Aerospace and aviation technology Books

Book SynopsisUnofficially named the 'Peacemaker', the Convair B-36 is a legend of the Cold War. With six powerful radial engines and four turbojets paired in pods, the B-36 was America's 'Big Stick' that could subdue would-be aggressors with unrestrained nuclear retribution at a level unmatched by any other aircraft or air force of the time., Built initially from a requirement to bomb Nazi-occupied Europe from the United States, the B-36 entered service with the US Air Force in 1948 as the world's first operational nuclear bomber with hemispheric range, while at the same time becoming the largest American aircraft to enter volume production. It was later adapted as a long-range reconnaissance aircraft equipped with the most powerful cameras ever carried in the air., Author: David Baker offers an unrivalled insight into this behemoth that held the line against the growing Soviet threat during the opening decade of the Cold War. He lifts the lid on the 'Peacemaker', bringing together several decades of research and investigation into an aircraft that bridges the piston-engine era and the age of the all-jet bomber. With the aid of more than 300 photographs and detailed performance charts, he describes the design, development, structure and systems of the B-36 and its service with the US Air Force's Strategic Air Command at a crucial point in post-war history.Table of ContentsContents INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE: THE ORIGIN OF THE B-36 CHAPTER TWO: DEVELOPING THE B-36 CHAPTER THREE: TYPE EVOLUTION AND PRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR: VARIANTS AND DERIVATIVES CHAPTER FIVE: ANATOMY OF THE B-36 CHAPTER SIX: SERVICE LIFE CHAPTER SEVEN: FLYING THE B-36 CHAPTER EIGHT: REMINISCENCES APPENDIX

Read more less

Book SynopsisGorgeously illustrated with NASA photography, the large-format (12 × 12 inches) NASA Missions to Mars examines everything from the first tentative steps toward the fourth planet to the 2021 landing of rover Perseverance and beyond. Space exploration has always been about pushing boundaries, but perhaps the achievement which has most piqued a sense of possibility has been the exploration of Mars. Beginning with Soviet and American flybys in the early 1960s that were part and parcel of the Space Race, acclaimed space historian Piers Bizony continues through complete coverage of the Viking 1 and 2 missions of 1975–1976. Bizony also traces NASA’s acclaimed rover program, describing the development, technologies, mission histories, and achievements of the rovers Sojourner, Opportunity, Spirit, and Curiosity—all on the 25th anniversary of their first landing.Trade Review“Space historian Piers Bizony has put together an extraordinary volume of humankind’s outreach to and fascination with Mars.” -- Leonard David * Leonard David's Inside Outer Space *Table of ContentsCONTENTSPrefacePiers BizonyIntroduction to MarsA special essay by Andy Chaikin1 RED PLANET VISIONSAliens, empires, and invasions2 FIRST CONTACTDiscovering Mars as it really is3 ROBOT EXPLORERSSearching for life, past or present4 HUMAN MARTIANSStrategies to settle a new worldFold-out map of MarsIndexAcknowledgments & credits

Read more less

Book SynopsisOn January 15, 2009, a US Airways Airbus A320 had just taken off from LaGuardia Airport in New York, when a flock of Canada geese collided with it, destroying both of its engines. Over the next three minutes, the plane''s pilot Chelsey Sully Sullenberger, managed to glide to a safe landing in the Hudson River. It was an instant media sensation, the The Miracle on the Hudson, and Captain Sully was the hero. But, how much of the success of this dramatic landing can actually be credited to the genius of the pilot? To what extent is the Miracle on the Hudson the result of extraordinary - but not widely known, and in some cases quite controversial - advances in aviation and computer technology over the last twenty years?From the testing laboratories where engineers struggle to build a jet engine that can systematically resist bird attacks, through the creation of the A320 in France, to the political and social forces that have sought to minimize the impact of the revolutionarTrade ReviewA wonderful story expertly told, and the ending is not just happy but uplifting: almost everyone involved comes out of it not just safely but extremely well. Except the geese. Their day totally sucked. * Geoff Dyer, Observer *Enthralling piece of reportage ... concisely written and compelling ... Langewiesche's unblinkered analysis of Sullenberger's five-minute glide into history reveals the more complicated truth behind the creation of a modern hero * Sunday Times *A crisp, meticulously and dramatically told account of the as yet unresolved story of how humans and advanced technology are learning to form a partnership ... [Langewiesche] writes as if his pen has wings, his laptop a pair of General Electric turbofans * Guardian *Langewiesche is at his best ... deconstructing the modern media hero * Financial Times *Brilliant ... Langewiesche explores the approach to this moment, from the flock of Canada geese that wrecked both engines to the expertise of Sullenberger; who used the A320's automated 'fly-by-wire' system to ditch the plane with such success * Independent *

Read more less

Book SynopsisAircraft Flight provides accurate physical, rather than mathematical, descriptions of the principles of aircraft flight. This popular text gives mechanical engineering and aeronautical engineering students a useful introduction to the subject. The 4th Edition has been updated to include important recent developments such as unmanned air vehicles and the low orbit space-plane.Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Lift 2 Wings 3 The boundary layer and its control 4 Drag 5 High speed flow 6 Thrust and propulsion 7 Performance 8 Supersonic aircraft 9 Transonic aircraft 10 Aircraft control 11 Static stability 12 Dynamic stability 13 Take-off and landing 14 Structural influences Appendix: Some aerofoil characteristics References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive guide to the derivation of computational models from basic physical mathematical principles, giving the reader sufficient information to be able to represent the basic architecture of air vehicles and their embedded systems.

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn accessible, clearly organized study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, this book also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to improve their understanding of the principles of flight.Trade Review“Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects." (Expofairs, 27 April 2013) "Organised and written as an accessible study guide for student pilots wishing to take commercial ground examinations to obtain ATPL or CPL licenses, Principles of Flight for Pilots also provides a reliable up-to-date reference for qualified and experienced personnel wishing to further improve their understanding of the Principles of Flight and related subjects." (Aeroweb-fr.net, 1 March 2011)Table of ContentsSeries Preface xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii Weight and Mass xxxi Part 1 The Preliminaries 1 1 Basic Principles 3 1.1 The Atmosphere 3 1.2 The Composition of Air 3 1.2.1 The Measurement of Temperature 3 1.2.2 Air Density 4 1.3 The International Standard Atmosphere 4 1.3.1 ISA Deviation 5 1.3.2 JSA Deviation 5 1.3.3 Height and Altitude 6 1.3.4 Pressure Altitude 7 1.3.5 Density Altitude 7 1.4 The Physical Properties of Air 7 1.4.1 Fluid Pressure 7 1.4.2 Static Pressure 7 1.4.3 Dynamic Pressure 7 1.5 Newton’s Laws of Motion 8 1.5.1 Definitions 8 1.5.2 First Law 8 1.5.3 Second Law 8 1.5.4 Third Law 9 1.6 Constant-Acceleration Formulae 9 1.7 The Equation of Impulse 9 1.8 The Basic Gas Laws 10 1.8.1 Boyles Law 10 1.8.2 Charles’ Law 10 1.8.3 Pressure Law 10 1.8.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 10 1.9 The Conservation Laws 11 1.10 Bernoulli’s Theorem 11 1.10.1 Viscosity 11 1.11 The Equation of Continuity 12 1.12 Reynolds Number 12 1.12.1 Critical Reynolds Number (Recrit) 13 1.13 Units of Measurement 13 Self-Assessment Exercise 1 15 2 Basic Aerodynamic Definitions 19 2.1 Aerofoil Profile 19 2.2 Aerofoil Attitude 20 2.3 Wing Shape 21 2.4 Wing Loading 23 2.5 Weight and Mass 24 2.5.1 The Newton 24 2.6 Airspeeds 24 2.6.1 Airspeed Indicator Reading (ASIR) 24 2.6.2 Indicated Airspeed (IAS) 25 2.6.3 Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) 25 2.6.4 Rectified Airspeed (RAS) 25 2.6.5 Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) 25 2.6.6 True Airspeed (TAS) 25 2.6.7 Mach Number 26 2.7 Speed Summary 26 2.8 The Effect of Altitude on Airspeeds 27 2.8.1 a. Below the Tropopause 27 2.8.2 b. Above the Tropopause 27 Self-Assessment Exercise 2 29 Part 2 Basic Aerodynamics 33 3 Basic Control 35 3.1 Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Rotation 35 3.1.1 The Longitudinal or Roll Axis 35 3.1.2 The Lateral or Pitch Axis 35 3.1.3 The Normal or Yaw Axis 35 3.2 The Flight Controls 35 3.3 The Elevators 37 3.4 Pitch Control 37 3.4.1 Control Surface Area 38 3.4.1.1 Control Surface Angular Deflection 38 3.4.2 The Moment Arm 38 3.4.3 Angle of Attack 38 3.5 Alternative Pitch Controls 39 3.5.1 Variable Incidence Tailplane 39 3.5.2 The Stabilator 40 3.5.3 The Elevons 40 3.6 The Rudder 40 3.7 Yaw Control 41 3.7.1 Control-Surface Area 41 3.7.1.1 Control-Surface Deflection 41 3.7.2 The Moment Arm 41 3.7.2.1 Engine-Induced Yaw 41 3.8 Asymmetric Engine Yawing Moment 42 3.8.1 Critical Power Unit 42 3.9 Asymmetric Rolling Moment 43 3.10 Minimum Control Speeds 44 3.10.0.1 For Take-off 44 3.10.0.2 For Landing 44 3.10.1 VMC 44 3.10.2 VMCG 44 3.10.2.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCG and VMC 45 3.10.3 VMCL 45 3.10.4 VMCL(1out) 45 3.10.5 VMCL-2 46 3.10.5.1 The Effect of the Variables on VMCL 46 3.11 The Ailerons 46 3.12 Roll Control 46 3.12.1 The Flaperon 47 3.13 Wing Twist 47 3.14 Geometric Twist 47 3.15 Aerodynamic Twist 47 3.15.1 Twisterons 48 3.16 High-Speed Twist 49 3.16.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 49 3.16.2 High-Speed Ailerons 49 3.16.3 Roll Spoilers 50 Self-Assessment Exercise 3 51 4 Lift Generation 55 4.1 Turbulent Flow 55 4.2 Streamline Flow 55 4.3 The Boundary Layer 57 4.4 The Laminar Boundary Layer 58 4.4.1 The Transition Point 58 4.5 The Turbulent Boundary Layer 58 4.5.1 Leading-Edge Separation 59 4.6 Boundary-Layer Control 59 4.6.1 Blowing 59 4.6.2 Suction 60 4.6.3 Vortex Generators 60 4.7 Two-Dimensional Flow 61 4.8 The Stagnation Point 61 4.8.1 Aerofoil Upper-Surface Airflow 61 4.8.2 Aerofoil Lower-Surface Airflow 61 4.9 Lift Production 62 4.9.1 Symmetrical Aerofoils 62 4.9.2 Cambered Aerofoils 62 4.9.2.1 a. Negative Angles of Attack 64 4.9.2.2 b. Small Positive Angles of Attack 64 4.9.2.3 c. Large Positive Angles of Attack 64 4.10 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 64 4.11 Pitching Moments 65 4.12 The Aerodynamic Centre 67 4.13 Three-Dimensional Flow 68 4.14 Wing-Tip Vortices 68 4.15 Wake Turbulence 70 4.16 Spanwise Lift Distribution 70 4.16.1 The Effect of Wing Planform 70 Self-Assessment Exercise 4 75 Part 3 Level-Flight Aerodynamics 79 5 Lift Analysis 81 5.1 The Four Forces 81 5.2 Mass 81 5.3 Lift Analysis 82 5.4 The Factors Affecting CL 84 5.5 The Effect of Angle of Attack 84 5.6 The Effect of the Wing Shape 85 5.6.1 The Effect of Leading-Edge Radius 86 5.6.2 The Effect of Camber 86 5.6.3 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 87 5.6.4 The Wing Planform 88 5.6.4.1 The Effect of Sweepback 88 5.7 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Condition 89 5.8 The Effect of Reynolds Number 91 5.9 The Relationship between Speeds, Angles of Attack and CL 92 5.10 Aerofoil Profiles 93 5.10.1 High-Lift Aerofoils 93 5.10.2 General-Purpose Aerofoils 94 5.10.3 High-Speed Aerofoils 94 Self-Assessment Exercise 5 95 6 Lift Augmentation 99 6.1 Wing Loading 99 6.2 CLmax Augmentation 99 6.3 Slats 100 6.3.1 Automatic Slats 101 6.3.2 Manual Slats 103 6.4 Slots 103 6.5 Leading-Edge Flaps 103 6.5.1 The Krueger Flap 105 6.5.2 The Drooped Leading Edge 106 6.6 Trailing-Edge Flaps 106 6.6.1 The Plain Trailing-Edge Flap 107 6.6.2 The Split Trailing-Edge Flap 108 6.6.3 The Slotted Trailing-Edge Flap 108 6.6.4 The Fowler Flap 109 6.6.4.1 The Effect of Trailing-Edge Flaps 110 6.6.5 Leading- and Trailing-Edge Combinations 110 6.6.5.1 The Effect of Sweepback on Flap 112 Self-Assessment Exercise 6 113 7 Drag 119 7.1 Parasite (Profile) Drag 119 7.2 Surface-Friction Drag 120 7.2.0.1 Surface Area 120 7.2.0.2 Coefficient of Viscosity 120 7.2.0.3 Rate of Change of Airspeed 120 7.2.1 Flow Transition 120 7.2.1.1 Surface Condition 121 7.2.1.2 Speed and Size 121 7.2.1.3 Adverse Pressure Gradient 121 7.3 Form (Pressure) Drag 121 7.3.1 Interference Drag 122 7.4 Induced Drag 122 7.4.1 The Effect of Speed 123 7.4.2 The Effect of Mass 125 7.4.3 The Effect of Planform 125 7.4.4 The Effect of Sweepback 125 7.4.5 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 126 7.4.6 The Effect of Flap 126 7.4.7 The Effect of the CG Position 126 7.4.8 Effects Summary 127 7.5 Ground Effect 127 7.6 Wing-Tip Design 128 7.7 Wingspan Loading 129 7.8 The Coefficient of Induced Drag (CDI) 129 7.9 Total Drag 130 7.10 Analysis of the Total-Drag Curve 130 7.11 The Velocity of Minimum Drag (VIMD) 130 7.12 The Velocity of Minimum Power (VIMP) 132 7.13 The Maximum EAS/Drag Ratio (VI/Dmax) Speed 132 7.14 Speed Stability and Instability 133 7.15 The Effect of the Variables on Total Drag 134 7.15.1 The Effect of Altitude 134 7.15.2 The Effect of Mass 134 7.15.3 The Effect of Flap 134 7.16 The CL v CD Polar Diagram 136 7.17 Analysis of the Lift/Drag Ratio 137 7.17.1 The Effect of Flap 138 7.17.2 The Effect of Aspect Ratio 138 7.17.3 The Effect of Mass 139 7.18 Drag Augmentation 139 7.19 Airbrakes 139 7.20 Spoilers 139 7.20.1 Flight Spoilers 139 7.20.2 Ground Spoilers 140 7.20.3 Roll Spoilers 141 7.21 Barn-Door Flaps 142 7.22 Drag Parachutes 142 Self-Assessment Exercise 7 143 8 Stalling 153 8.0.1 The Stall 153 8.1 The Boundary Layer 153 8.2 Boundary-Layer Separation 154 8.2.1 Trailing-Edge Separation 154 8.2.2 Leading-Edge Separation 155 8.3 The Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156 8.4 Factors Affecting the Low-Speed Stalling Angle 156 8.4.1 Slat/Flap Setting 156 8.4.2 Ice Accretion 157 8.4.3 Effect on Take-off and Landing 158 8.4.3.1 Take-Off 158 8.4.3.2 Landing 158 8.4.3.3 Reduced Stalling Angle 159 8.4.3.4 Abnormal Stalling Characteristics 159 8.4.4 Heavy Rain 159 8.5 The Effect of Wing Design on the Low-Speed Stall 159 8.5.1 Swept Wings 160 8.5.2 Elliptical Wings 161 8.5.3 Rectangular Wings 161 8.5.4 Straight Tapered Wings 161 8.6 Spanwise-Flow Attenuation Devices 161 8.6.1 The Wing Fence 162 8.6.2 The Sawtooth Leading Edge 162 8.6.3 The Notched Leading Edge 162 8.6.4 Vortex Generators 162 8.7 Wing-Tip Stalling 164 8.7.1 The Effect of Flap 164 8.7.2 The Prevention of Wing-Tip Stalling 165 8.7.2.1 a. Washout 165 8.7.2.2 b. Root Spoiler 165 8.7.2.3 c. Changing Camber 165 8.7.2.4 d. Slats and Slots 165 8.7.2.5 e. Aspect Ratio 165 8.8 Stalling Characteristics 165 8.8.1 Ideal Stalling Characteristics 165 8.8.2 Swept-Wing Stalling Characteristics 166 8.9 Summary of Factors Affecting the Stalling Angle 166 8.10 Aerodynamic Stall Warning 166 8.11 Mechanical Stall Warning 167 8.11.1 The Flapper Switch 167 8.11.2 The Angle of Attack Sensor 167 8.11.3 Stick Shakers 168 8.11.4 Stick Pushers 168 8.12 Stalling Speed 168 8.13 Factors Affecting Stalling Speed 169 8.14 Centre of Gravity (CG) 169 8.14.1 Forward CG 169 8.14.1.1 Disadvantage 169 8.14.1.2 Advantage 169 8.14.2 Aft CG 169 8.14.2.1 Disadvantage 170 8.14.2.2 Advantage 170 8.15 Mass 170 8.16 Altitude 171 8.17 Configuration 171 8.18 Ice Accretion 171 8.19 Wing Planform 172 8.20 Summary of Factor Effects on Stalling Speed 172 8.21 The Speed Boundary 172 8.22 The Effect of a Gust on the Load Factor 173 8.23 Turn Stalling Speed 174 8.24 Stalling-Speed Definitions 174 8.24.1 VCLmax 175 8.24.2 VMS 175 8.24.3 VMS0 175 8.24.4 VMS1 175 8.24.5 VS 176 8.24.6 VS0 176 8.24.7 VS1 176 8.24.8 VS1g 176 8.24.9 VSR 176 8.24.10 VSR0 176 8.24.11 VSR1 176 8.25 The Deep Stall 177 8.26 The Accelerated Stall 177 8.27 The Power-On Stall 177 8.28 The Shock Stall 178 8.29 Stall Recovery 178 8.29.1 The Low-speed Stall 178 8.29.2 The Deep Stall 178 8.29.3 The Accelerated Stall 178 8.29.4 The Power-On Stall 179 8.29.5 The Shock Stall 179 8.30 The Spin 179 Self-Assessment Exercise 8 181 9 Thrust and Power in Level Flight 189 9.1 Thrust 189 9.2 Analysis of the Thrust Curves 189 9.2.1 Thrust Available 189 9.2.2 Thrust Required 190 9.2.2.1 Maximum Speed (EAS) 190 9.3 The Effect of the Variables on Thrust 191 9.3.1 Altitude 191 9.3.2 Mass 193 9.3.3 Asymmetric Flight 193 9.3.4 Centre of Gravity 195 9.4 Power 196 9.5 Analysis of the Power Curves 196 9.5.1 Maximum TAS 197 9.5.2 VMP and VMD 197 9.6 The Effect of the Variables on Power 198 9.6.1 Altitude 198 9.6.2 Mass 200 9.7 Summary 201 Self-Assessment Exercise 9 203 10 Advanced Control 207 10.1 Wing Torsion and Flexing 207 10.2 Wing Flutter 207 10.3 Torsional Flexural Flutter 207 10.4 Aileron Flutter 210 10.4.1 Torsional Aileron Flutter 210 10.4.2 Flexural Aileron Flutter 211 10.4.2.1 The Mass Balance 212 10.5 Divergence 213 10.6 Control Secondary Effects 213 10.7 Adverse Yaw 213 10.8 Counteraction Devices 214 10.8.1 Rudder/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.2 Slot/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.3 Spoiler/Aileron Coupling 214 10.8.4 Differential Aileron Deflection 214 10.8.5 Frise Ailerons 214 10.9 Control-Surface Operation 215 10.10 Aerodynamic Balance Methods 216 10.10.1 The Hinge Balance 216 10.10.2 The Horn Balance 216 10.10.3 The Internal Balance 217 10.10.4 The Balance Tab 217 10.10.5 The Antibalance Tab 218 10.10.6 The Spring Tab 218 10.10.7 The Servo Tab 220 10.11 Primary Control-Surface Trimming 221 10.11.1 Variable Trim Tabs 222 10.11.2 Fixed Trim Tabs 222 10.11.3 Stabilizer Trim Setting 222 10.12 Powered Controls 223 10.13 Power-Assisted Controls 223 10.14 Fully Powered Controls 223 10.14.1 Artificial Feel 224 10.14.1.1 The Simple System 224 10.14.1.2 The Servo-Assisted Hydraulic System 224 10.15 Fly-by-Wire 225 Self-Assessment Exercise 10 227 Part 4 Stability 231 11 Static Stability 233 11.1 Static Stability 233 11.2 The Effect of the Variables on Static Stability 235 11.3 Directional Static Stability 235 11.4 Yaw and Sideslip 235 11.5 The Directional Restoring Moment 235 11.5.1 Fin and Rudder Design 237 11.5.2 The Dorsal Fin 237 11.5.3 The Ventral Fin 237 11.5.4 The Moment Arm 237 11.6 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Directional Static Stability 238 11.6.1 Fuselage 238 11.6.2 Wing 238 11.6.2.1 Dihedral 239 11.6.3 Sweepback 239 11.7 Propeller Slipstream 240 11.8 Neutral Directional Static Stability 240 11.9 Lateral Static Stability 240 11.10 Aeroplane Design Features Affecting Lateral Static Stability 242 11.10.1 Increased Lateral Static Stability 242 11.10.2 Decreased Lateral Static Stability 242 11.11 Sideslip Angle and Rolling Moment Coefficient 243 11.12 Analysis of Design Feature Effects 244 11.13 Wing Contribution 244 11.13.1 Dihedral 244 11.13.2 Anhedral 245 11.13.3 Sweepback 245 11.14 Wing/Fuselage Interference 246 11.14.1 Shielding Effect 246 11.14.2 Wing Location 246 11.15 Fuselage/Fin 246 11.15.1 Fin Size 246 11.15.2 Ventral Fin 246 11.16 Handling Considerations 247 11.16.1 Propeller Slipstream 247 11.16.2 Crosswind Landings 247 11.16.3 Flaps 247 11.17 Longitudinal Static Stability 248 11.18 The Centre of Pressure (CP) 249 11.19 The Neutral Point (NP) 250 11.19.1 Types of Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.1.1 The Stick-Free Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.1.2 The Stick-Fixed Static Neutral Point 250 11.19.2 The Effect of the CG at the NP 250 11.20 The Aerodynamic Centre (AC) 251 11.21 The Centre of Gravity (CG) 251 11.21.1 The CG Envelope 251 11.21.1.1 CG Envelope Limitations 251 11.21.1.2 CG Movement 252 11.21.2 The Effect of CG at the Limits 252 11.21.2.1 CG at the Forward Limit 252 11.21.2.2 CG at the Aft Limit 252 11.22 The Static Margin (SM) 253 11.23 The Trim Point (TP) 253 11.24 Longitudinal Dihedral 253 11.25 Aeroplane-Design Variations 255 11.26 The Effect of the Variables on Longitudinal Static Stability 255 11.26.1 Elevator Deflection 255 11.26.2 Trim 256 11.26.3 The Fuselage 257 11.26.4 Angle of Attack 257 11.26.5 Configuration 257 11.26.5.1 Trailing-Edge Flaps 257 11.26.5.2 Undercarriage 257 11.27 Stick-Fixed Longitudinal Static Stability 257 11.27.1 Stick-Position Stability 258 11.28 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static Stability 258 11.28.1 Stick Force 259 11.29 Certification Standard Stick-Force Requirements 260 11.29.1 a. Class ‘A’ Aeroplanes CS 25.173(c) 260 11.29.2 b. Class ‘B’ Aeroplanes CS 23.173(c) 260 11.30 The Effect of CG Position on Stick Force 260 11.31 Longitudinal Static Manoeuvre Stability 261 11.31.1 The Manoeuvre Point 261 11.32 Factors Affecting Stick Force 262 11.33 Summary 262 11.34 The Effect of Atmospheric Conditions 264 11.34.1 Ice Accretion 264 11.34.2 Heavy Rain 264 11.34.3 Altitude 264 11.35 The Factors Affecting Static Stability 264 Self-Assessment Exercise 11 267 12 Dynamic Stability 277 12.1 Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 279 12.1.1 The Phugoid 279 12.1.2 Short-Period Oscillation 280 12.1.3 Factors Affecting Longitudinal Dynamic Stability 280 12.2 Lateral Dynamic Stability 280 12.2.1 Sideslip 281 12.2.2 Rolling 281 12.2.3 Spiral 281 12.2.4 Dutch Roll 281 12.3 Spiral Instability 281 12.4 Dutch Roll 282 12.5 Asymmetric Thrust 282 12.6 Aerodynamic Damping 283 12.7 Summary 283 12.8 The Factors Affecting Dynamic Stability 283 12.8.1 a. General 283 12.8.2 b. Longitudinal 284 12.8.3 c. Lateral 284 Self-Assessment Exercise 12 285 Part 5 Manoeuvre Aerodynamics 289 13 Level-Flight Manoeuvres 291 13.1 The Manoeuvre Envelope 291 13.1.1 The Flight Load Factor 291 13.2 Manoeuvre-Envelope Limitations 291 13.2.1 The Stalling Speed 291 13.2.2 The ‘g’ Limitation 292 13.2.3 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Limiting Parameters 294 13.2.4 The Manoeuvre-Envelope Maximum-Speed Limitation 294 13.3 Stalling and Design Speed Definitions 294 13.4 Limiting Speeds 296 13.5 The Load Factor 296 13.6 The Gust Load Factor 297 13.7 Buffet 299 13.7.1 Low-Speed Buffet 299 13.7.2 High-Speed Buffet 300 13.8 The Buffet Onset Boundary Chart 300 13.9 Turns 302 13.9.1 The Load Factor in a Turn 303 13.9.2 The Turn Radius 303 13.9.3 Rate of Turn 305 13.10 Turn and Slip Indications 306 Self-Assessment Exercise 13 307 14 Climb and Descent Aerodynamics 315 14.1 Climbing Flight 315 14.2 The Forces in a Climb 315 14.3 The Effect of the Variables on the Climb 316 14.3.1 Altitude 316 14.3.2 Mass 316 14.3.3 Flap Setting 316 14.3.4 Wind Component 317 14.4 Climb Gradient 317 14.5 Climb-Gradient Calculations 318 14.5.1 Method 1 318 14.5.2 Method 2 320 14.6 Rate of Climb 321 14.7 Rate-of-Climb Calculations 321 14.8 VX and VY 323 14.9 VX 323 14.10 VY 325 14.11 Aircraft Ceiling 326 14.12 VY at the Absolute Ceiling 327 14.12.1 Piston/Propeller Aeroplanes 328 14.12.2 Jet Aeroplanes 328 14.13 The Effect of the Variables on VX and VY 329 14.13.1 Mass 329 14.13.2 Flap 329 14.13.3 Altitude 329 14.13.4 Temperature 329 14.13.5 Wind Component 329 14.14 The Effect of Climbing-Speed Variations 331 14.15 Factors Affecting the Climb 332 14.16 The Glide Descent 332 14.16.1 The Glide Variables 333 14.17 Gliding for Maximum Range 334 14.18 The Effect of the Variables on a Glide Descent 335 14.18.1 Speed 335 14.18.2 Wind Component 336 14.18.3 Mass 337 14.18.4 Angle of Attack 338 14.18.5 Flap 338 14.19 Gliding for Maximum Endurance 338 14.20 Climbing and Descending Turns 339 Self-Assessed Exercise 14 341 Part 6 Other Aerodynamic Considerations 349 15 High-Speed Flight 351 15.0.1 General Introduction 351 15.1 High-Speed Definitions 352 15.2 High-Speed Calculations 352 15.3 The Shockwave 353 15.3.1 Compressibility 353 15.3.2 Shockwave Formation 353 15.4 Air-Pressure-Wave Patterns 354 15.4.1 Subsonic 357 15.4.2 Sonic 357 15.4.3 Supersonic 357 15.5 The Shockwave Deflection Angle 357 15.6 The High-Speed CP 358 15.7 Critical Mach Number (MCRIT) 358 15.8 The Effect of a Shockwave 359 15.8.1 Wave Drag 359 15.8.2 Drag Divergence Mach Number 360 15.9 The Flying Controls 360 15.10 The Effect of the Aerofoil Profile 361 15.10.1 Thickness/Chord Ratio 362 15.10.2 Wing Camber 362 15.11 Swept Wings 362 15.12 The Effect of Sweepback 362 15.12.1 The Advantages of Sweepback 362 15.12.1.1 Increased MCRIT 363 15.12.1.2 Aerodynamic Effects 363 15.12.2 The Disadvantages of Sweepback 363 15.13 Remedial Design Features 364 15.13.1 Low-Speed Ailerons 365 15.13.2 High-Speed Ailerons 365 15.14 Area Rule 365 15.15 High-Speed-Flight Characteristics 367 15.15.1 High-Speed Buffet 367 15.15.2 Tuck Under 367 15.15.3 The Shock Stall 367 15.15.4 The Buffet Boundary 368 15.15.5 Coffin Corner 368 15.16 Speed Instability 368 15.16.1 The Mach Trimmer 369 15.16.2 Lateral Instability 369 15.17 The Supercritical Wing 369 15.18 Supersonic Airflow 370 15.18.1 The Convex Corner Mach Wave (Expansion Wave) 370 15.18.2 The Concave-Corner Shockwave 372 Self-Assessment Exercise 15 373 16 Propellers 387 16.1 Propeller Definitions 387 16.2 Basic Principles 389 16.3 Factors Affecting Propeller Efficiency 391 16.4 Airspeed 391 16.4.1 Fixed-Pitch Propellers 391 16.4.2 Variable-Pitch Propellers 393 16.5 Power Absorption 393 16.5.1 Propeller-Blade Shape 393 16.5.1.1 Blade Length 393 16.5.1.2 Blade Chord 394 16.5.2 Propeller-Blade Number 394 16.5.3 Solidity 394 16.6 The Effects of a Propeller on Aeroplane Performance 395 16.6.1 Torque 395 16.6.2 Slipstream Effect 396 16.6.3 Asymmetric Blade 396 16.6.4 Gyroscopic Effect 397 16.7 Propeller Forces and Moments 398 16.7.1 Centrifugal Force (CF) 398 16.7.2 Centrifugal Twisting Moment (CTM) 398 16.7.3 Aerodynamic Twisting Moment (ATM) 398 16.8 Propeller-Blade Positions 400 16.9 The Constant-Speed Unit (CSU) 400 16.9.1 Propeller Windmilling 401 16.9.2 Propeller Feathering 401 16.9.3 Reverse Pitch 403 16.10 The Effect of a Constant Speed Propeller on a Glide Descent 403 16.11 Engine Failure 403 Self-Assessment Exercise 16 405 17 Operational Considerations 411 17.1 Runway-Surface Contamination 411 17.1.1 Surface Contaminants 411 17.1.1.1 Standing Water 411 17.1.1.2 Slush 411 17.1.1.3 Wet Snow 411 17.1.1.4 Dry Snow 412 17.1.1.5 Very Dry Snow 412 17.1.1.6 Compacted Snow 412 17.1.1.7 Ice 412 17.1.1.8 Specially Prepared Winter Runway 412 17.1.1.9 Mixtures 412 17.1.1.10 Contaminant Drag 413 17.1.1.11 Water-Equivalent Depth 413 17.2 The Effect of Runway Contamination 413 17.2.1 Take-off 413 17.3 Aeroplane Contamination 415 17.3.1 The Effect of Heavy Rain 415 17.3.2 The Effect of Propeller Icing 415 17.3.3 The Effect of Airframe Icing 416 17.3.4 The Effect of Airframe-Surface Damage 416 17.3.5 The Effect of Turbulence 416 17.4 Windshear 417 17.4.1 The Effect of Windshear 417 17.4.1.1 Energy Loss 417 17.4.1.2 Energy Gain 417 17.4.2 Downdraught 418 17.4.2.1 Take-off 418 17.4.2.2 Landing 418 17.4.3 Countering Windshear 419 Self-Assessment Exercise 17 421 Part 7 Conclusion 425 18 Summary 427 18.1 Aerofoil-Profile Definitions 427 18.2 Aerofoil-Attitude Definitions 427 18.3 Wing-Shape Definitions 428 18.4 High-Speed Definitions 428 18.5 Propeller Definitions 429 18.6 V Speeds 430 18.7 PoF Formulae 432 18.7.1 Drag 433 18.7.2 Wing Loading/Load Factor 433 18.7.3 Stalling Speed Calculations 434 18.7.3.1 Mass Change 434 18.7.3.2 Load Factor 434 18.7.3.3 Turn 434 18.7.4 Design Manoeuvre Speed (VA) 434 18.7.5 Turn Details 434 18.7.5.1 Radius of Turn 434 18.7.5.2 Rate of Turn 434 18.7.6 Climb Calculations 434 18.7.7 Descent Calculations 434 18.7.7.1 Maximum Glide Range 435 18.7.8 Mach Angle (µ) Calculation 435 18.8 Key Facts 435 18.9 Stalling 435 18.9.1 The Maximum Coefficient of Lift (CLmax) 435 18.9.2 The Critical Angle 435 18.9.3 The Stalling Speed 436 18.10 Stability 436 18.10.1 Static Stability 436 18.10.2 Dynamic Stability 436 18.10.3 The Stick Force 438 18.10.4 The Gust Load Factor 439 18.11 Propellers 439 18.11.1 Propeller Efficiency 439 18.11.2 Fixed Pitch Angle of Attack 439 18.11.3 Propeller Gyroscopic Effect 440 18.12 The Effect of the Variables on Performance 440 18.12.1 Airframe Surface 440 18.12.2 Airframe Surface 440 18.12.3 Altitude 441 18.12.4 Aspect Ratio 441 18.12.5 Camber 441 18.12.6 CG Position 442 18.12.7 Flap 442 18.12.8 Sweepback 443 18.12.9 Dihedral 443 18.12.10 Mass 443 Self-Assessment Exercise 18 445 19 Solutions (with page references) 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 1 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 2 447 Self-Assessment Exercise 3 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 4 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 5 448 Self-Assessment Exercise 6 449 Self-Assessment Exercise 7 450 Self-Assessment Exercise 8 451 Self-Assessment Exercise 9 452 Self-Assessment Exercise 10 453 Self-Assessment Exercise 11 453 Self-Assessment Exercise 12 454 Self-Assessment Exercise 13 454 Self-Assessment Exercise 14 456 14.0.1 Vx &Vy Mathematical Proof 457 Self-Assessment Exercise 15 458 Self-Assessment Exercise 16 459 Self-Assessment Exercise 17 459 Self-Assessment Exercise 18 Turn Calculations 460 Index 461

Read more less

Book SynopsisCrew Resource Management (CRM) training was first introduced in the late 1970s as a means to combating an increased number of accidents in which poor teamwork in the cockpit was a significant contributing factor. Since then, CRM training has expanded beyond the cockpit, for example, to cabin crews, maintenance crews, health care teams, nuclear power teams, and offshore oil teams. Not only has CRM expanded across communities, it has also drawn from a host of theories from multiple disciplines and evolved through a number of generations. Furthermore, a host of methodologies and tools have been developed that have allowed the community to better study and measure its effect on team performance and ultimately safety. Lacking, however, is a forum in which researchers and practitioners alike can turn to in order to understand where CRM has come from and where it is going. This volume, part of the 'Critical Essays on Human Factors in Aviation' series, proposes to do just that by providing a selection of readings which depicts the past, present, and future of CRM research and training.Trade Review'...this collection of papers offers some interesting material on the role that CRM and its derivatives have played in aviation and other high-risk industries...' The Aerospace ProfessionalTable of ContentsContents: Introduction; Part I History of Crew Resource Management: The Naval Safety Center's aircrew coordination training program, Robert A. Alkov; 18 years of the CRM wars: a report from headquarters, Daniel E. Maurino; The evolution of crew resource management training in commercial aviation, Robert L. Helmreich, Ashleigh C. Merritt and John A. Wilhelm; Crew resource management: a time for reflection, Daniel E. Maurino. Part II Theoretical Developments: Dyads and triads at 35,000 feet, H. Clayton Foushee; Why crew resource management? Empirical and theoretical bases of human factors in aviation, Robert L. Helmreich and H. Clayton Foushee; Training and research for teamwork in the military aircrew, Carolyn Prince and Eduardo Salas. Part III Methodological Tools and Developments: Cockpit management attitudes. Human factors, Robert L. Helmreich; LOFT: full mission simulation as crew resource management training, Roy E. Butler; A methodology for enhancing crew resource management training, Eduardo Salas, Carolyn Prince, Clint A. Bowers, Renée Stout, Randall L. Oser, and Janis A. Cannon-Bowers; System safety and threat and error management: the line operations safety audit (LOSA), Robert L. Helmreich, James R. Klinect and John A. Wilhelm; Methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of flightcrew CRM training in the UK aviation industry, Paul O'Connor, Rhona Flin, Georgina Fletcher and Peter Hemsley; Development of the NOTECHS (non-technical skills) system for assessing pilot's CRM skills, Rhona Flin, Lynn Martin, Klaus-Martin Goeters, Hans-Jürgen Hormann, René Amalberti, Claude Valot and Herman Nijhuis. Part IV Evaluation of CRM Training: Does CRM training improve teamwork skills in the cockpit? 2 evaluation studies, Eduardo Salas, Jennifer E. Fowlkes, Renée J. Stout, Dana M. Milanovich and Carolyn Prince; Team training in the skies: does crew resource management (CRM) training work?, Eduardo Salas, C. Shawn Burke, Clint A. Bowers and Katherine A. Wilson; Techniques used to evaluate crew resource management training: a literature review, Paul O'Connor, Rhona Flin and Georgina Fletcher; Does crew resource management training work? An update, extension, and some critical needs, Eduardo Salas, Katherine A. Wilson, C. Shawn Burke and Dennis C. Wightman. Part V Crew Resource Management: Beyond Aviation: Anesthesia crisis resource management training: teaching anethesiologists to handle critical incidents, Steven K. Howard, David M. Gaba, Kevin J. Fish, George Yang and Frank H. Sarnquist; Simulation-based training in anaesthesia crisis resource management (ACRM): a decade of experience, David M. Gaba, Steven K. Howard, Kevin J. Fish, Brian E. Smith and Yasser A. Sowb; 4 generations of maintenance resource management programs in the United States: an analysis of the past, present, and future, James C. Taylor and Manoj S. Patankar; Crew resource management training for offshore oil production teams, Paul O'Connor and Rhona Flin; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis is the first textbook designed to teach statistics to students in aviation courses. All examples and exercises are grounded in an aviation context, including flight instruction, air traffic control, airport management, and human factors. Structured in six parts, this book covers the key foundational topics relative to descriptive and inferential statistics, including hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, z and t tests, correlation, regression, ANOVA, and chi-square. In addition, this book promotes both procedural knowledge and conceptual understanding. Detailed, guided examples are presented from the perspective of conducting a research study. Each analysis technique is clearly explained, enabling readers to understand, carry out, and report results correctly. Students are further supported by a range of pedagogical features in each chapter, including objectives, a summary, and a vocabulary check.Digital supplements comprise downloadable dTable of ContentsTable of ContentsPart A: Research and Statistics BasicsChapter 1: The General Nature of Research and Statistics Student Learning Outcomes1.1 Chapter Overview 1.2 The Research Process1.3 The Population–Sample Relationship and Sampling Error1.4 Quantitative Research Methodologies1.5 Variables and Measurement Scales Chapter SummaryVocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesChapter 2: Organizing and Summarizing DataStudent Learning Outcomes2.1 Chapter Overview 2.2 Examining Distributions 2.3 Measures of Central Tendency2.4 Measures of Dispersion2.5 Measures of Position: Percentiles and QuartilesChapter SummaryVocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesPart B: Making Reasonable Decisions about a Population Chapter 3: Z Scores, the Standard Normal Distribution, and Sampling DistributionsStudent Learning Outcomes3.1 Chapter Overview 3.2 z Scores3.3 The Standard Normal Distribution3.4 The Sampling Distribution of Sample MeansChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesChapter 4: The Concept of Statistical InferenceStudent Learning Outcomes4.1 Chapter Overview 4.2 Parameter Estimation4.3 The Nature of Hypothesis Testing4.4 Hypothesis Tests Involving the Mean ( Known)4.5 Confidence Intervals vs. Hypothesis TestsChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesPart C: Analyzing Research Data Involving a Single SampleChapter 5: Single-Sample t TestStudent Learning Outcomes5.1 Chapter Overview 5.2 The t Test Statistic and t Distribution5.3 Confidence Intervals and the t Distribution5.4 Hypothesis Testing and the t Distribution5.5 Using the Single-Sample t Test in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesChapter 6: Examining Bivariate Relationships: CorrelationStudent Learning Outcomes6.1 Chapter Overview 6.2 Correlation Fundamentals6.3 Quantifying Relationships: The Pearson r6.4 Statistical Aspects of Correlation6.5 Statistical Inferences Involving the Pearson r6.6 Using Bivariate Correlation in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesChapter 7: Examining Bivariate Relationships: RegressionStudent Learning Outcomes7.1 Chapter Overview 7.2 The Regression Equation7.3 Statistical Aspects of Regression7.4 Statistical Inferences Involving the Regression Coefficient7.5 Using Bivariate Linear Regression in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesPart D: Analyzing Research Data Involving Two Independent SamplesChapter 8: Independent-Samples t TestStudent Learning Outcomes8.1 Chapter Overview 8.2 The Concept of Independent Samples8.3 Statistical Inferences Involving Independent Samples8.4 Using the Independent-Samples t Test in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesChapter 9: Single-Factor ANOVA Student Learning Outcomes9.1 Chapter Overview 9.2 The Concept of ANOVA9.3 The ANOVA Summary Table and the F Distribution9.4 Statistical Inferences Involving the Single-Factor ANOVA: Hypothesis Testing9.5 Using Single-Factor ANOVA in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesChapter 10: Factorial ANOVAStudent Learning Outcomes10.1 Chapter Overview 10.2 The Concept of Factorial Designs10.3 The Logic and Structure of Factorial ANOVA10.4 Statistical Inferences Involving Factorial ANOVA: Hypothesis Testing10.5 Using Factorial ANOVA in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesPart E: Analyzing Research Data Using a Within-Groups DesignChapter 11: Repeated-Measures t TestStudent Learning Outcomes11.1 Chapter Overview 11.2 The Concept of Repeated-Measures11.3 Statistical Inferences Involving the Repeated-Measures t Test11.4 Using the Repeated-Measures t Test in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesPart F: Non-Parametric Statistics: Working with Frequency DataChapter 12: The Chi-Square StatisticStudent Learning Outcomes12.1 Chapter Overview 12.2 One-Way Chi-Square: The Test for Goodness of Fit12.3 Using the Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit in Research: A Guided Example12.4 Two-Way Chi-Square: The Test for Independence12.5 Using the Chi-Square Test for Independence in Research: A Guided ExampleChapter Summary Vocabulary CheckReview ExercisesReferencesAppendix TablesTable 1: Area Under the Standard Normal Curve Between the Mean and z Table 2: Critical Values of Student’s t DistributionTable 3: Critical Values for Pearson rTable 4: Power Table for Pearson rTable 5: Critical F ValuesTable 6: Critical Values of the Chi-Square DistributionTable 7: Sample Size and Power for Chi-Square Test for IndependenceAnswers to Part A Review ExercisesIndex

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text provides a thorough, modern treatment of the aerodynamic principles of helicopters and other rotating-wing vertical lift aircraft. It covers basic topics of aerodynamic analysis, helicopter performance and design, and advanced topics, including airfoil flows and unsteady aerodynamics. Every chapter includes numerous illustrations, a bibliography, and homework problems.Table of ContentsPreface to the second edition; Preface to the first edition; Acknowledgements; List of main symbols; 1. Introduction: a history of helicopter flight; 2. Fundamentals of rotor aerodynamics; 3. Blade element analysis; 4. Rotating blade motion; 5. Helicopter performance; 6. Aerodynamics design of helicopters; 7. Aerodynamics of rotor airfoils; 8. Unsteady airfoil behavior; 9. Dynamic stall; 10. Rotor wakes and blade tip vortices; 11. Rotor-airframe interaction aerodynamics; 12. Autogiros and gyroplanes; 13. Aerodynamics of wind turbines; 14. Computational methods for helicopter aerodynamics; Appendix; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe first book to focus on the communications and networking aspects of UAVs, this valuable resource provides the fundamental knowledge needed to pursue research in the field, covering theory, applications, regulation and deployment policy, and implementation. Ideal for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in communications/networking.Table of Contents1. Introduction to UAV systems Jean-Marc Moschetta and Kamesh Namuduri; 2. Air-to-ground and air-to-air data link communication Bertold Van den Bergh and Sofie Pollin; 3. Aerial wi-fi networks Evsen Yanmaz and Samira Hayat; 4. Disruption-tolerant airborne networks and protocols James P. G. Sterbenz, Justin P. Rohrer, Mohammed J. F. Alenazi, Truc Anh N. Nguyen, Egemen K. Çetinkaya, Hemanth Narra, Kamakshi S. Pathapati and Keven Peters; 5. Emulations and field demonstrations Jae H. Kim, Natasha Neogi, Claudiu Danilov and Andres Ortiz; 6. Integrating UAS with NAS: regulatory, technical, and research challenges Natasha Neogi and Arunabha Sen; 7. Safety, security, and privacy aspects in UAV networks Kamesh Namuduri and Damien Sauveron; 8. Collaboration between autonomous drones and swarming Serge Chaumette; 9. Real-world applications Leanne Hanson and Kamesh Namuduri.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book provides a concise treatment of the subject of continuum mechanics and elasticity at the senior undergraduate and first-year graduate levels. The examples and exercise problems contained in the book systematically advance the understanding of vector and tensor analysis, basic kinematics, balance laws, field equations, and constitutive equations.Trade Review'A gutsy attempt at a simplified yet insightful treatment of continuum mechanics, Principles of Continuum Mechanics 2nd Edition offers a rare opportunity for the uninitiated audience, including students at the undergraduate level, to learn the essence of the philosophy and the working of the continuum theory of solids and fluids. It has substantive appeal, not just for the beginner, but also for those intending to make use of basic continuum mechanics for industrial or research purposes of an interdisciplinary nature.' Debasish Roy, Indian Institute of Science'J. N. Reddy's Principles of Continuum Mechanics excels at presenting in a comprehensible and rigorous style a topic that is generally found challenging by students. The book includes numerous examples and analogies that facilitate a solid understanding of otherwise sophisticated concepts, and it provides extensive discussions and inspiring quotes that motivate the reader to regard this discipline within its wider scientific context.' Gabriel Potirniche, University of IdahoTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Vectors and tensors; 3. Kinematics of a continuum; 4. Stress vector and stress tensor; 5. Conservation of mass and balance of momenta and energy; 6. Constitute equations; 7. Applications in heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe advent of supercomputers has brought computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to the forefront as a tool to analyze increasingly complex simulation scenarios in many fields. Computational aerodynamics problems are also increasingly moving towards being coupled, multi-physics and multi-scale with complex, moving geometries. The latter presents severe geometry handling and meshing challenges. Simulations also frequently use formal design optimization processes. This book explains the evolution of CFD and provides a comprehensive overview of the plethora of tools and methods available for solving complex scenarios while exploring the future directions and possible outcomes. Using numerous examples, illustrations and computational methods the author discusses turbulence modeling, pre and post processing, coupled solutions, the importance of design optimization, multiphysics problems, reduced order models, and large scale computations and the future of CFD. Advanced Computational Fluid and AeTrade Review'This book covers a huge amount of advanced material, but is extremely well written and presented, making it easy and enjoyable to read, and this is aided by the excellent choice of results and illustrations used to complement the text. It is also so comprehensive it is doubtful there is an upper level of experience, either academic or practitioner, where this book wouldn't present something of interest … In summary, this book would make very interesting reading for any graduate student, researcher or practitioner in the numerical aerodynamics field. It provides sufficient background and technical detail to be able to develop and understand detailed numerical methods and also covers some more advanced material in a manner that can be followed. It would make a valuable addition to the library of anyone with an interest in this area.' Christian Allen, University of Bristol'The book by Paul Tucker represents a great compendium of this topic that can be useful for B.Sc. or Ph.D. students or can work as a consultation manual for specialists working on the field. … I had the opportunity to review the hardcopy edition and I recommend it to any student or as a consultation book for the shelf of any engineer working on the field.' Juan A. Añel, Contemporary Physics'This book covers a huge amount of advanced material, but is extremely well written and presented, making it easy and enjoyable to read, and this is aided by the excellent choice of results and illustrations used to complement the text. It is also so comprehensive it is doubtful there is an upper level of experience, either academic or practitioner, where this book wouldn't present something of interest. … In summary, this book would make very interesting reading for any graduate student, researcher or practitioner in the numerical aerodynamics field. It provides sufficient background and technical detail to be able to develop and understand detailed numerical methods and also covers some more advanced material in a manner that can be followed. It would make a valuable addition to the library of anyone with an interest in this area.' C. B. Allen, The Aeronautical JournalTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Governing equations; 3. Meshing; 4. Numerical methods; 5. Turbulence modelling; 6. Pre and post processing; 7. Advanced simulation; 8. Simulation in the future.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Book The behaviour of helicopters and tiltrotor aircraft is so complex that understanding the physical mechanisms at work in trim, stability and response, and thus the prediction of Flying Qualities, requires a framework of analytical and numerical modelling and simulation. Good Flying Qualities are vital for ensuring that mission performance is achievable with safety and, in the first and second editions of Helicopter Flight Dynamics, a comprehensive treatment of design criteria was presented, relating to both normal and degraded Flying Qualities. Fully embracing the consequences of Degraded Flying Qualities during the design phase will contribute positively to safety. In this third edition, two new Chapters are included. Chapter 9 takes the reader on a journey from the origins of the story of Flying Qualities, tracing key contributions to the developing maturity and to the current position. Chapter 10 provides a comprehensive treatment of the Flight Dynamics of tTable of ContentsSeries Preface xv Preface to Third Edition xvii Preface to Second Edition xix Preface to First Edition xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii Notation xxix List of Abbreviations xxxix Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Simulation Modelling 2 1.2 Flying Qualities 3 1.3 Missing Topics 4 1.4 Simple Guide to the Book 5 Chapter 2 Helicopter and Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics – An Introductory Tour 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Four Reference Points 9 2.2.1 The Mission and Piloting Tasks 9 2.2.2 The Operational Environment 12 2.2.3 The Vehicle Configuration, Dynamics, and Flight Envelope 13 2.2.4 The Pilot and Pilot–Vehicle Interface 19 2.2.5 Résumé of the Four Reference Points 20 2.3 Modelling Helicopter/Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics 21 2.3.1 The Problem Domain 21 2.3.2 Multiple Interacting Subsystems 22 2.3.3 Trim, Stability, and Response 24 2.3.4 The Flapping Rotor in a Vacuum 25 2.3.5 The Flapping Rotor in Air – Aerodynamic Damping 28 2.3.6 Flapping Derivatives 31 2.3.7 The Fundamental 90∘ Phase Shift 31 2.3.8 Hub Moments and Rotor/Fuselage Coupling 32 2.3.9 Linearization in General 35 2.3.10 Stability and Control Résumé 36 2.3.11 The Static Stability Derivative Mw 37 2.3.12 Rotor Thrust, Inflow, Zw, and Vertical Gust Response in Hover 39 2.3.13 Gust Response in Forward Flight 41 2.3.14 Vector-Differential Form of Equations of Motion 42 2.3.15 Validation 45 2.3.16 Inverse Simulation 48 2.3.17 Modelling Review 49 2.4 Flying Qualities 50 2.4.1 Pilot Opinion 50 2.4.2 Quantifying Quality Objectively 51 2.4.3 Frequency and Amplitude – Exposing the Natural Dimensions 52 2.4.4 Stability – Early Surprises Compared with Aeroplanes 53 2.4.5 Pilot-in-the-Loop Control; Attacking a Manoeuvre 56 2.4.6 Bandwidth – A Parameter for All Seasons? 57 2.4.7 Flying a Mission Task Element 59 2.4.8 The Cliff Edge and Carefree Handling 60 2.4.9 Agility Factor 60 2.4.10 Pilot’s Workload 61 2.4.11 Inceptors and Displays 63 2.4.12 Operational Benefits of Flying Qualities 63 2.4.13 Flying Qualities Review 65 2.5 Design for Flying Qualities; Stability and Control Augmentation 66 2.5.1 Impurity of Primary Response 67 2.5.2 Strong Cross-Couplings 67 2.5.3 Response Degradation at Flight Envelope Limits 67 2.5.4 Poor Stability 68 2.5.5 The Rotor as a Control Filter 68 2.5.6 Artificial Stability 69 2.6 Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics 71 2.7 Chapter Review 71 Chapter 3 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Building a Simulation Model 3.1 Introduction and Scope 74 3.2 The Formulation of Helicopter Forces and Moments in Level 1 Modelling 78 3.2.1 Main Rotor 79 3.2.2 The Tail Rotor 120 3.2.3 Fuselage and Empennage 122 3.2.4 Powerplant and Rotor Governor 127 3.2.5 Flight Control System 129 3.3 Integrated Equations of Motion of the Helicopter 134 3.4 Beyond Level 1 Modelling 136 3.4.1 Rotor Aerodynamics and Dynamics 137 3.4.2 Interactional Aerodynamics 143 3.5 Chapter 3 Epilogue 147 Appendix 3A Frames of Reference and Coordinate Transformations 153 3A.1 The Inertial Motion of the Aircraft 153 3A.2 The Orientation Problem – Angular Coordinates of the Aircraft 156 3A.3 Components of Gravitational Acceleration along the Aircraft Axes 158 3A.4 The Rotor System – Kinematics of a Blade Element 158 3A.5 Rotor Reference Planes – Hub, Tip Path, and No-Feathering 161 Chapter 4 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Trim and Stability Analysis 4.1 Introduction and Scope 164 4.2 Trim Analysis 168 4.2.1 The General Trim Problem 170 4.2.2 Longitudinal Partial Trim 171 4.2.3 Lateral/Directional Partial Trim 176 4.2.4 Rotorspeed/Torque Partial Trim 178 4.2.5 Balance of Forces and Moments 178 4.2.6 Control Angles to Support the Forces and Moments 179 4.3 Stability Analysis 181 4.3.1 Linearization 183 4.3.2 The Derivatives 187 4.3.3 The Natural Modes of Motion 205 Appendix 4A The Analysis of Linear Dynamic Systems (with Special Reference to 6-Dof Helicopter Flight) 218 Appendix 4B The Three Case Helicopters: Lynx, Bo105 and Puma 227 4B.1 Aircraft Configuration Parameters 227 The RAE (DRA) Research Lynx, ZD559 227 The DLR Research Bo105, S123 229 The RAE (DRA) Research Puma, XW241 231 Fuselage Aerodynamic Characteristics 233 Lynx 233 Bo105 233 Puma 233 Empennage Aerodynamic Characteristics 234 Lynx 234 Bo105 234 Puma 234 4B.2 Stability and Control Derivatives 234 4B.3 Tables of Stability and Control Derivatives and System Eigenvalues 242 Appendix 4C The Trim Orientation Problem 258 Chapter 5 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Stability Under Constraint and Response Analysis 5.1 Introduction and Scope 262 5.2 Stability Under Constraint 263 5.2.1 Attitude Constraint 264 5.2.2 Flight Path Constraint 275 5.3 Analysis of Response to Controls 283 5.3.1 General 283 5.3.2 Heave Response to Collective Control Inputs 284 5.3.3 Pitch and Roll Response to Cyclic Pitch Control Inputs 291 5.3.4 Yaw/Roll Response to Pedal Control Inputs 301 5.4 Response to Atmospheric Disturbances 309 Appendix 5A Speed Stability Below Minimum Power; A Forgotten Problem? 315 Chapter 6 Flying Qualities: Objective Assessment and Criteria Development 6.1 General Introduction to Flying Qualities 334 6.2 Introduction and Scope: The Objective Measurement of Quality 338 6.3 Roll Axis Response Criteria 341 6.3.1 Task Margin and Manoeuvre Quickness 341 6.3.2 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 347 6.3.3 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 353 6.3.4 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 371 6.3.5 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 372 6.4 Pitch Axis Response Criteria 374 6.4.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 374 6.4.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 377 6.4.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 378 6.4.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 381 6.5 Heave Axis Response Criteria 385 6.5.1 Criteria for Hover and Low-Speed Flight 388 6.5.2 Criteria for Torque and Rotorspeed During Vertical Axis Manoeuvres 391 6.5.3 Heave Response Criteria in Forward Flight 392 6.5.4 Heave Response Characteristics in Steep Descent 393 6.6 Yaw Axis Response Criteria 395 6.6.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power 396 6.6.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth 398 6.6.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability 398 6.6.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability 401 6.7 Cross-Coupling Criteria 402 6.7.1 Pitch-to-Roll and Roll-to-Pitch Couplings 402 6.7.2 Collective to Yaw Coupling 404 6.7.3 Sideslip to Pitch and Roll Coupling 405 6.8 Multi-Axis Response Criteria and Novel-Response Types 406 6.8.1 Multi-Axis Response Criteria 406 6.8.2 Novel Response Types 407 6.9 Objective Criteria Revisited 410 Chapter 7 Flying Qualities: Subjective Assessment and Other Topics 7.1 Introduction and Scope 418 7.2 The Subjective Assessment of Flying Quality 419 7.2.1 Pilot Handling Qualities Ratings – HQRs 420 7.2.2 Conducting a Handling Qualities Experiment 425 7.3 Special Flying Qualities 438 7.3.1 Agility 438 7.3.2 The Integration of Controls and Displays for Flight in Degraded Visual Environments 445 7.3.3 Carefree Flying Qualities 455 7.4 Pilot’s Controllers 462 7.5 The Contribution of Flying Qualities to Operational Effectiveness and the Safety of Flight 464 Chapter 8 Flying Qualities: Forms of Degradation 8.1 Introduction and Scope 470 8.2 Flight in Degraded Visual Environments 472 8.2.1 Recapping the Usable Cue Environment 472 8.2.2 Visual Perception in Flight Control – Optical Flow and Motion Parallax 475 8.2.3 Time to Contact; Optical Tau, 𝜏 483 8.2.4 𝜏 Control in the Deceleration-to-Stop Manoeuvre 486 8.2.5 Tau-Coupling – A Paradigm for Safety in Action 487 8.2.6 Terrain-Following Flight in Degraded Visibility 494 8.2.7 What Now for Tau? 507 8.3 Handling Qualities Degradation through Flight System Failures 511 8.3.1 Methodology for Quantifying Flying Qualities Following Flight Function Failures 512 8.3.2 Loss of Control Function 514 8.3.3 Malfunction of Control – Hard-Over Failures 517 8.3.4 Degradation of Control Function – Actuator Rate Limiting 522 8.4 Encounters with Atmospheric Disturbances 524 8.4.1 Helicopter Response to Aircraft Vortex Wakes 525 8.4.2 Severity of Transient Response 538 8.5 Chapter Review 542 Appendix 8A HELIFLIGHT, HELIFLIGHT-R, and FLIGHTLAB at the University of Liverpool 545 8A.1 FLIGHTLAB 545 8A.2 Immersive Cockpit Environment 547 8A.3 HELIFLIGHT-R 551 Chapter 9 Flying Qualities: The Story of an Idea 9.1 Introduction and Scope 554 9.2 Historical Context of Rotorcraft Flying Qualities 557 9.2.1 The Early Years; Some Highlights from the 1940s–1950s 557 9.2.2 The Middle Years – Some Highlights from the 1960s–1970s 564 9.3 Handling Qualities as a Performance Metric – The Development of ADS-33 577 9.3.1 The Evolution of a Design Standard – The Importance of Process 578 9.3.2 Some Critical Innovations in ADS-33 579 9.4 The UK MoD Approach 579 9.5 Roll Control; A Driver for Rotor Design 580 9.6 Helicopter Agility 583 9.6.1 ADS-33 Tailoring and Applications 585 9.6.2 Handling Qualities as a Safety Net; The Pilot as a System Component 587 9.7 The Future Challenges for Rotorcraft Handling Qualities Engineering 593 Chapter 10 Tiltrotor Aircraft: Modelling and Flying Qualities 10.1 Introduction and Scope 598 10.2 Modelling and Simulation of Tiltrotor Aircraft Flight Dynamics 604 10.2.1 Building a Simulation Model 605 10.2.2 Interactional Aerodynamics in Low-Speed Flight 620 10.2.3 Vortex Ring State and the Consequences for Tiltrotor Aircraft 621 10.2.4 Trim, Linearisation, and Stability 626 10.2.5 Response Analysis 632 10.3 The Flying Qualities of Tiltrotor Aircraft 635 10.3.1 General 635 10.3.2 Developing Tiltrotor Mission Task Elements 638 10.3.3 Flying Qualities of Tiltrotors; Clues from the Eigenvalues 644 10.3.4 Agility and Closed-Loop Stability of Tiltrotors 652 10.3.5 Flying Qualities during the Conversion 670 10.3.6 Improving Tiltrotor Flying Qualities with Stability and Control Augmentation 673 10.4 Load Alleviation versus Flying Qualities for Tiltrotor Aircraft 686 10.4.1 Drawing on the V-22 Experience 686 10.4.2 Load Alleviation for the European Civil Tiltrotor 688 10.5 Chapter Epilogue; Tempus Fugit for Tiltrotors 698 Appendix 10A Flightlab Axes Systems and Gimbal Flapping Dynamics 700 10A.1 FLIGHTLAB Axes Systems 700 10A.2 Gimbal Flapping Dynamics 703 Appendix 10B The XV-15 Tiltrotor 705 Aircraft Configuration Parameters 705 XV-15 3-view 707 XV-15 Control Ranges and Gearings 707 Appendix 10C The FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivatives 710 10C.1 Graphical Forms 710 10C.2 FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivative and Eigenvalue Tables 725 Helicopter Mode (Matrices Shown with and without (nointf) Aerodynamic Interactions) 725 Conversion Mode 733 Airplane Mode 737 Appendix 10D Proprotor Gimbal Dynamics in Airplane Mode 742 Appendix 10E Tiltrotor Directional Instability Through Constrained Roll Motion: An Elusive, Paradoxical Dynamic 746 10E.1 Background and the Effective Directional Stability 746 10E.2 Application to Tiltrotors 747 References 753 Index 789

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn research and application of Human Factors in Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems design, development and operation, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the range and integration of activities associated with the need for greater attention to issues such as human error, interface design and teamwork, especially in systems with increased levels of automation. This book seeks to redress this situation by presenting case studies of human factors applications in which there is demonstrable success in terms of improvement in operational systems. Individual examples are used to outline how each human factors study evolved, what it entailed, how it was resourced and how the results contributed to operational performance. Case studies include training methods, human error, team resource management, situation assessment, terminal automation replacement systems, collaborative decision-making to improve the effectiveness of traffic-flow management and the role of human factors in ATM.Trade Review’With more than 40 contributors lending their expertise, Human Factors in Air Traffic Management is a definitive work in the field and important reading for students, educators and supervisors as well.’ Collegiate Aviation News 'This book provides a comprehensive and up to date overview of important Human Factors aspects on Air Traffic Management and should be of use for practitioners as well as scientists.' Human Factors and Ergonomics Safety Newsletter. 2006 'Overall, Human Factors Impacts in Air Traffic Management is an important addition to the aviation industry literature and can be used to communicate how human factors can bring additional benefits across the industry in terms of operations, human resources, performance measurement and integration into organisations as a better way of doing business.' - Journal of Airport Management, Jan - Mar 2007 'Human Factors Impacts in Air Traffic Management sets out to demonstrate by reference to evidence arising from actual initiatives, programmes and activities, the quantitative and qualitative beneftis that can accrue from the adoption and integration human factors into all aspects and all stages of air traffic management. In this endeavour, its 21 informative chapters fully succeed.' Mike Burlyn, Aerospace Professional, January 2007Table of ContentsContents: Introduction: Introduction. Human Factors In Operations: Development and implementation of a position hand-over checklist and best practice process for air traffic controllers, Laura Voller, Lucy Glasgow, Nicky Heath, Richard Kennedy and Richard Mason; Runway safety, Kim M. Cardosi; Human error in European air traffic management: from theory to practice, Anne Isaac, Paul Engelen and Martin Polman; FAA strategies for reducing operational error causal factors, Julia Pounds and Anthony S. Ferrante; Reducing separation in the open flight information region: insights into a human factors safety case, Barry Kirwan, Steven Shorrock, Richard Scaife and Paul Fearnside; Distributed work in the national airspace system: providing feedback loops using the post-operations evaluation tool (POET), Philip J. Smith, Mark Klopfenstein, Joe Jezerinac and Amy Spencer. Human Factors and Human Resources: Human factors longitudinal study to support the improvement of air traffic controller training, Laura Voller and Abigail Fowler; A singular success: air traffic control specialist selection 1981-1992, Dana Broach; Implementation of critical incident stress management at German air navigation services, Jörg Leonhardt; Team resource management in European air traffic control: results of a seven-year development and implementation program, Michiel Woldring, Dominique Van Damme, Ian Patterson and Patrícia Henriques; Shiftwork and air traffic control: transitioning research results to the workforce, Pamela S. Della Rocco and Thomas E. Nesthus. Human Factors Methodologies: Measuring air traffic controller performance in the 21st century, Carol Manning and Earl Stein; Computational human performance models and air traffic management, Kevin Corker; Performance prediction in air traffic management: applying human error analysis approaches to new concepts, Steven Shorrock, Barry Kirwan and Ed Smith. Human Factors Integration Programs: The management of human factors programs in ATM a

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn accessible and rigorous introduction to classical fluid mechanics, with a robust emphasis on theoretical foundations and mathematical exposition. Suitable for a one- or two-semester sequence, it provides a flexible teaching pathway for graduate students in aerospace, mechanical, chemical, and civil engineering, and applied mathematics.Trade Review'An excellent first-level graduate textbook on fundamentals of fluid mechanics. By starting the book from the very basic vector notation, Professor Powers has made the book accessible to a large number of students who need to strengthen their mathematical background as well. This book will take the students all the way through rigorous understanding of hydrodynamic instabilities and turbulence. This is an excellent comprehensive book.' Bala Balachandar, University of Florida'A rigorous mathematical treatise on the mechanics of fluids, in the spirit of Batchelor and Truesdell, something rarely seen today, and an exceptional counterpart to the many ad hoc books on this subject. For well-prepared students, this is a deeply technical introduction to this centrally important subject of physics and engineering.' Werner J. A. Dahm, Arizona State University'A beautiful book on fluid mechanics: clear, insightful, comprehensive, rigorous, and detailed, with no stones unturned in derivations. This book will be a classic, one that I will often refer to when I need clarity and precision.' Tom Shih, Purdue University'An enlightening 21st-century textbook in fluid mechanics which captures all the essence from the fundamentals of mechanics to the application of fluid dynamics. It comprehensively describes the intricate relationship between mathematics of statistical mechanics and physical observations of Newtonian fluids. This is a unique book which seamlessly relates 20th-century analytical mathematics-based fluid dynamics to 21st-century physics- and CFD-based fluid dynamics. I strongly recommend this book for an advanced undergraduate, or an introductory graduate-level, fluid dynamics course.' Chelakara S. Subramanian, Florida Institute of Technology'This book achieves a rare combination of accessibility and mathematical rigor. It can provide a point of entry into contemporary fluid dynamics for the beginning graduate student while revealing fresh aspects of the subject to the seasoned researcher. I look forward to teaching from it.' William Eric Uspal, University of Hawaiʻi at MānoaTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Continuum Equations of Fluid Mechanics: 1. Introduction; 2. Geometry; 3. Kinematics; 4. Evolution axioms; 5. Constitutive equations; 6. Governing equations: summary and special cases; Part II. Solutions in Various Flow Regimes: 7. Vortical flow; 8. Potential flow; 9. One-dimensional compressible flow; 10. One-dimensional viscous flow; 11. Multi-dimensional viscous flow; 12. Linearly unstable flow; 13. Nonlinear dynamics for fluid flow; 14. Turbulent flow; Bibliography; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFoundations of Aviation Law is an easy-reading general primer into the often complex world of aviation law, written for aviation students as well as legal professionals who are looking for broad-based, introductory coverage of the subject. The text begins with basic legal concepts that build a foundation for in-depth exploration of aviation-specific subject matter. This allows the instructor to utilize one text in situations where a basic foundation in law is required before moving into aviation law specifics. It includes citations to relevant and key court decisions that provide a solid underpinning for the student of aviation law. The book is divided into six general categories, with fifteen relevant sub-chapters, allowing focused learning into particular areas of law. Throughout it features chapter summaries, key word indices and review questions. The design easily allows instructors to develop syllabi that spotlight the specific area of law that they are interested in exploring, Trade Review’Foundations of Aviation Law is an excellent broad based primer on Aviation law. It is both substantive and instructive for an aviation specialist and any practitioner facing issues related to Aviation law. An excellent resource tool.’ Patrick J. McGroder IIITable of ContentsContents: Preface. Part I Fundamental Principles of Law: Jurisprudence and US legal history; The US legal system; Types and sources of law. Part II Administrative Aviation Law: Aviation regulation; Enforcement actions; Medical certification. Part III Aviation and the Law: Aviation accident law; Aviation criminal law; Aviation labor law. Part IV Airport Law: Airport zoning and noise; Airport ownership and operation; Airport development and funding. Part V Aviation Business and Insurance: Business entities and aircraft transactions; Aviation insurance. Part VI International Law: International aviation law. Selected bibliography; Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA major non-technical challenge of space activities is ensuring productive cooperation, communication, and understanding between the engineers who design the mission and the space lawyers who cover its relevant legal aspects. Though both groups usually attain some level of understanding, it is only achieved after many years of experience in the space industry and through repeated contact with topics relevant to their projects. A basic understanding of the most important legal and technical aspects acquired earlier in their careers can facilitate better cooperation and more efficient development of space projects. Promoting Productive Cooperation Between Space Lawyers and Engineers is a pivotal reference source that provides vital insights into basic legal and technical topics and challenges that occur while planning and conducting typical space activities. The book uses high-profile space missions as examples and highlights the major technical aspects of these missions and the legal issues applied to these missions. While highlighting topics such as planetary settlements, policy perspectives, and suborbital spaceflight, this publication is ideally designed for lawyers, engineers, academicians, students, and professionals.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe Supermarine Southampton was the first in a series of successful flying boats designed by Supermarine's R.J. Mitchell and was the first one to be designed for the RAF after the First World War. Produced between 1924 and 1934 it entered into RAF service in 1925 and became the second longest serving (behind the Short Sunderland) and one of the most successful of the inter-war flying boats. In an unusual move for the times, the Air Ministry ordered six Southamptons straight from the drawing board as the design had been based on the success of the experimental Supermarine Swan amphibious aircraft. So successful was the aircraft that a further twelve were ordered in July 1925. The Southampton was a hugely successful aircraft for the RAF, the aircraft's main sponsor, and was used for reconnaissance duties and as a patrol aircraft. It became best known for a series of publicly lauded long-distance flights, the intention of which was partly 'flag waving' and partly for gaining valuable experience of flying boats in remote waters. The 1927 Far East Flight became known for the Southampton's display of its prodigious range and reliability. The Southampton was a very successful series of flying boats with sales also being made to Argentina, Turkey and Japan almost doubling Supermarine's business in just a few years. A total of eighty-three of all types were built, all of which are revealed in this unrivalled collection of archive images, the majority of which, having been drawn from private collections, have not been published before.

Read more less

Book SynopsisOn July 25, 2000, a Concorde, the world''s fastest passenger plane, was taking off from Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris when it suddenly burst into flames. An airliner capable of flying at more than twice the speed of sound, the Concorde had completed 25 years of successful flights, whisking wealthy passengers-from diplomats to rock stars to corporate titans-between continents on brief and glamorous flights. Yet on this fateful day, the chartered Concorde jet, en route to America, crashed and killed all 109 passengers and crew onboard and four people on the ground. Urgent questions immediately arose as investigators scrambled to discover what had gone wrong. What caused the fire? Could it have been prevented? And, most urgently, was the Concorde safe to fly? Last Days of the Concorde addresses these issues and many more, offering a fascinating insider''s look at the dramatic disaster, the hunt for clues, and the systemic overhauls that followed the crash."[Last Days of the Concorde] proves enlightening about the post-accident investigative process, showing "how happenstance and entropy can conspire to wreak havoc." Chittum has a gift for making the complex details easily understandable." - Publishers Weekly"Aviation may well be the most unforgiving of man''s activities. Yet rarely does just one failure or misjudgment cause an airplane to crash; instead it is a chain of events, any link of which might have prevented the disaster. The crash of a supersonic Concorde in France just after takeoff from Charles de Gaulle in Paris on July 25, 2000, is the subject of this excellent book by experienced reporter Samme Chittum, who has a wonderful knack for lucidly explaining tech for the uninitiated. Highly recommended for all aviation professionals and everyone fascinated by man''s reach for the sky." -Stephen Coonts, author of Flight of the Intruder and The Armageddon File

Read more less

Book SynopsisCan flying be green? Everyone loves to travel, and the industry’s room for growth seems almost limitless—except that flying will soon be responsible for 19 percent of global emissions. Some people have even decided never to fly. Over the coming decades, aviation will witness more innovation than at any time since the invention of the jet engine in the 1940s, transforming the way planes are powered and the way they look. In Flying Green, Christopher de Bellaigue meets the inventors, visionaries, and entrepreneurs who are at the frontier of new technologies, from a European startup that makes fuel out of thin air, to a California firm using hydrogen to power flight, and an airship called the Flying Whale. What will it take for a new generation of travelers to fly guilt-free? This is the story of the search for a way to fly green.Trade ReviewOne of the Financial Times’ books to read in 2023 “[De Bellaigue’s] reporting is far more engaging than conventional accounts of efforts to make flying safer for the planet.” —Financial Times “De Bellaigue assesses current efforts to decarbonize jet fuel and find alternative fuels for flying in this rigorous account.” —New York Times “An exciting read that gives climate-minded travelers reason to hope that positive change is in the near future.” —Kirkus Reviews “An excellent overview of the current state of play and the possibilities for more rapid change.” —Literary Review “A snappy yet detailed guide to the challenges aviation faces in a world trying to transition away from fossil fuels.” —Geographical “Planetary mobility has been a remarkable gift in many ways—and at the moment a remarkable curse as well, as it helps overheat the planet. This is a fine catalogue of possible ways out (I favor the blimp) that will make for great reading on your next Amtrak trip.” —Bill McKibben, founder of 350.org “Everyone who gets on a plane and knows about the catastrophic threat posed by global heating asks themselves if there is a green way to fly. Christopher de Bellaigue sets out the options in this excellent book.” —Tony Juniper, environmentalist “Flying Green tells an inspiring, deeply researched and dynamic story of the future of aviation. It’s a brilliant exploration of an industry in rapid transition with a dizzying array of new possibilities, providing us all with the hope of guilt-free flying again. Take it on your next flight!” —Jeremy Oppenheim, founder, SYSTEMIQ “Exceptionally timely, and a remarkable combination of great writing and technical depth.” —Richard Aboulafia, managing director, AeroDynamic

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the late 20th and beginning 21st century high-precision astronomy, positioning and metrology strongly rely on general relativity. Supported by exercises and solutions this book offers graduate students and researchers entering those fields a self-contained and exhaustive but accessible treatment of applied general relativity. The book is written in a homogenous (graduate level textbook) style allowing the reader to understand the arguments step by step. It first introduces the mathematical and theoretical foundations of gravity theory and then concentrates on its general relativistic applications: clock rates, clock sychronization, establishment of time scales, astronomical references frames, relativistic astrometry, celestial mechanics and metrology. The authors present up-to-date relativistic models for applied techniques such as Satellite LASER Ranging (SLR), Lunar LASER Ranging (LLR), Globale Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Very Large Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), radar measurements, gyroscopes and pulsar timing. A list of acronyms helps the reader keep an overview and a mathematical appendix provides required functions and terms.Table of Contents

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes and explains the basis of bio-inspired, leading-edge tubercles based on humpback whale flippers as passive but effective flow control devices, as well as providing a comprehensive practical guide in their applications. It first discusses the morphology of the humpback whale flipper from a biological perspective, before presenting detailed experimental and numerical findings from past investigations by various experts on the benefits of leading-edge tubercles and their engineering implementations.Leading-edge tubercle designs and functions have attracted considerable interest from researchers in terms of understanding their role in the underwater agility of these whales, and to exploit their flow dynamics in the development of new and novel engineering solutions. Extensive research over the past recent years has demonstrated that the maneuverability of these whales is at least in part due to the leading-edge tubercles acting as passive flow control devices to delay stall and increase lift in the post-stall regime. In addition to the inherent benefits in terms of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, investigations into leading-edge tubercles have also broadened into areas of noise attenuation, stability and industrial applications.This book touches upon these areas, with an emphasis upon the effects of lifting-surface types, flow regimes, tubercle geometries, lifting-surface stability and potential industrial applications, among others. As such, it features contributions from key experts in the fields of biology, physics and engineering who have conducted significant studies into understanding the various aspects of leading-edge tubercles. Given the broad coverage and in-depth analysis, this book will benefit academic researchers, practicing engineers and graduate students interested in tapping into such a unique but highly functional flow control strategy.Table of ContentsOpportunities from Nature.- Perspectives and Applications.- Experimental Aerodynamics.- Geometry Optimization.- Flow Control on Hydrofoils.- Spanwise Flow.- Noise Attenuation.- Dynamic Effects.- Aeroelasticity. ​

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book Synopsis"Of all the men who attacked the flying problem in the 19th century, Otto Lilienthal was easily the most important. His greatness appeared in every phase of the problem. No one equaled him in power to draw new recruits to the cause; no one equaled him in fullness and dearness of understanding of the principles of flight; no one did so much to convince the world of the advantages of curved wing surfaces; and no one did so much to transfer the problem of human flight to the open air where it belonged." These words were spoken by Wilbur Wright, who successfully accomplished the first powered flight together with his brother Orville in 1903 on the sand dunes of the Outer Banks off the coast of North Carolina. Wilbur was talking about the most important of their predecessors, Otto Lilienthal. Lilienthal attracted worldwide attention due to the spectacular photographs showing him in flight, made possible by technology that had only just been developed by him. This fortuitous union between a pioneer of aviation and the pioneers of so-called “instantaneous photography” is responsible for the immense contemporary popularity of Lilienthal’s flights around the globe, the first ever free flights performed by man. This book traces the life of the German aviation pioneer, focusing on the designs of his many aircraft and the photographic documentation that has survived. The presentation ends with a remarkable research project conducted by one of the authors, right up to and including his own training exercises with Lilienthal’s “normal soaring apparatus” and “large biplane”. This project offered new insight into Lilienthal’s work, and also led to a spectacular aerial meeting of Lilienthal's 1895 biplane and the Wright brothers’ 1902 biplane at a historic location on the Outer Banks. The book provides access to video material, largely stemming from this project.Table of ContentsThe beginning of an era.- The skies over Pomerania.- From a poor student to good scholar.- Bed lodger – engineer – manufacturer.- Life goal: inventor.- From the dream of flight to aerodynamics.- From theory to flying apparatus.- 1891 – the leap into a new century.- Captured in mid-air.- Modelled after a bat – the path to serially produced aircraft.- Practical flying – training and records.- An engine – again inspired by birds.- The Fliegeberg – a real airfield.- Flying machine customers and flight students.- More difficult than anticipated: steering.- A rich idea: the biplane.- Unfinished ideas and August 9, 1896.- To fly is everything – Lilienthal 125 years later.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThirty years ago when Sir Richard Branson called up Boeing and asked if they had a spare 747, few would have predicted the brash entrepreneur would so radically transform the placid business of air travel. But today, Branson flies airlines on six continents, employs hundreds of jets and, in 2014, was predicting that his spaceship company – Virgin Galactic – would soon open the space frontier to commercial astronauts, payload specialists, scientists and space tourists. With more than 600 seats sold at $250,000 each, what started off as a dream to send people just for the excitement to look back and marvel at Earth, was on the cusp of finally being turned into a business. Then, on October 21, 2014, tragedy struck. SpaceShipTwo was on its most ambitious test flight to date. Seconds after firing its engine, Virgin Galactic’s spaceship was breaking through the sound barrier. In just the three seconds that it took for the vehicle to climb from Mach 0.94 to Mach 1.02, co-pilot Mike Alsbury made what many close to the event believe was a fatal mistake that led to his death and the disintegration of SpaceShipTwo. Miraculously, the pilot, Peter Siebold, survived the 16-km fall back to Earth. Soon after the event Branson vowed to continue his space tourism venture in spite of this. Already a second SpaceShipTwo is being built, and ticket-holders eagerly await the day when Virgin Galactic offers quick, routine and affordable access to the edge of space. This book explains the hurdles Virgin Galactic had and still has to overcome en route to developing suborbital space travel as a profitable economic entity, and describes the missions that will be flown on board SpaceShipTwo Mk II, including high-altitude science studies, astronomy, life sciences, and microgravity physics.Table of ContentsSuborbital Flight/: A Primer.- X-Prize.- SpaceShipOne.- Scaled Composites.- Spaceport in New Mexico.- Medical and Training Requirements.- Meet the Passengers.- Missions.- Beyond Suborbital Space.

Read more less

Book SynopsisWith the recent influx of spaceflight and satellite launches, the region of outer space has become saturated with vital technology used for communication and surveillance and the functioning of business and government. But what would happen if these capabilities were disrupted or even destroyed? How would we react if faced with a full-scale blackout of satellite communications? What can and has happened following the destruction of a satellite? In the short term, the aftermath would send thousands of fragments orbiting Earth as space debris. In the longer term, the ramifications of such an event on Earth and in space would be alarming, to say the least. This book takes a look at such crippling scenarios and how countries around the world might respond in their wake. It describes the aggressive actions that nations could take and the technologies that could be leveraged to gain power and control over assets, as well as to initiate war in the theater of outer space. The ways that a country's vital capabilities could be disarmed in such a setting are investigated. In addition, the book discusses our past and present political climate, including which countries currently have these abilities and who the aggressive players already are. Finally, it addresses promising research and space technology that could be used to protect us from those interested in destroying the world's vital systems. Table of ContentsDedication.- Preface.- Chapter 1: Life Without Satellites.- Chapter 2: Space as the Next Theater of War.- Chapter 3: The Environment of Space as a Theater of War.- Chapter 4: Space Debris as a Weapon.- Chapter 5: A Summary of the US Space Program and Its Relationship to the Military.- Chapter 6: Who Controls Space and How.- Chapter 7: The Cold War and Missile Defense.-Chapter 8: Post-SDI Missile Defense.- Chapter 9: Satellite Technology.- Chapter 10: Preventing a War in Space.- Appendix A: Space Treaty.- Appendix B: Additional Resources for Space Warfare Topics.- Appendix C: Space Defense Terms and Programs and Their Historical Context.- Appendix D: Timeline of Missile Defense.- Acknowledgements.- Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe function of NOTAM (Notice to Airman).- GRF Global Reporting Format.- Raising the Runway Condition Code (RWYCC).- Communication path RCR (airport operator).- SNOWTAM (New).- NOTAM to AIP publications and Trigger NOTAM.- NOTAM navigation structure.- Implementation of the EASA Regulation 2148/2020 in Connection with the EU Regulation 139/2014.- NOTAM, SNOWTAM, and GRF/RCC Test.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book highlights practical solutions for flight safety improvement techniques, which are currently the focus of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It has become clear that, in order to rapidly and significantly improve flight safety, the integrated use of new aeronautical technologies is called for. Considering the size of the aviation fleet, its constant growth and the long service lives of aircraft, new technologies should be adapted both to cutting-edge air navigation systems and to those that have been used for over a decade. Concretely, the book discusses methodological approaches to the construction of ground and on-board avionics that make it possible to achieve improved flight safety using innovative new methods. The proposed approaches are illustrated with real-world examples of e.g. satellite-based navigation systems and enhanced ground proximity warning systems. The book is written for professionals involved in the development of avionics systems, as well as students, researchers and experts in the field of radiolocation, radio navigation and air traffic control, the book will support the development and modeling of radio technical complexes, as well as the analysis of complex radio technical systems.Table of ContentsGENERAL DESCRIPTION OF FLIGHT SAFETY PROBLEMS Analysis of the state and prospects for the development of instrument landing systems and collision avoidance systems Features of global navigation satellite systems as an instrument basis for improving flight safety Augmentations – the main method to improve the performance characteristics of global navigation satellite systems Analysis of requirements for satellite-based landing systems and collision avoidance systems General methods and techniques to improve flight efficiency and safety when using satellite-based landing systems and collision avoidance systems Flight safety indicators Conclusions to Chapter 1 METHODOLOGY FOR CONSTRUCTING SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS Theoretical background of a formalized methodological approach to the selection of basic elements for radio-electronic complexes to improve flight efficiency and safety Methods for building the structure of the ground and onboard radio-electronic complexes of satellite-based landing systems with augmentations of global navigation satellite systems Methods and rules for the development of a collision avoidance system with the use of global navigation satellite system technologies Directions and methods to enhance satellite-based landing systems and collision avoidance systems Conclusions to Chapter 2 METHODS FOR IMPROVING FLIGHT EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY FOR SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS Method for increasing the accuracy and integrity of the guidance signals based on the construction and use of volumetric distribution diagrams for radio waves multipath errors and the system structure for its implementation Method for ensuring integrity and continuity of guidance signals based on the use of an integrated signal-to-noise ratio for pseudoranges in presence of radiointerference Method for increasing accuracy and integrity of guidance signals based on pseudorange error compensation using phase measurements and the structure of the radioelectronic complex for its implementation Method for increasing accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability of guidance signals based on the use of pseudo-satellite signals and the system structure for its implementation Conclusions to Chapter 3 METHODS FOR IMPROVING FLIGHT EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY BASED ON TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE IN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS Method for improving flight safety by generating a warning about a potential collision based on the three-dimensional synthesis of the underlying surface sections and the display of hazardous elements Method for increasing the flight effectiveness and safety by assessing the possibility of vertical maneuvering and determining the direction of the turn Method for increasing the flight effectiveness and safety by identifying hazardous terrain, taking into account the possibility of a reverse turn, and the system structure for its implementation Method for improving flight efficiency and safety by analyzing the space inside a corridor safe for flight Conclusions to Chapter 4 INTEGRATED TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS ON THE JOINT USE OF TECHNOLOGIES APPLICABLE IN COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS AND SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS Principles of constructing an integrated flight safety enhancement system based on the collision avoidance system and the satellite-based landing system Method for preventing aircraft landings on an unauthorized runway by calculating a virtual glide path Method for notifying of the aircraft or UAV position during the landing and roll-on operation Assessment of flight safety and efficiency improvements with the use of integrated systems Conclusions to Chapter 5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS IN THE SATELLITE-BASED LANDING SYSTEMS AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS Principles of construction and design features of onboard equipment to improve flight efficiency and safety Construction of an onboard navigation and landing complex on the basis of the satellite-based landing system and the collision avoidance system Results of the satellite-based landing system flight tests Results of the Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System flight tests and operation Conclusions to Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONs REFERENCES

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively covers the history and current developments of space programme of China. It presents the complete story of China’s space programme from its origins through to present day activities on the International Space Station. This monograph further discusses the role of China’s space strategy in its emergence as a major power on the world stage. The book also presents the context of China’s space program within the larger narrative of international space development. The book binds together the diverse political, military, economic and technology aspects into a coherent understanding and explains their role in the establishment and growth of Chinese space programme. Given the contents, this book will be a valuable source of information for students, researchers, and historians in the area of space studies.Trade Review“China’s Space Programme: From the Era of Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping by S Chandrashekhar provides a detailed account of the country’s rise to become a space power worth reckoning. … Each chapter carries a wealth of information in the form of tables and diagrams. … The richness of information on the Chinese Space programme makes the book a historical study, a tutorial, a study in management, and a reference guide.” (Arup Dasgupta, Geospatial Artha, Vol. 1 (5), January-February, 2023)Table of ContentsThe Origins of China’s Space Programme.- Economic Reform and the Deng Era.- New Challenges to the Space Programme.- The Growth Phase of China’s Space Programme.- Strategic Trends and Future Directions.- Chinese Recoverable Satellites.- China’s Communications Satellites.- China’s Weather Satellites.- Remote Sensing Satellites.- China’s Navigation Satellite Constellation.- The Human Space Flight Programme.- Breakthrough Research in Space Science and Applications.- China’s Military Satellites.

Read more less

a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

Read more less

Book SynopsisRare views of the beginnings of a historic space programAfter the excitement of the first Moon landing, the U.S. space program took an ambitious new direction closer to home: NASA's Space Shuttle program promised frequent access to Earth orbit for medical and scientific breakthroughs; deploying, repairing and maintaining satellites; and assembling a space station. Picturing the Space Shuttle is the first photographic history of the program's early years as the world's first space plane debuted.Showcasing over 450 unpublished and lesser-known images, this book traces the growth of the Space Shuttle from 1965 to 1982, from initial concept through its first four space flights. The photographs offer windows into designing the first reusable space vehicle as well as the construction and testing of the prototype shuttle Enterprise. They also show the factory assembly and delivery of the Space Shuttle Columbia, preparations at the major NASA field centers, and astronaut selection and training. Finally, the book devotes a chapter to each of the first four orbital missions, STS-1 through STS-4, providing an abundance of seldom seen photos for each flight.Mostly selected from J. L. Pickering's personal archive, the world's largest private collection of U.S. human space flight images, the high-quality photographs in this book are paired with veteran journalist John Bisney's detailed descriptions and historical background information. The book also includes images of NASA and Shuttle contractor booklets, manuals, access badges, and press kits, as well as a foreword by Robert Crippen, the pilot of the first Space Shuttle flight. Picturing the Space Shuttle recreates the excitement of an era in which the possibilities of space exploration seemed limitless.

Read more less

Book SynopsisJonathan Ward takes the reader deep into the facilities at Kennedy Space Center to describe NASA’s first computer systems used for spacecraft and rocket checkout and explain how tests and launches proceeded. Descriptions of early operations include a harrowing account of the heroic efforts of pad workers during the Apollo 1 fire. A companion to the author’s book Countdown to a Moon Launch: Preparing Apollo for Its Historic Journey, this explores every facet of the facilities that served as the base for the Apollo/Saturn missions. Hundreds of illustrations complement the firsthand accounts of more than 70 Apollo program managers and engineers. The era of the Apollo/Saturn missions was perhaps the most exciting period in American space exploration history. Cape Canaveral and Kennedy Space Center were buzzing with activity. Thousands of workers came to town to build the facilities and launch the missions needed to put an American on the Moon before the end of the decade. Work at KSC involved much more than just launching rockets. It was a place like none other on Earth. Technicians performed intricate operations, and hazards abounded everywhere, including lightning, fire, highly-toxic fuels, snakes, heat, explosives, LOX spills, and even plutonium. The reward for months of 7-day workweeks under intense pressure was witnessing a Saturn V at liftoff.For anyone who ever wished they had worked at Kennedy Space Center during the Apollo era, this book is the next best thing. The only thing missing is the smell of rocket fuel in the morning.Trade Review“Ward … makes the inner workings of the Apollo and Saturn space missions very understandable. … He does a fantastic job of showing the behind-the-scenes work that allowed the Apollo and Saturn space missions to take place. All readers interested in the history of space exploration will enjoy this work. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readership levels.” (C. Charnaswskas-Jasionowicz, Choice, Vol. 53 (9), May, 2016)“Rocket Ranch is an enjoyable overview of the Kennedy Space Center during the 1960s and a once-over-lightly account of the Moon landing program. … Contained here is the best account I have seen of the computing efforts at KSC and the operational aspects of the Apollo program. There is also a lengthy chapter on the Apollo 1 fire that many will find of interest. Ward relies on more than seventy interviews that he personally conducted … .” (Roger Launius's Blog, launiusr.wordpress.com, March, 2016)“Rocket Ranch is the most recent attempt by memorabilia collectors to provide a technical description of Kennedy Space Center. Space Center enthusiasts and technophiles will love the detailed descriptions and the stories drawn from Ward’s interviews with employees, contractors, and associates of Kennedy Space Center during the Apollo era. … Kennedy Space Center technophiles will love Ward’s Rocket Ranch for providing them a more detailed and largely accurate description of Apollo-era technology infrastructure in a well-organized tour guide format.” (Orville Butler, Quest, Vol. 23 (2), 2016)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Setting the Stage for Apollo/Saturn 1960-1966.- The Apollo 1 Fire.- The Spacecraft Assembly and Checkout Facilities.- The VAB and the Mobile Launcher.- The Launch Control Center and Firing Rooms.- Launch Pads 39A and 39B.- Life at the Launch Pad.- Epilogue: The End of an Era.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSmall Unmanned Fixed-wing Aircraft Design is the essential guide to designing, building and testing fixed wing UAVs (or drones). It deals with aircraft from two to 150 kg in weight and is based on the first-hand experiences of the world renowned UAV team at the UK's University of Southampton. The book covers both the practical aspects of designing, manufacturing and flight testing and outlines and the essential calculations needed to underpin successful designs. It describes the entire process of UAV design from requirements definition to configuration layout and sizing, through preliminary design and analysis using simple panel codes and spreadsheets to full CFD and FEA models and on to detailed design with parametric CAD tools. Its focus is on modest cost approaches that draw heavily on the latest digital design and manufacturing methods, including a strong emphasis on utilizing off-the-shelf components, low cost analysis, automated geometry modelling and 3D printingTable of ContentsList of Figures xvii List of Tables xxxiii Foreword xxxv Series Preface xxxvii Preface xxxix Acknowledgments xli PART I INTRODUCING FIXED-WING UAVS 1 Preliminaries 3 1.1 Externally Sourced Components 4 1.2 Manufacturing Methods 5 1.3 Project DECODE 6 1.4 The Stages of Design 6 1.4.1 Concept Design 8 1.4.2 Preliminary Design 10 1.4.3 Detail Design 11 1.4.4 Manufacturing Design 12 1.4.5 In-service Design and Decommissioning 13 1.5 Summary 13 2 Unmanned Air Vehicles 15 2.1 A Brief Taxonomy of UAVs 15 2.2 The Morphology of a UAV 19 2.2.1 Lifting Surfaces 21 2.2.2 Control Surfaces 22 2.2.3 Fuselage and Internal Structure 23 2.2.4 Propulsion Systems 24 2.2.5 Fuel Tanks 24 2.2.6 Control Systems 24 2.2.7 Payloads 27 2.2.8 Take-off and Landing Gear 27 2.3 Main Design Drivers 29 PART II THE AIRCRAFT IN MORE DETAIL 3 Wings 33 3.1 Simple Wing Theory and Aerodynamic Shape 33 3.2 Spars 37 3.3 Covers 37 3.4 Ribs 38 3.5 Fuselage Attachments 38 3.6 Ailerons/Roll Control 40 3.7 Flaps 41 3.8 Wing Tips 42 3.9 Wing-housed Retractable Undercarriage 42 3.10 Integral Fuel Tanks 44 4 Fuselages and Tails (Empennage) 45 4.1 Main Fuselage/Nacelle Structure 45 4.2 Wing Attachment 47 4.3 Engine and Motor Mountings 48 4.4 Avionics Trays 50 4.5 Payloads – Camera Mountings 51 4.6 Integral Fuel Tanks 52 4.7 Assembly Mechanisms and Access Hatches 54 4.8 Undercarriage Attachment 55 4.9 Tails (Empennage) 57 5 Propulsion 59 5.1 Liquid-Fueled IC Engines 59 5.1.1 Glow-plug IC Engines 62 5.1.2 Spark Ignition Gasoline IC Engines 62 5.1.3 IC Engine Testing 65 5.2 Rare-earth Brushless Electric Motors 66 5.3 Propellers 68 5.4 Engine/Motor Control 70 5.5 Fuel Systems 70 5.6 Batteries and Generators 71 6 Airframe Avionics and Systems 73 6.1 Primary Control Transmitter and Receivers 73 6.2 Avionics Power Supplies 76 6.3 Servos 78 6.4 Wiring, Buses, and Boards 82 6.5 Autopilots 86 6.6 Payload Communications Systems 87 6.7 Ancillaries 88 6.8 Resilience and Redundancy 90 7 Undercarriages 93 7.1 Wheels 93 7.2 Suspension 95 7.3 Steering 95 7.4 Retractable Systems 97 PART III DESIGNING UAVS 8 The Process of Design 101 8.1 Goals and Constraints 101 8.2 Airworthiness 103 8.3 Likely Failure Modes 104 8.3.1 Aerodynamic and Stability Failure 105 8.3.2 Structural Failure 106 8.3.3 Engine/Motor Failure 107 8.3.4 Control System Failure 107 8.4 Systems Engineering 110 8.4.1 Work-breakdown Structure 110 8.4.2 Interface Definitions 112 8.4.3 Allocation of Responsibility 112 8.4.4 Requirements Flowdown 112 8.4.5 Compliance Testing 113 8.4.6 Cost and Weight Management 114 8.4.7 Design “Checklist” 117 9 Tool Selection 119 9.1 Geometry/CAD Codes 120 9.2 Concept Design 123 9.3 Operational Simulation and Mission Planning 125 9.4 Aerodynamic and Structural Analysis Codes 125 9.5 Design and Decision Viewing 125 9.6 Supporting Databases 126 10 Concept Design: Initial Constraint Analysis 127 10.1 The Design Brief 127 10.1.1 Drawing up a Good Design Brief 127 10.1.2 Environment and Mission 128 10.1.3 Constraints 129 10.2 Airframe Topology 130 10.2.1 Unmanned versus Manned – Rethinking Topology 130 10.2.2 Searching the Space of Topologies 133 10.2.3 Systematic “invention” of UAV Concepts 136 10.2.4 Managing the Concept Design Process 144 10.3 Airframe and Powerplant Scaling via Constraint Analysis 144 10.3.1 The Role of Constraint Analysis 144 10.3.2 The Impact of Customer Requirements 145 10.3.3 Concept Constraint Analysis – A Proposed Computational Implementation 145 10.3.4 The Constraint Space 146 10.4 A Parametric Constraint Analysis Report 146 10.4.1 About This Document 146 10.4.2 Design Brief 147 10.4.3 Unit Conversions 149 10.4.4 Basic Geometry and Initial Guesses 151 10.4.5 Preamble 151 10.4.6 Preliminary Calculations 152 10.4.7 Constraints 154 10.5 The Combined Constraint Diagram and Its Place in the Design Process 162 11 Spreadsheet-Based Concept Design and Examples 165 11.1 Concept Design Algorithm 166 11.2 Range 169 11.3 Structural Loading Calculations 169 11.4 Weight and CoG Estimation 170 11.5 Longitudinal Stability 170 11.6 Powering and Propeller Sizing 171 11.7 Resulting Design: Decode-1 174 11.8 A Bigger Single Engine Design: Decode-2 177 11.9 A Twin Tractor Design: SPOTTER 182 12 Preliminary Geometry Design 189 12.1 Preliminary Airframe Geometry and CAD 190 12.2 Designing Decode-1 with AirCONICS 192 13 Preliminary Aerodynamic and Stability Analysis 195 13.1 Panel Method Solvers – XFoil and XFLR5 196 13.2 RANS Solvers – Fluent 200 13.2.1 Meshing, Turbulence Model Choice, and y+ 204 13.3 Example Two-dimensional Airfoil Analysis 208 13.4 Example Three-dimensional Airfoil Analysis 210 13.5 3D Models of Simple Wings 212 13.6 Example Airframe Aerodynamics 214 13.6.1 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Aerodynamics 215 13.6.2 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Control Surfaces 221 13.6.3 Analyzing Decode-1 with XFLR5: Stability 223 13.6.4 Flight Simulators 227 13.6.5 Analyzing Decode-1 with Fluent 228 14 Preliminary Structural Analysis 237 14.1 Structural Modeling Using AirCONICS 240 14.2 Structural Analysis Using Simple Beam Theory 243 14.3 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 245 14.3.1 FEA Model Preparation 246 14.3.2 FEA Complete Spar and Boom Model 250 14.3.3 FEA Analysis of 3D Printed and Fiber- or Mylar-clad Foam Parts 255 14.4 Structural Dynamics and Aeroelasticity 265 14.4.1 Estimating Wing Divergence, Control Reversal, and Flutter Onset Speeds 266 14.5 Summary of Preliminary Structural Analysis 272 15 Weight and Center of Gravity Control 273 15.1 Weight Control 273 15.2 Longitudinal Center of Gravity Control 279 16 Experimental Testing and Validation 281 16.1 Wind Tunnels Tests 282 16.1.1 Mounting the Model 282 16.1.2 Calibrating the Test 284 16.1.3 Blockage Effects 284 16.1.4 Typical Results 287 16.2 Airframe Load Tests 290 16.2.1 Structural Test Instruments 290 16.2.2 Structural Mounting and Loading 293 16.2.3 Static Structural Testing 294 16.2.4 Dynamic Structural Testing 296 16.3 Avionics Testing 300 17 Detail Design: Constructing Explicit Design Geometry 303 17.1 The Generation of Geometry 303 17.2 Fuselage 306 17.3 An Example UAV Assembly 309 17.3.1 Hand Sketches 311 17.3.2 Master Sketches 311 17.4 3D Printed Parts 313 17.4.1 Decode-1: The Development of a Parametric Geometry for the SLS Nylon Wing Spar/Boom “Scaffold Clamp” 313 17.4.2 Approach 314 17.4.3 Inputs 314 17.4.4 Breakdown of Part 315 17.4.5 Parametric Capability 316 17.4.6 More Detailed Model 317 17.4.7 Manufacture 318 17.5 Wings 318 17.5.1 Wing Section Profile 320 17.5.2 Three-dimensional Wing 323 PART IV MANUFACTURE AND FLIGHT 18 Manufacture 331 18.1 Externally Sourced Components 331 18.2 Three-Dimensional Printing 332 18.2.1 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 332 18.2.2 Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 335 18.2.3 Sealing Components 335 18.3 Hot-wire Foam Cutting 337 18.3.1 Fiber and Mylar Foam Cladding 339 18.4 Laser Cutting 339 18.5 Wiring Looms 342 18.6 Assembly Mechanisms 342 18.6.1 Bayonets and Locking Pins 345 18.6.2 Clamps 346 18.6.3 Conventional Bolts and Screws 346 18.7 Storage and Transport Cases 347 19 Regulatory Approval and Documentation 349 19.1 Aviation Authority Requirements 349 19.2 System Description 351 19.2.1 Airframe 352 19.2.2 Performance 355 19.2.3 Avionics and Ground Control System 356 19.2.4 Acceptance Flight Data 358 19.3 Operations Manual 358 19.3.1 Organization, Team Roles, and Communications 359 19.3.2 Brief Technical Description 359 19.3.3 Operating Limits, Conditions, and Control 359 19.3.4 Operational Area and Flight Plans 360 19.3.5 Operational and Emergency Procedures 360 19.3.6 Maintenance Schedule 360 19.4 Safety Case 361 19.4.1 Risk Assessment Process 362 19.4.2 Failure Modes and Effects 362 19.4.3 Operational Hazards 363 19.4.4 Accident List 364 19.4.5 Mitigation List 364 19.4.6 Accident Sequences and Mitigation 366 19.5 Flight Planning Manual 368 20 Test Flights and Maintenance 369 20.1 Test Flight Planning 369 20.1.1 Exploration of Flight Envelope 369 20.1.2 Ranking of Flight Tests by Risk 370 20.1.3 Instrumentation and Recording of Flight Test Data 370 20.1.4 Pre-flight Inspection and Checklists 371 20.1.5 Atmospheric Conditions 371 20.1.6 Incident and Crash Contingency Planning, Post Crash Safety, Recording, and Management of Crash Site 371 20.2 Test Flight Examples 375 20.2.1 UAS Performance Flight Test (MANUAL Mode) 375 20.2.2 UAS CoG Flight Test (MANUAL Mode) 377 20.2.3 Fuel Consumption Tests 377 20.2.4 Engine Failure, Idle, and Throttle Change Tests 377 20.2.5 Autonomous Flight Control 378 20.2.6 Auto-Takeoff Test 380 20.2.7 Auto-Landing Test 380 20.2.8 Operational and Safety Flight Scenarios 381 20.3 Maintenance 381 20.3.1 Overall Airframe Maintenance 382 20.3.2 Time and Flight Expired Items 382 20.3.3 Batteries 383 20.3.4 Flight Control Software 383 20.3.5 Maintenance Record Keeping 384 21 Lessons Learned 385 21.1 Things that Have Gone Wrong and Why 388 PART V APPENDICES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND INDEX A Generic Aircraft Design Flowchart 395 B Example AirCONICS Code for Decode-1 399 C Worked (Manned Aircraft) Detail Design Example 425 C.1 Stage 1: Concept Sketches 425 C.2 Stage 2: Part Definition 429 C.3 Stage 3: “Flying Surfaces” 434 C.4 Stage 4: Other Items 435 C.5 Stage 5: Detail Definition 435 Bibliography 439 Index 441

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisTo begin to understand this apparent contradiction in terms, we must first understand the exacting nature of space technologies and the concerns of those who create them.Trade ReviewSoundly based on the secondary literature and on archival research in the United States and Europe and provides an excellent overview of the topic within Johnson's chosen boundaries... I can highly recommend Johnson's book to historians of both the Cold War military and civilian space programs. Journal of Military History Johnson has been inspired by engineering to write good history. -- Jon Agar British Journal for the History of Science 2004 A book for general readers interested in business and management issues in the space program. Choice 2003 Johnson's in-depth, nuts-and-bolts manual sheds much light on a seldom studied secret of our recent space history. Space Review 2006 Well written and engaging in style. Satellite Evolution Group 2007Table of ContentsContents: Introduction: Managment and the Conrol of Research Social and Technical Issues of Spaceflight Creating Concurrency From Concurrency to Systems Managment JPL's Journey from Missiles to Space Organizing the Manned Space Program Organizing ELDO for Failure ERSO's American Bridge across the Managment Gap Coordination and Control of High-Tech Research and Development

Read more less

Book SynopsisIntroduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and Loads, Second Edition is an updated new edition offering comprehensive coverage of the main principles of aircraft aeroelasticity and loads. For ease of reference, the book is divided into three parts and begins by reviewing the underlying disciplines of vibrations, aerodynamics, loads and control, and then goes on to describe simplified models to illustrate aeroelastic behaviour and aircraft response and loads for the flexible aircraft before introducing some more advanced methodologies. Finally, it explains how industrial certification requirements for aeroelasticity and loads may be met and relates these to the earlier theoretical approaches used. Key features of this new edition include: Uses a unified simple aeroelastic model throughout the book Major revisions to chapters on aeroelasticity Updates and reorganisation of chapters involving Finite Elements Some reorganisation of loadTrade Review“I strongly recommend this textbook to under­graduates and researchers, not only due to how principles and concepts are explained, but also because it clearly shows the multidisciplinary nature of modern engineering techniques.” (The Aeronautical Journal, 1 November 2015) Table of ContentsSeries Preface xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxv Abbreviations xxix Introduction 1 PART I BACKGROUND MATERIAL 7 1 Vibration of Single Degree of Freedom Systems 9 1.1 Setting up Equations of Motion for SDoF Systems 9 1.2 Free Vibration of SDoF Systems 11 1.3 Forced Vibration of SDoF Systems 13 1.4 Harmonic Forced Vibration – Frequency Response Functions 14 1.5 Transient/Random Forced Vibration – Time Domain Solution 17 1.6 Transient Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 21 1.7 Random Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 23 1.8 Examples 24 2 Vibration of Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems 27 2.1 Setting up Equations of Motion 27 2.2 Undamped Free Vibration 29 2.3 Damped Free Vibration 31 2.4 Transformation to Modal Coordinates 34 2.5 Two-DoF Rigid Aircraft in Heave and Pitch 38 2.6 ‘Free–Free’ Systems 40 2.7 Harmonic Forced Vibration 41 2.8 Transient/Random Forced Vibration – Time Domain Solution 43 2.9 Transient Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 44 2.10 Random Forced Vibration – Frequency Domain Solution 44 2.11 Examples 45 3 Vibration of Continuous Systems – Assumed Shapes Approach 49 3.1 Continuous Systems 49 3.2 Modelling Continuous Systems 49 3.3 Elastic and Flexural Axes 51 3.4 Rayleigh–Ritz ‘Assumed Shapes’ Method 52 3.5 Generalized Equations of Motion – Basic Approach 53 3.6 Generalized Equations of Motion – Matrix Approach 58 3.7 Generating Whole Aircraft ‘Free–Free’ Modes from ‘Branch’ Modes 61 3.8 Whole Aircraft ‘Free–Free’ Modes 64 3.9 Examples 65 4 Introduction to Steady Aerodynamics 69 4.1 The Standard Atmosphere 69 4.2 Effect of Air Speed on Aerodynamic Characteristics 71 4.3 Flows and Pressures Around a Symmetric Aerofoil 73 4.4 Forces on an Aerofoil 74 4.5 Variation of Lift for an Aerofoil at an Angle of Incidence 76 4.6 Pitching Moment Variation and the Aerodynamic Centre 77 4.7 Lift on a Three-dimensional Wing 78 4.8 Drag on a Three-dimensional Wing 82 4.9 Control Surfaces 83 4.10 Transonic Flows 84 4.11 Examples 85 5 Introduction to Loads 87 5.1 Laws of Motion 88 5.2 D’Alembert’s Principle – Inertia Forces and Couples 90 5.3 External Loads – Applied and Reactive 94 5.4 Free Body Diagrams 95 5.5 Internal Loads 96 5.6 Internal Loads for a Continuous Member 96 5.7 Internal Loads for a Discretized Member 101 5.8 Intercomponent Loads 103 5.9 Obtaining Stresses from Internal Loads – Structural Members with Simple Load Paths 103 5.10 Examples 104 6 Introduction to Control 109 6.1 Open and Closed Loop Systems 109 6.2 Laplace Transforms 110 6.3 Modelling of Open and Closed Loop Systems using Laplace and Frequency Domains 112 6.4 Stability of Systems 114 6.5 PID Control 121 6.6 Examples 122 PART II INTRODUCTION TO AEROELASTICITY AND LOADS 123 7 Static Aeroelasticity – Effect of Wing Flexibility on Lift Distribution and Divergence 125 7.1 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Two-dimensional Rigid Aerofoil with a Torsional Spring Attachment 126 7.2 Static Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Fixed Root Flexible Wing 130 7.3 Effect of Trim on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour 133 7.4 Effect of Wing Sweep on Static Aeroelastic Behaviour 137 7.5 Examples 142 8 Static Aeroelasticity – Effect of Wing Flexibility on Control Effectiveness 143 8.1 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing – Fixed Wing Root Case 144 8.2 Rolling Effectiveness of a Flexible Wing – Steady Roll Case 147 8.3 Effect of Spanwise Position of the Control Surface 151 8.4 Full Aircraft Model – Control Effectiveness 152 8.5 Effect of Trim on Reversal Speed 153 8.6 Examples 153 9 Introduction to Unsteady Aerodynamics 155 9.1 Quasi-steady Aerodynamics 156 9.2 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Motion 156 9.3 Aerodynamic Lift and Moment for an Aerofoil Oscillating Harmonically in Heave and Pitch 161 9.4 Oscillatory Aerodynamic Derivatives 162 9.5 Aerodynamic Damping and Stiffness 163 9.6 Approximation of Unsteady Aerodynamic Terms 164 9.7 Unsteady Aerodynamics related to Gusts 164 9.8 Examples 168 10 Dynamic Aeroelasticity – Flutter 171 10.1 Simplified Unsteady Aerodynamic Model 172 10.2 Binary Aeroelastic Model 173 10.3 General Form of the Aeroelastic Equations 176 10.4 Eigenvalue Solution of the Flutter Equations 176 10.5 Aeroelastic Behaviour of the Binary Model 177 10.6 Aeroelastic Behaviour of a Multiple Mode System 185 10.7 Flutter Speed Prediction for Binary Systems 185 10.8 Divergence of Dynamic Aeroelastic Systems 188 10.9 Inclusion of Unsteady Reduced Frequency Effects 189 10.10 Control Surface Flutter 193 10.11 Whole Aircraft Model – Inclusion of Rigid Body Modes 199 10.12 Flutter in the Transonic Regime 202 10.13 Effect of Non-Linearities – Limit Cycle Oscillations 202 10.14 Examples 204 11 Aeroservoelasticity 207 11.1 Mathematical Modelling of a Simple Aeroelastic System with a Control Surface 208 11.2 Inclusion of Gust Terms 209 11.3 Implementation of a Control System 210 11.4 Determination of Closed Loop System Stability 211 11.5 Gust Response of the Closed Loop System 213 11.6 Inclusion of Control Law Frequency Dependency in Stability Calculations 214 11.7 Response Determination via the Frequency Domain 215 11.8 State Space Modelling 216 11.9 Examples 217 12 Equilibrium Manoeuvres 219 12.1 Equilibrium Manoeuvre – Rigid Aircraft under Normal Acceleration 221 12.2 Manoeuvre Envelope 226 12.3 Equilibrium Manoeuvre – Rigid Aircraft Pitching 227 12.4 Equilibrium Manoeuvre – Flexible Aircraft Pitching 235 12.5 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 250 12.6 Examples 250 13 Dynamic Manoeuvres 253 13.1 Aircraft Axes 255 13.2 Motion Variables 257 13.3 Axes Transformations 257 13.4 Velocity and Acceleration Components for Moving Axes in 2D 259 13.5 Flight Mechanics Equations of Motion for a Rigid Symmetric Aircraft in 2D 262 13.6 Representation of Disturbing Forces and Moments 265 13.7 Modelling the Flexible Aircraft 267 13.8 Solution of Flight Mechanics Equations for the Rigid Aircraft 272 13.9 Dynamic Manoeuvre – Rigid Aircraft in Longitudinal Motion 273 13.10 Dynamic Manoeuvre – Flexible Aircraft Heave/Pitch 279 13.11 General Form of Longitudinal Equations 287 13.12 Dynamic Manoeuvre for Rigid Aircraft in Lateral Motion 288 13.13 Bookcase Manoeuvres for Rigid Aircraft in Lateral Motion 289 13.14 Flight Control System (FCS) 293 13.15 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 295 13.16 Examples 295 14 Gust and Turbulence Encounters 299 14.1 Gusts and Turbulence 300 14.2 Gust Response in the Time Domain 301 14.3 Time Domain Gust Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave 303 14.4 Time Domain Gust Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave/Pitch 310 14.5 Time Domain Gust Response – Flexible Aircraft 316 14.6 General Form of Equations in the Time Domain 321 14.7 Turbulence Response in the Frequency Domain 321 14.8 Frequency Domain Turbulence Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave 324 14.9 Frequency Domain Turbulence Response – Rigid Aircraft in Heave/Pitch 329 14.10 Frequency Domain Turbulence Response – Flexible Aircraft 330 14.11 General Form of Equations in the Frequency Domain 333 14.12 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 334 14.13 Examples 334 15 Ground Manoeuvres 337 15.1 Landing Gear 337 15.2 Taxi, Take-Off and Landing Roll 342 15.3 Landing 351 15.4 Braking 359 15.5 Turning 360 15.6 Shimmy 361 15.7 Representation of the Flight Control System (FCS) 363 15.8 Examples 363 16 Aircraft Internal Loads 367 16.1 Limit and Ultimate Loads 368 16.2 Internal Loads for an Aircraft 368 16.3 General Internal Loads Expressions – Continuous Wing 370 16.4 Effect of Wing-mounted Engines and Landing Gear 372 16.5 Internal Loads – Continuous Flexible Wing 373 16.6 General Internal Loads Expressions – Discretized Wing 379 16.7 Internal Loads – Discretized Fuselage 384 16.8 Internal Loads – Continuous Turbulence Encounter 387 16.9 Loads Generation and Sorting to yield Critical Cases 388 16.10 Aircraft Dimensioning Cases 390 16.11 Stresses derived from Internal Loads – Complex Load Paths 391 16.12 Examples 391 17 Vibration of Continuous Systems – Finite Element Approach 395 17.1 Introduction to the Finite Element Approach 395 17.2 Formulation of the Beam Bending Element 397 17.3 Assembly and Solution for a Beam Structure 401 17.4 Torsion Element 406 17.5 Combined Bending/Torsion Element 407 17.6 Concentrated Mass Element 408 17.7 Stiffness Element 408 17.8 Rigid Body Elements 409 17.9 Other Elements 410 17.10 Comments on Modelling 411 17.11 Examples 413 18 Potential Flow Aerodynamics 415 18.1 Components of Inviscid, Incompressible Flow Analysis 415 18.2 Inclusion of Vorticity 420 18.3 Numerical Steady Aerodynamic Modelling of Thin Two-dimensional Aerofoils 422 18.4 Steady Aerodynamic Modelling of Three-Dimensional Wings using a Panel Method 425 18.5 Unsteady Aerodynamic Modelling of Wings undergoing Harmonic Motion 429 18.6 Aerodynamic Influence Coefficients in Modal Space 432 18.7 Examples 436 19 Coupling of Structural and Aerodynamic Computational Models 437 19.1 Mathematical Modelling – Static Aeroelastic Case 438 19.2 2D Coupled Static Aeroelastic Model – Pitch 439 19.3 2D Coupled Static Aeroelastic Model – Heave/Pitch 440 19.4 3D Coupled Static Aeroelastic Model 441 19.5 Mathematical Modelling – Dynamic Aeroelastic Response 446 19.6 2D Coupled Dynamic Aeroelastic Model – Bending/Torsion 447 19.7 3D Flutter Analysis 448 19.8 Inclusion of Frequency Dependent Aerodynamics for State–Space Modelling – Rational Function Approximation 450 PART III INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL PRACTICE 455 20 Aircraft Design and Certification 457 20.1 Aeroelastics and Loads in the Aircraft Design Process 457 20.2 Aircraft Certification Process 459 21 Aeroelasticity and Loads Models 465 21.1 Structural Model 465 21.2 Aerodynamic Model 471 21.3 Flight Control System 473 21.4 Other Model Issues 474 21.5 Loads Transformations 474 22 Static Aeroelasticity and Flutter 475 22.1 Static Aeroelasticity 475 22.2 Flutter 478 23 Flight Manoeuvre and Gust/Turbulence Loads 481 23.1 Evaluation of Internal Loads 481 23.2 Equilibrium/Balanced Flight Manoeuvres 481 23.3 Dynamic Flight Manoeuvres 485 23.4 Gusts and Turbulence 489 24 Ground Manoeuvre Loads 495 24.1 Aircraft/Landing Gear Models for Ground Manoeuvres 495 24.2 Landing Gear/Airframe Interface 496 24.3 Ground Manoeuvres – Landing 496 24.4 Ground Manoeuvres – Ground Handling 497 24.5 Loads Processing 498 25 Testing Relevant to Aeroelasticity and Loads 501 25.1 Introduction 501 25.2 Wind Tunnel Tests 501 25.3 Ground Vibration Test 502 25.4 Structural Coupling Test 503 25.5 Flight Simulator Test 504 25.6 Structural Tests 504 25.7 Flight Flutter Test 505 25.8 Flight Loads Validation 507 Appendices 509 A Aircraft Rigid Body Modes 511 B Table of Longitudinal Aerodynamic Derivatives 513 C Aircraft Symmetric Flexible Modes 517 D Model Condensation 527 E Aerodynamic Derivatives in Body Fixed Axes 531 References 535 Index 539

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis text is unique in providing a broad overview of the latest aeronautical radio communication systems, as well as looking forward to future developments. The book is divided into three clear parts: Theory, System Level and Practicalities which covers the basic theory and physics governing aeronautical radio systems and networks.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Dedications xviii About the Author xviii Revisions, Corrections, Updates, Liability xix Book Layout and Structure xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Legacy 1 1.2 Today and the Second Generation of Equipment 1 1.3 The Future 3 1.4 Operational and User Changes 3 1.5 Radio Spectrum Used by Aviation 4 1.6 Discussion of the Organizational Structure of Aviation Communications Disciplines 6 2 Theory Governing Aeronautical Radio Systems 9 Summary 9 2.1 Basic Definitions 10 2.2 Propagation Fundamentals 11 2.3 Power, Amplitudes and the Decibel Scale 14 2.4 The Isotropic Power Source and Free Space Path Loss 15 2.5 Radio Geometry 19 2.6 Complex Propagation: Refraction, Absorption, Non-LOS Propagation 25 2.7 Other Propagation Effects 37 2.8 Modulation 38 2.9 Shannon’s Theory 62 2.10 Multiplexing and Trunking 62 2.11 Access Schemes 66 2.12 Mitigation Techniques for Fading and Multipath 71 2.13 Bandwidth Normalization 77 2.14 Antenna Gain 80 2.15 The Link Budget 87 2.16 Intermodulation 88 2.17 Noise in a Communication System 92 2.18 Satellite Theory 93 2.19 Availability and Reliability 99 Further Reading 104 3 VHF Communication 105 Summary 105 3.1 History 105 3.2 DSB-AM Transceiver at a System Level 110 3.3 Dimensioning a Mobile Communications System–The Three Cs 113 3.4 Regulatory and Licensing Aspects 123 3.5 VHF ‘Hardening’ and Intermodulation 125 3.6 The VHF Datalink 126 Further Reading 143 4 Military Communication Systems 145 Summary 145 4.1 Military VHF Communications – The Legacy 145 4.2 After the Legacy 146 4.3 The Shortfalls of the Military VHF Communication System 147 4.4 The Requirement for a New Tactical Military System 147 4.5 The Birth of JTIDS/MIDS 147 4.6 Technical Definitionof JTIDS and MIDS 148 5 Long-Distance Mobile Communications 157 Summary 157 5.1 High-Frequency Radio – The Legacy 157 5.2 Allocation and Allotment 158 5.3 HF System Features 158 5.4 HF Datalink System 162 5.5 Applications of Aeronautical HF 163 5.6 Mobile Satellite Communications 165 5.7 Comparison Between VHF, HF, L Band (JTIDS/MIDS) and Satellite Mobile Communications 175 5.8 Aeronautical Passenger Communications 175 Further Reading 175 6 Aeronautical Telemetry Systems 177 Summary 177 6.1 Introduction – The Legacy 177 6.2 Existing Systems 178 6.3 Productivity and Applications 182 6.4 Proposed Airbus Future Telemetry System 183 6.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 185 7 Terrestrial Backhaul and the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network 187 Summary 187 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Types of Point-to-point Bearers 188 8 Future Aeronautical Mobile Communication Systems 201 Summary 201 8.1 Introduction 202 8.2 Near-term Certainties 202 8.3 Longer Term Options 210 Further Reading 219 9 The Economics of Radio 221 Summary 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Basic Rules of Economics 221 9.3 Analysis and the Break-even Point 222 9.4 The Cost of Money 222 9.5 The Safety Case 225 9.6 Reliability Cost 226 9.7 Macroeconomics 227 10 Ground Installations and Equipment 229 Summary 229 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Practical Equipment VHF Communication Band (118–137 MHz) 233 10.3 Outdoor 245 11 Avionics 259 Summary 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Environment 259 11.3 Types of Aircraft 268 11.4 Simple Avionics for Private Aviation 272 11.5 The Distributed Avionics Concept 273 11.6 Avionic Racking Arrangements 282 11.7 Avionic Boxes 284 11.8 Antennas 294 11.9 Mastering the Co-site Environment 301 11.10 Data Cables, Power Cables, Special Cables, Coaxial Cables 303 11.11 Certification and Maintaining Airworthiness 303 Further Reading 304 12 Interference, Electromagnetic Compatibility, Spectrum Management and Frequency Management 307 Summary 307 12.1 Introduction 308 12.2 Interference 308 12.3 Electromagnetic Compatibility 314 12.4 Spectrum Management Process 318 12.5 Frequency Management Process 322 Further Reading 324 Appendix 1 Summary of All Equations (Constants, Variables and Conversions) 325 Appendix 2 List of Symbols and Variables from Equations 333 Appendix 3 List of Constants 335 Appendix 4 Unit Conversions 337 Appendix 5 List of Abbreviations 339 Index 345

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisEnthusiasts of space exploration have long waited for John Young to tell the story of his two Gemini flights, his two Apollo missions, the first Space Shuttle flight, and the first Spacelab mission. This memoir delivers all that and more: Young's journey from engineering graduate to fighter pilot, to test pilot, to astronaut, to high NASA official.Trade ReviewA fascinating life."" - Space Review""An intensely enjoyable book."" - AmericaSpace.com""If you have been waiting for a book from the only moonwalker without one you will not be disappointed with Forever Young. John W. Young, with James R. Hansen, has written the epic story if his life not only of adventure, but service to his country and inspiration for the future."" - Ad Astra""n incredible read, fast paced at times with great insight into Young's mind as he takes you with him as he soars into earth orbit and upon the vast ocean of space."" - Examiner.com

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisA glorious full colour celebration of the golden days of classic jetliners at London’s second airport

Read more less