Aerospace and aviation technology Books

Book SynopsisFrom a long-term planning lead for the Mars Exploration Rover Project comes this vivid insider account of some of NASA's most vital and exciting missions to the Red Planet, illustrated with full-colour photographsa wondrous chronicle of unprecedented scientific discovery and the search for evidence of life on Mars.There are probably just a few of moments in human history when a small group of humans stood on the margins of a vast new world, and it is no stretch of the romantic imagination that the arrival of two rovers on the surface of another planet was surely one of them.'Human exploration of Mars is the most ambitious and exciting scientific goal of the 21st century, and few people on earth know as much about this fascinating planet as Dr Larry Crumpler. As one of the long-term planning leads for the Mars Exploration Rover Project, he helped control the daily communications between NASA and the rovers roaming the planet to gather scientific data.In this magnificent compendium, Dr.

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Book SynopsisThe story of Frank Whittle – RAF pilot, mathematician of genius, inventor of the jet engine and British hero. 'Wonderful' David Edgerton, TLS 'A fascinating account' Aeroplane Monthly 'Casts new light on the intense, heroic character of Frank Whittle' Leo McKinstry '[A] thorough dissection of the evolution of the jet engine... I recommend this mighty tome unreservedly' Journal of Aeronautical History 'A long overdue corrective of an extraordinary man' James Hamilton-Paterson 'A fine, deeply researched book' Military History Monthly In 1938, a thirty-one-year-old RAF pilot and engineer named Frank Whittle – given special leave to pursue his own startlingly original concept of flight – presented the Air Ministry with a written proposal for a revolutionary jet-powered fighter aircraft. A ready response might have changed the course of history, but Whittle got no reply. In this gripping and insightful biography, Duncan Campbell-Smith charts Whittle's success at building a pre-war jet engine against all the odds – and tracks his desperate struggle to have it launched into active service against Hitler's Luftwaffe. It arrived too late – but nonetheless transformed the future of aviation.Trade ReviewWonderful at evoking Whittle's extraordinary creative ideas, his mathematical ability, his charm, the support he received, his lack of political nous, as well as the sometimes appalling treatment he received -- David Edgerton, TLSA fascinating account * Aeroplane Monthly *A long overdue corrective account of an extraordinary man -- James Hamilton-PatersonCasts new light on the intense, heroic character of Frank Whittle and his revolutionary invention -- Leo McKinstryThere's much to ponder in this biography of a stoic and overlooked British hero * Choice Magazine *A fine, deeply researched book... [It] does great credit to a true aviation pioneer' * Military History *The author has done a first rate job in illuminating the struggles of this engineering icon in such a gripping manner. That he has made such good use of Whittle's notes and diaries is evident and adds so much to the book. As such, I expect it will become an historical document of some importance... This book is highly commended to all those with an interest in aviation, be they aircraft or engineering enthusiasts' * Pennant *An important and stimulating addition to the literature and highly recommended -- The Aviation Historian[A] thorough dissection of the evolution of the jet engine. Campbell-Smith has climbed every mountain of paper records unearthing the numerous political and technical hurdles from primary sources... I recommend this mighty tome unreservedly * Journal of Aeronautical History *

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the future of the Artemis Lunar Program from the years 2017 to about 2030. Despite the uncertainty of the times and the present state of space exploration, it is likely that what is presented in this book will actually happen, to one degree or another. As history has taught us, predictions are often difficult, but one can see enough into the future to be somewhat accurate. As the Bible says, “Wesee thru the glass, but darkly.”All of the elements of the proposed program are described from several perspectives: NASA’s, the commercial space industry and our International partners. Also included are descriptions of the many vehicles, habitats, landers, payloads and experiments. The book tells the story of the buildup of a very small space station in a strange new lunar orbit and the descent of payloads and humans, including the first women and next man, to the lunar surface with the intent to evolve a sustained presence over time. Trade Review“I was glad to read this book, and I learned some new things from it. I am happy to recommend it to anyone interested in a brief summary of the technical aspects of the Artemis programme as conceived in its early years.” (Ian Crawford, The Observatory, Vol. 141 (1282), June, 2021)“The book is an excellent basis to understand the further struggle for human space exploration of Moon and Mars, and allows the reader to form his own well-founded opinion and to grasp the technical problems still to be solved. … A ‘treat’ for insiders, a reference manual for those interested in human spaceflight and an easily digestible book for laypeople. Predicate: Highly valuable!” (Joachim J. Kehr, Journal of Space Operations & Communicator, February, 2021)Table of ContentsFrontispiece Dedication Acknowledgments Preface 1 Introduction 2 The Artemis Lunar Program Overview 2.1 NASA’s Concept 2.2 Summary of the Elements 2.3 The Controversy 2.4 The Budget 2.5 Politics 3 Spacecraft, Landers, Rovers and Payloads 3.1 Commercial Spacecraft 3.2 Commercial Lunar Payload Services 3.3 Commercial Payloads and Instruments 3.4 Lunar Science Participation 3.5 Landing Sites 4 Elements, Crew Landers, Launch Vehicles and Upper Stages 4.1 Propulsion and Power Element 4.2 Habitat and Logistics Modules 4.3 Crew Landers and Transfer Element Studies 4.4 Launch Vehicles 4.5 Upper Stages 5 NASA and Commercial Crew Development 5.1 Crew Selection and Training 5.2 Commercial Crew ISS Missions 5.3 Artemis Missions 5.4 The Next Generation Space Suit 5.5 Commercial Crew Space Suits 5.6 Crew Health 6 Artemis Lessons for Exploration 6.1 Utility of the Gateway 6.2 Sustainability 6.3 Impact on Future Hardware Design 6.4 Long Duration Science Operations 6.5 Launch Vehicle Payload Capability 7 Enabling Technology Advances 7.1 NASA Programs 7.2 Navigation and Precision Landing 7.3 Deep Space Atomic Clock 7.4 In-Situ Resource Utilization 7.5 Lunar Power 7.6 Protection from Radiation 7.7 Advances in Optical Communications 7.8 Lunar IceCube 8 Artemis Influence on Mars Planning 8.1 Mission Concepts and Plans 8.2 Technologies and Capabilities 8.3 Artemis Science Influence on Mars 8.4 Robotics 8.5 Regolith Mining and Processing 8.6 3D Printing 9 Conclusions Appendices 1 The National Space Council’s Role in Artemis and Mars 2 Community Letter to Congress Regarding NASA’s Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program 3 NASA’s Gateway Memorandum for the Record 4 Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit 5 Solar Electric Propulsion and Hall Effect Thrusters 6 Technology 7 Timeline 8 Artemis Mythology 9 The Moon Village Association 10 The Chinese Lunar Program 11 Crew Selection: A History and Prediction 12 Quotes References Glossary About the Author Index

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Book SynopsisOn July 20th, 1969, over half of the world's population tuned in to witness the first lunar landing, waiting with bated breath as Neil Armstrong ventured outside the cabin door of Apollo 11 and declared "that's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." As the most expensive civilian scientific and technological program in American history, Project Apollo symbolised the unmatched prestige of American space exploration. Yet despite appearances, the project was never just about winning the Space Race, advancing scientific progress, or even conquering the final frontier. Instead, the ambitions of Project Apollo would ultimately reveal that the American government was more interested in establishing its superiority much closer to home.In Operation Moonglow, Smithsonian curator Teasel Muir-Harmony explores how and why the moon landing became one of the most decisive geopolitical events of the 20th century. In the wake of the Soviet Union's pioneering launch of Sputnik in 1957 and a humiliating defeat at the Bay of Pigs four years later, President John F. Kennedy approached a budget-wary Congress with Project Apollo, an unconventional proposal that had the potential to restore America's tarnished geopolitical standing. With Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States approaching an all-time high, Kennedy argued that ramping up the space program would inspire global confidence in American excellence -- and might even persuade people in developing countries to pick American "freedom" over Soviet "tyranny." Following the successful return of Apollo 11, its illustrious crew embarked on a diplomatic tour around the world, celebrating the mission as an accomplishment for all of humanity. Meanwhile, the accompanying American officials used the trip as an opportunity to conduct secret meetings with influential heads of state, leveraging the space program's global popularity to advance American values and interests.More than just a history of spaceships, astronauts, and moon rocks, Operation Moonglow is a history of geopolitical manoeuvring, of propaganda and public diplomacy, and -- above all -- of the intricate relationship between scientific innovation and national identity. Featuring first-hand accounts by Apollo astronauts, original interviews with USIA and NASA staff, and never-before-seen archival materials, Operation Moonglow is the definitive account of the Apollo mission -- and a fascinating look at how the Space Race shaped the contours of globalisation and global interdependence.

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Book Synopsis(Previously published as After the Flood')Former RAF Tornado Navigator and Gulf War veteran John Nichol sets out on a personal journey to discover what happened to 617 Squadron after the flood.RAF 617 Squadron's destruction of the dams at the heart of the Ruhr made them heroes and celebrities of their time. But this elite squadron was also called upon for a hundred more of the most secret and dangerous specialist precision attacks. As bestselling author John Nichol discovers, 617 would drop the largest bombs ever built on battleships, railway bridges, secret weapon establishments, rockets sites and U-boat construction pens. They were involved in attempts on the lives of enemy leaders, both Hitler and Mussolini, created a false fleet' on D-day which fooled the Germans, and knocked out a German super gun which would have rained 600 shells an hour on London. Of the 77 men who made it home from dams raid, only 45 survived to see the victory for which they fought as 617's reputation calledTrade Review‘This is not just another tale of heroism in the skies … This is a tale of victory, in the end, magnificently told in lip-biting detail’ Daily Mail ‘Full of stirring stories that will make you marvel at the aircrews’ fortitude … deeply moving’ Mail on Sunday ‘Absorbing … Thanks to the author’s intimate understanding of the dynamics of a bomber squadron, the reader is taken inside the history and allowed to view events from a human perspective’ Soldier Magazine Praise for John Nichol: ‘Full of poignant episodes … A fitting tribute to the raw courage of these young men’ Daily Express ‘A truly epic tale of courage and sacrifice – an intensely moving epitaph to the men of Bomber Command’ ANDY McNAB

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Book SynopsisThrilling High-definition history: tight, thrilling and beautifully researched' SUNDAY TIMESThis book is a triumph' DAN SNOW9.07 a.m., April 12, 1961. A top-secret rocket site in the USSR. A young Russian sits inside a tiny capsule on top of the Soviet Union's most powerful intercontinental ballistic missile originally designed to carry a nuclear warhead and blasts into the skies. His name is Yuri Gagarin and he is about to make history.Travelling at almost 18,000 miles per hour ten times faster than a rifle bullet Gagarin circles the globe in just 106 minutes. While his launch begins in total secrecy, within hours of his landing he has become a world celebrity the first human to leave the planet.Beyond tells the thrilling story behind that epic flight on its sixtieth anniversary. It happened at the height of the Cold War as the US and USSR confronted each other across an Iron Curtain. Both superpowers took enormous risks to get a man into space first the Americans in the full gTrade Review‘This book is a triumph’Dan Snow ‘Just a wonderful book, I can’t recommend it enough’Giles Coren ‘The thrilling story … is not the first study of Gagarin and the Vostok missions, still less of Nasa’s “Mercury Seven” astronauts — but bringing the two stories together is a masterstroke … It is high-definition history: tight, thrilling and beautifully researched’Sunday Times ‘Many intriguing revelations [and an] extensive, blow-by-blow account of the race to put a human in space … Tells the full story of the finest two hours of [Gagarin's] tragically short life’Literary Review ‘Thrilling … brings a huge amount that is fresh and new to our understanding of the Space Race’Daily Telegraph ‘Cinematic … Walker develops a colourful sense of the political theatre of space exploration’Spectator ‘Scintillating …The thrilling ride to be the first man in space is vividly captured in this retelling of Russia’s favourite son’Financial Times ‘A gripping story, rich in novelistic detail … Highly recommended’BBC Sky at Night, five stars ‘Brings to life the space race and the extraordinary story of Yuri Gagarin … A history that reads like a thriller’Anne Applebaum ‘The very best account of Yuri Gagarin’s pioneering space mission – vivid, thoughtful, and respectful … A wonderfully rendered story of an epochal event’Asif Siddiqi ‘The exhilaration of a fine thriller’Colin Thubron ‘Suddenly, every previous biography of cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin and his epic Earth-orbiting flight has been superseded … A spellbinding and completely authoritative account … The finest, best researched book ever written on the subject’Colin Burgess ‘Dramatic and dynamic. Stephen Walker’s passion for his subject along with his exceptional research and attention to detail have brought my father’s extraordinary journey vividly to life’Elena Gagarina, daughter of Yuri Gagarin

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Book SynopsisBut Apollo 11 was but a prelude to what came later: while Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin trod a sliver of flat lunar desert smaller than a football field, Apollos 15, 16, and 17 each commanded a mountainous area the size of Manhattan.Trade Review"In his compelling history of the rover’s place in the space program, Across the Airless Wilds, Earl Swift writes that, during Apollo 15, 16 and 17, astronauts drove it over 56 miles. … Such are Mr. Swift’s narrative talents and the bounties of the source material that the book is a joy to read from beginning to end. … Swift has reminded readers of an endlessly fascinating chapter in space exploration with widespread implications for the future." — Wall Street Journal “Swift relays the awe-inspiring story of Apollo 17 and the lunar vehicle in a way that makes it all feel brand new. From the sheer human ingenuity of the moon missions to the deeply human figures inside the space suits, this book is a brilliantly observed homage to the human spirit.” — Newsweek “The literature of lunar exploration has tended to focus on the earlier Apollo missions, with scant attention paid to the extraordinary achievements of the later rover expeditions—which were, in many respects, scientifically bolder and taught us a great deal more about our moon. Earl Swift lays out this great unsung saga with verve and magisterial sweep. After reading Across the Airless Wilds, you’ll begin to think of NASA's true golden age not in terms of ‘one small step,’ but as a series of cosmic car rides." — Hampton Sides, author of In the Kingdom of Ice "Such an enjoyable book. ... A clear and compelling story. ... Ingenious. ..Up-end[s] the Apollo narrative entirely so that every earlier American venture into space was preparation for the last three trips to the moon. ... [A] detailed, thrilling account. ... Swift conveys the baffling, unreadable lunar landscape very well, but Across the Airless Wilds is above all a human story, and a triumphant one at that." — The Times (London) “Swift details the story of the development of the lunar rover, focusing in particular on three pioneering engineers who made the craft a reality. … Swift ably outlines their achievements in technology and project management, clarifying complex issues in layperson’s language. Even those who think they already know plenty about America’s space program will find deeper insights here.” — Booklist (starred review) “In Across the Airless Wilds, Earl Swift skillfully tells the remarkable story of how vision, ingenuity, and some pretty fine engineering transformed lunar and planetary exploration. A rare and compelling celebration of the human spirit.” — Andrew H. Knoll, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at Harvard University; member of the science team of NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover mission; and author of A Brief History of Earth “This is not just a book about the lunar rover—it’s also a book about humans, and the great things they can do when inspired. There are people here who jump off the page—and sometimes, off the moon’s surface. Vividly written, engaging, and fascinating. I started it one day and finished it the next, and I’m not a fast reader. I just didn’t want to stop.” — James Donovan, author of Shoot for the Moon: The Space Race and the Extraordinary Voyage of Apollo 11 "For the origins and history of the Apollo lunar rover, there is no better guide than Earl Swift's beautifully written book. It details two decades of rover concepts, followed by two frantic years of building one for Apollo on a ridiculous schedule and an inadequate budget. But it paid off in three spectacular landings that used the rover for science—Apollos 15, 16, and 17. Swift also profiles the people who accomplished this feat; they are as fascinating as the machine itself.” — Michael J. Neufeld, Senior Curator, Space History Department, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, and author of Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War "Swift's attention to historical detail in setting the scene for the events he covers in Across the Airless Wilds is what helps to make the book so compelling. It’s well-researched, well-written, and revelatory. — Forbes "Nearly obscured by earlier Moon landings – especially Apollo 11 – Apollo missions 15, 16 and 17 had the most significant scientific and exploration return of all their predecessors. Their astronauts stayed longer on the Moon and went further to collect samples and conduct experiments – courtesy of the remarkable lunar roving vehicle, LRV. These lunar excursions 50-or-so years ago in fact mark the apogee of human exploration – no humans have been as far from the Earth since. Earl Swift’s new book Across the Airless Wilds examines the triumph of these missions and of their LRVs, the engineering marvel that made the difference." — Cosmos “50 years ago this month, American automobile culture landed on the moon. A book by Earl Swift looks at NASA’s Lunar Roving Vehicles, and how they really opened up the moon for the later group of Apollo astronauts.” — New York Times "Here’s a book that salutes those who were looking ahead. Across the Airless Wilds pays tribute to the bright minds that conceptualized, designed and eventually engineered the lunar rovers. ... An enjoyable read." — Fredericksburg Free Lance-Star "With Across the Airless Wilds Swift has illuminated an underappreciated marvel of engineering and created a fabulous summer read. The entire second half of his book is a riveting travelogue of six astronauts’ “lunar road trips” drawn from interviews and radio transcripts, augmented by priceless color photos that alone are worth the price of the book." — Virginian Pilot "In his meticulously researched and masterfully written new book, Across the Airless Wilds, Earl Swift tells the story of the lunar-vehicle program from its inception in the mind of ex-Nazi Wernher von Braun to the three rover excursions." — Road & Track "Full of intrigue. ... The latest by Swift will especially appeal to all those interested in U.S. space programs and anyone seeking a well-written story of action and adventure." — Library Journal "Remarkable. ... The informative and fascinating narrative shines a spotlight on these often-overlooked yet crucial missions and introduces you to some of the captivating characters who helped to make it all possible. Across the Airless Wilds is a true celebration of human brilliance and technological advancement." — All About Space

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Book SynopsisBut Apollo 11 was but a prelude to what came later: while Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin trod a sliver of flat lunar desert smaller than a football field, Apollos 15, 16, and 17 each commanded a mountainous area the size of Manhattan.Trade Review"In his compelling history of the rover’s place in the space program, Across the Airless Wilds, Earl Swift writes that, during Apollo 15, 16 and 17, astronauts drove it over 56 miles. … Such are Mr. Swift’s narrative talents and the bounties of the source material that the book is a joy to read from beginning to end. … Swift has reminded readers of an endlessly fascinating chapter in space exploration with widespread implications for the future." — Wall Street Journal “Swift relays the awe-inspiring story of Apollo 17 and the lunar vehicle in a way that makes it all feel brand new. From the sheer human ingenuity of the moon missions to the deeply human figures inside the space suits, this book is a brilliantly observed homage to the human spirit.” — Newsweek “The literature of lunar exploration has tended to focus on the earlier Apollo missions, with scant attention paid to the extraordinary achievements of the later rover expeditions—which were, in many respects, scientifically bolder and taught us a great deal more about our moon. Earl Swift lays out this great unsung saga with verve and magisterial sweep. After reading Across the Airless Wilds, you’ll begin to think of NASA's true golden age not in terms of ‘one small step,’ but as a series of cosmic car rides." — Hampton Sides, author of In the Kingdom of Ice "Such an enjoyable book. ... A clear and compelling story. ... Ingenious. ..Up-end[s] the Apollo narrative entirely so that every earlier American venture into space was preparation for the last three trips to the moon. ... [A] detailed, thrilling account. ... Swift conveys the baffling, unreadable lunar landscape very well, but Across the Airless Wilds is above all a human story, and a triumphant one at that." — The Times (London) “Swift details the story of the development of the lunar rover, focusing in particular on three pioneering engineers who made the craft a reality. … Swift ably outlines their achievements in technology and project management, clarifying complex issues in layperson’s language. Even those who think they already know plenty about America’s space program will find deeper insights here.” — Booklist (starred review) “In Across the Airless Wilds, Earl Swift skillfully tells the remarkable story of how vision, ingenuity, and some pretty fine engineering transformed lunar and planetary exploration. A rare and compelling celebration of the human spirit.” — Andrew H. Knoll, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at Harvard University; member of the science team of NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover mission; and author of A Brief History of Earth “This is not just a book about the lunar rover—it’s also a book about humans, and the great things they can do when inspired. There are people here who jump off the page—and sometimes, off the moon’s surface. Vividly written, engaging, and fascinating. I started it one day and finished it the next, and I’m not a fast reader. I just didn’t want to stop.” — James Donovan, author of Shoot for the Moon: The Space Race and the Extraordinary Voyage of Apollo 11 "For the origins and history of the Apollo lunar rover, there is no better guide than Earl Swift's beautifully written book. It details two decades of rover concepts, followed by two frantic years of building one for Apollo on a ridiculous schedule and an inadequate budget. But it paid off in three spectacular landings that used the rover for science—Apollos 15, 16, and 17. Swift also profiles the people who accomplished this feat; they are as fascinating as the machine itself.” — Michael J. Neufeld, Senior Curator, Space History Department, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, and author of Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War "Swift's attention to historical detail in setting the scene for the events he covers in Across the Airless Wilds is what helps to make the book so compelling. It’s well-researched, well-written, and revelatory. — Forbes "Nearly obscured by earlier Moon landings – especially Apollo 11 – Apollo missions 15, 16 and 17 had the most significant scientific and exploration return of all their predecessors. Their astronauts stayed longer on the Moon and went further to collect samples and conduct experiments – courtesy of the remarkable lunar roving vehicle, LRV. These lunar excursions 50-or-so years ago in fact mark the apogee of human exploration – no humans have been as far from the Earth since. Earl Swift’s new book Across the Airless Wilds examines the triumph of these missions and of their LRVs, the engineering marvel that made the difference." — Cosmos “50 years ago this month, American automobile culture landed on the moon. A book by Earl Swift looks at NASA’s Lunar Roving Vehicles, and how they really opened up the moon for the later group of Apollo astronauts.” — New York Times "Here’s a book that salutes those who were looking ahead. Across the Airless Wilds pays tribute to the bright minds that conceptualized, designed and eventually engineered the lunar rovers. ... An enjoyable read." — Fredericksburg Free Lance-Star "With Across the Airless Wilds Swift has illuminated an underappreciated marvel of engineering and created a fabulous summer read. The entire second half of his book is a riveting travelogue of six astronauts’ “lunar road trips” drawn from interviews and radio transcripts, augmented by priceless color photos that alone are worth the price of the book." — Virginian Pilot "In his meticulously researched and masterfully written new book, Across the Airless Wilds, Earl Swift tells the story of the lunar-vehicle program from its inception in the mind of ex-Nazi Wernher von Braun to the three rover excursions." — Road & Track "Full of intrigue. ... The latest by Swift will especially appeal to all those interested in U.S. space programs and anyone seeking a well-written story of action and adventure." — Library Journal "Remarkable. ... The informative and fascinating narrative shines a spotlight on these often-overlooked yet crucial missions and introduces you to some of the captivating characters who helped to make it all possible. Across the Airless Wilds is a true celebration of human brilliance and technological advancement." — All About Space

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Book SynopsisRead and find out about exploring Mars in this colorfully illustrated nonfiction picture book.Someday people from Earth may live on Mars. Soon we will go to the planet to learn more about it. It will become our outpost in space—our space colony. The author-illustrator pair who brought us The International Space Station, Floating in Space, and What the Moon Is Like tackle the hot topic in space: a mission to the red planet.This is a clear and appealing science book for early elementary age kids, both at home and in the classroom. It''s a Level 2 Let''s-Read-and-Find-Out, which means the book explores more challenging concepts for children in the primary grades. The 100+ titles in this leading nonfiction series are: hands-on and visual acclaimed and trusted great for classrooms Top 10 reasons to love LRFOs:Entertain and educate at the same time

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Book SynopsisThe ideal textbook for anyone working towards a career in aircraft maintenance engineeringWritten to meet the needs of aircraft maintenance certifying staff, this book covers the basic knowledge requirements of ECAR 66 (previously JAR-66) for all aircraft engineers within Europe. ECAR 66 regulations are being continuously harmonised with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements in the USA, making this book ideal for all aerospace students.ECAR 66 modules 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 are covered in full and to a depth appropriate for Aircraft Maintenance Engineers (AME). This book will also serve as a valuable reference for those taking programs in ECAR 147 and FAR 147 establishments. In addition, the necessary mathematics, aerodynamics and electrical principles have been included to meet the requirements of introductory aerospace engineering courses. To aid learning and to prepare readers for examinations, numerous written and multiple-choice questions areTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Introduction Scientific fundamentals Further mathematics Physics Electrical fundamentals Basic aerodynamics Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G

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Book SynopsisThe race to the moon was won spectacularly by Apollo 11 on 20 July 1969. When astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their ''giant step'' across a ghostly lunar landscape, they were watched by some 600 million people on Earth 250,000 miles away. ''A Man on the Moon'' is the definitive account of the heroic Apollo programme: from the tragedy of the fire in Apollo 1 during a simulated launch, through the euphoria of the first moonwalk, to the discoveries made by the first scientist in space aboard Apollo 17. Drawing on hundreds of hours of in-depth interviews with the astronauts and team, this is the story of the twentieth century''s greatest human achievement, minute-by-minute, in the words of those who were there.Trade Review'An extraordinary book ... Space, with its limitless boundaries, has the power to inspire, to change lives, to make the impossible happen. Chaikin's superb book demonstrates how' Sunday Times 'A superb account ... Apollo may be the only achievement by which our age is remembered a thousand years from now' - Arthur C. Clarke

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Book SynopsisBird flight has always intrigued mankind. This book provides an up to date account of our existing knowledge on the subject, as well as offering new insights and challenging some established views. A brief history of the science of flight introduces the basic physical principles governing aerial locomotion. A treatment of flight-related functional morphology concentrates on the difference in shape of the arm and hand part of the wings, on the structure and function of tails, and on the shape of the body. The anatomy and mechanical properties of feathers receive special attention. Aerodynamic principles used by birds are explained in theory by simply applying Newton''s laws, and in practice by showing the direction and velocity of the attached flow around an arm wing cross section and of the leading edge vortex flow above a hand wing. The Archaeopteryx fossils remain crucial in our understanding of the evolution of bird flight despite the recent discovery of a range of well-preserved anTrade Review...this is an expertly written introduction into all aspects of bird flight. What makes it even better is that Videler's narrative emphasis is not so much on the mechanical minutiae of avian flight, but rather on explaining and describing what makes it all work...His writing style, moreover, is enthusiastic and colourful. * PalArch's Journal of Vetebrate Palaeontology, 2007 *The strength of the book is its comprehensive coverage of the field...Videler tells us about old work that is still enlightening as well as about the newest and most fashionable research. * Ethology, 2006 *Videler is an enthusiast in every sense of the word, and this is a book for enthsiasts...a key achievement of Videler's book, in reviewing the current state of our knowledge, is to reveal how many lacunae remain. * Ibis *Regardless, the book does a splendid job of conveying the reasons for the author's entusiasm for studying avian flight...the book will serve as an excellent foundation for seminars for advanced undergraduates or graduates and as an essential motivational tool for all avian biologists. * JEB, Bret W. Tobalske, University of Portland *...the book is lucidly written, with clear explanations * British Birds, Vol 99 *Table of ContentsPreface ; 1. Acquisition of knowledge ; 2. The flight apparatus ; 3. Feathers for flight ; 4. Aerodynamics ; 5. Evolution of bird flight ; 6. Bird flight modes ; 7. The bird flight engine ; 8. Energy required for flight ; 9. Comparing the metabolic costs of flight

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Book SynopsisIn late May 1927 an inexperienced and unassuming 25-year-old Air Mail pilot from rural Minnesota stunned the world by making the first nonstop transatlantic flight. A spectacular feat of individual daring and collective technological accomplishment, Charles Lindbergh''s flight from New York to Paris ushered in America''s age of commercial aviation. In The Flight of the Century, Thomas Kessner takes a fresh look at one of America''s greatest moments, explaining how what was essentially a publicity stunt became a turning point in history. Kessner vividly recreates the flight itself and the euphoric reaction to it on both sides of the Atlantic, and argues that Lindbergh''s amazing feat occurred just when the world--still struggling with the disillusionment of WWI--desperately needed a hero to restore a sense of optimism and innocence. Kessner also shows how new forms of mass media made Lindbergh into the most famous international celebrity of his time, casting him in the role of a humble Trade ReviewKessner's fresh perspective breathes new life into Lindbergh's tale. * David Cohen, Philadelphia Inquirer *Table of ContentsEditor's Note ; Introduction ; 1. Early Life ; 2. The Flight ; 3. A Hero's Reception ; 4. America Flies ; 5. Lindbergh and Celebrity Culture ; Conclusion ; Acknowledgments ; Notes ; Index

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Book SynopsisAn investigation into how machines and living creatures fly, and of the similarities between butterflies and Boeings, paper airplanes and plovers.From the smallest gnat to the largest aircraft, all things that fly obey the same aerodynamic principles. In The Simple Science of Flight, Henk Tennekes investigates just how machines and creatures fly: what size wings they need, how much energy is required for their journeys, how they cross deserts and oceans, how they take off, climb, and soar. Fascinated by the similarities between nature and technology, Tennekes offers an introduction to flight that teaches by association. Swans and Boeings differ in numerous ways, but they follow the same aerodynamic principles. Biological evolution and its technical counterpart exhibit exciting parallels. What makes some airplanes successful and others misfits? Why does the Boeing 747 endure but the Concorde now seem a fluke? Tennekes explains the science of flight through comparisons, examples, equations, and anecdotes. The new edition of this popular book has been thoroughly revised and much expanded. Highlights of the new material include a description of the incredible performance of bar-tailed godwits (7,000 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand), an analysis of the convergence of modern jetliners (from both Boeing and Airbus), a discussion of the metabolization of energy featuring Lance Armstrong, a novel treatment of the aerodynamics of drag and trailing vortices, and an emphasis throughout on evolution, in nature and in engineering. Tennekes draws on new evidence on bird migration, new wind-tunnel studies, and data on new airliners. And his analysis of the relative efficiency of planes, trains, and automobiles is newly relevant. (On a cost-per-seat scale, a 747 is more efficient than a passenger car.)

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Book SynopsisAircraft Flight provides accurate physical, rather than mathematical, descriptions of the principles of aircraft flight. This popular text gives mechanical engineering and aeronautical engineering students a useful introduction to the subject. The 4th Edition has been updated to include important recent developments such as unmanned air vehicles and the low orbit space-plane.Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Lift 2 Wings 3 The boundary layer and its control 4 Drag 5 High speed flow 6 Thrust and propulsion 7 Performance 8 Supersonic aircraft 9 Transonic aircraft 10 Aircraft control 11 Static stability 12 Dynamic stability 13 Take-off and landing 14 Structural influences Appendix: Some aerofoil characteristics References Index

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Book SynopsisThis addition to the Scientists in the Field series goes where no person or spacecraft has ever gone before. Journey with the team of scientists as they build New Horizons, fly it across the solar system, and make new discoveries about a world three billion miles away.

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International aviation is a massive and complex industry that is crucial to our global economy and way of life. Designed for the next generation of aviation professionals, Fundamentals of International Aviation, second edition, flips the traditional approach to aviation education. Instead of focusing on one career in one country, it introduces readers to the air transport sector on a global scale with a broad view of all the interconnected professional groups.This text provides a foundation of âhow aviation worksâ in preparation for any career in the field (including regulators, maintenance engineers, pilots, flight attendants, airline and airport managers, dispatchers, and air traffic controllers, among many others). Each chapter introduces a different cross-section of the industry, from air law to operations, security to environmental impacts. A variety of learning tools are built into each chapter, including 24 case studies that describe an aviation accident related

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Book SynopsisDespite the vast amount of work building the foundations of safe operations, aviation accidents still happen, and prior to many accidents and other safety-related events, there was unexpressed or ignored disquiet as the âlast minuteâ approached â the last minute being that time when there is no longer time for discussion or analysis, only âsafety firstâ action. This book aims at the assurance of better outcomes from these time-critical situations whose genesis lies in the time period immediately preceding the âlast minute.â This assurance of better outcomes can best be assured by enabling operational managers to adopt new paradigms, in the development of SOPs, building the right culture, and implementation of training programs relevant to good decision-making required as the âlast minuteâ approaches.This book examines the development of the foundations for aviation safety â the things that give foundational support for safety to pilots in p

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Book SynopsisWritten by a range of international industry practitioners, this book offers a comprehensive overview of the essence and nature of airline operations in terms of an operational and regulatory framework, the myriad of planning activities leading up to the current day, and the nature of intense activity that typifies both normal and disrupted airline operations. The first part outlines the importance of the regulatory framework underpinning airline operations, exploring how airlines structure themselves in terms of network and business model. The second part draws attention to the operational environment, explaining the framework of the air traffic system and processes instigated by operational departments within airlines. The third part presents a comprehensive breakdown of the activities that occur on the actual operating day. The fourth part provides an eye-opener into events that typically go wrong on the operating day and then the means by which airlines try to mitigate these problems. Finally, a glimpse is provided of future systems, processes, and technologies likely to be significant in airline operations. Airline Operations: A Practical Guide offers valuable knowledge to industry and academia alike by providing readers with a well-informed and interesting dialogue on critical functions that occur every day within airlines.Table of ContentsPart I Planning for Products and Customers *John M. C. King *Chapter 1 Regulatory Framework *Ron Bartsch *Chapter 2 Market, Product and Customer *Rodney Williams *Chapter 3 Business Strategy and Airline Models for Operating Managers *John M. C. King *Chapter 4 Network Design Strategies *Markus Franke *Chapter 5 Customer Points of Contact *Gary Parker *Chapter 6 Airport Infrastructure *Christopher Jarvis *Part II Planning for Operations *Yi Gao *Chapter 7 Operational Environment *Stephen Angus *Chapter 8 Operational Planning and Control *Steve Buchanan *Chapter 9 Crew Planning *Patrick Fennell *Chapter 10 Maintenance Planning *Alan Swann *Chapter 11 Airside Resource Planning *Andrea Roberts *Chapter 12 Facilitation: Immigration, Customs and Quarantine *Samuel Lucas *Part III Operating the Current Day *Peter J. Bruce *Chapter 13 Ramp Operations *Matthew Franzi *Chapter 14 Baggage Processes *Rik Movig *Chapter 15 Air Cargo Processes *Nicholas Donnison *Chapter 16 Aircraft Load Planning and Control *Paul Avery *Chapter 17 Dispatch and Flight Following *Gene Kim *Chapter 18 Operational Safety *John Frearson *Chapter 19 Operating a Flight: A Pilot’s Perspective *Nathan Miller *Chapter 20 Operating a Flight: A Flight Attendant’s Perspective *Jamie Horswell *Chapter 21 Operating a Flight: A Passenger’s Perspective *Frank Zimmermann *Part 4 Operational Disruption Management, Performance, and the Future *Peter J. Bruce *Chapter 22 Operational Disruptions: Causes, Strategies, and Consequences *Peter J. Bruce *Chapter 23 Operational Disruption Management *Charles Cunningham *Chapter 24 Changes to the Operating Environment *Mark Palmer *Conclusion *Index

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Book SynopsisAviation Investment uniquely addresses investment appraisal methods across the key industries that make up the aviation sector, including the airports, air traffic management, airline and aircraft manufacturing  or aeronautic  industries. This practice-oriented book presents methods through realistic case studies. It covers both economic appraisal, or cost-benefit analysis, measuring the value of projects to society, and financial appraisal, valuing projects as cash generators.This substantially expanded second edition covers in greater detail the treatment of environmental emissions, paying particular attention to climate change. It addresses the treatment of Market-Based Mechanisms (MBMs), including cap and trade systems like ETS and offset systems like CORSIA, and compares them to environmental taxes. It also addresses the adjustments needed to measure the foreign exchange generating value of projects, relevant in the presence of trade barriers. The new Trade Review‘There are many manuals and cookbooks for the evaluation of investments but surprisingly not one focusing on Aviation. Doramas Jorge-Calderón has made an impressive attempt to fill this gap. The book will be the natural reference guide for those evaluating aviation investments. In addition, the book will be useful for those teaching courses in applied welfare economics at universities and business schools.’ Per-Olov Johansson, Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden‘This is an excellent book on aviation investment. The book is soundly and clearly written by an author with a thorough theoretical background and deep knowledge of the aviation industry. I have learned and enjoyed reading this book and highly recommend it to anyone interested in the aviation industry or in investment evaluation.’ Ginés de Rus, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and University Carlos III de Madrid, Spain'This is a new edition of the author’s "Aviation Investment", which is a must-have reference on airport and airline investment evaluation. Of particular value are the new sections on the handling of aviation’s effects on greenhouse gas emissions. These explain in detail how policies such as taxes and emissions trading schemes affect the evaluation process. These make an already comprehensive book even more valuable.' Peter Forsyth, Monash University'Investment in aviation has been problematic, leading to many failures like white elephant airports in Germany and Spain. These investments were rationalized by the thousands of jobs they were supposed to create. These have never been realized and instead we have aviation infrastructure not fit for a decarbonized future. Jorge-Calderon’s book offers a robust method to get these investment decisions right. It should be read not only by academics, but regulators, and aviation managers. The book is excellently written, and the author is a master in this field.' Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Niemeier, Bremen University of Applied SciencesTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Identifying Benefits. Chapter 3. The Basic Framework. Chapter 4. Airports. Chapter 5. Air Traffic Management. Chapter 6. Airlines. Chapter 7. Aeronautics. Chapter 8. Concluding Remarks.

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Book SynopsisThis is the fascinating story of the dream of a completely new aircraft, a hybrid of the plane and the rigid airship - huge, wingless, moving slowly through the lower sky. John McPhee chronicles the perhaps unfathomable perseverance of the aircraft's sucessive progenitors.

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Book SynopsisForeword.- Author's Preface.- Acknowledgements.- List of Illustrations.- Origins and F-1 Engine Development.- From Nova to Saturn: Evolution of the Moon Rocket.- Manufacturing the F-1 Engine at Rocketdyne.- Boeing and the Saturn V S-IC Stage.- Testing the F-1 and S-IC Stage.- The Apollo Saturn V Launches.- The Engine that Might Been: the F-1A and its Legacy.- Appendix.- Index.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:"The author provides good descriptions of engine components and manufacturing and the contributions that Rocketdyne, Boeing, and the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center made to the F-1. The book also covers engine testing, the first Saturn V stage, and the Apollo launches. … The book contains 32 excellently printed full-page color photographs and numerous black-and-white photos and diagrams. An important contribution to the history of technology and the history of space exploration. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All collections." (A. M. Strauss, Choice, Vol. 46 (10), June, 2009)“Over the years there have been a few books published about the Saturn rockets, but here’s one that focuses solely on the business end of the Saturn V – the F-1 rocket engine, still the largest such engine ever developed. … The book is profusely illustrated throughout, and there’s a nice section of colour plates as well. All in all, a valuable addition to the literature of both rocket development and the Apollo programme.” (Liftoff, Issue 257, May-June, 2010)Table of ContentsForeword.- Author’s Preface.- Acknowledgements.- List of Illustrations.- Origins and F-1 Engine Development.- From Nova to Saturn: Evolution of the Moon Rocket.- Manufacturing the F-1 Engine at Rocketdyne.- Boeing and the Saturn V S-IC Stage.- Testing the F-1 and S-IC Stage.- The Apollo Saturn V Launches.- The Engine that Might Been: the F-1A and its Legacy.- Appendix.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThe roots of Buran.- The birth of Buran.- Systems and scenarios.- Organizations and infrastructure.- The Buran cosmonaut team.- Testing the hardware.- Buran in the spotlight.- Shattered dreams, new beginnings.- Beyond Buran.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "Historians Hendrickx and Vis offer a history of the Soviet space shuttle and its attached rocket, one of the most powerful ever built. … This comprehensive history of the program, its technology, its designers, and its cosmonauts is an important contribution to the history of space technology, and is for those interested in space policy, engineering, systems, and history. Summing Up: Recommended. All levels." (A. M. Strauss, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (7), 2008) "Hendrickx and Vis begin with an overview of Soviet spaceplane research and development stretching back to rocketplane designs of the 1930s before moving on to describing the origins of Energiya and Buran themselves. … Special note must also be made of the many excellent photos in this book, most of which have not been published in the West before. … a vital addition to the literature on the USSR/Russian space programme, and Hendrickx and Vis are to be congratulated on a job very well done!" (Liftoff, Issue 248, November-December, 2008)Table of ContentsThe roots of Buran.- The birth of Buran.- Systems and scenarios.- Organizations and infrastructure.- The Buran cosmonaut team.- Testing the hardware.- Buran in the spotlight.- Shattered dreams, new beginnings.- Beyond Buran.

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Book SynopsisIntroducing the principles of aircraft electrical and electronic systems, this book is written for anyone pursuing a career in aircraft maintenance engineering or a related aerospace engineering discipline, and in particular will be suitable for those studying for licensed aircraft maintenance engineer status. It systematically addresses the relevant sections of modules 11 and 13 of part-66 of the EASA syllabus, and is ideal for anyone studying as part of an EASA and FAR-147 approved course in aerospace engineering. Delivers the essential principles and knowledge base required by Airframe and Propulsion (A&P) Mechanics for Modules 11 and 13 of the EASA Part-66 syllabus and BTEC National awards in aerospace engineering Supports Mechanics, Technicians and Engineers studying for a Part-66 qualification Comprehensive and accessible, with self-test questions, exercises and multiple choice questions to enhance learning for both independenTable of ContentsElectrical fundamentals; Electronic fundamentals; Digital fundamentals; Generators and motors; Batteries; Power supplies; Wiring and circuit protection; Distribution of power supplies; Controls and transducers; Engine systems; Fuel management; Lights; Cabin systems; Airframe control and indicating systems; Warning and protection systems; Fire and overheat protection; Terrain awareness warning system (TAWS); Flight data and cockpit voice recorders; Electrical and magnetic fields; Continuing airworthiness; Appendices; Index

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Book SynopsisThe major themes for this book are intelligent materials; sensing and control of adaptive systems; applications to aerospace engineering. Every chapter is written by a global leader in their field and provides insights into the future directions of this field, setting the agenda for future research in adaptive structures.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xvii 1 Adaptive Structures for Structural Health Monitoring 1Daniel J. Inman and Benjamin L. Grisso 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Structural Health Monitoring 4 1.3 Impedance-Based Health Monitoring 6 1.4 Local Computing 8 1.5 Power Analysis 11 1.6 Experimental Validation 13 1.7 Harvesting, Storage and Power Management 18 1.7.1 Thermal Electric Harvesting 19 1.7.2 Vibration Harvesting with Piezoceramics 22 1.8 Autonomous Self-healing 25 1.9 The Way Forward: Autonomic Structural Systems for Threat Mitigation 27 1.10 Summary 29 Acknowledgements 30 References 30 2 Distributed Sensing for Active Control 33Suk-Min Moon, Leslie P. Fowler and Robert L. Clark 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Description of Experimental Test Bed 35 2.3 Disturbance Estimation 36 2.3.1 Principal Component Analysis 36 2.3.2 Application of PCA: Case Studies 37 2.3.3 Combining Active Control and PCA to Identify Secondary Disturbances 40 2.4 Sensor Selection 43 2.4.1 Model Estimation 45 2.4.2 Optimal Sensor Strategy 45 2.4.3 Experimental Demonstration 48 2.5 Conclusions 55 Acknowledgments 56 References 56 3 Global Vibration Control Through Local Feedback 59Stephen J. Elliott 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Centralised Control of Vibration 61 3.3 Decentralised Control of Vibration 63 3.4 Control of Vibration on Structures with Distributed Excitation 67 3.5 Local Control in the Inner Ear 76 3.6 Conclusions 84 Acknowledgements 85 References 85 4 Lightweight Shape-Adaptable Airfoils: A New Challenge for an Old Dream 89L.F. Campanile 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Otto Lilienthal and the Flying Machine as a Shape-Adaptable Structural System 91 4.3 Sir George Cayley and the Task Separation Principle 93 4.4 Being Lightweight: A Crucial Requirement 95 4.5 Coupling Mechanism and Structure: Compliant Systems as the Basis of Lightweight Shape-Adaptable Systems 104 4.5.1 The Science of Compliant Systems 104 4.5.2 Compliant Systems for Airfoil Shape Adaptation 113 4.5.3 The Belt-Rib Airfoil Structure 115 4.6 Extending Coupling to the Actuator System: Compliant Active Systems 118 4.6.1 The Need for a Coupled Approach 118 4.6.2 Solid-State Actuation for Solid-State Deformability 120 4.6.3 Challenges and Trends of Structure–Actuator Integration 123 4.7 A Powerful Distributed Actuator: Aerodynamics 125 4.7.1 The Actuator Energy Balance 125 4.7.2 Balancing Kinematics by Partially Recovering Energy from the Flow 125 4.7.3 Active and Semi-Active Aeroelasticity 126 4.8 The Common Denominator: Mechanical Coupling 127 4.9 Concluding Remarks 128 Acknowledgements 129 References 129 5 Adaptive Aeroelastic Structures 137Jonathan Cooper 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Adaptive Internal Structures 142 5.2.1 Moving Spars 143 5.2.2 Rotating Spars 147 5.3 Adaptive Stiffness Attachments 152 5.4 Conclusions 159 5.5 The Way Forward 160 Acknowledgements 161 References 162 6 Adaptive Aerospace Structures with Smart Technologies – A Retrospective and Future View 163Christian Boller 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 The Past Two Decades 165 6.2.1 SHM 167 6.2.2 Shape Control and Active Flow 170 6.2.3 Damping of Vibration and Noise 173 6.2.4 Smart Skins 176 6.2.5 Systems 177 6.3 Added Value to the System 179 6.4 Potential for the Future 185 6.5 A Reflective Summary with Conclusions 186 References 187 7 A Summary of Several Studies with Unsymmetric Laminates 191Michael W. Hyer, Marie-Laure Dano, Marc R. Schultz, Sontipee Aimmanee and Adel B. Jilani 7.1 Introduction and Background 191 7.2 Room-Temperature Shapes of Square [02/902]T Cross-Ply Laminates 193 7.3 Room-Temperature Shapes of More General Unsymmetric Laminates 198 7.4 Moments Required to Change Shapes of Unsymmetric Laminates 200 7.5 Use of Shape Memory Alloy for Actuation 206 7.6 Use of Piezoceramic Actuation 210 7.7 Consideration of Small Piezoceramic Actuators 216 7.8 Conclusions 228 References 228 8 Negative Stiffness and Negative Poisson’s Ratio in Materials which Undergo a Phase Transformation 231T.M. Jaglinski and R.S. Lakes 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Experimental Methods 234 8.2.1 Material Preparation 234 8.3 Composites 236 8.3.1 Theory 236 8.3.2 Experiment 237 8.4 Polycrystals 238 8.4.1 Theory 238 8.4.2 Experimental Results 239 8.5 Discussion 244 References 244 9 Recent Advances in Self-Healing Materials Systems 247M.W. Keller, B.J. Blaiszik, S.R. White and N.R. Sottos 9.1 Introduction 247 9.1.1 Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing 248 9.1.2 Critical Issues for Microencapsulated Healing 250 9.2 Faster Healing Systems – Fatigue Loading 251 9.3 Smaller Size Scales 253 9.4 Alternative Materials Systems – Elastomers 256 9.5 Microvascular Autonomic Composites 258 9.6 Conclusions 259 References 260 10 Adaptive Structures – Some Biological Paradigms 263Julian F.V. Vincent 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Deployment 264 10.3 Turgor-Driven Mechanisms 266 10.3.1 The Venus Fly Trap 270 10.3.2 Previous Theories 271 10.3.3 Background to an Elastic Model 271 10.3.4 The Trigger 273 10.4 Dead Plant Tissues 274 10.5 Morphing and Adapting in Animals 276 10.6 Sensing in Arthropods – Campaniform and Slit Sensilla 277 10.7 Developing an Interface Between Biology and Engineering 279 10.7.1 A Catalogue of Engineering 279 10.7.2 Challenging Engineering with Biology 280 10.7.3 Adaptive Structures – The TRIZ Route 282 10.7.4 Materials and Information 283 10.8 Envoi 285 Acknowledgements 285 References 285 Index 289

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Book SynopsisAdvances in systems technology continue to ally systems and avionics, with aircraft support and flight systems ever increasingly controlled and monitored by electronics.Trade Review"The book provides excellent coverage of the complete range of aircraft systems and is thus aimed at the professional aerospace design engineer who may have in-depth knowledge of a specialised area but who would really benefit from a broader appreciation of the workings and constraints applicable to all other aircraft systems." (Aerospace Professional, January 2009)Table of ContentsForeword xvii Series Preface xix About the Authors xxi Acknowledgements xxiii List of Abbreviations xxv Introduction xxxv Systems Integration xxxvi Systems Interaction xxxix 1 Flight Control Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Principles of Flight Control 3 1.3 Flight Control Surfaces 4 1.4 Primary Flight Control 5 1.5 Secondary Flight Control 5 1.6 Commercial Aircraft 7 1.6.1 Primary Flight Control 7 1.6.2 Secondary Flight Control 7 1.7 Flight Control Linkage Systems 9 1.7.1 Push-Pull Control Rod System 10 1.7.2 Cable and Pulley System 11 1.8 High Lift Control Systems 13 1.9 Trim and Feel 15 1.9.1 Trim 15 1.9.2 Feel 17 1.10 Flight Control Actuation 18 1.10.1 Simple Mechanical/Hydraulic Actuation 19 1.10.2 Mechanical Actuation with Electrical Signalling 21 1.10.3 Multiple Redundancy Actuation 22 1.10.4 Mechanical Screwjack Actuator 26 1.10.5 Integrated Actuator Package (IAP) 27 1.10.6 Advanced Actuation Implementations 30 1.11 Civil System Implementations 34 1.11.1 Top-Level Comparison 35 1.11.2 Airbus Implementation 36 1.12 Fly-By-Wire Control Laws 40 1.13 A380 Flight Control Actuation 41 1.14 Boeing 777 Implementation 44 1.15 Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight Management 48 2 Engine Control Systems 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.1.1 Engine/Airframe Interfaces 52 2.2 Engine Technology and Principles of Operation 53 2.3 The Control Problem 55 2.3.1 Fuel Flow Control 56 2.3.2 Air Flow Control 58 2.3.3 Control Systems 59 2.3.4 Control System Parameters 60 2.3.5 Input Signals 60 2.3.6 Output Signals 62 2.4 Example Systems 62 2.5 Design Criteria 71 2.6 Engine Starting 73 2.6.1 Fuel Control 73 2.6.2 Ignition Control 74 2.6.3 Engine Rotation 75 2.6.4 Throttle Levers 77 2.6.5 Starting Sequence 78 2.7 Engine Indications 78 2.8 Engine Oil Systems 81 2.9 Engine Offtakes 81 2.10 Reverse Thrust 83 2.11 Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft 84 3 Fuel Systems 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Characteristics of Fuel Systems 89 3.3 Description of Fuel System Components 90 3.3.1 Fuel Transfer Pumps 90 3.3.2 Fuel Booster Pumps 91 3.3.3 Fuel Transfer Valves 92 3.3.4 Non-Return Valves (NRVs) 93 3.4 Fuel Quantity Measurement 94 3.4.1 Level Sensors 94 3.4.2 Fuel Gauging Probes 96 3.4.3 Fuel Quantity Measurement Basics 96 3.4.4 Tank Shapes 97 3.4.5 Fuel Properties 98 3.4.6 Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems 101 3.4.7 Fokker F50/F100 System 101 3.4.8 Airbus A320 System 103 3.4.9 ‘Smart' Probes 104 3.4.10 Ultrasonic Probes 105 3.5 Fuel System Operating Modes 105 3.5.1 Pressurisation 106 3.5.2 Engine Feed 106 3.5.3 Fuel Transfer 108 3.5.4 Refuel/Defuel 109 3.5.5 Vent Systems 111 3.5.6 Use of Fuel as a Heat Sink 112 3.5.7 External Fuel Tanks 112 3.5.8 Fuel Jettison 113 3.5.9 In-Flight Refuelling 114 3.6 Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems 116 3.6.1 Bombardier Global Express 117 3.6.2 Boeing 777 119 3.6.3 A340-500/600 Fuel System 120 3.7 Fuel Tank Safety 128 3.7.1 Principles of Fuel Inerting 129 3.7.2 Air Separation Technology 130 3.7.3 Typical Fuel Inerting System 131 3.8 Polar Operations – Cold Fuel Management 133 3.8.1 Minimum Equipment List (MEL) 133 3.8.2 Cold Fuel Characteristics 134 3.8.3 Fuel Temperature Indication 135 4 Hydraulic Systems 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Hydraulic Circuit Design 138 4.3 Hydraulic Actuation 142 4.4 Hydraulic Fluid 144 4.5 Fluid Pressure 145 4.6 Fluid Temperature 145 4.7 Fluid Flow Rate 146 4.8 Hydraulic Piping 146 4.9 Hydraulic Pumps 147 4.10 Fluid Conditioning 151 4.11 Hydraulic Reservoir 152 4.12 Warnings and Status 152 4.13 Emergency Power Sources 153 4.14 Proof of Design 154 4.15 Aircraft System Applications 155 4.15.1 The Avro RJ Hydraulic System 156 4.15.2 The BAE SYSTEMS Hawk 200 Hydraulic System 161 4.15.3 Tornado Hydraulic System 161 4.16 Civil Transport Comparison 163 4.16.1 Airbus A 320 164 4.16.2 Boeing 767 165 4.17 Landing Gear Systems 167 4.17.1 Nose Gear 167 4.17.2 Main Gear 168 4.17.3 Braking Anti-Skid and Steering 169 4.17.4 Electronic Control 172 4.17.5 Automatic Braking 173 4.17.6 Multi-Wheel Systems 175 4.17.7 Brake Parachute 178 5 Electrical Systems 181 5.1 Introduction 181 5.1.1 Electrical Power Evolution 181 5.2 Aircraft Electrical System 184 5.3 Power Generation 185 5.3.1 DC Power Generation 185 5.3.2 AC Power Generation 186 5.3.3 Power Generation Control 188 5.4 Primary Power Distribution 199 5.5 Power Conversion and Energy Storage 201 5.5.1 Inverters 201 5.5.2 Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs) 201 5.5.3 Auto-Transformers 202 5.5.4 Battery Chargers 202 5.5.5 Batteries 203 5.6 Secondary Power Distribution 203 5.6.1 Power Switching 203 5.6.2 Load Protection 204 5.7 Typical Aircraft DC System 207 5.8 Typical Civil Transport Electrical System 208 5.9 Electrical Loads 210 5.9.1 Motors and Actuation 210 5.9.2 DC Motors 211 5.9.3 AC Motors 212 5.9.4 Lighting 212 5.9.5 Heating 213 5.9.6 Subsystem Controllers and Avionics Systems 213 5.9.7 Ground Power 214 5.10 Emergency Power Generation 214 5.10.1 Ram Air Turbine 215 5.10.2 Backup Power Converters 215 5.10.3 Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs) 216 5.11 Recent Systems Developments 218 5.11.1 Electrical Load Management System (ELMS) 218 5.11.2 Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) 220 5.11.3 270 VDC Systems 227 5.11.4 More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) 227 5.12 Recent Electrical System Developments 228 5.12.1 Airbus A380 Electrical System Overview 229 5.12.2 A400m 234 5.12.3 B787 Electrical Overview 234 5.13 Electrical Systems Displays 237 6 Pneumatic Systems 239 6.1 Introduction 239 6.2 Use of Bleed Air 240 6.3 Engine Bleed Air Control 244 6.4 Bleed Air System Indications 247 6.5 Bleed Air System Users 247 6.5.1 Wing and Engine Anti-Ice 248 6.5.2 Engine Start 250 6.5.3 Thrust Reversers 251 6.5.4 Hydraulic Systems 251 6.6 Pitot Static Systems 252 6.6.1 Innovative Methods of Pitot-Static Measurement 256 7 Environmental Control Systems 259 7.1 Introduction 259 7.2 The Need for a Controlled Environment 260 7.2.1 Kinetic Heating 260 7.2.2 Solar Heating 261 7.2.3 Avionics Heat Loads 262 7.2.4 Airframe System Heat Loads 262 7.2.5 The Need for Cabin Conditioning 262 7.2.6 The Need for Avionics Conditioning 263 7.3 The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) 263 7.4 Environmental Control System Design 266 7.4.1 Ram Air Cooling 266 7.4.2 Fuel Cooling 267 7.4.3 Engine Bleed 267 7.4.4 Bleed Flow and Temperature Control 269 7.5 Cooling Systems 271 7.5.1 Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems 271 7.5.2 Turbofan System 272 7.5.3 Bootstrap System 272 7.5.4 Reversed Bootstrap 274 7.5.5 Ram Powered Reverse Bootstrap 274 7.5.6 Vapour Cycle Systems 275 7.5.7 Liquid Cooled Systems 276 7.5.8 Expendable Heat Sinks 277 7.6 Humidity Control 278 7.7 The Inefficiency of Present Systems 279 7.8 Air Distribution Systems 279 7.8.1 Avionics Cooling 279 7.8.2 Unconditioned Bays 280 7.8.3 Conditioned Bays 280 7.8.4 Conditioned Bay Equipment Racking 281 7.8.5 Ground Cooling 282 7.8.6 Cabin Distribution Systems 283 7.9 Cabin Noise 284 7.10 Cabin Pressurisation 284 7.11 Hypoxia 287 7.12 Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrators 288 7.13 g Tolerance 291 7.14 Rain Dispersal 292 7.15 Anti-Misting and De-Misting 293 7.16 Aircraft Icing 293 8 Emergency Systems 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 Warning Systems 298 8.3 Fire Detection and Suppression 301 8.4 Emergency Power Sources 305 8.5 Explosion Suppression 307 8.6 Emergency Oxygen 308 8.7 Passenger Evacuation 308 8.8 Crew Escape 310 8.9 Computer-Controlled Seats 312 8.10 Ejection System Timing 313 8.11 High Speed Escape 314 8.12 Crash Recorder 314 8.13 Crash Switch 315 8.14 Emergency Landing 315 8.15 Emergency System Testing 317 9 Rotary Wing Systems 319 9.1 Introduction 319 9.2 Special Requirements of Helicopters 320 9.3 Principles of Helicopter Flight 321 9.4 Helicopter Flight Control 324 9.5 Primary Flight Control Actuation 325 9.5.1 Manual Control 326 9.5.2 Auto-Stabilisation 328 9.5.3 Autopilot Modes 330 9.6 Key Helicopter Systems 333 9.6.1 Engine and Transmission System 335 9.6.2 Hydraulic Systems 338 9.6.3 Electrical System 340 9.6.4 Health Monitoring System 341 9.6.5 Specialised Helicopter Systems 342 9.7 Helicopter Auto-Flight Control 343 9.7.1 EH 101 Flight Control System 343 9.7.2 NOTAR Method of Yaw Control 346 9.8 Active Control Technology 349 9.9 Advanced Battlefield Helicopter 350 9.9.1 Target Acquisition and Designator System (TADS)/Pilots Night Vision System (PNVS) 350 9.9.2 AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache 353 9.10 Tilt Rotor Systems 357 9.10.1 Tilt Rotor Concept and Development 357 9.10.2 V-22 Osprey 358 9.10.3 Civil Tilt Rotor 366 10 Advanced Systems 371 10.1 Introduction 371 10.1.1 STOL Manoeuvre Technology Demonstrator (SMTD) 371 10.1.2 Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) 372 10.1.3 More-Electric Aircraft 372 10.1.4 More-Electric Engine 373 10.2 Stealth 374 10.2.1 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) 374 10.3 Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control (IFPC) 375 10.4 Vehicle Management System 377 10.5 More-Electric Aircraft 381 10.5.1 Engine Power Offtakes 381 10.5.2 Boeing 787 (More-Electric) Electrical System 382 10.5.3 More-Electric Hydraulic System 384 10.5.4 More-Electric Environmental Control System 386 10.6 More-Electric Actuation 388 10.6.1 Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) 388 10.6.2 Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA) 388 10.6.3 Electric Braking 388 10.7 More-Electric Engine 389 10.7.1 Conventional Engine Characteristics 390 10.7.2 More-Electric Engine Characteristics 390 10.8 Impact of Stealth Design 393 10.8.1 Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk 394 10.8.2 Northrop B-2 Spirit 396 10.8.3 Joint Strike Fighter – F-35 Lightning II 401 10.9 Technology Developments/Demonstrators 402 10.9.1 Fault Tolerant 270VDC Electrical Power Generation System 402 10.9.2 Thermal and Energy Management Module 402 10.9.3 AFTI F-16 Flight Demonstration 403 11 System Design and Development 407 11.1 Introduction 407 11.1.1 Systems Design 408 11.1.2 Development Processes 408 11.2 System Design 408 11.2.1 Key Agencies and Documentation 408 11.2.2 Design Guidelines and Certification Techniques 409 11.2.3 Key Elements of the Development Process 410 11.3 Major Safety Processes 411 11.3.1 Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) 412 11.3.2 Preliminary System Safety Analysis (PSSA) 413 11.3.3 System Safety Analysis (SSA) 414 11.3.4 Common Cause Analysis (CCA) 414 11.4 Requirements Capture 415 11.4.1 Top-Down Approach 415 11.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach 416 11.4.3 Requirements Capture Example 416 11.5 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 418 11.6 Dependency Diagram 420 11.7 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 422 11.8 Component Reliability 423 11.8.1 Analytical Methods 423 11.8.2 In-Service Data 424 11.9 Dispatch Reliability 424 11.10 Markov Analysis 425 11.11 Development Processes 427 11.11.1 The Product Life Cycle 427 11.11.2 Concept Phase 428 11.11.3 Definition Phase 430 11.11.4 Design Phase 431 11.11.5 Build Phase 432 11.11.6 Test Phase (Qualification Phase) 433 11.11.7 Operate Phase 433 11.11.8 Disposal or Refurbish 434 11.11.9 Development Programme 435 11.11.10 ‘V' Diagram 437 11.12 Extended Operations (ETOPS) 438 12 Avionics Technology 441 12.1 Introduction 441 12.2 The Nature of Microelectronic Devices 443 12.2.1 Processors 446 12.2.2 Memory Devices 446 12.2.3 Digital Data Buses 447 12.2.4 A 429 Data Bus 449 12.2.5 MIL-STD-1553b 451 12.2.6 ARINC 629 Data Bus 453 12.2.7 COTS Data Buses 456 12.3 Data Bus Integration of Aircraft Systems 460 12.3.1 Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP) 460 12.3.2 Airbus A330/340 461 12.3.3 Boeing 777 462 12.3.4 Regional Aircraft/Business Jets 463 12.3.5 A380 Avionics Architecture 464 12.3.6 Boeing 787 Avionics Architecture 467 12.3.7 COTS Data Buses – IEEE 1394 468 12.4 Fibre Optic Buses 469 12.5 Avionics Packaging Standards 470 12.5.1 Air Transport Radio (ATR) 470 12.5.2 Modular Concept Unit (MCU) 470 12.6 Typical LRU Architecture 471 12.7 Integrated Modular Avionics 473 13 Environmental Conditions 477 13.1 Introduction 477 13.2 Environmental Factors 479 13.2.1 Altitude 479 13.2.2 Temperature 480 13.2.3 Contamination by Fluids 482 13.2.4 Solar Radiation 483 13.2.5 Rain, Humidity, Moisture 484 13.2.6 Fungus 485 13.2.7 Salt Fog/Salt Mist 485 13.2.8 Sand and Dust 486 13.2.9 Explosive Atmosphere 486 13.2.10 Acceleration 487 13.2.11 Immersion 487 13.2.12 Vibration 488 13.2.13 Acoustic Noise 488 13.2.14 Shock 489 13.2.15 Pyroshock 490 13.2.16 Acidic Atmosphere 490 13.2.17 Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Altitude 490 13.2.18 Icing/Freezing Rain 491 13.2.19 Vibro-Acoustic, Temperature 491 13.2.20 RF Radiation 491 13.2.21 Lightning 492 13.2.22 Nuclear, Biological and Chemical 493 13.3 Testing and Validation Process 493 Index 499

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Book SynopsisExplains the principles of flight mechanics through worked examples and progressive problem solving With its unique balance of breadth and depth, coupled with a comprehensive presentation of theory and applications, Mechanics of Flight is rapidly becoming the textbook of choice to enable readers to master the science and mathematics of flight mechanics. By progressively building on the formulation and solution of simpler problems associated with aircraft performance, static stability, and control, the author guides readers from fundamental principles to the development of the general equations of motion and continues through dynamic stability, aircraft handling qualities, and flight simulation. In response to feedback from students, instructors, practicing engineers, and test pilots, this Second Edition features much new material, including new and updated coverage of: Effects of nonlinear aerodynamics on aircraft stability EffTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1. Overview of Aerodynamics 1 1.1. Introduction and Notation 1 1.2. Fluid Statics and the Atmosphere 10 1.3. The Boundary Layer Concept 14 1.4. Inviscid Aerodynamics 16 1.5. Review of Elementary Potential Flows 20 1.6. Incompressible Flow over Airfoils 26 1.7. Trailing-Edge Flaps and Section Flap Effectiveness 39 1.8. Incompressible Flow over Finite Wings 46 1.9. Flow over Multiple Lifting Surfaces 94 1.10. Wing Stall and Maximum Lift Coefficient 108 1.11. Wing Aerodynamic Center and Pitching Moment 120 1.12. Inviscid Compressible Aerodynamics 131 1.13. Compressible Subsonic Flow 134 1.14. Supersonic Flow 139 1.15. Problems 146 2. Overview of Propulsion 153 2.1. Introduction 153 2.2. The Propeller 168 2.3. Propeller Blade Theory 173 2.4. Propeller Momentum Theory 202 2.5. Off-Axis Forces and Moments Developed by a Propeller 216 2.6. Turbojet Engines: The Thrust Equation 228 2.7. Turbojet Engines: Cycle Analysis 233 2.8. The Turbojet Engine with Afterburner 241 2.9. Turbofan Engines 245 2.10. Concluding Remarks 253 2.11. Problems 254 3. Aircraft Performance 259 3.1. Introduction 259 3.2. Thrust Required 260 3.3. Power Required 270 3.4. Rate of Climb and Power Available 277 3.5. Fuel Consumption and Endurance 287 3.6. Fuel Consumption and Range 295 3.7. Power Failure and Gliding Flight 306 3.8. Airspeed, Wing Loading, and Stall 317 3.9. The Steady Coordinated Turn 319 3.10. Takeoff and Landing Performance 337 3.11. Accelerating Climb and Balanced Field Length 353 3.12. Problems 365 4. Longitudinal Static Stability and Trim 377 4.1. Fundamentals of Static Equilibrium and Stability 377 4.2. Pitch Stability of a Cambered Wing 381 4.3. Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Tail Combination 384 4.4. Stick-Fixed Neutral Point and Static Margin 400 4.5. Estimating the Downwash Angle on an Aft Tail 411 4.6. Simplified Pitch Stability Analysis for a Wing-Canard Combination 421 4.7. Effects of Drag and Vertical Offset 436 4.8. Effects of Nonlinearities on the Aerodynamic Center 458 4.9. Effects of the Fuselage, Nacelles, and External Stores 472 4.10. Contribution of Running Propellers 476 4.11. Contribution of Jet Engines 482 4.12. Problems 486 5. Lateral Static Stability and Trim 497 5.1. Introduction 497 5.2. Yaw Stability and Trim 500 5.3. Estimating the Sidewash Gradient on a Vertical Tail 518 5.4. Estimating the Lift Slope for a Vertical Tail 525 5.5. Effects of Tail Dihedral on Yaw Stability 529 5.6. Roll Stability and Dihedral Effect 548 5.7. Roll Control and Trim Requirements 567 5.8. The Generalized Small-Angle Lateral Trim Requirements 574 5.9. Steady-Heading Sideslip 577 5.10. Engine Failure and Minimum-Control Airspeed 582 5.11. Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 596 5.12. Control Surface Sign Conventions 597 5.13. Problems 597 6. Aircraft Controls and Maneuverability 605 6.1. Longitudinal Control and Maneuverability 605 6.2. Effects of Structural Flexibility 623 6.3. Control Force and Trim Tabs 632 6.4. Stick-Free Neutral and Maneuver Points 644 6.5. Ground Effect, Elevator Sizing, and CG Limits 646 6.6. Stall Recovery 661 6.7. Lateral Control and Maneuverability 666 6.8. Aileron Reversal 679 6.9. Other Control Surface Configurations 682 6.10. Airplane Spin 693 6.11. Problems 706 7. Aircraft Equations of Motion 715 7.1. Introduction 715 7.2. Newton’s Second Law for Rigid-Body Dynamics 725 7.3. Position and Orientation: The Euler Angle Formulation 735 7.4. Rigid-Body 6-DOF Equations of Motion 753 7.5. Linearized Equations of Motion 754 7.6. Force and Moment Derivatives 768 7.7. Nondimensional Linearized Equations of Motion 788 7.8. Transformation of Stability Axes 798 7.9. Inertial and Gyroscopic Coupling 805 7.10. Problems 807 8. Linearized Longitudinal Dynamics 813 8.1. Fundamentals of Dynamics: Eigenproblems 813 8.2. Longitudinal Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations 836 8.3. Short-Period Approximation 847 8.4. Long-Period Approximation 854 8.5. Pure Pitching Motion 871 8.6. Summary 876 8.7. Problems 878 9. Linearized Lateral Dynamics 885 9.1. Introduction 885 9.2. Lateral Motion: The Linearized Coupled Equations 885 9.3. Roll Approximation 896 9.4. Spiral Approximation 897 9.5. Dutch Roll Approximation 906 9.6. Pure Rolling Motion 919 9.7. Pure Yawing Motion 922 9.8. Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 924 9.9. Nonlinear Effects 939 9.10. Summary 943 9.11. Problems 945 10. Aircraft Handling Qualities and Control Response 953 10.1. Introduction 953 10.2. Pilot Opinion 953 10.3. Dynamic Handling Quality Prediction 958 10.4. Response to Control Inputs 968 10.5. Nonlinear Effects and Longitudinal-Lateral Coupling 986 10.6. Problems 987 11. Aircraft Flight Simulation 989 11.1. Introduction 989 11.2. Euler Angle Formulations 990 11.3. Direction-Cosine Formulation 992 11.4. Euler Axis Formulation 993 11.5. The Euler-Rodrigues Quaternion Formulation 996 11.6. Quaternion Algebra 1000 11.7. Relations between the Quaternion and Other Attitude Descriptors 1004 11.8. Applying Rotational Constraints to the Quaternion Formulation 1013 11.9. Closed-Form Quaternion Solution for Constant Rotation 1015 11.10. Numerical Integration of the Quaternion Formulation 1021 11.11. Summary of the Flat-Earth Quaternion Formulation 1037 11.12. Aircraft Position in Geographic Coordinates 1044 11.13. Problems 1063 Bibliography 1069 Appendixes 1080 A Standard Atmosphere, SI Units 1080 B Standard Atmosphere, English Units 1081 C Aircraft Moments of Inertia 1082 Nomenclature 1086 Index 1113

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Book SynopsisOptimal aircraft design is impossible without a parametric representation of the geometry of the airframe. We need a mathematical model equipped with a set of controls, or design variables, which generates different candidate airframe shapes in response to changes in the values of these variables.Trade Review“The book is generally well written and easy to read, with a pleasing use of aircraft photographs to illustrate the text.” (The Aeronautical Journal , 1 April 2015) “Aircraft Aerodynamic Design: Geometry and Optimization is a practical guide for researchers and practitioners in the aerospace industry, and a reference for graduate and undergraduate students in aircraft design and multidisciplinary design optimization.” (Expofairs.com, 7 January 2015)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xi Preface xiii 1 Prologue 1 2 Geometry Parameterization: Philosophy and Practice 7 2.1 A Sense of Scale 7 2.1.1 Separating Shape and Scale 7 2.1.2 Nondimensional Coefficients 9 2.2 Parametric Geometries 11 2.2.1 Pre-Optimization Checks 13 2.3 What Makes a Good Parametric Geometry: Three Criteria 15 2.3.1 Conciseness 15 2.3.2 Robustness 16 2.3.3 Flexibility 16 2.4 A Parametric Fuselage: A Case Study in the Trade-Offs of Geometry Optimization 18 2.4.1 Parametric Cross-Sections 18 2.4.2 Fuselage Cross-Section Optimization: An Illustrative Example 22 2.4.3 A Parametric Three-Dimensional Fuselage 27 2.5 A General Observation on the Nature of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Geometry Modelling 29 2.6 Necessary Flexibility 30 2.7 The Place of a Parametric Geometry in the Design Process 31 2.7.1 Optimization: A Hierarchy of Objective Functions 31 2.7.2 Competing Objectives 32 2.7.3 Optimization Method Selection 35 2.7.4 Inverse Design 37 3 Curves 41 3.1 Conics and B´ezier Curves 41 3.1.1 Projective Geometry Construction of Conics 42 3.1.2 Parametric Bernstein Conic 43 3.1.3 Rational Conics and B´ezier Curves 49 3.1.4 Properties of B´ezier Curves 50 3.2 B´ezier Splines 51 3.3 Ferguson’s Spline 52 3.4 B-Splines 57 3.5 Knots 59 3.6 Nonuniform Rational Basis Splines 60 3.7 Implementation in Rhino 64 3.8 Curves for Optimization 65 4 Surfaces 67 4.1 Lofted, Translated and Coons Surfaces 67 4.2 B´ezier Surfaces 69 4.3 B-Spline and Nonuniform Rational Basis Spline Surfaces 74 4.4 Free-Form Deformation 76 4.5 Implementation in Rhino 82 4.5.1 Nonuniform Rational Basis Splines-Based Surfaces 82 4.5.2 Free-Form Deformation 82 4.6 Surfaces for Optimization 84 5 Aerofoil Engineering: Fundamentals 91 5.1 Definitions, Conventions, Taxonomy, Description 91 5.2 A ‘Non-Taxonomy’ of Aerofoils 92 5.2.1 Low-Speed Aerofoils 93 5.2.2 Subsonic Aerofoils 93 5.2.3 Transonic Aerofoils 93 5.2.4 Supersonic Aerofoils 94 5.2.5 Natural Laminar Flow Aerofoils 94 5.2.6 Multi-Element Aerofoils 95 5.2.7 Morphing and Flexible Aerofoils 98 5.3 Legacy versus Custom-Designed Aerofoils 98 5.4 Using Legacy Aerofoil Definitions 99 5.5 Handling Legacy Aerofoils: A Practical Primer 101 5.6 Aerofoil Families versus Parametric Aerofoils 102 6 Families of Legacy Aerofoils 103 6.1 The NACA Four-Digit Section 103 6.1.1 A One-Variable Thickness Distribution 104 6.1.2 A Two-Variable Camber Curve 105 6.1.3 Building the Aerofoil 105 6.1.4 Nomenclature 106 6.1.5 A Drawback and Two Fixes 107 6.1.6 The Distribution of Points: Sampling Density Variations and Cusps 107 6.1.7 A MATLAB® Implementation 109 6.1.8 An OpenNURBS/Rhino-Python Implementation 111 6.1.9 Applications 112 6.2 The NACA Five-Digit Section 113 6.2.1 A Three-Variable Camber Curve 113 6.2.2 Nomenclature and Implementation 116 6.3 The NACA SC Families 118 6.3.1 SC(2) 118 7 Aerofoil Parameterization 123 7.1 Complex Transforms 123 7.1.1 The Joukowski Aerofoil 124 7.2 Can a Pair of Ferguson Splines Represent an Aerofoil? 125 7.2.1 A Simple Parametric Aerofoil 125 7.3 Kulfan’s Class- and Shape-Function Transformation 127 7.3.1 A Generic Aerofoil 128 7.3.2 Transforming a Legacy Aerofoil 130 7.3.3 Approximation Accuracy 132 7.3.4 The Kulfan Transform as a Filter 135 7.3.5 Computational Implementation 137 7.3.6 Class- and Shape-Function Transformation in Optimization: Global versus Local Search 139 7.3.7 Capturing the Shared Features of a Family of Aerofoils 140 7.4 Other Formulations: Past, Present and Future 142 8 Planform Parameterization 145 8.1 The Aspect Ratio 145 8.1.1 Induced Drag 148 8.1.2 Structural Efficiency 150 8.1.3 Airport Compatibility 150 8.1.4 Handling 151 8.2 The Taper Ratio 152 8.3 Sweep 153 8.3.1 Terminology 153 8.3.2 Sweep in Transonic Flight 155 8.3.3 Sweep in Supersonic Flight 157 8.3.4 Forward Sweep 158 8.3.5 Variable Sweep 159 8.3.6 Swept-Wing ‘Growth’ 161 8.4 Wing Area 162 8.4.1 Constraints on the Wing Area 162 8.5 Planform Definition 167 8.5.1 From Sketch to Geometry 167 8.5.2 Introducing Scaling Factors: A Design Heuristic and a Simple Example 168 8.5.3 More Complex Planforms and an Additional Scaling Factor 169 8.5.4 Spanwise Chord Variation 171 9 Three-Dimensional Wing Synthesis 175 9.1 Fundamental Variables 175 9.1.1 Twist 175 9.1.2 Dihedral 176 9.2 Coordinate Systems 177 9.2.1 Cartesian Systems 177 9.2.2 A Wing-Bound, Curvilinear Dimension 181 9.3 The Synthesis of a Nondimensional Wing 181 9.3.1 Example: A Blended Box Wing 183 9.3.2 Example: Parameterization of a Blended Winglet 187 9.4 Wing Geometry Scaling. A Case Study: Design of a Commuter Airliner Wing 189 9.5 Indirect Wing Geometry Scaling 196 10 Design Sensitivities 199 10.1 Analytical and Finite-Difference Sensitivities 199 10.2 Algorithmic Differentiation 201 10.2.1 Forward Propagation of Tangents 201 10.2.2 Reverse Mode 203 10.3 Example: Differentiating an Aerofoil from Control Points to Lift Coefficient 204 10.4 Example Inverse Design 212 11 Basic Aerofoil Analysis: AWorked Example 217 11.1 Creating the .dat and .in files using Python 218 11.2 Running XFOIL from Python 219 12 Human-Powered Aircraft Wing Design: A Case Study in Aerodynamic Shape Optimization 223 12.1 Constraints 225 12.2 Planform Design 225 12.3 Aerofoil Section Design 226 12.4 Optimization 226 12.4.1 NACA Four-Digit Wing 227 12.4.2 Ferguson Spline Wing 229 12.5 Improving the Design 230 13 Epilogue: Challenging Topological Prejudice 237 References 239 Index 243

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive guide to the derivation of computational models from basic physical mathematical principles, giving the reader sufficient information to be able to represent the basic architecture of air vehicles and their embedded systems.

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Book SynopsisAn accessible, clearly organized study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, this book also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to improve their understanding of the principles of flight.Trade Review“Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects." (Expofairs, 27 April 2013) "Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects." (Aeroweb-fr.net, 1 March 2011)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii Weight and Mass xxxi Part 1 The Preliminaries 1 1 Basic Principles 3 1.1 The Atmosphere 3 1.2 The Composition of Air 3 1.2.1 The Measurement of Temperature 3 1.2.2 Air Density 4 1.3 The International Standard Atmosphere 4 1.3.1 ISA Deviation 5 1.3.2 JSA Deviation 5 1.3.3 Height and Altitude 6 1.3.4 Pressure Altitude 7 1.3.5 Density Altitude 7 1.4 The Physical Properties of Air 7 1.4.1 Fluid Pressure 7 1.4.2 Static Pressure 7 1.4.3 Dynamic Pressure 7 1.5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 8 1.5.1 Definitions 8 1.5.2 First Law 8 1.5.3 Second Law 8 1.5.4 Third Law 9 1.6 Constant-Acceleration Formulae 9 1.7 The Equation of Impulse 9 1.8 The Basic Gas Laws 10 1.8.1 Boyles Law 10 1.8.2 Charles’ Law 10 1.8.3 Pressure Law 10 1.8.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 10 1.9 The Conservation Laws 11 1.10 Bernoulli’s Theorem 11 1.10.1 Viscosity 11 1.11 The Equation of Continuity 12 1.12 Reynolds Number 12 1.12.1 Critical Reynolds Number (Recrit) 13 1.13 Units of Measurement 13 Self-Assessment Exercise 1 15 2 Basic Aerodynamic Definitions 19 2.1 Aerofoil Profile 19 2.2 Aerofoil Attitude 20 2.3 Wing Shape 21 2.4 Wing Loading 23 2.5 Weight and Mass 24 2.5.1 The Newton 24 2.6 Airspeeds 24 2.6.1 Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) 24 2.6.2 Indicated Airspeed (IAS) 25 2.6.3 Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) 25 2.6.4 Rectified Airspeed (RAS) 25 2.6.5 Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) 25 2.6.6 True Airspeed (TAS) 25 2.6.7 Mach Number 26 2.7 Speed Summary 26 2.8 The Effect of Altitude on Airspeeds 27 2.8.1 a. Below the Tropopause 27 2.8.2 b. Above the Tropopause 27 Self-Assessment Exercise 2 29 Part 2 Basic Aerodynamics 33 3 Basic Control 35 3.1 Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Rotation 35 3.1.1 The Longitudinal or Roll Axis 35 3.1.2 The Lateral or Pitch Axis 35 3.1.3 The Normal or Yaw Axis 35 3.2 The Flight Controls 35 3.3 The Elevators 37 3.4 Pitch Control 37 3.4.1 Control Surface Area 38 3.4.1.1 Control Surface Angular Deflection 38 3.4.2 The Moment Arm 38 3.4.3 Angle of Attack 38 3.5 Alternative Pitch Controls 39 3.5.1 Variable Incidence Tailplane 39 3.5.2 The Stabilator 40 3.5.3 The Elevons 40 3.6 The Rudder 40 3.7 Yaw Control 41 3.7.1 Control-Surface Area 41 3.7.1.1 Control-Surface Deflection 41 3.7.2 The Moment Arm 41 3.7.2.1 Engine-Induced Yaw 41 3.8 Asymmetric Engine Yawing Moment 42 3.8.1 Critical Power Unit 42 3.9 Asymmetric Rolling Moment 43 3.10 Minimum Control Speeds 44 3.10.0.1 For Take-off 44 3.10.0.2 For Landing 44 3.10.1 VMC 44 3.10.2 VMCG 44 3.10.2.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCG and VMC 45 3.10.3 VMCL 45 3.10.4 VMCL(1out) 45 3.10.5 VMCL-2 46 3.10.5.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCL 46 3.11 The Ailerons 46 3.12 Roll Control 46 3.12.1 The Flaperon 47 3.13 Wing Twist 47 3.14 Geometric Twist 47 3.15 Aerodynamic Twist 47 3.15.1 Twisterons 48 3.16 High-Speed Twist 49 3.16.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 49 3.16.2 High-Speed Ailerons 49 3.16.3 Roll Spoilers 50 Self-Assessment Exercise 3 51 4 Lift Generation 55 4.1 Turbulent Flow 55 4.2 Streamline Flow 55 4.3 The Boundary Layer 57 4.4 The Laminar Boundary Layer 58 4.4.1 The Transition Point 58 4.5 The Turbulent Boundary Layer 58 4.5.1 Leading-Edge Separation 59 4.6 Boundary-Layer Control 59 4.6.1 Blowing 59 4.6.2 Suction 60 4.6.3 Vortex Generators 60 4.7 Two-Dimensional Flow 61 4.8 The Stagnation Point 61 4.8.1 Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow 61 4.8.2 Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow 61 4.9 Lift Production 62 4.9.1 Symmetrical Aerofoils 62 4.9.2 Cambered Aerofoils 62 4.9.2.1 a. Negative Angles of Attack 64 4.9.2.2 b. Small Positive Angles of Attack 64 4.9.2.3 c. Large Positive Angles of Attack 64 4.10 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 64 4.11 Pitching Moments 65 4.12 The Aerodynamic Centre 67 4.13 Three-Dimensional Flow 68 4.14 Wing-Tip Vortices 68 4.15 Wake Turbulence 70 4.16 Spanwise Lift Distribution 70 4.16.1 The Effect of Wing Planform 70 Self-Assessment Exercise 4 75 Part 3 Level-Flight Aerodynamics 79 5 Lift Analysis 81 5.1 The Four Forces 81 5.2 Mass 81 5.3 Lift Analysis 82 5.4 The Factors Affecting CL 84 5.5 The Effect of Angle of Attack 84 5.6 The Effect of the Wing Shape 85 5.6.1 The Effect of Leading-Edge Radius 86 5.6.2 The Effect of Camber 86 5.6.3 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 87 5.6.4 The Wing Planform 88 5.6.4.1 The Effect of Sweepback 88 5.7 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Condition 89 5.8 The Effect of Reynolds Number 91 5.9 The Relationship between Speeds, Angles of Attack and CL 92 5.10 Aerofoil Profiles 93 5.10.1 High-Lift Aerofoils 93 5.10.2 General-Purpose Aerofoils 94 5.10.3 High-Speed Aerofoils 94 Self-Assessment Exercise 5 95 6 Lift Augmentation 99 6.1 Wing Loading 99 6.2 CLmax Augmentation 99 6.3 Slats 100 6.3.1 Automatic Slats 101 6.3.2 Manual Slats 103 6.4 Slots 103 6.5 Leading-Edge Flaps 103 6.5.1 The Krueger Flap 105 6.5.2 The Drooped Leading Edge 106 6.6 Trailing-Edge Flaps 106 6.6.1 The Plain Trailing-Edge Flap 107 6.6.2 The Split Trailing-Edge Flap 108 6.6.3 The Slotted Trailing-Edge Flap 108 6.6.4 The Fowler Flap 109 6.6.4.1 The Effect of Trailing-Edge Flaps 110 6.6.5 Leading- and Trailing-Edge Combinations 110 6.6.5.1 The Effect of Sweepback on Flap 112 Self-Assessment Exercise 6 113 7 Drag 119 7.1 Parasite (Profile) Drag 119 7.2 Surface-Friction Drag 120 7.2.0.1 Surface Area 120 7.2.0.2 Coefficient of Viscosity 120 7.2.0.3 Rate of Change of Airspeed 120 7.2.1 Flow Transition 120 7.2.1.1 Surface Condition 121 7.2.1.2 Speed and Size 121 7.2.1.3 Adverse Pressure Gradient 121 7.3 Form (Pressure) Drag 121 7.3.1 Interference Drag 122 7.4 Induced Drag 122 7.4.1 The Effect of Speed 123 7.4.2 The Effect of Mass 125 7.4.3 The Effect of Planform 125 7.4.4 The Effect of Sweepback 125 7.4.5 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 126 7.4.6 The Effect of Flap 126 7.4.7 The Effect of the CG Position 126 7.4.8 Effects Summary 127 7.5 Ground Effect 127 7.6 Wing-Tip Design 128 7.7 Wingspan Loading 129 7.8 The Coefficient of Induced Drag (CDI) 129 7.9 Total Drag 130 7.10 Analysis of the Total-Drag Curve 130 7.11 The Velocity of Minimum Drag (VIMD) 130 7.12 The Velocity of Minimum Power (VIMP) 132 7.13 The Maximum EAS/Drag Ratio (VI/Dmax) Speed 132 7.14 Speed Stability and Instability 133 7.15 The Effect of the Variables on Total Drag 134 7.15.1 The Effect of Altitude 134 7.15.2 The Effect of Mass 134 7.15.3 The Effect of Flap 134 7.16 The CL v CD Polar Diagram 136 7.17 Analysis of the Lift/Drag Ratio 137 7.17.1 The Effect of Flap 138 7.17.2 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 138 7.17.3 The Effect of Mass 139 7.18 Drag Augmentation 139 7.19 Airbrakes 139 7.20 Spoilers 139 7.20.1 Flight Spoilers 139 7.20.2 Ground Spoilers 140 7.20.3 Roll Spoilers 141 7.21 Barn-Door Flaps 142 7.22 Drag Parachutes 142 Self-Assessment Exercise 7 143 8 Stalling 153 8.0.1 The Stall 153 8.1 The Boundary Layer 153 8.2 Boundary-Layer Separation 154 8.2.1 Trailing-Edge Separation 154 8.2.2 Leading-Edge Separation 155 8.3 The Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156 8.4 Factors Affecting the Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156 8.4.1 Slat/Flap Setting 156 8.4.2 Ice Accretion 157 8.4.3 Effect on Take-off and Landing 158 8.4.3.1 Take-Off 158 8.4.3.2 Landing 158 8.4.3.3 Reduced Stalling Angle 159 8.4.3.4 Abnormal Stalling Characteristics 159 8.4.4 Heavy Rain 159 8.5 The Effect of Wing Design on the Low-Speed Stall 159 8.5.1 Swept Wings 160 8.5.2 Elliptical Wings 161 8.5.3 Rectangular Wings 161 8.5.4 Straight Tapered Wings 161 8.6 Spanwise-Flow Attenuation Devices 161 8.6.1 The Wing Fence 162 8.6.2 The Sawtooth Leading Edge 162 8.6.3 The Notched Leading Edge 162 8.6.4 Vortex Generators 162 8.7 Wing-Tip Stalling 164 8.7.1 The Effect of Flap 164 8.7.2 The Prevention of Wing-Tip Stalling 165 8.7.2.1 a. Washout 165 8.7.2.2 b. Root Spoiler 165 8.7.2.3 c. Changing Camber 165 8.7.2.4 d. Slats and Slots 165 8.7.2.5 e. Aspect Ratio 165 8.8 Stalling Characteristics 165 8.8.1 Ideal Stalling Characteristics 165 8.8.2 Swept-Wing Stalling Characteristics 166 8.9 Summary of Factors Affecting the Stalling Angle 166 8.10 Aerodynamic Stall Warning 166 8.11 Mechanical Stall Warning 167 8.11.1 The Flapper Switch 167 8.11.2 The Angle of Attack Sensor 167 8.11.3 Stick Shakers 168 8.11.4 Stick Pushers 168 8.12 Stalling Speed 168 8.13 Factors Affecting Stalling Speed 169 8.14 Centre of Gravity (CG) 169 8.14.1 Forward CG 169 8.14.1.1 Disadvantage 169 8.14.1.2 Advantage 169 8.14.2 Aft CG 169 8.14.2.1 Disadvantage 170 8.14.2.2 Advantage 170 8.15 Mass 170 8.16 Altitude 171 8.17 Configuration 171 8.18 Ice Accretion 171 8.19 Wing Planform 172 8.20 Summary of Factor Effects on Stalling Speed 172 8.21 The Speed Boundary 172 8.22 The Effect of a Gust on the Load Factor 173 8.23 Turn Stalling Speed 174 8.24 Stalling-Speed Definitions 174 8.24.1 VCLmax 175 8.24.2 VMS 175 8.24.3 VMS0 175 8.24.4 VMS1 175 8.24.5 VS 176 8.24.6 VS0 176 8.24.7 VS1 176 8.24.8 VS1g 176 8.24.9 VSR 176 8.24.10 VSR0 176 8.24.11 VSR1 176 8.25 The Deep Stall 177 8.26 The Accelerated Stall 177 8.27 The Power-On Stall 177 8.28 The Shock Stall 178 8.29 Stall Recovery 178 8.29.1 The Low-speed Stall 178 8.29.2 The Deep Stall 178 8.29.3 The Accelerated Stall 178 8.29.4 The Power-On Stall 179 8.29.5 The Shock Stall 179 8.30 The Spin 179 Self-Assessment Exercise 8 181 9 Thrust and Power in Level Flight 189 9.1 Thrust 189 9.2 Analysis of the Thrust Curves 189 9.2.1 Thrust Available 189 9.2.2 Thrust Required 190 9.2.2.1 Maximum Speed (EAS) 190 9.3 The Effect of the Variables on Thrust 191 9.3.1 Altitude 191 9.3.2 Mass 193 9.3.3 Asymmetric Flight 193 9.3.4 Centre of Gravity 195 9.4 Power 196 9.5 Analysis of the Power Curves 196 9.5.1 Maximum TAS 197 9.5.2 VMP and VMD 197 9.6 The Effect of the Variables on Power 198 9.6.1 Altitude 198 9.6.2 Mass 200 9.7 Summary 201 Self-Assessment Exercise 9 203 10 Advanced Control 207 10.1 Wing Torsion and Flexing 207 10.2 Wing Flutter 207 10.3 Torsional Flexural Flutter 207 10.4 Aileron Flutter 210 10.4.1 Torsional Aileron Flutter 210 10.4.2 Flexural Aileron Flutter 211 10.4.2.1 The Mass Balance 212 10.5 Divergence 213 10.6 Control Secondary Effects 213 10.7 Adverse Yaw 213 10.8 Counteraction Devices 214 10.8.1 Rudder/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.2 Slot/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.3 Spoiler/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.4 Differential Aileron Deflection 214 10.8.5 Frise Ailerons 214 10.9 Control-Surface Operation 215 10.10 Aerodynamic Balance Methods 216 10.10.1 The Hinge Balance 216 10.10.2 The Horn Balance 216 10.10.3 The Internal Balance 217 10.10.4 The Balance Tab 217 10.10.5 The Antibalance Tab 218 10.10.6 The Spring Tab 218 10.10.7 The Servo Tab 220 10.11 Primary Control-Surface Trimming 221 10.11.1 Variable Trim Tabs 222 10.11.2 Fixed Trim Tabs 222 10.11.3 Stabilizer Trim Setting 222 10.12 Powered Controls 223 10.13 Power-Assisted Controls 223 10.14 Fully Powered Controls 223 10.14.1 Artificial Feel 224 10.14.1.1 The Simple System 224 10.14.1.2 The Servo-Assisted Hydraulic System 224 10.15 Fly-by-Wire 225 Self-Assessment Exercise 10 227 Part 4 Stability 231 11 Static Stability 233 11.1 Static Stability 233 11.2 The Effect of the Variables on Static Stability 235 11.3 Directional Static Stability 235 11.4 Yaw and Sideslip 235 11.5 The Directional Restoring Moment 235 11.5.1 Fin and Rudder Design 237 11.5.2 The Dorsal Fin 237 11.5.3 The Ventral Fin 237 11.5.4 The Moment Arm 237 11.6 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Directional Static Stability 238 11.6.1 Fuselage 238 11.6.2 Wing 238 11.6.2.1 Dihedral 239 11.6.3 Sweepback 239 11.7 Propeller Slipstream 240 11.8 Neutral Directional Static Stability 240 11.9 Lateral Static Stability 240 11.10 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Lateral Static Stability 242 11.10.1 Increased Lateral Static Stability 242 11.10.2 Decreased Lateral Static Stability 242 11.11 Sideslip Angle and Rolling Moment Coefficient 243 11.12 Analysis of Design Feature Effects 244 11.13 Wing Contribution 244 11.13.1 Dihedral 244 11.13.2 Anhedral 245 11.13.3 Sweepback 245 11.14 Wing/Fuselage Interference 246 11.14.1 Shielding Effect 246 11.14.2 Wing Location 246 11.15 Fuselage/Fin 246 11.15.1 Fin Size 246 11.15.2 Ventral Fin 246 11.16 Handling Considerations 247 11.16.1 Propeller Slipstream 247 11.16.2 Crosswind Landings 247 11.16.3 Flaps 247 11.17 Longitudinal Static Stability 248 11.18 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 249 11.19 The Neutral Point (NP) 250 11.19.1 Types of Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.1.1 The Stick-Free Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.1.2 The Stick-Fixed Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.2 The Effect of the CG at the NP 250 11.20 The Aerodynamic Centre (AC) 251 11.21 The Centre of Gravity (CG) 251 11.21.1 The CG Envelope 251 11.21.1.1 CG Envelope Limitations 251 11.21.1.2 CG Movement 252 11.21.2 The Effect of CG at the Limits 252 11.21.2.1 CG at the Forward Limit 252 11.21.2.2 CG at the Aft Limit 252 11.22 The Static Margin (SM) 253 11.23 The Trim Point (TP) 253 11.24 Longitudinal Dihedral 253 11.25 Aeroplane-Design Variations 255 11.26 The Effect of the Variables on Longitudinal Static Stability 255 11.26.1 Elevator Deflection 255 11.26.2 Trim 256 11.26.3 The Fuselage 257 11.26.4 Angle of Attack 257 11.26.5 Configuration 257 11.26.5.1 Trailing-Edge Flaps 257 11.26.5.2 Undercarriage 257 11.27 Stick-Fixed Longitudinal Static Stability 257 11.27.1 Stick-Position Stability 258 11.28 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability 258 11.28.1 Stick Force 259 11.29 Certification Standard Stick-Force Requirements 260 11.29.1 a. Class ‘A’ Aeroplanes CS 25.173(c) 260 11.29.2 b. Class ‘B’ Aeroplanes CS 23.173(c) 260 11.30 The Effect of CG Position on Stick Force 260 11.31 Longitudinal Static Manoeuvre Stability 261 11.31.1 The Manoeuvre Point 261 11.32 Factors Affecting Stick Force 262 11.33 Summary 262 11.34 The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions 264 11.34.1 Ice Accretion 264 11.34.2 Heavy Rain 264 11.34.3 Altitude 264 11.35 The Factors Affecting Static Stability 264 Self-Assessment Exercise 11 267 12 Dynamic Stability 277 12.1 Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 279 12.1.1 The Phugoid 279 12.1.2 Short-Period Oscillation 280 12.1.3 Factors Affecting Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 280 12.2 Lateral Dynamic Stability 280 12.2.1 Sideslip 281 12.2.2 Rolling 281 12.2.3 Spiral 281 12.2.4 Dutch Roll 281 12.3 Spiral Instability 281 12.4 Dutch Roll 282 12.5 Asymmetric Thrust 282 12.6 Aerodynamic Damping 283 12.7 Summary 283 12.8 The Factors Affecting Dynamic Stability 283 12.8.1 a. General 283 12.8.2 b. Longitudinal 284 12.8.3 c. Lateral 284 Self-Assessment Exercise 12 285 Part 5 Manoeuvre Aerodynamics 289 13 Level-Flight Manoeuvres 291 13.1 The Manoeuvre Envelope 291 13.1.1 The Flight Load Factor 291 13.2 Manoeuvre-Envelope Limitations 291 13.2.1 The Stalling Speed 291 13.2.2 The ‘g’ Limitation 292 13.2.3 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Limiting Parameters 294 13.2.4 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Maximum-Speed Limitation 294 13.3 Stalling and Design Speed Definitions 294 13.4 Limiting Speeds 296 13.5 The Load Factor 296 13.6 The Gust Load Factor 297 13.7 Buffet 299 13.7.1 Low-Speed Buffet 299 13.7.2 High-Speed Buffet 300 13.8 The Buffet Onset Boundary Chart 300 13.9 Turns 302 13.9.1 The Load Factor in a Turn 303 13.9.2 The Turn Radius 303 13.9.3 Rate of Turn 305 13.10 Turn and Slip Indications 306 Self-Assessment Exercise 13 307 14 Climb and Descent Aerodynamics 315 14.1 Climbing Flight 315 14.2 The Forces in a Climb 315 14.3 The Effect of the Variables on the Climb 316 14.3.1 Altitude 316 14.3.2 Mass 316 14.3.3 Flap Setting 316 14.3.4 Wind Component 317 14.4 Climb Gradient 317 14.5 Climb-Gradient Calculations 318 14.5.1 Method 1 318 14.5.2 Method 2 320 14.6 Rate of Climb 321 14.7 Rate-of-Climb Calculations 321 14.8 VX and VY 323 14.9 VX 323 14.10 VY 325 14.11 Aircraft Ceiling 326 14.12 VY at the Absolute Ceiling 327 14.12.1 Piston/Propeller Aeroplanes 328 14.12.2 Jet Aeroplanes 328 14.13 The Effect of the Variables on VX and VY 329 14.13.1 Mass 329 14.13.2 Flap 329 14.13.3 Altitude 329 14.13.4 Temperature 329 14.13.5 Wind Component 329 14.14 The Effect of Climbing-Speed Variations 331 14.15 Factors Affecting the Climb 332 14.16 The Glide Descent 332 14.16.1 The Glide Variables 333 14.17 Gliding for Maximum Range 334 14.18 The Effect of the Variables on a Glide Descent 335 14.18.1 Speed 335 14.18.2 Wind Component 336 14.18.3 Mass 337 14.18.4 Angle of Attack 338 14.18.5 Flap 338 14.19 Gliding for Maximum Endurance 338 14.20 Climbing and Descending Turns 339 Self-Assessed Exercise 14 341 Part 6 Other Aerodynamic Considerations 349 15 High-Speed Flight 351 15.0.1 General Introduction 351 15.1 High-Speed Definitions 352 15.2 High-Speed Calculations 352 15.3 The Shockwave 353 15.3.1 Compressibility 353 15.3.2 Shockwave Formation 353 15.4 Air-Pressure-Wave Patterns 354 15.4.1 Subsonic 357 15.4.2 Sonic 357 15.4.3 Supersonic 357 15.5 The Shockwave Deflection Angle 357 15.6 The High-Speed CP 358 15.7 Critical Mach Number (MCRIT) 358 15.8 The Effect of a Shockwave 359 15.8.1 Wave Drag 359 15.8.2 Drag Divergence Mach Number 360 15.9 The Flying Controls 360 15.10 The Effect of the Aerofoil Profile 361 15.10.1 Thickness/Chord Ratio 362 15.10.2 Wing Camber 362 15.11 Swept Wings 362 15.12 The Effect of Sweepback 362 15.12.1 The Advantages of Sweepback 362 15.12.1.1 Increased MCRIT 363 15.12.1.2 Aerodynamic Effects 363 15.12.2 The Disadvantages of Sweepback 363 15.13 Remedial Design Features 364 15.13.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 365 15.13.2 High-Speed Ailerons 365 15.14 Area Rule 365 15.15 High-Speed-Flight Characteristics 367 15.15.1 High-Speed Buffet 367 15.15.2 Tuck Under 367 15.15.3 The Shock Stall 367 15.15.4 The Buffet Boundary 368 15.15.5 Coffin Corner 368 15.16 Speed Instability 368 15.16.1 The Mach Trimmer 369 15.16.2 Lateral Instability 369 15.17 The Supercritical Wing 369 15.18 Supersonic Airflow 370 15.18.1 The Convex Corner Mach Wave (Expansion Wave) 370 15.18.2 The Concave-Corner Shockwave 372 Self-Assessment Exercise 15 373 16 Propellers 387 16.1 Propeller Definitions 387 16.2 Basic Principles 389 16.3 Factors Affecting Propeller Efficiency 391 16.4 Airspeed 391 16.4.1 Fixed-Pitch Propellers 391 16.4.2 Variable-Pitch Propellers 393 16.5 Power Absorption 393 16.5.1 Propeller-Blade Shape 393 16.5.1.1 Blade Length 393 16.5.1.2 Blade Chord 394 16.5.2 Propeller-Blade Number 394 16.5.3 Solidity 394 16.6 The Effects of a Propeller on Aeroplane Performance 395 16.6.1 Torque 395 16.6.2 Slipstream Effect 396 16.6.3 Asymmetric Blade 396 16.6.4 Gyroscopic Effect 397 16.7 Propeller Forces and Moments 398 16.7.1 Centrifugal Force (CF) 398 16.7.2 Centrifugal Twisting Moment (CTM) 398 16.7.3 Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM) 398 16.8 Propeller-Blade Positions 400 16.9 The Constant-Speed Unit (CSU) 400 16.9.1 Propeller Windmilling 401 16.9.2 Propeller Feathering 401 16.9.3 Reverse Pitch 403 16.10 The Effect of a Constant Speed Propeller on a Glide Descent 403 16.11 Engine Failure 403 Self-Assessment Exercise 16 405 17 Operational Considerations 411 17.1 Runway-Surface Contamination 411 17.1.1 Surface Contaminants 411 17.1.1.1 Standing Water 411 17.1.1.2 Slush 411 17.1.1.3 Wet Snow 411 17.1.1.4 Dry Snow 412 17.1.1.5 Very Dry Snow 412 17.1.1.6 Compacted Snow 412 17.1.1.7 Ice 412 17.1.1.8 Specially Prepared Winter Runway 412 17.1.1.9 Mixtures 412 17.1.1.10 Contaminant Drag 413 17.1.1.11 Water-Equivalent Depth 413 17.2 The Effect of Runway Contamination 413 17.2.1 Take-off 413 17.3 Aeroplane Contamination 415 17.3.1 The Effect of Heavy Rain 415 17.3.2 The Effect of Propeller Icing 415 17.3.3 The Effect of Airframe Icing 416 17.3.4 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Damage 416 17.3.5 The Effect of Turbulence 416 17.4 Windshear 417 17.4.1 The Effect of Windshear 417 17.4.1.1 Energy Loss 417 17.4.1.2 Energy Gain 417 17.4.2 Downdraught 418 17.4.2.1 Take-off 418 17.4.2.2 Landing 418 17.4.3 Countering Windshear 419 Self-Assessment Exercise 17 421 Part 7 Conclusion 425 18 Summary 427 18.1 Aerofoil-Profile Definitions 427 18.2 Aerofoil-Attitude Definitions 427 18.3 Wing-Shape Definitions 428 18.4 High-Speed Definitions 428 18.5 Propeller Definitions 429 18.6 V Speeds 430 18.7 PoF Formulae 432 18.7.1 Drag 433 18.7.2 Wing Loading/Load Factor 433 18.7.3 Stalling Speed Calculations 434 18.7.3.1 Mass Change 434 18.7.3.2 Load Factor 434 18.7.3.3 Turn 434 18.7.4 Design Manoeuvre Speed (VA) 434 18.7.5 Turn Details 434 18.7.5.1 Radius of Turn 434 18.7.5.2 Rate of Turn 434 18.7.6 Climb Calculations 434 18.7.7 Descent Calculations 434 18.7.7.1 Maximum Glide Range 435 18.7.8 Mach Angle (µ) Calculation 435 18.8 Key Facts 435 18.9 Stalling 435 18.9.1 The Maximum Coefficient of Lift (CLmax) 435 18.9.2 The Critical Angle 435 18.9.3 The Stalling Speed 436 18.10 Stability 436 18.10.1 Static Stability 436 18.10.2 Dynamic Stability 436 18.10.3 The Stick Force 438 18.10.4 The Gust Load Factor 439 18.11 Propellers 439 18.11.1 Propeller Efficiency 439 18.11.2 Fixed Pitch Angle of Attack 439 18.11.3 Propeller Gyroscopic Effect 440 18.12 The Effect of the Variables on Performance 440 18.12.1 Airframe Surface 440 18.12.2 Airframe Surface 440 18.12.3 Altitude 441 18.12.4 Aspect Ratio 441 18.12.5 Camber 441 18.12.6 CG Position 442 18.12.7 Flap 442 18.12.8 Sweepback 443 18.12.9 Dihedral 443 18.12.10 Mass 443 Self-Assessment Exercise 18 445 19 Solutions (with page references) 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 1 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 2 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 3 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 4 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 5 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 6 449 Self-Assessment Exercise 7 450 Self-Assessment Exercise 8 451 Self-Assessment Exercise 9 452 Self-Assessment Exercise 10 453 Self-Assessment Exercise 11 453 Self-Assessment Exercise 12 454 Self-Assessment Exercise 13 454 Self-Assessment Exercise 14 456 14.0.1 Vx &Vy Mathematical Proof 457 Self-Assessment Exercise 15 458 Self-Assessment Exercise 16 459 Self-Assessment Exercise 17 459 Self-Assessment Exercise 18 Turn Calculations 460 Index 461

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Book SynopsisThis new edition covers all the different areas of engineering required in the design and implementation of spacecraft and space missions. Detailing recent developments in space activities, all chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated in the areas of launch vehicles, structures, ground stations and mechanisms.Trade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 August 2012) "I highly recommend the fantastic and landmark book Spacecraft Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition edited by Peter Fortescue, Graham Swinerd, and John Stark, to any graduate and undergraduate students, engineering and science faculty members, professional engineers, space scientists, business leaders, and government policy makers who are serious about the design, manufacturing, and implementation of complete spacecraft systems. This book provides not only the basics of fully integrated spacecraft systems, but the advanced knowledge required to implement a complete spectrum of space mission applications as well." (Blog Business World, 19 February 2012)Table of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface to the Fourth Edition xv Preface to the Third Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to the First Edition xxiii List of Acronyms xxv 1 INTRODUCTION John P. W. Stark, Graham G. Swinerd and Adrian R. L. Tatnall 1.1 Payloads and Missions 3 1.2 A System View of Spacecraft 4 1.3 The Future 9 2 THE SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON DESIGN John P. W. Stark 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Pre-Operational Spacecraft Environments 11 2.3 Operational Spacecraft Environments 17 2.4 Environmental Effects on Design 40 3 DYNAMICS OF SPACECRAFT Peter W. Fortescue and Graham G. Swinerd 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Trajectory Dynamics 51 3.3 General Attitude Dynamics 58 3.4 Attitude Motion of Specific Types of Spacecraft 63 3.5 Oscillatory Modes 71 3.6 In Conclusion 73 Appendix: The Inertia Matrix 73 4 CELESTIAL MECHANICS John P. W. Stark, Graham G. Swinerd and Peter W. Fortescue 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The Two-body Problem—Particle Dynamics 81 4.3 Specifying the Orbit 92 4.4 Orbit Perturbations 93 4.5 Restricted Three-body Problem 106 5 MISSION ANALYSIS John P. W. Stark and Graham G. Swinerd 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Keplerian Orbit Transfers 114 5.3 Mission Analysis 116 5.4 Polar LEO/Remote-Sensing Satellites 122 5.5 Satellite Constellations 127 5.6 Geostationary Earth Orbits (GEO) 133 5.7 Highly Elliptic Orbits 143 5.8 Interplanetary Missions 147 6 PROPULSION SYSTEMS J. Barrie Moss and John P. W. Stark 6.1 Systems Classification 177 6.2 Chemical Rockets 180 6.3 Spacecraft Propulsion 202 6.4 Electric Propulsion 206 7 LAUNCH VEHICLES J. Barrie Moss and Graham E. Dorrington 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Basic Launch Vehicle Performance and Operation 222 7.3 Spacecraft Launch Phases and Mission Planning 231 7.4 The Ariane 5 Launch Vehicle 236 7.5 US Crewed Launch Systems 239 7.6 Small Launchers and Reusable Sub-Orbital Vehicles 242 7.7 Re-Entry into Earth’s Atmosphere 244 7.8 Specific Launch Costs and Reliability 247 8 SPACECRAFT STRUCTURES John M. Houghton 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Design Requirements 251 8.3 Material Selection 256 8.4 Analysis 263 8.5 Design Verification 274 8.6 Impact Protection 276 8.7 Configuration Examples 278 8.8 The Future of Space Structures 285 9 ATTITUDE CONTROL Peter W. Fortescue and Graham G. Swinerd 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 ACS Overview 290 9.3 The Spacecraft Attitude Response 294 9.4 Torques and Torquers 301 9.5 Attitude Measurement 309 9.6 ACS Computation 321 10 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS John P. W. Stark 10.1 Introduction 327 10.2 Power System Elements 328 10.3 Primary Power Systems 330 10.4 Secondary Power Systems: Batteries 345 10.5 Power Management, Distribution and Control 347 10.6 Power Budget 350 11 THERMAL CONTROL OF SPACECRAFT Chris J. Savage 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 The Thermal Environment 358 11.3 Thermal Balance 362 11.4 Thermal Analysis 366 11.5 Thermal Design 371 11.6 Thermal Technology 375 11.7 Thermal Design Verification 386 11.8 Example of Satellite Thermal Design—XMM/Newton 390 12 TELECOMMUNICATIONS Ray E. Sheriff and Adrian R. L. Tatnall 12.1 Introduction 395 12.2 Techniques of Radio Communications 400 12.3 The Communications Payload 422 12.4 Conclusion 436 13 TELEMETRY, COMMAND, DATA HANDLING AND PROCESSING Nigel P. Fillery and David Stanton 13.1 Introduction 439 13.2 System Architecture 440 13.3 Telemetry Data Formatting 442 13.4 Telecommand 449 13.5 Communication Techniques and Protocols 455 13.6 On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) and Processing 458 13.7 Technology 464 13.8 Tools and Controlling Documents 466 14 GROUND SEGMENT Franck Chatel 14.1 Introduction 467 14.2 The Ground Station 468 14.3 Flight Dynamics 475 14.4 The Ground Data System 480 14.5 The Flight Operations System 483 15 SPACECRAFT MECHANISMS Guglielmo S. Aglietti 15.1 Introduction 495 15.2 One-Shot Devices 497 15.3 Continuously and Intermittently Operating Devices 507 15.4 Components 513 15.5 Materials 520 15.6 Tribology 521 15.7 Testing and Verification 523 15.8 Conclusion 524 16 SPACECRAFT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ENGINEERING Ken M. Redford 16.1 Introduction 527 16.2 Examples of EMC Problems 528 16.3 EMC Specifications 528 16.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility—Terms and Definitions 529 16.5 EMC Fundamentals 530 16.6 The Systems Approach to EMC 531 16.7 EMC Categories 531 16.8 Electrostatic Discharge 535 16.9 Spacecraft Grounding Schemes 536 16.10 Major Causes of Spacecraft EMC Problems 541 16.11 Analysis Methods for Spacecraft EMC Engineering 542 17 ASSEMBLY, INTEGRATION AND VERIFICATION Terry Ransome 17.1 Introduction 545 17.2 Some Definitions 545 17.3 The Verification Plan 547 17.4 Relationship between Analysis and Test 551 17.5 The AIV Plan 552 17.6 Testing: General 553 17.7 Test Types 557 17.8 Model Philosophy 561 17.9 Build Standards and Applications 564 17.10 Ground Support Equipment 567 17.11 Checkpoints in the AIV Programme 571 17.12 Verification Closeout 572 17.13 Launch Preparation 572 17.14 Conclusion 573 18 SMALL SATELLITE ENGINEERING AND APPLICATIONS Martin N. Sweeting and Craig I. Underwood 18.1 Introduction 575 18.2 Small Satellite Design Philosophy 579 18.3 Small Satellite System Design 580 18.4 COTS Components in the Space Environment 583 18.5 Microsatellite Platforms 587 18.6 Minisatellite Platforms 590 18.7 Nanosatellite Platforms 590 18.8 Affordable Launches for Small Satellites 592 18.9 In-Orbit Operations 594 18.10 Small Satellite Applications 597 18.11 Picosatellites and Recent Advances in Miniaturization 603 18.12 Conclusion 604 19 PRODUCT ASSURANCE Geoffrey Hall 19.1 Introduction 607 19.2 Product Assurance in a Project 609 19.3 Reliability/Dependability 613 19.4 Parts 618 19.5 Materials and Processes 622 19.6 Product Assurance in Manufacturing, AI&V 626 19.7 Safety 634 19.8 Product Assurance in Operations 637 19.9 Software Product Assurance 638 19.10 PA in Technology Developments 640 19.11 The Assurance Message 642 20 SPACECRAFT SYSTEM ENGINEERING Adrian R. L. Tatnall, John B. Farrow, Massimo Bandecchi and C. Richard Francis 20.1 Introduction 643 20.2 System Engineering 644 20.3 Concurrent Engineering 654 20.4 A Case Study: Cryosat 667 20.5 Conclusion 678 Index 679

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Book SynopsisA practical one-volume guide to anechoic chamber designs for electromagnetic measurements The electromagnetic anechoic chamber has been with us since it was invented at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, in the early 1950s. Just about every major aerospace company has large numbers of them located throughout the United States and the world. Now, because of the stringent electromagnetic interference requirements that must be considered in the development of all new electronic products, these facilities are appearing in the automotive, telecommunications, aerospace, computer, and other industries. This handbook provides the designer/procurer of electromagnetic chambers with a single source of practical information on the full range of anechoic chamber designs. It reviews the current state of the art in indoor electromagnetic testing facilities and their design and specifications. You''ll find information on a large variety of anechoic chambers usedTrade Review"...a comprehensive, thorough text...that will not sit on the shelf...it is a text that will be referenced often by those individuals committed to ensuring?the highest quality of test results." (IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine, March 2003)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Text Organization. References. 2 Measurement Principles Pertaining to Anechoic Chamber Design. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Measurement of Electromagnetic Fields. 2.2.1 Introduction. 2.2.2 Antennas. 2.2.3 Radiated Emissions. 2.2.4 Radiated Susceptibility. 2.2.5 Military Electromagnetic Compatibility. 2.2.6 Antenna System Isolation. 2.2.7 Radar Cross Section. 2.3 Free-Space Test Requirements. 2.3.1 Introduction. 2.3.2 Phase. 2.3.3 Amplitude. 2.3.4 Polarization. 2.3.5 The Friis Transmission Formula. 2.4 Supporting Measurement Concepts. 2.4.1 Introduction. 2.4.2 Coordinate Systems and Device Positioners. 2.4.3 Decibels. 2.4.4 Effects of Reflected Energy. 2.4.5 Effects of Antenna Coupling. 2.5 Outdoor Measurement Facilities. 2.5.1 Introduction. 2.5.2 Electromagnetic Design Considerations and Criteria. 2.5.3 Elevated Outdoor Antenna Range. 2.5.4 Ground Reflection Antenna Range. 2.5.5 Open-Area Test Sites (OATS). References. 3 Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Microwave Absorbing Materials. 3.2.1 Pyramidal Absorber. 3.2.2 Wedge Absorber. 3.2.3 Convoluted Microwave Absorber. 3.2.4 Multilayer Dielectric Absorber. 3.2.5 Hybrid Dielectric Absorber. 3.2.6 Walkway Absorber. 3.3 Low-Frequency Absorbing Material. 3.3.1 Introduction. 3.3.2 Ferrite Absorbers. 3.3.3 Hybrid Absorbers. 3.4 Absorber Modeling. 3.5 Absorber Testing. References. 4 The Chamber Enclosure. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Electromagnetic Interference. 4.3 Controlling the Environment. 4.4 Electromagnetic Shielding. 4.4.1 Introduction. 4.4.2 The Welded Shield. 4.4.3 The Clamped Seam or Prefabricated Shield. 4.4.4 The Single-Shield Systems. 4.5 Penetrations. 4.6 Performance Verification. 4.7 Shielded Enclosure Grounding. 4.8 Fire Protection. References. 5 Anechoic Chamber Design Techniques. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Practical Design Procedures. 5.2.1 Introduction. 5.2.2 Quick Estimate of Chamber Performance. 5.2.3 Detailed Ray-Tracing Design Procedure. 5.3 Computer Modeling. 5.3.1 Introduction. 5.3.2 Ray Tracing. 5.3.3 Finite-Difference Time-Domain Model. 5.4 Other Techniques. 5.5 Antennas Used In Anechoic Chambers. 5.5.1 Introduction. 5.5.2 Rectangular Chamber Antennas. 5.5.3 Antennas for Tapered Chambers. 5.5.4 EMI Chambers. References. 6 The Rectangular Chamber. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Antenna Testing. 6.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2 Design Considerations. 6.2.3 Design Example. 6.2.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.3 Radar Cross-Section Testing. 6.3.1 Design Considerations. 6.3.2 Design Example. 6.3.3 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.4 Near-Field Testing. 6.4.1 Introduction. 6.4.2 Chamber Design Considerations. 6.4.3 Design Example. 6.4.4 Acceptance Test Procedure. 6.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing. 6.5.1 Introduction. 6.5.2 Chamber Design Considerations. 6.5.3 Design Examples. 6.5.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 6.6 Immunity Testing. 6.6.1 Introduction. 6.6.2 Mode-Stirred Test Facility. 6.7 EM System Compatibility Testing. 6.7.1 Design Considerations. 6.7.2 Acceptance Testing. References. 7 The Compact Range Chamber. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Antenna Testing. 7.2.1 Prime Focus Compact Range. 7.2.2 Dual Reflector Compact Range. 7.2.3 Shaped Reflector Compact Range. 7.2.4 Compact Antenna Range Absorber Layout. 7.2.5 Acceptance Testing of the Compact Antenna Anechoic Chamber. 7.3 Compact RCS Ranges. 7.3.1 Introduction. 7.3.2 Design Example. 7.3.3 Acceptance Testing. References. 8 Incorporating Geometry in Anechoic Chamber Design. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 The Tapered Chamber. 8.2.1 Introduction. 8.2.2 Antenna Testing. 8.2.3 Radar Cross-Section Measurements. 8.3 The Double Horn Chamber. 8.3.1 Introduction. 8.3.2 Antenna Testing. 8.3.3 Emissions and Immunity Testing. 8.4 The Missile Hardware-in-the-Loop Chamber. 8.4.1 Introduction. 8.4.2 Design Considerations. 8.4.3 Design Example. 8.4.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 8.5 Consolidated Facilities. 8.5.1 Introduction. 8.5.2 Design Considerations. 8.5.3 Design Examples. 8.5.4 Acceptance Test Procedures. 8.6 The TEM Cell. 8.6.1 Introduction. 8.6.2 TEM Principles of Operation. 8.6.3 Typical Performance. References. 9 Test Procedures. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Absorber Testing. 9.2.1 Introduction. 9.2.2 Testing of Microwave Absorber. 9.2.3 Low-Frequency Testing. 9.2.4 Compact Range Reflector Testing. 9.2.5 Fire-Retardant Testing. 9.3 Microwave Anechoic Chamber Test Procedures. 9.3.1 Introduction. 9.3.2 Free-Space VSWR Method. 9.3.3 Pattern Comparison Method. 9.3.4 X–Y Scanner Method. 9.3.5 RCS Chamber Evaluation. 9.4 EMC Chamber Acceptance Test Procedures. 9.4.1 Introduction. 9.4.2 Volumetric Site Attenuation. 9.4.3 Field Uniformity. 9.5 Shielding Effectiveness. References. 10 Examples of Indoor Electromagnetic Test Facilities. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Antenna Testing. 10.2.1 Introduction. 10.2.2 Rectangular Test Chamber. 10.2.3 Tapered Anechoic Chamber. 10.2.4 Compact Range Test Chamber. 10.2.5 Near-Field Test Chamber. 10.3 Radar Cross-Section Testing. 10.3.1 Introduction. 10.3.2 Compact Range Radar Cross-Section Facilities. 10.4 EMC Test Chambers. 10.4.1 Introduction. 10.4.2 Emission Test Chambers. 10.5 Electromagnetic System Compatibility Testing. 10.5.1 Introduction. 10.5.2 Aircraft Systems. 10.5.3 Spacecraft Test Facilities. References. Appendix A: Procedure for Determining the Area of Specular Absorber Treatment. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Fresnel Zone Analysis. Appendix B :Test Region Amplitude Taper. B.1 Introduction. B.2 Antenna Data. Appendix C: Design/Specification Checklists. C.1 Introduction. C.2 The Rectangular Chamber. C.2.1 Introduction. C.2.2 Antenna Testing. C.2.3 RCS Testing. C.2.4 Near-Field Testing. C.2.5 EMI Testing. C.2.6 Isolation Testing. C.2.7 Impedance Testing. C.3 Compact Range. C.3.1 Introduction. C.3.2 Antenna/Radome Testing. C.3.3 RCS Testing. C.4 Shaped Chambers. C.4.1 Introduction C.4.2 Tapered Chamber. C.4.3 Double Horn Chamber. C.4.4 Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing. C.5 Shielding Design Checklist. C.5.1 Introduction. C.5.2 Checklist for Prefabricated Shielding. C.5.3 Checklist for Welded Enclosures. C.5.4 Checklist for Architectural Shielding. C.5.5 Conventional Construction. C.5.6 Fire Protection. References. Glossary. Selected Bibliography. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisFlexible Multibody Dynamics comprehensively describes the numerical modelling of flexible multibody dynamics systems in space and aircraft structures, vehicles, and mechanical systems. A rigorous approach is followed to handle finite rotations in 3D, with a thorough discussion of the different alternatives for parametrization.Trade Review"a competent offering" (The Aeronautical Journal, November 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Generalized Coordinates for Mechanism Analysis. Kinematics of Finite Motion. Parameterization of Spherical Motion. Rigid Body Dynamics. The Elastic Beam. System Constraints: Modelling of Joints. Substructuring Techniques. Static and Kinematic Analyses of Multibody Systems. Time Integration of Constrained Systems. Automatic Step Size Control. Energy Conserving Time Integration. References. Index.

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