazing experimental tractors alone are a good reason to buy to book. If you enjoy Ford tractors this is one that should be on your shelf!" -- Cindy Ladage * Travelling Adventures of a Farm Girl *

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Book SynopsisIn many ways this book tells a familiar story in British industry: of innovation and enterprise in the early decades ...of worldwide dominance at a time when Britain was the workshop of the world ...of wars and economic downturns ...of foreign competition ...and of relative and absolute decline on the path of de-industrialisation in the latter part of the twentieth century. For most of this period the farm machine industry grew and matured. It is an inspiring story of technological achievement and of industrial success, as farmers and engineers brought iron and steel to fields which had previously been the domain of locally made timber implements and power provided by horses.Agricultural technology moved on, inexorably, from broad-cast seed and the sound of the threshing flail, via the portable steam engine and the threshing machine, right through to the modern world of giant tractors - each with the power of 200 horses - combine harvesters and impressively efficient farming methods.This book traces the broad sweep of the whole industry over 200 years, looking at many individual companies and products to explain how and why the farm machinery industry developed in the way it did. Important individual machines are described and illustrated in detail. The British farm machine industry is unlikely ever again to be large by world standards, nor to dominate the world stage as once it did. Yet the author traces a rich vein of innovation, enterprise and technological inspiration, often taking place within the large number of relatively small-scale, craft-based workshops which were so prevalent in the early decades. Rather than mere manufacturing, therefore, perhaps it is this tradition of technical innovation and invention which marked out the British farm machinery industry for historical greatness, and perhaps it is this tradition which will continue to mark it out in the future.Table of ContentsList of tables ix Preface and acknowledgements xi 1 The origins of an industry, 1750A-1820 1The agricultural revolution 1Farming implements before 1800 4The technological revolution 9The entrepreneurs and their businesses 11The primacy of East Anglia 15Conclusion 18 2 Towards a national market, 1820A-1850 19The economic background 19The agricultural background 20Growth of the industry 23Products and technical change 28Transport developments 32Sales and marketing 35 3 At the works around 1850 39The growth of the factories 39Work in the factory 45Conclusion 49 4 A brief supremacy, 1850A-1875 50The expansion of the home market 50Technical and product change 51Steam Power I: Evolution of the portable engine 52The spread of the threshing machine 57Steam Power II: The steam plough 58Reaping machines 66Mowing machines 70Improved field machinery 73The growth and prosperity of firms 79Marketing 81The rise of the export trade 87Conclusion 91 5 Exports to the rescue, 1875A-1913 92Problems in the home market 92The shift to exports 94Marketing, agents and overseas depots 97The rise of North American competition 98The last export boom 101Conclusions 103 6 A mature industry, 1875A-1913 104The rise of some firms and the fall of others 104Specialisation in steam 112Portable engines 113Ploughing engines 115New products 120Dairy machinery 120Internal combustion engines 123Tractors 126The legal framework, scale of production, and profits 131Conclusion 136 7 At the works in 1913 137Expansion and the larger factory 137Work in the factory c.1913 141Labour conditions and trade unions 142Masters and men 146 8 Dynasties around 1914 147Founding families 147Local influence and social responsibilities 150Gracious living for the third generation? 152Conclusion 156 9 War work, 1914A-1918 157The background 157Government armament contracts 157Labour during the war 162The loss of exports and overseas assets 164Profits and taxes 166The agricultural market and the food production programme 169Fears for the future 178 10 A new world, 1919A-1939 183The boom of 1918A-19 and the slump of 1920A-23 183The collapse of export markets 187Attempts at restructuring the industry 191Changing patterns of demand at home 200The search for new products 206Diversification saves some firms 212Fordson, Ferguson and the revival of the market 214Conclusion 224 11 War work again, 1939A-1945 225Early preparations 225New opportunities in agriculture A- Plough for Victory 228Tractors 228Other machinery 232Government regulation and control 233Loss of export markets 241Armament work 242Imports and Lend-Lease 244Profits and taxes 247The industry in 1945 250 12 A very brief supremacy, 1945A-1973 254The new post-war world and the long economic boom 254Post-war readjustment 255Agricultural policy and prosperity 256The tractor boom 258Growth and structure of the industry 269New opportunities, new products 274The export boom 284Conclusion 286 13 Coping with the competition, 1973A-2000 288The new economic environment: deindustrialisation 288Changes in home demand 290The industry's output 291The maturity of the market 293New products and new versions of old products 295Tractors 295Field machinery 300Changes in the global machinery business 302The rise of foreign competition 304Readjustment and restructuring 306The industry at the end of the twentieth century 312 14 Retrospect 315Long-term factors in the development of the industry: technical change, demand and entrepreneurship 315A part of the British economic decline? 319Conclusion: a story of continuing change 321 Notes and references 323 Bibliography 338 Index 345

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with ways and means of managing food and water security in various agroclimatic environments through the integration of R & D, training, people participation, agronomic practices, economic instruments, and administrative policies. It includes contributions by global experts in the field, who elaborate on the governance of food security, the biophysical dimensions of more food per drop, as well as on the socioeconomic dimensions of food security. Subjects are presented grouped in three sections: 1. Biophysical Dimensions of Food Security; 2. Socioeconomic Dimensions of Food Security and 3. Governance of Food Security in Different Agroclimatic and Socioeconomic settings. Recommended reading for professionals, water and agricultural scientists, engineers, planners and policy makers in the field of food and water security.Trade Review'[...] this book assumes enormous significance, and could not have been published at a more appropriate time.' 'This book deals with techno-economic-social dimensions of the problem like no other publication before.' 'The editor along with his authors deserve full credit for presenting a book with an in-depth analysis of a complex subject, penetrating and interesting, supported by valuable tables, revealing photographs and neat figures.' 'This book is a notable departure from the normal.' From: Journal of the Geological Society of India, vol. 72, p. 279-280, Aug. 2008. 'The strength of the book lies in the wide range of topics it examines-a list that includes remote sensing, aerobic rice, the benefits of fermented food, the role of microenterprises, and the need for enhanced governance of food systems.' 'The book is thus a very useful introduction on developing-country-chiefly Asian-water-for-food issues, aimed at professionals and students in the areas of agricultural and water science, engineering, and planning.' From: Environment. Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, September-October 2009.Table of Contents1. Biophysical Dimensions of Food Security; 2. Socioeconomic Dimensions of Food Security; 3. Governance of Food Security in Different Agroclimatic and Socioeconomic settings.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition is a major revision of the popular introductory reference on hydrology and watershed management principles, methods, and applications. The book's content and scope have been improved and condensed, with updated chapters on the management of forest, woodland, rangeland, agricultural urban, and mixed land use watersheds.Trade Review “Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates, graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 October 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Definition of Terms xv 1 Watersheds, Hydrologic Processes, and Pathways 3 1 Introduction 7 Overview 7 Watersheds 10 Integrated Watershed Management 12 Sustainable Use and Development of Natural Resources 14 Watersheds, Ecosystem Management, and Cumulative Effects 20 Reconciling Watershed and Political Boundaries 21 Summary and Learning Points 24 References 24 Webliography 26 2 Hydrologic Cycle and the Water Budget 27 Introduction 27 Properties of Water 27 The Hydrologic Cycle 30 Energy and the Hydrologic Cycle 38 Water Flow in Soil 43 Water Flow on Land and in Stream Channels 47 Summary and Learning Points 47 References 48 3 Precipitation 49 Introduction 49 Precipitation Process 50 Rainfall 53 Snowfall 63 Summary and Learning Points 78 References 78 Webliography 79 4 Evaporation, Interception, and Transpiration 81 Introduction 81 The Evaporation Process 82 Evaporation from Water Bodies 83 Evaporation from Soil Surfaces 85 Interception 85 Transpiration 92 Potential Evapotranspiration 103 Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration 105 Summary and Learning Points 109 References 110 5 Infiltration, Pathways of Water Flow, and Recharge 113 Introduction 113 Infiltration 113 Pathways of Water Flow 125 Summary and Learning Points 138 References 138 6 Streamflow Measurement and Analysis 141 Introduction 141 Measurement of Streamflow 141 Methods for Estimating Streamflow Characteristics 148 Summary and Learning Points 170 References 171 Webliography 172 7 Groundwater and Groundwater–Surface Water Exchange 173 Introduction 173 Groundwater 174 Groundwater–Surface Water Exchanges 187 Summary and Learning Points 193 References 194 Webliography 195 2 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Linkages of Water Flow 197 8 Soil Erosion Processes and Control 199 Introduction 199 Surface Soil Erosion 199 Erosion from Gullies and Ravines 221 Soil Mass Movement 230 Summary and Learning Points 237 References 238 Webliography 241 9 Sediment Supply, Transport, and Yield 243 Introduction 243 Sediment Supply and Transport 244 Measurement of Sediment 255 Sediment Yield 258 Cumulative Watershed Effects on Sediment Yield 260 Summary and Learning Points 263 References 264 10 Fluvial Processes and Implications for Stream Management 267 Introduction 267 Fluvial Geomorphology 268 Valley and Stream Evaluation and Classification 272 Stream Classification 285 Summary and Learning Points 293 References 293 Webliography 295 11 Water-Quality Characteristics 297 Introduction 297 Chemistry of Precipitation 298 Physical Characteristics of Surface Water 300 Dissolved Chemical Constituents 311 Biological Characteristics 319 Groundwater Quality 323 Cumulative Effects 324 Summary and Learning Points 325 References 326 Webliography 328 3 Integrated Watershed Management 329 12 Managing Wildland Watersheds 333 Introduction 333 Forests 333 Woodlands 364 Rangelands 367 Upland–Downstream Considerations 371 Cumulative Watershed Effects 377 Summary and Learning Points 379 References 380 Webliography 387 13 Managing Riparian Communities and Wetlands 389 Introduction 389 Riparian Communities 389 Wetlands 401 Cumulative Effects 422 Summary and Learning Points 422 References 423 14 Watershed Management Issues 427 Introduction 427 Fragmentation of Watershed Landscapes 427 Water Harvesting 439 Best Management Practices 442 Regulatory Compliance 446 Climatic Variability 451 Insufficient Information for Decision Making 455 Summary and Learning Points 456 References 458 Webliography 461 15 Socioeconomic Considerations in Integrated Watershed Management 463 Introduction 463 Policies and Policy Processes 464 Planning and Implementation 470 Economic Appraisals 475 Summary and Learning Points 486 References 487 16 Tools and Emerging Technologies 489 Introduction 489 Generalized Hydrologic Simulation Models 490 Technologically Advanced Tools 495 Using the Stable Isotopes of Hydrogen and Oxygen 500 Summary and Learning Points 507 References 508 Webliography 511 Appendix: Units Commonly Used in Hydrologic Work, USA 513 Index 517 Color plates appear between pages 512 and 513

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Book SynopsisQuality Control for Foods and Agricultural Products is a single, complete, and practical reference to the wide variety of techniques for quality control in the production of food products. The book may also serve as a guidebook to other industries that are initiating or reviewing their quality control procedures. This title provides an overview of the tools available for quality control in the food industry. Among the quality control measures discused are practical methodology, sampling methods, measurement devices, sensors, computer analysis, data interpretation, reference materials, and standardization. Quality Control for Foods and Agricultural Products allows the reader to compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages associated with a particular quality control method. Armed with this knowledge, the best possible quality control method may be chosen for a given product.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: General Principles of Practical Metrology. Reliability and Maintenance of Measurement Devices. Deontology in the Choice and Use of Methods with the Objective of Obtaining Efficient Control. Automation of Analysis Methods and of Controls in Laboratory and the Plant. The Statistical Interpretation of the Results of the Analysis Circuits. Quality Control and Management. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a companion volume to K. D. White's Agricultural Implements of the Roman World (Cambridge University Press, 1967). He deals here with equipment and instruments which were for the most part used in processing and storage as opposed to cultivation.Table of ContentsList of plates; Preface; Abbreviations; Part I: 1. Rolling, stamping and grinding equipment; 2. Vine-props; 3. Fencing; 4. Rope, cordage and netting; 5. Measuring instruments; 6. Water-raising devices; Part II. Equipment made of Basketry: Introduction; 7. Hard basketry; 8. Soft basketry; Part III. Utensils Made of Earthenware, Stone, Metal, Wood and Leather; Part IV. Miscellaneous; Conclusion; Appendices; Select bibliography; General index; Index of Greek words; Index of Latin words; List of passages cited.

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1938, this remains the leading work on agricultural engineering and farm mechanism for students, farmers, advisers and the agricultural engineering industry. This new edition is the most extensive revision undertaken and incorporates the rapid new developments that have occurred in recent years. Numerous new illustrations are included.Table of ContentsTractors: Use in farming; Current trends; Tractors: Constructional features including high speed vehicles and the use of automatic controls; Tillage including straw incorporation; Ploughs: Principal types; Implements for seed beds and inter-cultivation; Equipment for sowing and planting including systems of once-over tilling and drilling and new types of pneumatic drills; Equipment for distributing manures; Equipment for crop protection; Pumps and irrigation equipment; Forage harvesting: Cutting and swath treatment; Silage making and feeding; Haymaking, balers and bale handling; Combine harvesters including the new developments in use of grain strippers; Root harvesting machinery; Horticultural machinery; Seed cleaning and food preparation; Crop drying equipment; Equipment for livestock husbandry; Equipment for milk production; Farm transport and materials handling; Machninery for land drainage, reclamation and estate management; Environment control in crop and stock buildings.

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Book SynopsisTraditional agriculture and emerging biofuels technology produce a number of wastes and by-products, ranging from corn fiber and glycerin to animal manure, that have the potential to serve as the basis for additional sources of bioenergy that includes both liquid biofuels and biogas.Table of ContentsPreface. About the Editors. Contributors. 1 Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts: An Introduction (Hans P. Blaschek, Thaddeus C. Ezeji, and Jürgen Scheffran). 2 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Biomass: Emerging Technologies (Nasib Qureshi, Stephen Hughes, and Thaddeus C. Ezeji). 3 Butanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass (Thaddeus C. Ezeji and Hans P. Blaschek). 4 Practical Aspects of Methane Production from Agricultural Wastes (Largus T. Angenent and Norman R. Scott). 5 Conversion of Agricultural Residues to Bioethanol: The Roles of Cellulases and Cellulosomes (Edward A. Bayer, Raphael Lamed, Bryan A. White, Shi-You Ding, and Michael E. Himmel). 6 Fuel and Chemical Production from Glycerol, a Biodiesel Waste Product (Syed Shams Yazdani, Anu Jose Mattam, and Ramon Gonzalez). 7 Farm-Gate to Plant-Gate Delivery of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks from Plant Biomass for Biofuel Production (Klein E. Ileleji, Shahab Sokhansanj, and John S. Cundiff). 8 Conversion of Existing Dry-Mill Ethanol Operations to Biorefineries (Timothy C. Lindsey). 9 Cellulosic Ethanol from Agricultural Residues (Bin Yang, Yanpin Lu, and Charles E. Wyman). 10 Hydrothermal Liquefaction to Convert Biomass into Crude Oil (Yuanhui Zhang). 11 Detoxification of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates (Bin Wang and Hao Feng). Index.

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Book SynopsisAn increased understanding of the developmental physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology during early growth, maturation, ripening, and postharvest conditions has improved technologies to maintain the shelf life and quality of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.Table of ContentsTable of Contents. 1. Post harvest Biology and Technology: An International Perspective. By: Gopinadhan Paliyath, Dennis Murr, Avtar Handa, Susan Lurie. 2. Common Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers and their Quality Characteristics. By: Gopinadhan Paliyath, Dennis Murr. 3. Biochemistry of Fruits. By: Gopinadhan Paliyath, Dennis Murr. 4. Biochemistry of Flower Senescence. By: Ajay Arora. 5. Programmed Cell Death During Flower Senescence. By: Ajay Arora. 6. Ethylene Perception and Gene Expression. By: Willis Owino, Hiroshi Ezura. 7. Enhancing Post Harvest Shelf Life and Quality in Horticultural Commodities using 1-MCP Technology. By: Susan Lurie, Gopinadhan Paliyath. 8. Structural Deterioration in Produce: The Breakdown of Cell Wall. By: Pradeep Negi, Avtar Handa. 9. Structural Deterioration in Produce: Phospholipase D, Membrane and Senescence. By: Gopinadhan Paliyath, Krishnaraj Tiwari, Haiying Yuan, Bruce Whitaker. 10. Phospholipase D Inhibition Technology for Enhancing Shelf Life and Quality. By: Gopinadhan Paliyath, Jayasankar Subramanian. 11. Heat Treatment for Enhancing Post Harvest Quality. By: Susan Lurie. 12. The Role of Polyphenols in Quality, Postharvest Handling, and Processing of Fruits. By: Vasantha Rupasinghe. 13. Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Fruits and Vegetables. By: Andrew Schofield, Vasantha Rupasinghe, Gopinadhan Paliyath. 14. Postharvest Treatments Affecting Sensory Quality of Fresh and Fresh Cut Products. By: Elazar Fallik. 15. Polyamines and Regulation of Ripening and Senescence. By: Savithri Nambeesan, Autar Mattoo, Avtar Handa. 16. Post-Harvest Enhancement of Phenolic Phytochemical in Apples for Preservation and Health Benefits. By: Kalidas Shetty, Ishan Adyanthaya, Young-In Kwon, Emmanouil Apostolidis, Byungjin Min, Paul Dawson. 17. Rhizosphere Microorganisms and their Effect on Fruit Quality. By: Victor Olalde, Hortencia Mena-Violante. 18. Biotechnological Approaches to Improving Tropical Fruit Quality. By: Miguel Gomez. 19. Post Harvest Storage and Quality of Potatoes. By: Jayanty Sastry. 20. Biosensor-based Technologies for the Evaluation of Quality. By: Barry Byrne, Neil Carolan, Richard O’Kennedy. 21. Changes in Nutritional Quality of Fruits and Vegetables during Storage. By: Mohini Sharma, Sitbon Carole, Gopinadhan Paliyath, Jayasankar Subramanian

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Book SynopsisDense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) is a non-thermal method for food and pharmaceutical processing that can ensure safe products with minimal nutrient loss and better preserved quality attributes. Its application is quite different than, for example, supercritical extraction with CO 2 where the typical solubility of materials in CO 2 is in the order of 1% and therefore requires large volumes of CO 2. In contrast, processing with DPCD requires much less CO 2 (between 5 to 8% CO 2 by weight) and the pressures used are at least one order of magnitude less than those typically used in ultra high pressure (UHP) processing. There is no noticeable temperature increase due to pressurization, and typical process temperatures are around 40C. DPCD temporarily reduces the pH of liquid foods and because oxygen is removed from the environment, and because the temperature is not high during the short process time (typically about five minutes in continuous systems), nutrients, antioxidant actTable of ContentsPreface xi Contributors xiii 1 Introduction to Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide Technology 1 Giovanna Ferrentino and Murat O. Balaban 2 Thermodynamics of Solutions of CO2 with Effects of Pressure and Temperature 5 Sara Spilimbergo and Ireneo Kikic 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Thermodynamics of liquid–vapour phase equilibria 6 2.2.1 Calculation of g 10 2.2.2 Calculation of f 13 2.2.3 Calculation of the liquid–vapour phase equilibria 20 2.3 Application to CO2–H2O system model 24 2.3.1 Non-electrolyte models 24 2.3.2 Electrolyte models 26 2.4 Thermodynamics of solid–vapour equilibria 28 2.5 List of symbols 31 3 Experimental Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Solubility 37 Giovanna Ferrentino, Thelma Calix, Massimo Poletto, Giovanna Ferrari, and Murat O. Balaban 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Solubility of carbon dioxide in water 38 3.2.1 Definition and brief review of early studies 38 3.2.2 Physical properties associated with the phase diagram of carbon dioxide 41 3.2.3 Effect of pressure and temperature on carbon dioxide solubility in water 42 3.3 Experimental methods for carbon dioxide solubility measurement 45 3.3.1 Analytical methods 46 3.3.2 Synthetic methods 55 3.4 Review of experimental results 58 3.5 Conclusions 66 4 Effects of Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide on Vegetative Cells 67 Osman Erkmen 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Gases used for inactivating microorganisms 68 4.3 Effect of DPCD on vegetative microorganisms 69 4.3.1 Effect of DPCD on bacterial cells 69 4.3.2 Effect of DPCD on vegetative forms of fungi, pests and viruses 73 4.4 Factors affecting the sensitivity of microorganisms to DPCD 74 4.4.1 Effect of CO2 physical states 75 4.4.2 Effect of temperature and pressure 75 4.4.3 Effect of CO2 concentration 76 4.4.4 Effect of agitation 77 4.4.5 Effect of water content 77 4.4.6 Effect of pressurization and depressurization rates 78 4.4.7 Effect of pressure cycling 79 4.4.8 Effect of microbial type 79 4.4.9 Effect of initial microbial number 80 4.4.10 Effect of physical and chemical properties of suspension 80 4.4.11 Effect of culture conditions and growth phases 81 4.4.12 Injured microorganisms 82 4.4.13 Effect of combination processes 83 4.4.14 Effect of type of system 83 4.4.15 Treatment time and inactivation kinetics 84 4.5 Mechanisms of microbial inactivation by DPCD 85 4.5.1 Solubilization of CO2 under pressure into suspension 87 4.5.2 Cell membrane modification 88 4.5.3 Cytoplasmic leakage 88 4.5.4 Intracellular pH decrease 89 4.5.5 Key enzyme inactivation 90 4.5.6 Inhibitory effect of molecular CO2 and HCO3 - on metabolism 90 4.5.7 Intracellular precipitation and electrolyte imbalance 91 4.5.8 Extraction of vital cellular constituents 91 4.5.9 Physical cell rupture 92 4.6 Characterization of CO2 states and survival curves 93 4.7 Quantifying inactivation 96 4.8 Conclusions 96 5 Effects of Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide on Bacterial and Fungal Spores 99 Patricia Ballestra 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Inactivation of bacterial spores by DPCD 101 5.2.1 Effect of temperature 101 5.2.2 Effect of pressure 104 5.2.3 Effect of pH and aw of the treatment medium 105 5.2.4 Susceptibility of different bacterial spores 105 5.2.5 Effects of combination treatments 106 5.2.6 Mechanisms of bacterial spore inactivation 107 5.3 Inactivation of fungal spores by DPCD 109 5.4 Conclusion 112 6 Effects of DPCD on Enzymes 113 Murat O. Balaban 6.1 Introduction 113 6.2 Effects of gas bubbling 118 6.3 Alteration of the protein structure 118 6.4 Studies with multiple enzymes 119 6.5 Effects on specific enzymes 120 6.5.1 Alpha-amylase 120 6.5.2 Acid protease 121 6.5.3 Alkaline protease 121 6.5.4 Gluco-amylase 122 6.5.5 Lipase 122 6.5.6 Pectinesterase (PE) 124 6.5.7 Pectin methyl esterase (PME) 125 6.5.8 Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) 126 6.5.9 Tyrosinase 129 6.5.10 Lipoxygenase 130 6.5.11 Peroxidase 131 6.5.12 Alkaline phosphatase 133 6.5.13 Myrosinase 133 6.5.14 Hydrolases 134 6.6 Conclusions and suggestions 134 7 The Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation by Carbon Dioxide under High Pressure 135 Maria G. Corradini and Micha Peleg 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 The survival curve 137 7.2.1 Primary models 137 7.2.2 Secondary models – the effect of pressure alone 141 7.2.3 The temperature effect and that of other auxiliary factors 143 7.2.4 Dynamic treatments 144 7.3 Application of the models to published experimental data 147 7.3.1 Primary model derivation 147 7.4 Concluding remarks 151 7.5 List of symbols 154 8 Applications of DPCD to Juices and Other Beverages 157 Murat O. Balaban and Xiaojun Liao 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Juices processed with DPCD 158 8.2.1 Orange juice 158 8.2.2 Apple juice 162 8.2.3 Mandarin juice 164 8.2.4 Grapefruit juice 164 8.2.5 Watermelon juice 165 8.2.6 Coconut water 166 8.2.7 Guava puree 167 8.2.8 Grape juice 167 8.2.9 Pear 170 8.2.10 Carrot 170 8.2.11 Carrot juice 171 8.2.12 Peach 171 8.2.13 Kiwi 172 8.2.14 Melon 172 8.3 Other beverages processed with DPCD 173 8.3.1 Beer 173 8.3.2 Kava kava 173 8.3.3 Jamaica beverage 174 8.4 Conclusions 175 9 Use of Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide in Dairy Processing 177 Giovanna Ferrentino and Giovanna Ferrari 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Carbon dioxide in milk 178 9.3 Enzymes and microorganisms in milk 178 9.4 Application of carbon dioxide to milk 180 9.4.1 Carbon dioxide addition to raw milk 180 9.4.2 Carbon dioxide addition during thermal pasteurization of milk 183 9.4.3 Effect of carbon dioxide addition on sensory properties of milk 184 9.4.4 Dense phase carbon dioxide process 185 9.5 Application of carbon dioxide for enzyme inactivation 186 9.6 Application of carbon dioxide to cottage cheese production 188 9.7 Application of carbon dioxide to yogurt and fermented products 189 9.8 Application of carbon dioxide to casein production 190 9.8.1 Casein properties 190 9.8.2 Casein production by high-pressure carbon dioxide 191 9.8.3 Comparison between continuous and batch systems for casein production by carbon dioxide 194 9.8.4 Economic comparison between high-pressure carbon dioxide and a conventional process for casein production 196 9.9 Conclusions 198 10 Particle Engineering by Dense Gas Technologies Applied to Pharmaceuticals 199 Neil R. Foster, Raffaella Mammucari, Luu Thai Danh, and Wen Hui Teoh 10.1 Introduction 199 10.2 Dense gas as a solvent 201 10.2.1 Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions 201 10.2.2 Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions 10.2.3 Rapid expansion of supercritical solutions with a nonsolvent 206 10.2.4 Particles from gas-saturated solutions 207 10.3 Dense gases as antisolvents 208 10.3.1 Gas antisolvent process 209 10.3.2 Aerosol solvent extraction system 211 10.3.3 Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids 216 10.3.4 Atomized rapid injection for solvent extraction 218 10.4 SCFs as co-solvents 220 10.4.1 Depressurisation of an expanded liquid organic solvent 220 10.5 Dense gases as aerosolisation aids (spray-drying assistance) 221 10.5.1 Carbon dioxide–assisted nebulisation with a bubble dryer 221 10.5.2 Supercritical fluid assisted atomisation 224 10.6 Conclusion 225 11 Industrial Applications Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Food 227 James T.C. Yuan and John S. Novak 11.1 Overview 227 11.2 Past development 228 11.3 Mechanism of microbial inactivation 229 11.3.1 Effect of other gases on microbial inactivation 229 11.4 scCO2 commercialization activities 230 11.5 Porocrit process 230 11.5.1 Impact on juice quality 232 11.5.2 Impact on nutrient values 233 11.5.3 Impact on microbial inactivation 233 11.5.4 Impact on microbial inactivation for solid foods 236 11.5.5 scCO2 processing efficiencies 237 11.6 Conclusions 237 12 Outlook and Unresolved Issues 239 Luc Van Ginneken, Linsey Garcia-Gonzalez, Kathy Elst, and Frank Devlieghere 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Unresolved issues 242 12.2.1 Inactivation mechanism of DPCD 242 12.2.2 Food quality and storage 250 12.2.3 Target foods 252 12.2.4 Process equipment and intellectual property 254 12.2.5 Fouling, cleaning, and disinfecting 259 12.2.6 Occurrence of DPCD-resistant mutants 261 12.2.7 Industrial implementation and process economics 262 12.3 Future outlook and conclusions 263 12.4 Acknowledgements 264 References 265 Index 309

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on a workshop held in Zimbabwe, May 1999, organized by the Department of Research and Specialist Services (Zimbabwe) and the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM). Reviewing the current state of knowledge on and the practical aspects of the management of Vertisols in Africa, this book also includes comparative chapters covering other parts of the world, such as India, Australia and Texas (USA).Table of ContentsI: Contributors II: Foreword Part One: Keynote and Overview Papers 1: Vertisols: genesis, properties and soilscape management for sustainable development 2: Soil and water conservation strategies for Vertisols: Past perspectives and challenges ahead for Africa 3: Sustainable nutrient management of Vertisols 4: New tools for research and development to promote sustainable land management Part Two: Country Papers and Natural Perspectives on the Management of Vertisols 5: Vertisols management in Malawi 6: Vertisols management in South Africa 7: Vertisols management in the Sudan 8: Vertisols management in Tanzania 9: Vertisols management in Zambia 10: Vertisols management in Zimbabwe 11: Improving the productivity of Vertisols for small-holders on the Accra Plains of Ghana 12: From plot to watershed management: Experience in farmer participatory Vertisol technology generation and adoption in highland Ethiopia Part Three: International Perspectives on the Management of Vertisols 13: Low-cost animal drawn implements for Vertisol management and strategies for land use intensification 14: Indian Vertisols: ICRISAT’s research impact - past, present and future 15: Planning and facilitating a ‘negotiated learning and action system’: Participatory research to improve soil management practices on Indian Vertisols and Alfisols 16: Research approaches to developing sustainable management practices on Australian Vertisols 17: The Vertisols of Texas Part Four: Conclusions 18: Research needs and opportunities

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Book SynopsisA wider understanding of potato postharvest practices is needed to improve working relations between growers, agronomists, pathologists and crop store managers. Providing a comprehensive examination of international potato production, this book identifies which storage systems suit particular climatic zones as well as considering interactions between crop microclimate, dehydration, crop cooling, condensation and disease development. Potatoes Postharvest will guide the reader through the activities following harvest from store loading, store management, and grading to packaging and dispatch.Table of Contents1: Physiology 2: Harvesting and store loading systems 3: Store climate 4: Disease control in store 5: Store design and structure 6: Store ventilation 7: Store refrigeration 8: Store environment control 9: Store management 10: Seed grading and preparation for planting 11: Packhouse and processing facilities 12: Quality assurance 13: Marketing and costs

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Book SynopsisThe seventh volume in the Gila River Indian Community Anthropological Research Papers series by M. Kyle Woodson examines the social organization of Hohokam canal irrigation management along the middle Gila River in south-central Arizona.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the implications of the net zero transition for food and farming in the UK and how these can be managed to avoid catastrophic climate change in the crucial decades ahead. For the UK to meet its international obligations for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, nothing short of a revolution is required in our use of land, our farming practices and our diet. Taking a historical approach, the book examines the evolution of agriculture and the food system in the UK over the last century and discusses the implications of tackling climate change for food, farming and land use, setting the UK situation in an international context. The chapters analyse the key challenges for this transition, including dietary change and food waste, afforestation and energy crops, and low-emission farming practices. This historical perspective helps develop an understanding of how our food, farming and land use system has evolved to be the way that it is, and draws lessons for how theTrade Review"A fascinating and insightful book. It is sympathetic and informative on how the food system got where it is today, and is pragmatic, accessible and detailed on the future outlook. Essential reading for anyone interested in how we can reach net zero through the current food system." Sarah Bridle, Author of Food and Climate Change: Without the Hot AirNeil Ward has written a timely and compelling book about the challenges of net zero for the agri-food system. The book integrates social science research with the science of climate change, drawing on perspectives from the political economy of food and farming, science and technology studies, and research on sustainability transitions. This synthesising approach is essential if we are to rise to the challenge of climate change.Professor Kevin Morgan, author of Worlds of Food: Place, Power and Provenance in the Food Chain"In this rich account of the food system and the challenge of delivering net zero, Neil Ward draws together social science and climate science while also providing sharp historical analysis. Clear and compelling, Ward makes a powerful case for applying historical lessons to implement urgent change in the contemporary agri-food sector. Indeed, while the scientific evidence amassed by Ward shows revolution must happen, the history he details proves, if the right forces align, it can. This is an essential read for anyone interested in food, the environment, agriculture and agricultural history."Polly Russell, Food historian, The British Library"In this book, Neil Ward discusses the potential and challenges of achieving a net zero agri-food system in the UK. He examines the problem through the lens of science, technology and politics, skilfully and effortlessly weaving together the evidence from the scientific literature with his deep knowledge of UK policy and politics. In addition to opportunities for emission reduction and for creating carbon sinks, he also discusses the role of demand-side measures, such as dietary change and reduction of food waste, in a net zero future. This comprehensive assessment of what is possible in the UK is a must read for anyone interested in how we produce our food and what we need to do to effectively tackle climate change."Pete Smith FRS, Director of the Scottish Climate Change Centre of ExpertiseTable of Contents1. Food, Farming and Climate Change 2. Science, Technology and Politics: The Conceptual Approach 3. Food and Farming in Twentieth Century Britain: Productivism and its Aftermath 4. Cleaning and Greening Food and Farming 5. The Evolution of Climate Science and Climate Politics 6. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Food, Farming and Land Use 7. Diet, Food and Waste 8. Land Use Change and Greenhouse Gas Removal 9. Farming Practice and Climate Change Mitigation 10. The Dynamics of Transitioning to Net Zero 11. Conclusions: Net Zero, Food and Farming

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Book SynopsisThe Digital Age in Agriculture presents information related to the digital age in the agriculture sector. Agriculture is an essential activity for the continuity of life, yet is very labor-intensive and faces a wide variety of challenges. In the struggle against these difficulties, the superior features offered by technology provide important benefits. These technologies require expertise in various technical disciplines, and The Digital Age in Agriculture provides information to readers allowing them to make more informed decisions and giving them the opportunity to improve agricultural productivity.Written by Mehmet Metin ÃzgÃven, an expert who has conducted field studies and with a working technical knowledge of various topics pertaining to the agriculture age, this book covers many subjects important to the age of digital agriculture, including precision agriculture and livestock farming, using agricultural robots and unmanned arial vehicles in agriculture practices, and image processing and machine vision. It is an essential read for researchers, agriculture sector workers, and agricultural engineers.Table of ContentsPrecision Agriculture. Precision Livestock Farming. Agricultural Robots. Use of Unmanned Arial Vehicles in Agriculture. Agriculture 5.0 and the Internet of Things. Image Processing and Machine Vision in Agriculture. Data Mining in Agriculture. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning in Agriculture.

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Book SynopsisDiscover the positive and helpful contributions made by microorganisms to various areas of human health, food preservation and production, biotechnology, industry, environmental clean up and sustainable agriculture. In Good Microbes in Medicine, Food Production, Biotechnology, Bioremediation and Agriculture, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and eye-opening look at the positive side of bacteria and other microbes. The book explores the important and positive roles played by microorganisms. Divided into five sections, Good Microbes examines the use of microorganisms and the microbiome in human health, food production, industrial use, bioremediation, and sustainable agriculture. Coverage spans from food allergies, skin disorders, microbial food preservation and fermentation of various beverages and food products, also from an ethnical point of view to beneficial use of microbes in biotechnology, industry, bioeconomy, environmental remediation such as resource recovery, microbial-based environmental clean-up, plant-microbe interactions in biorestauration, biological control of plant diseases, and biological nitrogen fixation. Provides basic knowledge on bacterial biology, biochemistry, genetics and genomics of beneficial microbesIncludes practical discussions of microbial biotechnology, including the contribution of microbial biotechnology to sustainable development goalsFeatures a comprehensive introduction and extensive index to facilitate the search for key terms. Perfect for scientists, researchers and anyone with an interest in beneficial microbes, Good Microbes in Medicine, Food Production, Biotechnology, Bioremediation and Agriculture is also an indispensable resource for microbiology graduate students, applied microbiologists and policy makers.Table of ContentsPreface xxi List of Contributors xxii Acknowledgments xxviii Introduction xxix Section 1 Good Microbes in Medicine 1 Co-Edited by Hauke Smidt and Frans J. de Bruijn Chapter 1 Modern Medicine Relies on the Help of Microorganisms – From Vaccine Production to Cancer Medication 3 Letícia Parizotto, Larissa Brumano, Eduardo Kleingesinds, and Adalberto Pessoa Junior 1.1 Introduction: Good Microorganisms and Our Health 3 1.2 Bad Microorganisms: Epidemics Boosted Modern Medicine 4 1.3 Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Therapeutic Alternative to Antibiotics? 4 1.4 Microorganisms as Tools: Recombinant DNA Technology (rDNAT) 5 1.5 Vaccines: The Use of Microorganisms in the Frontline against Diseases 7 1.6 Anticancer Drugs: Many Ways to Fight Cancer with Good Microorganisms 8 1.7 Gene Therapy: The Future of Modern Medicine 9 1.8 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives 10 Acknowledgments 10 Chapter 2 How Nursing Mothers Protect Their Babies with Bifidobacteria 13 Nick M. Jensen, Britta E. Heiss, and David A. Mills 2.1 Bifidobacterium Species and Diversity 13 2.2 Human Milk Oligosaccharides 14 2.3 Bifidobacterial Metabolism 14 2.4 Benefits of Bifidobacterium 15 2.5 Global Distribution of Bifidobacterium 16 2.6 Supporting Persistent Bifidobacterium Populations 16 2.7 Summary 18 Acknowledgments 18 Chapter 3 Gut Microbiome and the Immune System: Role in Vaccine Response 22 Helena Ipe Pinheiro Guimaraes, Jorgen De Jonge, Debbie Van Baarle, and Susana Fuentes 3.1 Immunology of Vaccines 22 3.1.1 Induction of Protective Immunity by Vaccination 22 3.1.2 Evolution of Vaccines 23 3.1.3 Vaccine Limitations 24 3.2 Gut Microbiome and the Immune System 24 3.2.1 Microbiome Development in Life 24 3.2.2 Host–microbe Interactions: Impact on Health 25 3.3 Microbiome and Vaccine Response 27 3.3.1 Mechanistic Studies in Animal Models 27 3.4 Role of the Microbiome in Vaccine Response in Human Studies 28 3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 29 Chapter 4 Probiotics for Prevention or Treatment of Food Allergies 35 Agnes S. Y. Leung, Wenyin Loh, and Mimi L. K. Tang 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Prevention of Food Allergy 36 4.3 Treatment of Food Allergy 37 4.3.1 Clinical Use of Probiotics in Food Immunotherapy 38 4.3.2 Preclinical Studies of the Effects of Probiotics for Treatment of Food Allergy 39 4.4 Conclusion 39 Chapter 5 COVID-19, Microbiota, and Probiotics 43 Marta Mozota, Leónides Fernández, and Juan Miguel Rodríguez 5.1 Introduction 43 5.2 Relationship between COVID-19 and the Microbiota 44 5.3 Respiratory Microbiota in Patients with COVID-19 45 5.4 Gut Microbiota in Patients with COVID-19 45 5.5 Probiotics and COVID-19 46 Chapter 6 Underarm Body Odor, the Microbiome, and Probiotic Treatment 52 Britta De Pessemier, Rune Daneels, Tom Van De Wiele, and Chris Callewaert 6.1 Skin Structure and Function 52 6.2 Sweat 52 6.2.1 Sweat Glands 6.2.1.1 Eccrine Glands 53 6.2.1.2 Apocrine Glands 53 6.2.1.3 Apoeccrine Glands 53 6.2.1.4 Sebaceous Glands 54 6.3 Skin and Underarm Microbiome 54 6.4 Axillary Microbiome 54 6.5 Bromhidrosis Pathophysiology 56 6.5.1 Steroid-based Malodor 56 6.5.2 Long-chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs) 56 6.5.3 VFA-based Malodor 57 6.5.4 Thioalcohol-based Malodor 57 6.6 Methods to Treat Body Odor 57 6.6.1 Conventional Methods 57 6.6.1.1 Deodorants 57 6.6.1.2 Antiperspirants 58 6.6.1.3 Antibiotics 58 6.6.1.4 Medication 58 6.6.1.5 Botox 58 6.6.1.6 Surgery 58 6.6.2 Alternative Methods 58 6.6.2.1 Pre-, Pro-, and Postbiotics 59 6.6.2.2 Armpit Bacterial Transplant 60 6.6.2.3 Bacteriotherapy 60 6.7 Conclusions 60 Acknowledgments 61 Chapter 7 The Enigma of Prevotella copri 64 Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary 7.1 Introduction 64 7.2 Prevotella copri Physiology, Growth, and Metabolism 64 7.3 Prevotella copri, an Important Member of the Human Gut Microbiota 65 7.4 The Unexplored Diversity of Prevotella copri 65 Chapter 8 Future Perspectives of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Foods and Food Supplements 69 Z. H. Hassan, F. Hugenholtz, E. G. Zoetendal, and Hauke Smidt 8.1 Introduction 69 8.2 Function of the GI Tract Microbiota 71 8.3 Modulating the GI Tract Microbiota to Improve Health 71 8.3.1 Modulating the GI Tract Microbiota with Probiotics 72 8.3.2 Criteria for a Microorganism to Be Classified as Probiotic 72 8.4 Modulating the GI Tract Microbiota with Prebiotics 73 8.5 Modulating the GI Tract Microbiota with Synbiotics 74 8.6 Future Perspectives 76 8.6.1 Next Generation Probiotics 78 8.6.2 Next Generation Prebiotics 80 Acknowledgments 82 Section 2 Good Microbes in Food Production 89 Co-Edited by Luca S. Cocolin and Frans J. de Bruijn Chapter 9 Bioprotective Cultures and Bacteriocins for Food 91 Sara Arbulu, Beatriz Gómez-Sala, Enriqueta Garcia-Gutierrez, and Paul D. Cotter 9.1 Introduction 91 9.1.1 Food Safety Hazards 91 9.1.2 Bioprotection: Fermentation, Protective Cultures, and Bacteriocins 92 9.1.3 Fermented Foods 92 9.1.4 Protective Cultures 92 9.1.5 Bacteriocins 92 9.1.6 Bacteriocin Classification 92 9.2 Bioprotection of Milk and Dairy Products 93 9.2.1 Milk Products and Their Importance in Society 93 9.2.2 Spoilage and Food-borne Pathogenic Bacteria in Milk and Dairy Products 93 9.3 Fermented Dairy Products 93 9.4 Application of Bacteriocins and Their Protective Cultures in Milk and Dairy Products 94 9.5 Bioprotection of Meat and Meat Products 95 9.5.1 Meat and Meat Products and Their Importance in Society 95 9.5.2 Spoilage and Food-borne Pathogenic Bacteria in Meat and Meat Products 95 9.6 Fermented Meat Products 95 9.7 Application of Protective Cultures and Their Bacteriocins in Meat and Meat Products 96 9.8 Bioprotection of Fresh Fish and Fish Products 97 9.8.1 Fish and Fish Products and Their Importance in Society 97 9.8.2 Spoilage and Food-borne Pathogenic Bacteria in Fish and Fish Products 97 9.9 Fermented Fish Products 98 9.10 Application of Protective Cultures and Their Bacteriocins in Fish and Fish Products 100 9.11 Bioprotection of Fruits and Vegetables 100 9.11.1 Fruit and Vegetables and Their Importance in Society 100 9.11.2 Spoilage and Pathogenic Bacteria in Fruit and Vegetables 103 9.12 Fermented Fruits and Vegetables Products 103 9.13 Application of Protective Cultures and Their Bacteriocins in Fruit, Vegetables, and By-products 104 9.14 Regulatory Issues in Bioprotection 104 9.15 Conclusions 106 Acknowledgments 106 Chapter 10 Aromatic Yeasts: Revealing Their Flavor Potential in Food Fermentations 113 Amparo Gamero, Mónica Flores, and Carmela Belloch 10.1 Introduction 113 10.2 Yeast Aroma in Alcoholic Beverages 113 10.2.1 Yeast: Saccharomyces and Non-Saccharomyces 114 10.2.2 Aromatic Precursors 115 10.2.3 Fermentative Aroma Compounds 116 10.3 Yeast Aroma in Foods from Animal Sources 116 10.3.1 Yeast: Debaryomyces and Kluyveromyces 117 10.3.2 Fermentation Aroma Compounds 117 10.4 Yeast Aroma in Other Fermentations 120 10.4.1 Vegetables 121 10.4.2 Traditional Fermentations 122 10.5 Final Remarks 125 Acknowledgments 125 Chapter 11 Beneficial Microbiota in Ethnic Fermented Foods and Beverages 130 Jyoti Prakash Tamang and Namrata Thapa 11.1 Introduction 130 11.2 Ethnic Fermented Foods 130 11.3 Diversity of Beneficial Microorganisms in Ethnic Fermented Foods 132 11.3.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria 133 11.3.2 Non-Lactic Acid Bacteria 134 11.3.3 Yeasts 135 11.3.4 Filamentous Molds 135 11.3.5 Probiotic Strains from Ethnic Fermented Foods 136 11.3.6 Functional Profiles of Beneficial Microorganisms 136 11.4 Conclusion 137 Chapter 12 No Microbes, No Cheese 149 Maria Kazou and Effie Tsakalidou 12.1 Cheese for Life: The History 149 12.2 The Technology 150 12.3 The Market 151 12.4 Microbes, Milk, and Cheese: A Long Lasting Threesome Love Affair 151 12.5 Raw Milk Cheese versus Pasteurized Milk Cheese: A Thoughtful Debate about Cheese Quality and Safety 154 12.6 Starter Cultures versus Non-starter Cultures, Alias, Sprinters versus Marathon Runners 155 12.7 Cheese Microbial Communities Thrive while Cheese is Aging and Make a Fortune in Aroma, Flavor, Texture, and Color 156 12.8 Cheese Microbiota and Human Health: Myth or Reality? 157 12.9 Conclusions 158 Chapter 13 The Microbiome of Fermented Sausages 160 Ilario Ferrocino, Irene Franciosa, Kalliopi Rantsiou, and Luca S. Cocolin 13.1 Introduction 160 13.2 The Microbiota of Fermented Sausages 161 13.3 The Importance of the Sausage’s Mycobiota 164 13.4 Use of the Autochthonous Microbiome to Improve the Quality and Safety of Fermented Sausages 165 13.5 Conclusion 166 Chapter 14 The Sourdough Microbiota and Its Sensory and Nutritional Performances 169 Hana Ameur, Kashika Arora, Andrea Polo, and Marco Gobbetti 14.1 Introduction 169 14.2 How the Sourdough Microbiota is Assembled 170 14.2.1 House Microbiota 170 14.2.2 Flour 171 14.2.3 Water 172 14.2.4 Other Ingredients 172 14.3 Where and How to Use the Sourdough 173 14.3.1 Baked Goods and Flours 173 14.3.2 Conditions of Use 173 14.3.3 Microbiological and Biochemical Characteristics 174 14.4 Sourdough to Exploit the Potential of Non-conventional Flours 175 14.4.1 Legumes 175 14.4.2 Pseudo-cereals 177 14.4.3 Milling By-products 177 14.5 The Sensory Performances of Sourdough Baked Goods 178 14.6 The Nutritional Performances of Sourdough Baked Goods 178 14.6.1 Mineral Bioavailability 178 14.6.2 Dietary Fibers 179 14.6.3 Glycemic Index 179 14.6.4 Protein Digestibility 179 14.6.5 Degradation of Anti-nutritional Factors 180 14.7 Conclusions 181 Chapter 15 Beneficial Role of Microorganisms in Olives 185 Anthoula A. Argyri and Chrysoula C. Tassou 15.1 Table Olives as Fermented Food 185 15.1.1 Microbiota of Fermented Olives 185 15.1.2 Microbial Starters in Olive Fermentation 186 15.2 Table Olives as Functional/Probiotic Food 186 15.2.1 Probiotic Microorganisms of Olives 187 15.2.2 Probiotic Microorganisms as Starters in Olive Fermentation 191 15.2.2.1 Non-olive Origin Probiotic Starters 191 15.2.2.2 Olive Origin Probiotic Starters 192 15.3 Conclusions 193 Chapter 16 The Functional and Nutritional Aspects of Cocobiota: Lactobacilli 199 Jatziri Mota-Gutierrez and Luca S. Cocolin 16.1 Introduction 199 16.2 Characteristics of Liquorilactobacillus Cacaonum, Limosilactobacillus Fermentum, and Lactiplantibacillus Plantarum 200 16.2.1 Nutrition and Growth 200 16.2.2 Genetics 201 16.2.3 Metabolic Properties 202 16.2.4 Potential Food Application of Lactobacilli from Fermented Cocoa Pulp-bean Mass 203 16.2.5 Starter Cultures 203 16.2.6 Food Preservation Applications 205 16.2.7 Organoleptic Applications 205 16.2.8 Nutritional Applications 206 16.3 European Regulation of Food Cultures 207 16.3.1 Food Safety Assessment 207 16.4 Conclusions 207 Chapter 17 Microbiological Control as a Tool to Improve Wine Aroma and Quality 213 Albert Mas, Gemma Beltran, and María Jesús Torija 17.1 Introduction 213 17.2 Methods of Analysis: Classical and Molecular Methods 213 17.3 Grape Microbiome 215 17.4 Succession of Microorganisms during Alcoholic Fermentation 216 17.5 Microbial Interactions during Alcoholic Fermentation 218 17.6 Production of Aromas and Wine Quality 219 17.7 Conclusions 222 Chapter 18 Lambic Beer, A Unique Blend of Tradition and Good Microorganisms 225 Jonas De Roos and Luc De Vuyst 18.1 Introduction 225 18.2 Lambic Beer, a Long-lasting Brew 226 18.3 A Unique Blend of Microorganisms 228 18.4 How Beer-spoiling Bacteria Can Be Wanted 229 18.5 Yeasts, More than a One-trick Pony 231 18.6 Conclusions 232 Section 3 Good Microbes in Biotechnology 237 Co-Edited by Michael Sauer and Frans J. de Bruijn Chapter 19 Microbiology and Bio-economy – Sustainability by Nature 239 Michael Sauer 19.1 Introduction 239 19.2 Economy, Employment, and Microbes – Some Numbers 239 19.3 Outlook into a Sustainable Future – Microbial Chemical Production as an Example 240 19.4 What Makes Microorganisms Useful for the Chemical Industry? 241 19.5 Metabolic Engineering Allows the Design of Microbial Cell Factories 243 19.6 From Plant to Microbe – Production of the Malaria Medication Artemisinin 243 19.7 Opening up the Chemical Space with the Tools of Synthetic Biology 244 19.8 Conclusions 245 Chapter 20 Role of Microorganisms in Environmental Remediation and Resource Recovery through Microbe-Based Technologies Having Major Potentials 247 Piyush Malaviya, Rozi Sharma, Smiley Sharma, and Deepak Pant 20.1 Introduction 247 20.2 Microorganisms as Important Biological Entities in the Environment 248 20.2.1 Role of Microorganisms in Urgent Environmental Needs 248 20.2.1.1 Pollution Control 248 20.2.1.2 Carbon Sequestration 249 20.2.1.3 Biofuel Production 249 20.2.1.4 Biogas Production 250 20.2.1.5 Biofertilizer Production 250 20.2.1.6 Production of Single-cell Proteins 250 20.3 Different Microbial Technologies with High Potential for Environmental Exigencies 250 20.3.1 Omics Technologies 250 20.3.2 Nanobioremediation Technology 251 20.3.3 Electrobioremediation 251 20.3.4 Microbial Electrosynthesis for CO2 Sequestration 251 20.3.5 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) for Electricity Generation 252 20.3.6 Microbial Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production 254 20.3.7 Consolidated Bioprocessing for Bioethanol Production 255 20.3.8 Microbial Technologies for Biogas Production 256 20.3.9 Bioaugmentation 256 20.3.10 Biogranulation 257 20.4 Conclusion 257 Chapter 21 Microbes Saving the World? How Microbial Carbon Dioxide Fixation Contributes to Storing Carbon in Goods of Our Daily Life 265 Diethard Mattanovich, Özge Ata, and Thomas Gassler 21.1 Introduction 265 21.2 Photoautrophic Microorganisms 267 21.2.1 Cultivation and Applications of Cyanobacteria and Microalgae 268 21.3 Chemoautotrophic Bacteria 270 21.3.1 Biotech Applications of Chemoautotrophs 272 21.4 Synthetic Biology: New-to-Nature CO 2 Fixation Pathways 272 Chapter 22 The Biodiesel Biorefinery: Opportunities and Challenges for Microbial Production of Fuels and Chemicals 276 Hannes Russmayer and Michael Egermeier 22.1 The Concept of a Biorefinery 276 22.1.1 Biorefinery Concept for Biodiesel Production 277 22.1.2 Microorganisms as Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 277 22.1.3 Microbial Upgrading of Waste Streams from Biodiesel Production 279 22.2 Higher Value Chemicals from Aerobic Glycerol Metabolism 280 22.2.1 Anaerobic Glycerol Metabolism for Industrial Chemical Production 281 22.2.1.1 Dehydration of Glycerol to Industrial Relevant Building Blocks 281 22.2.1.2 Microbial Glycerol Reduction for Chemical Production 282 22.3 Concluding Remarks 282 Acknowledgments 283 Chapter 23 The Good Fungus – About the Potential of Fungi for Our Future 287 Valeria Ellena and Matthias Steiger 23.1 Introduction 287 23.2 Fungal Biotechnology: The Origins 287 23.3 Fungi for Moving Forward – Biofuels 288 23.4 Fungal Enzymes to the Rescue for Sustainable Industries 288 23.5 Fungal Organic Acids: Jacks of All Trades 289 23.6 Fungal Metabolites – Weapons against Diseases 289 23.7 Fungal Products on Demand 290 23.8 “Green” Fungi for a Sustainable Future 290 23.9 Biocomputers and Life in Space: The Future of Fungal Biotechnology 291 23.10 Conclusions 292 Acknowledgments 292 Chapter 24 Microbes and Plastic – A Sustainable Duo for the Future 294 Birger Wolter, Henric M.T. Hintzen, Gina Welsing, Till Tiso, and Lars M. Blank List of Abbreviations 294 24.1 Introduction 294 24.9 Conclusion 306 Acknowledgments 306 Chapter 25 Food Waste as a Valuable Carbon Source for Bioconversion – How Microbes do Miracles 312 Rajat Kumar, Varsha Bohra, Manu Mk, and Jonathan W. C. Wong 25.1 Introduction 312 25.2 Biofertilizers 313 25.3 Bioenergy 315 25.3.1 Hydrolysis 315 25.3.2 Acidogenesis 316 25.3.3 Acetogenesis 316 25.3.4 Methanogenesis 317 25.3.5 Bio-products 317 25.3.6 Biochemicals 318 25.3.7 Bioplastics 318 25.3.8 Biosurfactants 319 25.3.9 Biocatalysts 319 25.4 Conclusions 319 Section 4 Good Microbes and Bioremediation 323 Co-Edited by David Dowling and Frans J. de Bruijn Chapter 26 Microbial-based Bioremediation at a Global Scale: The Challenges and the Tools 325 Victor de Lorenzo, Esteban Martínez-García, and Tomás Aparicio 26.1 Introduction 325 26.2 Bioremediation Beyond the Tipping Point 326 26.3 The Environmental Microbiome as a Global Catalyst 326 26.4 Designing Agents for Spreading New Traits through the Environmental Microbiome 328 26.5 Bacterial Chassis for Environmental Interventions 329 26.6 Inoculation of Newcomers in Existing Microbial Niches: No Piece of Cake 331 26.7 Programming Large-scale Horizontal Gene Transfer 331 26.8 Conclusion 332 Acknowledgments 333 Chapter 27 Ecopiling: Beneficial Soil Bacteria, Plants, and Optimized Soil Conditions for Enhanced Remediation of Hydrocarbon Polluted Soil 337 Robert Conlon, Mutian Wang, Xuemei Liu Germaine, Rajesh Mali, David Dowling, and Kieran J. Germaine 27.1 Introduction 337 27.2 Remediation of Hydrocarbons 338 27.3 Bioremediation 338 27.4 Biopiles 339 27.5 Phytoremediation 339 27.6 Rhizoremediation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 340 27.7 Ecopiling 340 27.8 Conclusion 345 Acknowledgments 346 Chapter 28 Plant–Microbe Interactions in Environmental Restoration 348 Ondrej Uhlik, Jachym Suman, Jakub Papik, Michal Strejcek, and Tomas Macek 28.1 Introduction to Plant–Microbe Interactions 348 28.5 Conclusions 353 Acknowledgments 354 Chapter 29 Microbial Endophytes for Clean-up of Pollution 358 Robert J. Tournay and Sharon L. Doty 29.1 Introduction 358 29.4 Conclusions 367 Chapter 30 Metagenomics of Bacterial Consortia for the Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 372 Daniel Garrido-Sanz, Paula Sansegundo-Lobato, Marta Martin, Miguel Redondo-Nieto, and Rafael Rivilla 30.1 Introduction 372 Acknowledgments 382 Chapter 31 Soil Microbial Fuel Cells for Energy Harvesting and Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Organic Pollutants 385 Bongkyu Kim, Jakub Dziegielowski, and Mirella Di Lorenzo 31.1 Introduction to Soil Microbial Fuel Cells 385 31.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective 392 Chapter 32 Biotechnology for the Management of Plastics and Microplastics 396 Loriane Murphy and John Cleary 32.1 Introduction 396 32.4 Conclusions 406 Acknowledgments 407 Chapter 33 Bio-electrochemical Systems for Monitoring and Enhancement of Groundwater Bioremediation 412 Rory Doherty, Altaf AlBaho, and Lily Roney 33.1 Introduction 412 33.6 Conclusion 422 Section 5 Good Microbes and Agriculture 427 Co-Edited by Linda Thomashow and Frans J. de Bruijn Chapter 34 Beneficial Microbes for Agriculture: From Discovery to Applications 429 Gabriele Berg, Peter Kusstatscher, Birgit Wassermann, Tomislav Cernava, and Ahmed Abdelfattah 34.1 Introduction 429 34.8 Concluding Remarks 438 Acknowledgments 438 Chapter 35 Biological Control of Soilborne Plant Diseases 444 Linda Thomashow and David M. Weller 35.1 Introduction 444 Acknowledgments 454 Chapter 36 Classification, Discovery, and Microbial Basis of Disease-Suppressive Soils 457 David M. Weller, Melissa LeTourneau, and Mingming Yang 36.1 Microbe-based Plant Defense of Roots 457 Chapter 37 Biological Nitrogen Fixation 466 Frans J. de Bruijn and Mariangela Hungria 37.1 Introduction 466 37.9 Conclusions 472 Acknowledgments 473 Chapter 38 A Primer on the Extraordinary Efficacy and Safety of Bacterial Insecticides Based on Bacillus Thuringiensis 476 Brian Federici 38.1 Introduction 476 38.2 Summary of Bt Biology and Its Mode of Action 477 38.3 Summary of Earlier Studies on Bt Safety 479 Chapter 39 Life of Microbes Inside the Plant: Beneficial Fungal Endophytes and Mycorrhizal Fungi 488 Luisa Lanfranco and Valentina Fiorilli 39.1 The Plant Microbiota 488 39.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 497 Acknowledgments 498 Chapter 40 Aromatherapy: Improving Plant Health through Microbial Volatiles 506 Ana Shein Lee Diaz and Paolina Garbeva 40.1 Background 506 Chapter 41 Trichoderma for Biocontrol and Biostimulation – A Green Fungus Revolution in Agriculture 515 Sheridan Lois Woo and Matteo Lorito 41.1 Modern Agriculture with Old Problems 515 41.9 Conclusions 526 Acknowledgments 527 Chapter 42 Companies and Organizations Active in Agriculture and Horticulture 531 Ben Lugtenberg 42.1 Introduction 531 42.2 Examples of Important Microbes 532 42.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizas 532 42.2.2 Bacillus 532 42.2.3 Bacillus thuringiensis 532 Acknowledgments 539 Index 541

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Book SynopsisHumans generate millions of tons of waste every day. This waste is rich in water, nutrients, energy and organic compounds. Yet waste is not being managed in a way that permits us to derive value from its reuse, whilst millions of farmers struggle with depleted soils and lack of water. This book shows how Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) could create livelihoods, enhance food security, support green economies, reduce waste and contribute to cost recovery in the sanitation chain. While many RRR projects fully depend on subsidies and hardly survive their pilot phase, hopeful signs of viable approaches to RRR are emerging around the globe including low- and middle-income countries. These enterprises or projects are tapping into entrepreneurial initiatives and public ? private partnerships, leveraging private capital to help realize commercial or social value, shifting the focus from treatment for waste disposal to treatment of waste as a valuable resource for safe reuse. Trade Review"The catalogue fills a significant gap in the literature and should prove useful not only for today’s investors and policy makers but also for the curricula of engineering, economics, environmental and business schools. This will help sensitize the next generation of decision makers to the opportunities inherent in the Circular Economy." - taken from the Foreword, Guy Hutton, Senior Advisor at UNICEF, and previously a Senior Economist at the World Bank "It is my strong belief that this handbook is a vital resource for all those seeking to help the world grow sustainably and equitably through the 21st century and beyond. I am confident that it will soon become the standard reference for all those who study and practice these important issues, in developed and developing countries alike." - taken from the Epilogue, Professor Jaideep Prabhu, Professor of Business and Enterprise at the Judge Business School at the University of Cambridge, UK, and author of Jugaad Innovation (Wiley, 2012)Table of ContentsForeword Part I Business models for a circular economy: Introduction 1. Business Models for a Circular Economy: Linking Waste Management and Sanitation with Agriculture 2. Defining and Analysing RRR Business Cases and Models Part II Energy Recovery from Organic Waste 3. Business Models on Solid Fuel Production from Waste 4. Business Models for in-house Biogas Production for Energy Savings 5: Business Models for Sustainable and Renewable Power Generation 6. Business Models on Emerging Technologies/Bio-fuel Production from Agro-Waste Part III Nutrient and Organic Matter Recovery 7. Business Models on Partially Subsidized Composting at District Level 8. Business Models on Subsidy-Free Community Based Composting 9. Business Models on Large-Scale Composting for Revenue Generation 10. Business Models on Nutrient Recovery from own Agro-Industrial Waste 11. Business Models on Compost Production for Sustainable Sanitation Service Delivery 12. Business Models for Outsourcing Fecal Sludge Treatment to the Farm 13. Business Models on Phosphorus recovery from Excreta and Wastewater Part IV Wastewater for Agriculture, Forestry and Aquaculture 14. Business Models on institutional and regulatory pathways to cost recovery 15. Business Models beyond Cost Recovery 16. Business Models for Cost sharing and Risk Minimization 17. Business Models on Rural-Urban Water Trading 18. Business Models for increasing Safety in Informal Wastewater Irrigation 19. The Enabling Environment and Finance of Resource Recovery and Reuse Frugal Innovations for the Circular Economy – An Epilogue

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Book SynopsisFarmers, ranchers, and homesteaders who know how to weld can repair and even fabricate some equipment on their own, saving both time and money. Basic Welding for Farm and Ranch introduces this crucial skill and covers the most popular techniques used by the home hobbyist and DIY devotee, with chapters and detailed illustrations dedicated to oxyacetylene welding (or gas welding), stick welding, MIG, and arc welding, as well as brazing and soldering. Along with guidance on equipment selection and use, and safety precautions, this book offers 12 projects and repairs commonly faced on the small farm or homestead, with step-by-step photography guiding readers through building a wall-mount hay feeder, repairing a garden rake, making horseshoe hooks, and more.

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Book SynopsisIn the age of climate change and the ongoing battles around how we use land to grow food and rear livestock, can an emerging group of visionary farmers utilise new technology to help create a truly communal vision of regenerative agriculture that is networked, engaged, and transformative – and ultimately a force for good in the natural world? In The Great Regeneration, farmer-technologist Dorn Cox and author-activist Courtney White explore this unique, groundbreaking research which is aimed at reclaiming the ground where science and agriculture meet as a shared human endeavour. The Great Regeneration explores the critical function that open-source technology can have in promoting agroecological systems, through data-sharing and networking. If these systems are brought together, there is potential to revolutionise how we manage food production and natural systems around the world, decentralising and deindustrialising the structures of production and governance that have long dominated the agricultural landscape. In this important book, Dorn Cox and Courtney White present a simple choice: we can allow ourselves to be dominated by this new technology, or we can harness its potential and use it to understand and improve our shared environment. The choices made today will affect the generations to come, and The Great Regeneration shows how, together, we can create positive and lasting change.Trade Review“Cox reminds us [that] regenerative farming is not just a set of practices, but an entire world view. . . [and] open-source technology, data sharing, Ag Data wallets, and farmer-to-farmer education are among our most essential tools in this world-changing endeavor.”—Ronnie Cummins, international director of Organic Consumers Association and author of Grassroots Rising“This book is the blueprint for a new spatial practice to repair not only agriculture but community, politics, and the economy besides."—Jo Guldi, author of The Long Land War and The History Manifesto"Timely, The Great Regeneration is a valued contribution to our on-going national discussions concerning sustainable agriculture, food science, and environmental issues. Exceptionally well written, organized and presented, The Great Regeneration is especially and unreservedly recommended."—Midwest Book Review

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Book SynopsisInnovation has moved through a range of revolutionary epochs, but there is no clear picture of how, or even if, innovation can be managed. This book explores the models, methods and metrics of innovation analysis in the context of a single centre: the Global Oilseeds Complex centred in Saskatoon, Canada. It is a single, coherent volume that outlines the theory and practices related to innovation, offering a critical assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches, backed up with empirical evidence.Table of Contentsa: Preface b: Acknowledgements c: Authors d: Tables e: Figures f: Abbreviations Chapter 1: The Blind Leading the Blind Along the Innovation Pathway Chapter 2: The Economic Explanation for Innovation Chapter 3: Clusters and Traded Interdependencies: Place-based Theories and Models Chapter 4: Policies, Strategies and Metrics related to Place in Saskatoon Chapter 5: Local Links and Global Pipelines: Innovation Systems Theories and Models Chapter 6: Policies, Strategies and Metrics Related to Innovation Processes in Saskatoon Chapter 7: Stars and Innovation Athletes: People-based Theories and Models Chapter 8: Policies, Strategies and Metrics on People in Saskatoon Chapter 9: From Comparative Statics to Networked Dynamics: New Approaches Chapter 10: Policy for the 21st Century g: Bibliography h: Index

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Book SynopsisAutomation in agriculture is made possible by the integration of advanced agricultural technology and precision agriculture management. This book, uniquely, will focus on applications of automation to the important industry of tree fruit production. Written by experts in agricultural automation technology from around the world, chapters in this book cover topics such as automated tree fruit production systems, plant stress sensing and high-throughput phenotyping in precision horticulture, the economics of automation in tree fruit production, light interception sensing systems for canopy management, precision irrigation and water management, precision technologies for pest and disease management, opportunities for the application of robotics in tree fruit production, and the mechanical harvesting and handling of fruit crops. The book is a representative, concise overview of the variety of technologies currently being applied to tree fruit crops around the world and the challenges faced by engineers and farmers that these technologies raise. It is aimed at researchers and graduate students of agriculture systems, agricultural and biological engineering, crop and soil sciences, horticulture, precision agriculture, and other relevant disciplines. It will also be of use to agriculture consultants, engineers, and other professionals such as agricultural equipment manufacturers and management professionals who use precision agriculture technologies. Key Features: - Takes a systematic approach to how to apply precision and automation technologies to fruit production. - Combines the disciplines of economics, horticulture, and engineering. - Illustrated by case studies throughout describing actual applications of automation technology.Table of Contents1: Tree Fruit Production Automation 2: The Economics of Perennial Crops’ Production Automation 3: Sensing for Stress Detection and High-throughput Phenotyping in Precision Horticulture 4: Light Interception and Canopy Sensing for Tree Fruit Canopy Management 5: Precision Orchard Systems 6: Variable Rate Irrigation on Center Pivots 7: Precision Technologies for Pest and Disease Management 8: Precision Nutrient Management 9: Precise Crop Load Management 10: Mechanical Harvest and In-field Handling of Tree Fruit Crops 11: Opportunity of Robotics in Precision Horticulture

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, practical text which covers a diverse range of hydroponic and protected cropping techniques, systems, greenhouse types and environments. It also details the use of indoor plant factories, vertical systems, organic hydroponics and aquaponics. Worldwide hydroponic cropping operations can vary from large, corporate producers running many hectares of greenhouse systems particularly for crops such as tomato, cucumber, capsicum and lettuce, to smaller-scale growers growing fresh produce for local markets. Included in this book: Detailed technical information to help growers and students to design and run their own hydroponic operations. In-depth research to explain the factors that influence plant growth, produce quality, post-harvest life and hydroponic plant nutrition. New advances such as the use of organic nutrients and substrates, completely enclosed indoor plant factories and the growing number of small-scale, non-commercial applications. Hydroponics and Protected Cultivation is fully illustrated with colour images and photographs to illustrate key topics and help identify problem areas. It is suitable for growers, researchers and students in horticulture.Table of Contents1: Background and History of Hydroponics and Protected Cultivation 2: Greenhouses and Protected Cropping Structures 3: The Greenhouse Environment and Energy Use 4: Greenhouse Operation and Management 5: Hydroponic Systems – Solution Culture 6: Substrate-based Hydroponic Systems 7: Organic Soilless Greenhouse Systems 8: Propagation and Transplant Production 9: Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Formulation 10: Plant Health, Plant Protection and Abiotic Factors 11: Hydroponic Production of Selected Crops 12: Plant Factories – Closed Plant Production Systems 13: Greenhouse Produce Quality and Assessment 14: Harvest and Postharvest Factors

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Book SynopsisThis book is a much-expanded and updated edition of a previous volume, published in 1996 as "No-tillage Seeding: Science and Practice". The base objective remains to describe, in lay terms, a range of international experiments designed to examine the causes of successes and failures in no-tillage. The book summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of no tillage. It highlights the pros and cons of a range of features and options, without promoting any particular product.Topics added or covered in more detail in the second edition include:* soil carbon and how its retention or sequestration interacts with tillage and no-tillage* controlled traffic farming as an adjunct to no-tillage* comparison of the performance of generic no-tillage opener designs* the role of banding fertilizer in no-tillage* the economics of no-tillage* small-scale equipment used by poorer farmers* forage cropping by no-tillage* a method for risk assessment of different levels of machine sophisticationTable of Contents1: The 'What' and 'Why' of no-tillage farming, C J Baker and K E Saxton 2: The benefits of no-tillage, D R Reicosky and K E Saxton 3: The nature of risk in no-tillage, C J Baker, W (Bill) R Ritchie and K E Saxton 4: Seeding openers and slot shape, C J Baker 5: The role of slot cover, C J Baker 6: Drilling into dry soils, C J Baker 7: Drilling into wet soils, C J Baker 8: Seed depth, placement and metering, C J Baker and K E Saxton 9: Fertilizer placement, C J Baker 10: Residue handling, C J Baker, F Ribeiro, Instito Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil and K E Saxton 11: Comparing surface disturbance and low-disturbance disc openers, C J Baker 12: No-tillage for forage production, C J Baker, W (Bill) and R Ritchie 13: No-tillage drill and planter design - large-scale machines, C J Baker 14: No-tillage drill and planter design - small-scale machines, F Ribeiro, S E Justice, P Hobbs and C J Baker 15: Managing a no-tillage seeding system, W (Bill) R Ritchie and C J Baker 16: Controlled traffic farming as a complementary practice to no-tillage, W C T Chamen 17: Reduced environmental emissions and carbon sequestration, D C Reicosk and K E Saxton 18: Some economic comparisons, C J Baker 19: Procedures for development and technology transfer, C J Baker"

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Book SynopsisIn many ways this book tells a familiar story in British industry: of innovation and enterprise in the early decades ...of worldwide dominance at a time when Britain was the workshop of the world ...of wars and economic downturns ...of foreign competition ...and of relative and absolute decline on the path of - de-industrialisation in the latter part of the twentieth century. For most of this period the farm machine industry grew and matured. It is an inspiring story of technological achievement and of industrial success, as farmers and engineers brought iron and steel to fields which had - previously been the domain of locally made timber implements and power provided by horses.Agricultural technology moved on, inexorably, from broad-cast seed and the sound of the threshing flail, via the portable steam engine and the threshing machine, right through to the modern world of giant tractors - each with the power of 200 horses - combine harvesters and - impressively efficient farming methods.This book traces the broad sweep of the whole industry over 200 years, looking at many individual companies and products to explain how and why the farm machinery industry developed in the way it did. Important individual machines are described and illustrated in detail. The British farm machine industry is unlikely ever again to be large by world standards, nor to dominate the world stage as once it did. Yet the author traces a rich vein of innovation, enterprise and technological inspiration, often taking place within the large number of relatively small-scale, craft-based workshops which were so prevalent in the early decades. Rather than mere manufacturing, therefore, perhaps it is this tradition of technical innovation and invention which marked out the British farm machinery industry for historical greatness, and perhaps it is this tradition which will continue to mark it out in the future.Trade Review'With careful, scholarly analysis, author Peter Dewey - a lecturer in economic history at Royal Holloway, University of London - has pieced together a remarkable portrait of the development of the entire farm machinery industry ... Information flows from every page - and the budding student of agrarian economy and modern agri-business will be delighted by the graphs and tables which chart machinery exports. There are astonishing details of the men who pioneered the radical changes in the way food was harvested and brought to the population and the archive photographs and illustrations of everything British farm machinery history from Canadian Auto-Trucks to the 1958 Massey Ferguson trailed dung spreader are a delight ... This is a book of solid academic quality, but which will also fascinate the general reader who has an enquiring mind ... Mr Dewey deserves enormous praise for his landmark publication.From the review in Tractor and Machinery, July 2008[This] is the work of the mature historian, combining economic and business insight with a deep understanding of the practical aspects of the agricultural machinery industry and its role in the success of British farming over the past two centuries. It is a work of considerable scholarship tempered with agreeable lucidity.Based substantially on archive material from repositories the length and breadth of Britain, Iron Harvests leads us chronologically from the efforts of the wheelwright and carpenter of the late eighteenth century through to the creators of the behemoths stalking the fields of modern-day Britain. As he describes each generation of new machinery, with specific examples being covered in some detail, Dewey is careful to set developments alongside the national and international economic background and changes in the fortunes of the home-based agricultural economy. Indeed, one of the book's great strengths is its success in explaining the sometimes subtle relationships between technological change, social conditions and the relative success or failure of the many agricultural engineering firms whose beginnings lay in the industrial foment of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries ...Dr Dewey has produced a tour de force which is unlikely to be bettered in the near future. His beautifully illustrated and scholarly book is a major achievement. Whether they sip it like a good wine and savour it in small amounts, or swallow it whole like a Galway oyster, a generation of agricultural, economic, business and urban historians will benefit from Dewey's efforts.from the review in Agricultural History Review, by R. J. MOORE-COLYER Aberystwyth UniversityTable of ContentsList of tables ix Preface and acknowledgements xi 1 The origins of an industry, 1750A-1820 1The agricultural revolution 1Farming implements before 1800 4The technological revolution 9The entrepreneurs and their businesses 11The primacy of East Anglia 15Conclusion 18 2 Towards a national market, 1820A-1850 19The economic background 19The agricultural background 20Growth of the industry 23Products and technical change 28Transport developments 32Sales and marketing 35 3 At the works around 1850 39The growth of the factories 39Work in the factory 45Conclusion 49 4 A brief supremacy, 1850A-1875 50The expansion of the home market 50Technical and product change 51Steam Power I: Evolution of the portable engine 52The spread of the threshing machine 57Steam Power II: The steam plough 58Reaping machines 66Mowing machines 70Improved field machinery 73The growth and prosperity of firms 79Marketing 81The rise of the export trade 87Conclusion 91 5 Exports to the rescue, 1875A-1913 92Problems in the home market 92The shift to exports 94Marketing, agents and overseas depots 97The rise of North American competition 98The last export boom 101Conclusions 103 6 A mature industry, 1875A-1913 104The rise of some firms and the fall of others 104Specialisation in steam 112Portable engines 113Ploughing engines 115New products 120Dairy machinery 120Internal combustion engines 123Tractors 126The legal framework, scale of production, and profits 131Conclusion 136 7 At the works in 1913 137Expansion and the larger factory 137Work in the factory c.1913 141Labour conditions and trade unions 142Masters and men 146 8 Dynasties around 1914 147Founding families 147Local influence and social responsibilities 150Gracious living for the third generation? 152Conclusion 156 9 War work, 1914A-1918 157The background 157Government armament contracts 157Labour during the war 162The loss of exports and overseas assets 164Profits and taxes 166The agricultural market and the food production programme 169Fears for the future 178 10 A new world, 1919A-1939 183The boom of 1918A-19 and the slump of 1920A-23 183The collapse of export markets 187Attempts at restructuring the industry 191Changing patterns of demand at home 200The search for new products 206Diversification saves some firms 212Fordson, Ferguson and the revival of the market 214Conclusion 224 11 War work again, 1939A-1945 225Early preparations 225New opportunities in agriculture A- Plough for Victory 228Tractors 228Other machinery 232Government regulation and control 233Loss of export markets 241Armament work 242Imports and Lend-Lease 244Profits and taxes 247The industry in 1945 250 12 A very brief supremacy, 1945A-1973 254The new post-war world and the long economic boom 254Post-war readjustment 255Agricultural policy and prosperity 256The tractor boom 258Growth and structure of the industry 269New opportunities, new products 274The export boom 284Conclusion 286 13 Coping with the competition, 1973A-2000 288The new economic environment: deindustrialisation 288Changes in home demand 290The industry's output 291The maturity of the market 293New products and new versions of old products 295Tractors 295Field machinery 300Changes in the global machinery business 302The rise of foreign competition 304Readjustment and restructuring 306The industry at the end of the twentieth century 312 14 Retrospect 315Long-term factors in the development of the industry: technical change, demand and entrepreneurship 315A part of the British economic decline? 319Conclusion: a story of continuing change 321 Notes and references 323 Bibliography 338 Index 345

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Book SynopsisKnow Your Farm Machinery follows on from the successful publication of Know Your Tractors, Know Your Combines and Know Your Classic Tractors.This pocket-sized book details 43 types of farm machinery most commonly seen on farms today including ploughs, cultivators, drills, spreaders and balers. A photograph of each machine is included.Chris Lockwood is a Suffolk based freelance agricultural journalist and producer of a long list of farming and farm machinery DVDs. This is his fourth book in the popular Know Your series.

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of this book exposes the reader to a wide array of engineering principles and their application to agriculture. It presents an array of more or less independent topics to facilitate daily assessments or quizzes, and aims to enhance the students' problem solving ability. Each chapter contains objectives, worked examples and sample problems are included at the end of each chapter. This book was first published in the late 60's by AVI. It remains relevant for post secondary classes in Agricultural Engineering Technology and Agricultural Mechanics, and secondary agriculture teachers.Table of Contents1. Problem Solving.- 2. Significant Figures and Standard Form.- 3. Common Units of Measure.- 4. Simple Machines.- 5. Internal Combustion Engines.- 6. Power Trains.- 7. Tractors and Power Units.- 8. Machinery Calibration.- 9. Equipment Efficiency and Capacity.- 10. Economics of Agricultural Machinery.- 11. Sound and Noise.- 12. Measuring Distance.- 13. Angles and Areas.- 14. Land Description.- 15. Differential and Profile Leveling.- 16. Weather.- 17. Water Runoff.- 18. Erosion and Erosion Control.- 19. Irrigation.- 20. Handling, Moisture Management, and Storage of Biological Products.- 21. Animal Waste Management.- 22. Insulation and Heat Flow.- 23. Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning.- 24. Selection of Structural Members.- 25. Principles of Electricity.- 26. Series and Parallel Circuits.- 27. Sizing Conductors.- 28. Electric Motors.- Appendices.- Index.

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Book SynopsisAgriculture has traditionally been viewed as a primary means of subsistence, with an emphasis on meeting the basic needs of food, feed, clothing, and shelter. Historically, agricultural activities have been concentrated in rural areas. However, the time has come to harness the potential of urban resources to engage in agriculture-related activities. Technological advancements have created new opportunities for revitalizing these activities in an urban environment. Urban ecosystems, with their unique constraints such as limited land area, restrictions on land use, and high labor costs, require special interventions to engage in agricultural pursuits. The book covers a wide range of topics related to urban agriculture, including floriculture, vegetable production, fruit cultivation, medicinal plants, landscape management, lawn preparation, mushroom cultivation, beekeeping, value addition, vertical gardens, hydroponics, green walls, and bonsai making.

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Book SynopsisThe primary objective of this textbook is to offer a comprehensive introduction to the various types of renewable energy sources. This publication specifically focuses on bioenergy, solar, wind, MHD, hydro, and OTEC. An in-depth analysis of the diverse renewable energy systems is presented. A total of thirteen chapters compose this book, delivering the cutting-edge advancements and practical applications of renewable energy systems. The introductory chapter of this book provides a comprehensive overview of the current renewable energy landscape in India. The subsequent chapters explore solar, wind, and biomass energy, as well as pellets and baling, biodiesel production, biogas, fuel cells, micro hydropower plants, and energy conservation in agriculture. This valuable resource is intended for undergraduate and postgraduate engineering students, researchers, and any other individuals with an interest in this field.

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Book SynopsisSince the late 19th century, efforts have been made to determine the feasibility of employing electric trolley systems in farming. In the early 20th century, German farmers extensively utilized trolley/cable ploughs, while the introduction of gasoline tractors later reduced the use of electricity in agriculture to limited applications such as electroculture, short-distance farm machinery, and lawn mowers. However, the advent of lithium-ion batteries in the past decade has revived interest in electrically powered equipment, including drones and tractors, for more efficient and sustainable agricultural practices. In his latest installment of his electric transport history series, Kevin Desmond highlights the contributions of the innovative engineers who have developed and refined these electric tractors and agricultural drones.

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Book SynopsisThe book has been written in a clear and accessible style, which makes it suitable for students who may not have prior knowledge or experience in the subject. It includes a wealth of basic information about hydrology, and each chapter contains a range of sample calculations that will help students to grasp the material more easily. The books organization is systematic, and its content is based on both class notes prepared for students and the practical field experience of the authors. It will also be useful for students in related fields such as meteorology, forestry, environmental engineering, geology, and earth sciences. In addition to serving as a textbook, the book will be of great value to those working in agriculture, agricultural and civil engineering. It will be a valuable resource for academics, planners, designers, practicing engineers, and field engineers involved in water resources evaluation, development, and management. The book contains a total of 102 sample calculations, 105 tables, and 154 figures, as well as more than 145 references and numerous field experimental results. These features will make the book invaluable to both students and professionals working in the field.

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Book SynopsisThis book incorporates the extensive and updated basic information on the subject authored by the scientists of international repute to understand the various concepts. This book presents latest comprehensive and authoritative explanation through different angles of basic technologies in Farm Machinery, Farm Power and Thermodynamics.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection 1: Tractors: 1.Introduction 2. Engine and Associated Systems 3. Clutch 4. Hydraulics 5. Instruments and Controls 6. Electricals 7. Applications of Farm Tractor 8. New Generation Tractors Section 2: Agricultural Machinery: 1. Introduction 2.Land Preparation 3. Sowing and Planting Equipment 4. Weeding and Intercultivation 5. Spraying Equipment 6. Harvest 7. Threshing 8. Post harvest Agro-processing 9. Special Tools and Equipment for Horticultural Crops 10. Miscellaneous Equipment and Machineries 11. Water Lifting Devices 12. Calibration of Seed Drills 13. Maintenance

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