Aerospace and aviation technology Books

Book SynopsisTells "stories" about a British attempt to build a military aircraft - the TSR2. Offering numerous insights into the way we theorise the working of systems, this title explores the overlaps between singularity and multiplicity and reveals rich new meaning in such concepts as oscillation, interference, fractionality, and rhizomatic networks.Trade Review“Through this lively text, John Law guides us on a tour of the TSR2 that will be a rich resource for anyone interested in the question of how new artifacts come into being. Writers, readers, engineers, and aircraft are inseparable components of the project, which involves simultaneously achieving the singularities and recovering the multiplicities of stories and things. Crafting together a complex architecture of subject/object relations, Aircraft Stories offers a prototype for a new form of technoscience storytelling.”—Lucy Suchman, author of Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication“What is a military aircraft? John Law shows in his beautiful analysis that it is a constant oscillation between multiplicity and singularity. It (sometimes) flies, it (possibly) drops nuclear bombs, it (certainly) reproduces a very conservative social order, it interpellates and entices young men, and yet it still remains a military aircraft. John Law invents what could be a monadology in which there is no longer preestablished harmony.”—Michel Callon, CSI Ecole des mines de Paris"[Law] writes well, sometimes almost poetically, with few of the tortured sentences of much cultural theory. Many readers may disagree with his theses, but few will fail to be stimulated by this brave, challenging book." -- Donald MacKenzie * American Journal of Sociology *"Law's illustration of the singularity/multiplicity of artifacts (especially in the context of the many strands of social theory on which he draws) lends depth to any understanding of the social character of technology. His readers are invited, I think, to pull some of the more valuable jottings from his pinboard and interweave them in their own montages." -- Cyrus C. M. Mody * Contemporary Sociology *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Objects 3. Subjects 4. Cultures 5. Heterogeneities 6. Aesthetics 7. Decisions 8. Arborescences 9. Pinboards Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisPerformance of the Jet Transport Airplane: Analysis Methods, Flight Operations, and Regulations presents a detailed and comprehensive treatment of performance analysis techniques for jet transport airplanes.Table of ContentsForeword xi Series Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions of Performance 1 1.2 Commercial Air Transportation 3 1.3 Jet Transport Airplanes: A Short History 4 1.4 Regulatory Framework 8 1.5 Performance-Related Activities 9 1.6 Analysis Techniques and Idealizations 12 References 14 2 Engineering Fundamentals 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Notation, Units, and Conversion Factors 18 2.3 Mass, Momentum, Weight, and Gravity 21 2.4 Basics of Rigid Body Dynamics 26 2.5 Basics of Fluid Dynamics 33 2.6 Further Reading 43 References 43 3 Aerodynamic Fundamentals 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Standard Definitions and Notation 45 3.3 Coordinate Systems and Conventions 53 3.4 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 55 3.5 Compressibility 63 3.6 Boundary Layers 65 3.7 High Lift Devices 67 3.8 Controls for Pitch, Roll, and Yaw 71 3.9 Further Reading 75 References 75 4 Atmosphere and Weather 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 International Standard Atmosphere 77 4.3 Non-Standard and Off-Standard Atmospheres 85 4.4 The Real Atmosphere 89 4.5 Weather 91 4.6 Stability of the Atmosphere 96 References 98 5 Height Scales and Altimetry 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Height Scales 101 5.3 Altimetry 104 5.4 Flight Levels, Tracks, and Airspace 111 References 114 6 Distance and Speed 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Distance 115 6.3 True Airspeed, Ground Speed, and Navigation 118 6.4 Speed of Sound and Mach Number 120 6.5 Dynamic Pressure and Equivalent Airspeed 121 6.6 Calibrated Airspeed 122 6.7 Indicated Airspeed 127 6.8 Relationship Between Airplane Speeds 128 References 130 7 Lift and Drag 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Airplane Lift 132 7.3 Airplane Drag 137 7.4 Drag Polar 143 7.5 Drag Polar Corrections 150 7.6 Lift-to-Drag Ratio 158 7.7 Minimum Drag Condition 162 7.8 Minimum Drag Power (Required Power) Condition 164 7.9 Minimum Drag-to-Speed Ratio Condition 166 7.10 Summary of Expressions Based on the Parabolic Drag Polar 169 References 171 8 Propulsion 175 8.1 Introduction 175 8.2 Basic Description of the Turbofan Engine 176 8.3 Engine Thrust 184 8.4 Fuel Flow and Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption 190 8.5 Thrust Control, Engine Design Limits, and Ratings 194 8.6 Thrust Variation 202 8.7 Fuel Flow and TSFC Variation 209 8.8 Installation Losses and Engine Deterioration 212 8.9 Further Reading 217 References 218 9 Takeoff Performance 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Takeoff Distances 222 9.3 Forces Acting on the Airplane During the Ground Run 227 9.4 Evaluation of the Takeoff Distance from Brake Release to Rotation 232 9.5 Rotation and Climb-Out to Clear the Screen Height 238 9.6 Empirical Estimation of Takeoff Distances 241 9.7 Evaluation of Rejected Takeoff Runway Distances 244 9.8 Wheel Braking 247 9.9 Takeoff on Contaminated Runways 252 References 255 10 Takeoff Field Length and Takeoff Climb Considerations 257 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Takeoff Reference Speeds 258 10.3 Takeoff Weight Limitations 261 10.4 Runway Limitations and Data 265 10.5 Operational Field Length and Runway-Limited Takeoff Weight 268 10.6 Takeoff Climb Gradient Requirements 272 10.7 Takeoff Climb Obstacle Clearance 274 10.8 Derated Thrust and Reduced Thrust Takeoff 277 References 280 11 Approach and Landing 283 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Procedure for Approach and Landing 284 11.3 Forces Acting on the Airplane During the Ground Run 287 11.4 Landing Distance Estimation 291 11.5 Empirical Estimation of the Landing Distance 297 11.6 Landing on Contaminated Runways 298 11.7 Flight Operations 300 11.8 Rejected Landing 307 References 308 12 Mechanics of Level, Climbing, and Descending Flight 311 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Basic Equations of Motion 312 12.3 Performance in Level Flight 315 12.4 Performance in Climbing Flight 319 12.5 Performance in Descending Flight 334 12.6 Further Reading 337 References 338 13 Cruising Flight and Range Performance 339 13.1 Introduction 339 13.2 Specific Air Range and Still Air Range Determination 340 13.3 Analytical Integration 345 13.4 Numerical Integration 351 13.5 Cruise Optimization Based on Aerodynamic Parameters 354 13.6 Best Cruise Speeds and Cruise Altitudes 360 13.7 Further Details on the Use of the Bre´guet Range Equation 363 13.8 Influence of Wind on Cruise Performance 366 References 370 14 Holding Flight and Endurance Performance 373 14.1 Introduction 373 14.2 Basic Equation for Holding/Endurance 374 14.3 Analytical Integration 375 14.4 Numerical Integration 378 14.5 Flight Conditions for Maximum Endurance 379 14.6 Holding Operations 382 References 384 15 Mechanics of Maneuvering Flight 385 15.1 Introduction 385 15.2 Turning Maneuvers 386 15.3 Level Coordinated Turns 389 15.4 Climbing or Descending Turns 396 15.5 Level Uncoordinated Turns 398 15.6 Limits and Constraints in Turning Maneuvers 400 15.7 Pitching Maneuvers 403 15.8 Total Energy 404 References 409 16 Trip Fuel Requirements and Estimation 411 16.1 Introduction 411 16.2 ICAO Requirements 412 16.3 FAA Requirements 412 16.4 EASA Requirements 414 16.5 Trip Fuel Computational Procedure 416 16.6 Payload–Range Performance 418 16.7 Trip Fuel Breakdown and Fuel Fractions 422 16.8 Trip Fuel Estimation 424 16.9 Estimating Trip Distances (To Be Flown) 428 16.10 Transporting (Tankering) Fuel 429 16.11 Reclearance 430 16.12 Factors That Can Impact Cruise Fuel 432 16.13 Impact of Small Changes on Cruise Fuel 435 References 437 17 En Route Operations and Limitations 439 17.1 Introduction 439 17.2 Climb to Initial Cruise Altitude (En Route Climb) 440 17.3 Cruise Altitude Selection 443 17.4 En Route Engine Failure 446 17.5 En Route Cabin Pressurization Failure 450 17.6 Extended Operations 451 17.7 Continuous Descent Operations 454 References 455 18 Cost Considerations 457 18.1 Introduction 457 18.2 Airplane Operating Costs 458 18.3 Cost Index 461 18.4 Unit Energy Cost 468 References 474 19 Weight, Balance, and Trim 477 19.1 Introduction 477 19.2 Airplane Weight Definitions 477 19.3 Center of Gravity 481 19.4 Longitudinal Static Stability and Stabilizer Trim 485 19.5 Center of Gravity Control 490 19.6 Operational Weights and Dispatch Procedures 491 19.7 Performance Implications 494 References 496 20 Limitations and Flight Envelope 497 20.1 Introduction 497 20.2 Stall 497 20.3 High-Speed Buffet 502 20.4 Altitude–Speed Limitations 505 20.5 Key Regulatory Speeds 507 20.6 Structural Design Loads and Limitations 510 20.7 V–n Diagram (Flight Load Envelope) 512 References 520 21 Noise and Emissions 523 21.1 Introduction 523 21.2 Airplane Noise 523 21.3 Noise Regulations and Restrictions 526 21.4 Noise Abatement and Flight Operations 530 21.5 Airplane Emissions 532 21.6 Mitigating the Effects of Airplane Emissions 537 References 540 22 Airplane Systems and Performance 543 22.1 Introduction 543 22.2 Reliability Requirements for Airplane Systems 543 22.3 Cabin Pressurization System 544 22.4 Environmental Control System 548 22.5 De-Icing and Anti-Icing Systems 549 22.6 Auxiliary Power System 550 22.7 Fuel and Fuel Systems 551 References 559 23 Authorities, Regulations, and Documentation 563 23.1 Introduction 563 23.2 International Civil Aviation Organization 563 23.3 Aviation Authorities 565 23.4 Regulations, Certification, and Operations 567 23.5 Safety Investigation Authorities 571 23.6 Non-Governmental Organizations 572 23.7 Airplane and Flight Crew Documentation 573 23.8 Airplane Performance Data 577 References 578 A International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) Table 583 B Units and Conversion Factors 591 C Coordinate Systems and Conventions 597 D Miscellaneous Derivations 601 E Trim and Longitudinal Static Stability 613 F Regulations (Fuel Policy) 627 G Abbreviations and Nomenclature 629 Index 645

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Book SynopsisAlthough the overall appearance of modern airliners has not changed a lot since the introduction of jetliners in the 1950s, their safety, efficiency and environmental friendliness have improved considerably.Trade Review“Advanced Aircraft Design: Conceptual Design, Analysis and Optimization of Subsonic Civil Airplanes advances understanding of the initial optimization of civil airplanes and is a must-have reference for aerospace engineering students, applied researchers, aircraft design engineers and analysts.” (Expofairs.com, 13 August 2013)Table of ContentsForeword xv Series Preface xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxv 1 Design of theWell-Tempered Aircraft 1 1.1 How Aircraft Design Developed 1 1.1.1 Evolution of Jetliners and Executive Aircraft 1 1.1.2 A Framework for Advanced Design 4 1.1.3 Analytical Design Optimization 4 1.1.4 Computational Design Environment 5 1.2 Concept Finding 6 1.2.1 Advanced Design 6 1.2.2 Pre-conceptual Studies 7 1.3 Product Development 8 1.3.1 Concept Definition 10 1.3.2 Preliminary Design 11 1.3.3 Detail Design 13 1.4 Baseline Design in a Nutshell 13 1.4.1 Baseline Sizing 13 1.4.2 Power Plant 15 1.4.3 Weight and Balance 16 1.4.4 Structure 16 1.4.5 Performance Analysis 17 1.4.6 Closing the Loop 18 1.5 Automated Design Synthesis 19 1.5.1 Computational Systems Requirements 19 1.5.2 Examples 20 1.5.3 Parametric Surveys 21 1.6 Technology Assessment 22 1.7 Structure of the Optimization Problem 25 1.7.1 Analysis Versus Synthesis 25 1.7.2 Problem Classification 26 Bibliography 27 2 Early Conceptual Design 31 2.1 Scenario and Requirements 31 2.1.1 What Drives a Design? 31 2.1.2 Civil Airplane Categories 33 2.1.3 Top Level Requirements 35 2.2 Weight Terminology and Prediction 36 2.2.1 Method Classification 36 2.2.2 Basic Weight Components 37 2.2.3 Weight Limits 39 2.2.4 Transport Capability 39 2.3 The Unity Equation 41 2.3.1 Mission Fuel 43 2.3.2 Empty Weight 44 2.3.3 Design Weights 45 2.4 Range Parameter 46 2.4.1 Aerodynamic Efficiency 47 2.4.2 Specific Fuel Consumption and Overall Efficiency 48 2.4.3 Best Cruise Speed 49 2.5 Environmental Issues 51 2.5.1 Energy and Payload Fuel Efficiency 51 2.5.2 ‘Greener by Design’ 54 Bibliography 56 3 Propulsion and Engine Technology 59 3.1 Propulsion Leading the Way 59 3.2 Basic Concepts of Jet Propulsion 60 3.2.1 Turbojet Thrust 60 3.2.2 Turbofan Thrust 61 3.2.3 Specific Fuel Consumption 62 3.2.4 Overall Efficiency 63 3.2.5 Thermal and Propulsive Efficiency 63 3.2.6 Generalized Performance 65 3.2.7 Mach Number and Altitude Effects 66 3.3 Turboprop Engines 67 3.3.1 Power and Specific Fuel Consumption 67 3.3.2 Generalized Performance 68 3.3.3 High Speed Propellers 69 3.4 Turbofan Engine Layout 70 3.4.1 Bypass Ratio Trends 70 3.4.2 Rise and Fall of the Propfan 72 3.4.3 Rebirth of the Open Rotor? 74 3.5 Power Plant Selection 74 3.5.1 Power Plant Location 75 3.5.2 Alternative Fuels 76 3.5.3 Aircraft Noise 77 4 Aerodynamic Drag and Its Reduction 81 4.1 Basic Concepts 81 4.1.1 Lift, Drag and Aerodynamic Efficiency 82 4.1.2 Drag Breakdown and Definitions 83 4.2 Decomposition Schemes and Terminology 84 4.2.1 Pressure and Friction Drag 84 4.2.2 Viscous Drag 85 4.2.3 Vortex Drag 85 4.2.4 Wave Drag 86 4.3 Subsonic Parasite and Induced Drag 87 4.3.1 Parasite Drag 87 4.3.2 Monoplane Induced Drag 90 4.3.3 Biplane Induced Drag 91 4.3.4 Multiplane and Boxplane Induced Drag 94 4.4 Drag Polar Representations 95 4.4.1 Two-term Approximation 95 4.4.2 Three-term Approximation 96 4.4.3 Reynolds Number Effects 97 4.4.4 Compressibility Correction 98 4.5 Drag Prediction 99 4.5.1 Interference Drag 100 4.5.2 Roughness and Excrescences 101 4.5.3 Corrections Dependent on Operation 102 4.5.4 Estimation of Maximum Subsonic L/D 102 4.5.5 Low-Speed Configuration 104 4.6 Viscous Drag Reduction 106 4.6.1 Wetted Area 107 4.6.2 Turbulent Friction Drag 108 4.6.3 Natural Laminar Flow 108 4.6.4 Laminar Flow Control 110 4.6.5 Hybrid Laminar Flow Control 111 4.6.6 Gains, Challenges and Barriers of LFC 112 4.7 Induced Drag Reduction 114 4.7.1 Wing Span 114 4.7.2 Spanwise Camber 115 4.7.3 Non-planar Wing Systems 115 Bibliography 115 5 From Tube and Wing to Flying Wing 121 5.1 The Case for Flying Wings 121 5.1.1 Northrop’s All-Wing Aircraft 121 5.1.2 Flying Wing Controversy 123 5.1.3 Whither All-Wing Airliners? 124 5.1.4 Fundamental Issues 126 5.2 Allocation of Useful Volume 127 5.2.1 Integration of the Useful Load 128 5.2.2 Study Ground Rules 128 5.2.3 Volume Ratio 129 5.2.4 Zero-Lift Drag 130 5.2.5 Generalized Aerodynamic Efficiency 131 5.2.6 Partial Optima 132 5.3 Survey of Aerodynamic Efficiency 134 5.3.1 Altitude Variation 134 5.3.2 Aspect Ratio and Span 135 5.3.3 Engine-Airframe Matching 136 5.4 Survey of the Parameter ML/D 138 5.4.1 Optimum Flight Conditions 138 5.4.2 The Drag Parameter 139 5.5 Integrated Configurations Compared 140 5.5.1 Conventional Baseline 141 5.5.2 Is a Wing Alone Sufficient? 143 5.5.3 Blended Wing Body 144 5.5.4 Hybrid Flying Wing 146 5.5.5 Span Loader 147 5.6 Flying Wing Design 149 5.6.1 Hang-Ups or Showstopper? 149 5.6.2 Structural Design and Weight 150 5.6.3 The Flying Wing: Will It Fly? 151 Bibliography 152 6 Clean Sheet Design 157 6.1 Dominant and Radical Configurations 157 6.1.1 Established Configurations 157 6.1.2 New Paradigms 159 6.2 Morphology of Shapes 159 6.2.1 Classification 160 6.2.2 Lifting Systems 160 6.2.3 Plan View Classification 162 6.2.4 Strut-Braced Wings 163 6.2.5 Propulsion and Concept Integration 164 6.3 Wing and Tail Configurations 165 6.3.1 Aerodynamic Limits 165 6.3.2 The Balanced Design 167 6.3.3 Evaluation 168 6.3.4 Relaxed Inherent Stability 169 6.4 Aircraft Featuring a Foreplane 169 6.4.1 Canard Configuration 170 6.4.2 Three-Surface Aircraft 172 6.5 Non-Planar Lifting Systems 173 6.5.1 Transonic Boxplane 173 6.5.2 C-Wing 175 6.6 Joined Wing Aircraft 177 6.6.1 Structural Principles and Weight 178 6.6.2 Aerodynamic Aspects 179 6.6.3 Stability and Control 180 6.6.4 Design Integration 181 6.7 Twin-Fuselage Aircraft 182 6.7.1 Design Integration 185 6.8 Hydrogen-Fuelled Commercial Transports 186 6.8.1 Properties of LH2 187 6.8.2 Fuel System 188 6.8.3 Handling Safety, Economics and Logistics 189 6.9 Promising Concepts 189 Bibliography 190 7 Aircraft Design Optimization 197 7.1 The Perfect Design: An Illusion? 197 7.2 Elements of Optimization 198 7.2.1 Design Parameters 198 7.2.2 Optimal Control and Discrete-Variable Optimization 199 7.2.3 Basic Terminology 200 7.2.4 Single-Objective Optimization 201 7.2.5 Unconstrained Optimizer 202 7.2.6 Constrained Optimizer 204 7.3 Analytical or Numerical Optimization? 206 7.3.1 Analytical Approach 206 7.3.2 Multivariate Optimization 207 7.3.3 Unconstrained Optimization 209 7.3.4 Constrained Optimization 210 7.3.5 Response Surface Approximation 211 7.3.6 Global Models 212 7.4 Large Optimization Problems 213 7.4.1 Concept Sizing and Evaluation 213 7.4.2 Multidisciplinary Optimization 214 7.4.3 System Decomposition 215 7.4.4 Multilevel Optimization 217 7.4.5 Multi-Objective Optimization 218 7.5 Practical Optimization in Conceptual Design 219 7.5.1 Arguments of the Sceptic 219 7.5.2 Problem Structure 220 7.5.3 Selecting Selection Variables 220 7.5.4 Design Sensitivity 222 7.5.5 The Objective Function 222 Bibliography 223 8 Theory of Optimum Weight 229 8.1 Weight Engineering: Core of Aircraft Design 229 8.1.1 Prediction Methods 230 8.1.2 Use of Statistics 231 8.2 Design Sensitivity 232 8.2.1 Problem Structure 232 8.2.2 Selection Variables 233 8.3 Jet Transport Empty Weight 234 8.3.1 Weight Breakdown 234 8.3.2 Wing Structure (Item 10) 235 8.3.3 Fuselage Structure (Item 11) 236 8.3.4 Empennage Structure (Items 12 and 13) 237 8.3.5 Landing Gear Structure (Item 14) 238 8.3.6 Power Plant and Engine Pylons (Items 2 and 15) 238 8.3.7 Systems, Furnishings and Operational Items (Items 3, 4 and 5) 238 8.3.8 Operating Empty Weight: Example 239 8.4 Design Sensitivity of Airframe Drag 239 8.4.1 Drag Decomposition 240 8.4.2 Aerodynamic Efficiency 242 8.5 Thrust, Power Plant and Fuel Weight 243 8.5.1 Installed Thrust and Power Plant Weight 243 8.5.2 Mission Fuel 245 8.5.3 Propulsion Weight Penalty 245 8.5.4 Wing and Propulsion Weight Fraction 248 8.5.5 Optimum Weight Fractions Compared 249 8.6 Take-Off Weight, Thrust and Fuel Efficiency 249 8.6.1 Maximum Take-Off Weight 249 8.6.2 Installed Thrust and Fuel Energy Efficiency 251 8.6.3 Unconstrained Optima Compared 252 8.6.4 Range for Given MTOW 253 8.6.5 Extended Range Version 254 8.7 Summary and Reflection 254 8.7.1 Which Figure of Merit? 254 8.7.2 Conclusion 256 8.7.3 Accuracy 257 Bibliography 257 9 Matching Engines and Airframe 261 9.1 Requirements and Constraints 261 9.2 Cruise-Sized Engines 262 9.2.1 Installed Take-Off Thrust 262 9.2.2 The Thumbprint 263 9.3 Low Speed Requirements 265 9.3.1 Stalling Speed 265 9.3.2 Take-Off Climb 266 9.3.3 Approach and Landing Climb 266 9.3.4 Second Segment Climb Gradient 267 9.4 Schematic Take-Off Analysis 267 9.4.1 Definitions of Take-Off Field Length 268 9.4.2 Take-Off Run 269 9.4.3 Airborne Distance 270 9.4.4 Take-Off Distance 270 9.4.5 Generalized Thrust and Span Loading Constraint 271 9.4.6 Minimum Thrust for Given TOFL 273 9.5 Approach and Landing 273 9.5.1 Landing Distance Analysis 273 9.5.2 Approach Speed and Wing Loading 274 9.6 Engine Selection and Installation 275 9.6.1 Identifying the Best Match 275 9.6.2 Initial Engine Assessment 276 9.6.3 Engine Selection 277 Bibliography 278 10 Elements of Aerodynamic Wing Design 281 10.1 Introduction 281 10.1.1 Problem Structure 282 10.1.2 Relation to Engine Selection 283 10.2 Planform Geometry 283 10.2.1 Wing Area and Design Lift Coefficient 285 10.2.2 Span and Aspect Ratio 286 10.3 Design Sensitivity Information 286 10.3.1 Aerodynamic Efficiency 287 10.3.2 Propulsion Weight Contribution 288 10.3.3 Wing and Tail Structure Weight 289 10.3.4 Wing Penalty Function and MTOW 290 10.4 Subsonic Aircraft Wing 291 10.4.1 Problem Structure 291 10.4.2 Unconstrained Optima 292 10.4.3 Minimum Propulsion Weight Penalty 294 10.4.4 Accuracy 294 10.5 Constrained Optima 295 10.5.1 Take-Off Field Length 296 10.5.2 Tank Volume 296 10.5.3 Wing and Tail Weight Fraction 297 10.5.4 Selection of the Design 297 10.6 Transonic Aircraft Wing 298 10.6.1 Geometry 298 10.6.2 Wing Drag in the Design Condition 299 10.6.3 Modified Wing Penalty Function 300 10.6.4 Thickness Ratio Limit 301 10.6.5 WPF Affected by Sweep Angle and Thickness Ratio 303 10.7 Lift Coefficient and Aspect Ratio 304 10.7.1 Partial Optima 304 10.7.2 Constraints 306 10.7.3 Refining the Optimization 307 10.8 Detailed Design 309 10.8.1 Taper and Lift Distribution 309 10.8.2 Camber and Twist Distribution 310 10.8.3 Forward Swept Wing (FSW) 311 10.8.4 Wing-Tip Devices 312 10.9 High Lift Devices 313 10.9.1 Aerodynamic Effects 313 10.9.2 Design Aspects 314 Bibliography 315 11 The Wing Structure and ItsWeight 319 11.1 Introduction 319 11.1.1 Statistics can be Useful 319 11.1.2 Quasi-Analytical Weight Prediction 320 11.2 Methodology 321 11.2.1 Weight Breakdown and Structural Concept 321 11.2.2 Basic Approach 323 11.2.3 Load Factors 324 11.3 Basic Wing Box 326 11.3.1 Bending due to Lift 326 11.3.2 Bending Material 331 11.3.3 Shear Material 333 11.3.4 In-Plane Loads and Torsion 334 11.3.5 Ribs 334 11.4 Inertia Relief and Design Loads 335 11.4.1 Relief due to Fixed Masses 336 11.4.2 Weight-Critical UL and Design Weights 337 11.5 Non-Ideal Weight 338 11.5.1 Non-Taper, Joints and Fasteners 339 11.5.2 Fail Safety and Damage Tolerance 340 11.5.3 Manholes and Access Hatches 340 11.5.4 Reinforcements, Attachments and Support Structure 341 11.5.5 Dynamic Over Swing 342 11.5.6 Torsional Stiffness 342 11.6 Secondary Structures and Miscellaneous Items 344 11.6.1 Fixed Leading Edge 345 11.6.2 Leading Edge High-Lift Devices 345 11.6.3 Fixed Trailing Edge 346 11.6.4 Trailing Edge Flaps 346 11.6.5 Flight Control Devices 348 11.6.6 Tip Structures 348 11.6.7 Miscellaneous Items 349 11.7 Stress Levels in Aluminium Alloys 349 11.7.1 Lower Panels 350 11.7.2 Upper Panels 350 11.7.3 Shear Stress in Spar Webs 352 11.8 Refinements 352 11.8.1 Tip Extensions 352 11.8.2 Centre Section 353 11.8.3 Compound Taper 354 11.8.4 Exposed Wing Lift 355 11.8.5 Advanced Materials 355 11.9 Application 357 11.9.1 Basic Ideal Structure Weight 357 11.9.2 Refined Ideal Structure Weight 358 11.9.3 Wing Structure Weight 359 11.9.4 Accuracy 359 11.9.5 Conclusion 360 Bibliography 361 12 Unified Cruise Performance 363 12.1 Introduction 363 12.1.1 Classical Solutions 363 12.1.2 Unified Cruise Performance 364 12.1.3 Specific Range and the Range Parameter 365 12.2 Maximum Aerodynamic Efficiency 366 12.2.1 Logarithmic Drag Derivatives 368 12.2.2 Interpretation of Log-Derivatives 369 12.2.3 Altitude Constraint 370 12.3 The Parameter ML/D 371 12.3.1 Subsonic Flight Mach Number 371 12.3.2 Transonic Flight Mach Number 372 12.4 The Range Parameter 374 12.4.1 Unconstrained Optima 374 12.4.2 Constrained Optima 376 12.4.3 Interpretation of ηM 376 12.4.4 Optimum Cruise Condition 378 12.5 Range in Cruising Flight 379 12.5.1 Br´eguet Range Equation 379 12.5.2 Continuous Cruise/Climb 380 12.5.3 Horizontal Cruise, Constant Speed 381 12.5.4 Horizontal Cruise, Constant Lift Coefficient 381 12.6 Cruise Procedures and Mission Fuel 382 12.6.1 Subsonic Flight 382 12.6.2 Transonic Flight 383 12.6.3 Cruise Fuel 384 12.6.4 Mission Fuel 385 12.6.5 Reserve Fuel 387 12.7 Reflection 388 12.7.1 Summary of Results 388 12.7.2 The Design Connection 389 Bibliography 390 A Volumes, Surface and Wetted Areas 393 A.1 Wing 393 A.2 Fuselage 394 A.3 Tail Surfaces 395 A.4 Engine Nacelles and Pylons 395 A.5 Airframe Wetted Area 395 Bibliography 396 B International Standard Atmosphere 397 C Abbreviations 399 Index 403

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Book SynopsisThis book concentrates on modeling and numerical simulations of combustion in liquid rocket engines, covering liquid propellant atomization, evaporation of liquid droplets, turbulent flows, turbulent combustion, heat transfer, and combustion instability. It presents some state of the art models and numerical methodologies in this area. The book can be categorized into two parts. Part 1 describes the modeling for each subtopic of the combustion process in the liquid rocket engines. Part 2 presents detailed numerical methodology and several representative applications in simulations of rocket engine combustion.Table of ContentsPreface x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Basic Configuration of Liquid Rocket Engines 2 1.1.1 Propellant Feed System 2 1.1.2 Thrust Chamber 6 1.2 Internal Combustion Processes of Liquid Rocket Engines 13 1.2.1 Start and Shutdown 13 1.2.2 Combustion Process 15 1.2.3 Performance Parameters in Working Process 18 1.3 Characteristics and Development History of Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 19 1.3.1 Benefits of Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 19 1.3.2 Main Contents of Numerical Simulations of Liquid Rocket Engine Operating Process 19 1.3.3 Development of Numerical Simulations of Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 21 1.4 Governing Equations of Chemical Fluid Dynamics 22 1.5 Outline of this Book 24 References 25 2 Physical Mechanism and Numerical Modeling of Liquid Propellant Atomization 26 2.1 Types and Functions of Injectors in a Liquid Rocket Engine 27 2.2 Atomization Mechanism of Liquid Propellant 28 2.2.1 Formation of Static Liquid Droplet 28 2.2.2 Breakup of Cylindrical Liquid Jet 29 2.2.3 Liquid Sheet Breakup 36 2.2.4 Droplet Secondary Breakup 43 2.3 Characteristics of Atomization in Liquid Rocket Engines 48 2.3.1 Distribution Function of the Droplet Size 51 2.3.2 Mean Diameter and Characteristic Diameter 53 2.3.3 Measurement of Spray Size Distribution 55 2.4 Atomization Modeling for Liquid Rocket Engine Atomizers 59 2.4.1 Straight-flow Injector 60 2.4.2 Centrifugal Injector 60 2.4.3 Impinging-stream Injectors 64 2.4.4 Coaxial Shear Injector 70 2.4.5 Coaxial Centrifugal Injectors 70 2.5 Numerical Simulation of Liquid Propellant Atomization 75 2.5.1 Theoretical Models of Liquid Propellant Atomization 75 2.5.2 Quasi-fluid Models 80 2.5.3 Particle Trajectory Models 81 2.5.4 Simulation of Liquid Jet Atomization Using Interface Tracking Method 85 2.5.5 Liquid Jet Structure – Varying Flow Conditions 91 References 94 3 Modeling of Droplet Evaporation and Combustion 97 3.1 Theory for Quasi-Steady Evaporation and Combustion of a Single Droplet at Atmospheric Pressure 97 3.1.1 Quasi-Steady Evaporation Theory for Single Droplet in the Static Gas without Combustion 98 3.1.2 Quasi-Steady Evaporation Theory for Droplet in a Static Gas with Combustion 103 3.1.3 Non-Combustion Evaporation Theory for a Droplet in a Convective Flow 107 3.1.4 Evaporation Theory for a Droplet in a Convective Medium with Combustion 108 3.2 Evaporation Model for a Single Droplet under High Pressure 109 3.2.1 ZKS Droplet High Pressure Evaporation Theory 110 3.2.2 Application of the Liquid Activity Coefficient to Calculate the Gas–Liquid Equilibrium at a High Pressure 115 3.3 Subcritical Evaporation Response Characteristics of Propellant Droplet in Oscillatory Environments 117 3.3.1 Physical Model 118 3.3.2 Examples and the Analysis of Results 120 3.4 Multicomponent Fuel Droplet Evaporation Model 123 3.4.1 Simple Multicomponent Droplet Evaporation Model 124 3.4.2 Continuous Thermodynamics Model of Complex Multicomponent Mixture Droplet Evaporation 135 3.5 Droplet Group Evaporation 145 3.5.1 Definition of Group Combustion Number 146 3.5.2 Droplet Group Combustion Model 146 References 149 4 Modeling of Turbulence 151 4.1 Turbulence Modeling in RANS 152 4.1.1 Algebraic Model 153 4.1.2 One-Equation Model 154 4.1.3 Two-Equation Models 156 4.1.4 Turbulence Model Modification 161 4.1.5 Nonlinear Eddy Viscosity Model 165 4.1.6 Reynolds-Stress Model 170 4.1.7 Comments on the Models 173 4.2 Theories and Equations of Large Eddy Simulation 174 4.2.1 Philosophy behind LES 174 4.2.2 LES Governing Equations 175 4.2.3 Subgrid-Scale Model 176 4.2.4 Hybrid RANS/LES Methods 182 4.3 Two-Phase Turbulence Model 187 4.3.1 Hinze–Tchen Algebraic Model for Particle Turbulence 187 4.3.2 Two-Phase Turbulence Model k-ε-kp and k-ε-Ap 188 References 189 5 Turbulent Combustion Model 192 5.1 Average of Chemical Reaction Term 192 5.2 Presumed PDF—Fast Chemistry Model for Diffusion Flame 194 5.2.1 Concepts and Assumptions 195 5.2.2 κ−ε−Z −g Equations 197 5.2.3 Probability Density Distribution Function 197 5.2.4 Presumed PDF 198 5.2.5 Truncated Gaussian PDF 200 5.3 Finite Rate EBU—Arrhenius Model for Premixed Flames 201 5.4 Moment-Equation Model 202 5.4.1 Time-Averaged Chemical Reaction Rate 203 5.4.2 Closure for the Moments 203 5.5 Flamelet Model for Turbulent Combustion 204 5.5.1 Diffusion Flamelet Model 205 5.5.2 Premixed Flamelet Model 206 5.6 Transported PDF Method for Turbulent Combustion 208 5.6.1 Transport Equations of the Probability Density Function 208 5.6.2 The Closure Problem of Turbulence PDF Equation 211 5.6.3 Transport Equation for the Single-Point Joint PDF with Density-Weighted Average 212 5.6.4 Solution Algorithm for the Transport Equation of Probability Density Function 212 5.7 Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion 214 5.7.1 Governing Equations of Large Eddy Simulation for Turbulent Combustion 214 5.7.2 Sub-Grid Scale Combustion Models 218 References 226 6 Heat Transfer Modeling and Simulation 228 6.1 Convective Heat Transfer Model of Combustor Wall 228 6.1.1 Model of Gas Convection Heat 229 6.1.2 Convection Cooling Model 232 6.2 Heat Conduction Model of Combustor Wall 235 6.2.1 Fourier Heat Conduction Law 235 6.2.2 1D Steady Heat Conduction 235 6.2.3 2D Steady Heat Conduction 237 6.2.4 Unsteady Heat Conduction 237 6.3 Radiation Heat Transfer Model 238 6.3.1 Basic Law of Radiation 238 6.3.2 Empirical Model of Radiation Heat Flux Density Calculation 245 6.3.3 Numerical Simulation of Combustion Heat Radiation 246 References 254 7 The Model of Combustion Instability 255 7.1 Overview 255 7.1.1 Behavior of Combustion Instability 256 7.1.2 Classification of Combustion Instability 257 7.1.3 Characteristics of Combustion Instability 259 7.2 Acoustic Basis of Combustion Instability 260 7.2.1 Rayleigh Criterion for Acoustic Oscillations Arising from Heat or Mass Supply 260 7.2.2 Acoustic and Acoustic Oscillations 261 7.2.3 Acoustic Modes in the Combustion Chamber 263 7.2.4 Self-Excited Oscillations in Rocket Engines 267 7.3 Response Characteristics of Combustion Process in Liquid Rocket Engines 269 7.3.1 Response Characteristics of the Propellant Supply System 269 7.3.2 Response Characteristics of Spray Atomization Process 271 7.3.3 Response Characteristics of Droplet Evaporation Process 272 7.4 Sensitive Time Delay Model n−τ 272 7.4.1 Combustion Time Delay 272 7.4.2 Sensitive Time Delay Model 273 7.5 Nonlinear Theory for Combustion Stability in Liquid Rocket Engines 283 7.5.1 Nonlinear Field Oscillator Model 286 7.5.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Acoustic Model 287 7.5.3 Spatio-Temporal Interaction Dynamic Model 291 7.5.4 General Thermodynamic Analysis of Combustion Instability 293 7.6 Control of Unstable Combustion 295 7.6.1 Passive Control 295 7.6.2 Active Control 297 7.6.3 A Third Control Method 298 References 300 8 Numerical Method and Simulations of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Process 302 8.1 Governing Equations of Two-Phase Multicomponent Reaction Flows 302 8.1.1 Gas Phase Governing Equation 303 8.1.2 Liquid Particle Trajectory Model 305 8.1.3 Turbulence Model 308 8.1.4 Droplets Atomizing Model 309 8.1.5 Droplet Evaporation Model 311 8.1.6 Chemical Reaction Kinetics Model 313 8.2 Numerical Methodology 314 8.2.1 Overview 314 8.2.2 The Commonly-Used Discretization Scheme 315 8.2.3 Discrete Equations 320 8.2.4 Discretization of the Momentum Equation Based on the Staggered Grid 323 8.2.5 The SIMPLE Algorithm of Flow Field Computing 326 8.2.6 PISO Algorithm 329 8.3 Grid Generation Techniques 334 8.3.1 Structured Grid Generation Technology 334 8.3.2 Unstructured Mesh Generation Techniques 338 8.4 Simulations of Combustion in Liquid Rocket Engines and Results Analysis 340 8.4.1 Numerical Analysis of Dual-States Hydrogen Engine Combustion and Heat Transfer Processes 340 8.4.2 Numerical Heat Transfer Simulation of a Three-Component Thrust Chamber 349 8.4.3 Numerical Simulation of Liquid Rocket Engine Combustion Stability 356 References 376 Index 377

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Flight Testing Introduction to Flight Testing Provides an introduction to the basic flight testing methods employed on general aviation aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles Introduction to Flight Testing provides a concise introduction to the basic flight testing methods employed on general aviation aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles for courses in aeronautical engineering. There is particular emphasis on the use of modern on-board instruments and inexpensive, off-the-shelf portable devices that make flight testing accessible to nearly any student. This text presents a clear articulation of standard methods for measuring aircraft performance characteristics. Topics covered include aircraft and instruments, digital data acquisition techniques, flight test planning, the standard atmosphere, uncertainty analysis, level flight performance, airspeed calibration, stall, climb and glide, take-off and landing, level turn, static and dynamic longitudinal stability, lateral-dTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Series Preface xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Case Study: Supersonic Flight in the Bell XS-1 3 1.2 Types of Flight Testing 9 1.2.1 Scientific Research 9 1.2.2 Experimental Flight Test 12 1.2.3 Developmental Test and Evaluation 14 1.2.4 Operational Test and Evaluation 14 1.2.5 Airworthiness Certification 15 1.3 Objectives and Organization of this Book 17 Nomenclature 18 Acronyms and Abbreviations 19 References 19 2 The Flight Environment: Standard Atmosphere 22 2.1 Earth’s Atmosphere 23 2.2 Standard Atmosphere Model 24 2.2.1 Hydrostatics 24 2.2.2 Gravitational Acceleration and Altitude Definitions 25 2.2.3 Temperature 26 2.2.4 Viscosity 27 2.2.5 Pressure and Density 28 2.2.6 Operationalizing the Standard Atmosphere 29 2.2.7 Comparison with Experimental Data 30 2.3 Altitudes Used in Aviation 32 Nomenclature 34 Subscripts 34 Acronyms and Abbreviations 35 References 35 3 Aircraft and Flight Test Instrumentation 36 3.1 Traditional Cockpit Instruments 36 3.1.1 Gyroscopic-Based Instruments 38 3.1.2 Pressure-Based Instruments 38 3.1.3 Outside Air Temperature 41 3.1.4 Other Instrumentation 42 3.2 Glass Cockpit Instruments 42 3.3 Flight Test Instrumentation 45 3.3.1 Global Navigation Satellite System 46 3.3.2 Accelerometers 49 3.3.3 Gyroscopes 49 3.3.4 Magnetometers 50 3.3.5 Barometer 51 3.3.6 Fusion of Sensor Data Streams 51 3.4 Summary 52 Nomenclature 54 Subscripts 54 Acronyms and Abbreviations 54 References 55 4 Data Acquisition and Analysis 56 4.1 Temporal and Spectral Analysis 56 4.2 Filtering 61 4.3 Digital Sampling: Bit Depth Resolution and Sample Rate 63 4.4 Aliasing 66 4.5 Flight Testing Example 69 4.6 Summary 69 Nomenclature 70 Subscripts 70 Acronyms and Abbreviations 70 References 71 5 Uncertainty Analysis 72 5.1 Error Theory 73 5.1.1 Types of Errors 73 5.1.2 Statistics of Random Error 76 5.1.3 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Propagation 77 5.1.4 Overall Uncertainty Estimate 79 5.1.5 Chauvenet’s Criterion for Outliers 79 5.1.6 Monte Carlo Simulation 80 5.2 Basic Error Sources in Flight Testing 81 5.2.1 Uncertainty of Flight Test Instrumentation 81 5.2.2 Example: Uncertainty in Density (Traditional Approach) 85 5.2.3 Example: Uncertainty in True Airspeed (Monte Carlo Approach) 86 Nomenclature 88 Subscripts 89 Acronyms and Abbreviations 89 References 89 6 Flight Test Planning 90 6.1 Flight Test Process 90 6.2 Risk Management 93 6.3 Case Study: Accept No Unnecessary Risk 96 6.4 Individual Flight Planning 97 6.4.1 Flight Area and Airspace 98 6.4.2 Weather and NOTAMs 99 6.4.3 Weight and Balance 100 6.4.4 Airplane Pre-Flight 103 6.5 Conclusion 105 Nomenclature 105 Acronyms and Abbreviations 105 References 105 7 Drag Polar Measurement in Level Flight 107 7.1 Theory 107 7.1.1 Drag Polar and Power Required for Level Flight 107 7.1.2 The PIW–VIW Method 112 7.1.3 Internal Combustion Engine Performance 114 7.1.4 Propeller Performance 119 7.2 Flight Testing Procedures 124 7.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 125 Nomenclature 127 Acronyms and Abbreviations 129 References 129 8 Airspeed Calibration 132 8.1 Theory 132 8.1.1 True Airspeed 134 8.1.2 Equivalent Airspeed 134 8.1.3 Calibrated Airspeed 135 8.1.4 Indicated Airspeed 137 8.1.5 Summary 137 8.2 Measurement Errors 138 8.2.1 Instrument Error 138 8.2.2 System Lag 138 8.2.3 Position Error 139 8.3 Airspeed Calibration Methods 142 8.3.1 Boom-Mounted Probes 143 8.3.2 Trailing Devices and Pacer Aircraft 143 8.3.3 Ground-Based Methods 145 8.3.4 Global Positioning System Method 145 8.4 Flight Testing Procedures 147 8.5 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 148 Nomenclature 150 Subscripts 151 Acronyms and Abbreviations 151 References 151 9 Climb Performance and Level Acceleration to Measure Excess Power 153 9.1 Theory 153 9.1.1 Steady Climbs 154 9.1.2 Energy Methods 160 9.2 Flight Testing Procedures 165 9.2.1 Direct Measurement of Rate of Climb 165 9.2.2 Measurement of Level Acceleration 166 9.3 Data Analysis 167 9.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 168 Nomenclature 172 Subscripts 173 Acronyms and Abbreviations 173 References 174 10 Glide Speed and Distance 175 10.1 Theory 176 10.1.1 Drag Polar 176 10.1.2 Gliding Flight 179 10.1.3 Glide Hodograph 180 10.1.4 Best Glide Condition 181 10.2 Flight Testing Procedures 183 10.3 Data Analysis 185 10.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 186 Nomenclature 188 Subscripts 188 Acronyms and Abbreviations 189 References 189 11 Takeoff and Landing 190 11.1 Theory 190 11.1.1 Takeoff Ground Roll 191 11.1.2 Landing Ground Roll 193 11.1.3 Rotation Distance 194 11.1.4 Transition Distance 194 11.1.5 Climb Distance 195 11.1.6 Total Takeoff and Landing Distances 195 11.1.7 Simple Estimations 195 11.2 Measurement Methods 196 11.3 Flight Testing Procedures 197 11.3.1 Standard Flight Procedures 197 11.3.2 Flight Test Procedures 199 11.3.3 Data Acquisition 200 11.3.4 Data Analysis 200 11.4 Flight Test Example: Cessna R182 201 Nomenclature 202 Subscripts 203 Acronyms and Abbreviations 204 References 204 12 Stall Speed 205 12.1 Theory 206 12.1.1 Viscous Boundary Layers 207 12.1.2 Flow Separation 208 12.1.3 Two-Dimensional Stall Characteristics 209 12.1.4 Three-Dimensional Stall Characteristics 211 12.1.5 Stall Control 211 12.1.6 Stall Prediction 213 12.2 Flight Testing Procedures 214 12.2.1 Flight Characteristics 214 12.2.2 Data Acquisition 216 12.3 Data Analysis 217 12.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 219 Nomenclature 221 Subscripts 222 Acronyms and Abbreviations 222 References 222 13 Turning Flight 224 13.1 Theory 224 13.2 Flight Testing Procedures 232 13.2.1 Airworthiness Certification 232 13.2.2 Educational Flight Testing 233 13.2.3 Piloting 233 13.2.4 Instrumentation and Data Recording 234 13.3 Flight Test Example: Diamond DA40 235 Nomenclature 236 Subscripts 237 Acronyms and Abbreviations 237 References 237 14 Longitudinal Stability 238 14.1 Static Longitudinal Stability 238 14.1.1 Theory 238 14.1.2 Trim Condition 242 14.1.3 Flight Testing Procedures 244 14.1.4 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 245 14.2 Dynamic Longitudinal Stability 246 14.2.1 Theory 246 14.2.2 Flight Testing Procedures 254 14.2.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 255 Nomenclature 257 Subscripts 259 Acronyms and Abbreviations 259 References 259 15 Lateral-Directional Stability 261 15.1 Static Lateral-Directional Stability 261 15.1.1 Theory 261 15.1.2 Directional Stability 264 15.1.3 Lateral Stability 265 15.1.4 Flight Testing Procedures 266 15.1.5 Flight Testing Example: Cirrus SR20 267 15.2 Dynamic Lateral-Directional Stability 269 15.2.1 Theory 269 15.2.2 Flight Testing Procedures 272 15.2.3 Flight Test Example: Cirrus SR20 272 Nomenclature 274 Acronyms and Abbreviations 275 References 275 16 UAV Flight Testing 277 16.1 Overview of Unmanned Aircraft 277 16.2 UAV Design Principles and Features 279 16.2.1 Types of Airframes 280 16.2.2 UAV System Architecture 281 16.2.3 Electric Propulsion 285 16.2.4 Command and Control (C2) Link 286 16.2.5 Autonomy 287 16.3 Flight Regulations 288 16.4 Flight Testing Principles 288 16.4.1 Air Data Instrumentation 289 16.4.2 UAV Flight Test Planning 290 16.4.3 Piloting for UAV Flight Testing 290 16.5 Flight Testing Examples with the Peregrine UAS 291 16.5.1 Overview of the Peregrine UAS 291 16.5.2 Propulsion System Characterization 293 16.5.3 Specific Excess Power: Level Acceleration and Rate of Climb 294 16.5.4 Glide Flight Tests 296 16.6 Flight Testing Examples with the Avanti UAS 299 16.6.1 Overview of the Avanti UAS 299 16.6.2 Coast-Down Testing for the Drag Polar 301 16.6.3 Radio Range Testing 303 16.6.4 Assessment of Autonomous System Performance 305 16.7 Conclusion 305 Nomenclature 307 Acronyms and Abbreviations 307 References 308 Appendix A Standard Atmosphere Tables 310 Appendix B Useful Constants and Unit Conversion Factors 313 Reference 317 Appendix C Stability and Control Derivatives for a Notional GA Aircraft 318 Reference 319 Index 321

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Book SynopsisTheory and Practice of Aircraft Performance aims to provide close to industry standard computations and engineering approaches necessary for success working in industry. Both civil and military aircraft are studied. The book begins with fundamental aerodynamic and aircraft design considerations.Table of ContentsPreface xix Series Preface xxi Road Map of the Book xxiii Acknowledgements xxvii Nomenclature xxxi Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Brief Historical Background 1 1.2.1 Flight in Mythology 1 1.2.2 Fifteenth to Nineteenth Centuries 1 1.2.3 From 1900 to World War I (1914) 3 1.2.4 World War I (1914–1918) 4 1.2.5 The Inter‐War Period: the Golden Age (1918–1939) 7 1.2.6 World War II (1939–1945) 7 1.2.7 Post World War II 8 1.3 Current Aircraft Design Status 8 1.3.1 Current Civil Aircraft Trends 9 1.3.2 Current Military Aircraft Trends 10 1.4 Future Trends 11 1.4.1 Trends in Civil Aircraft 11 1.4.2 Trends in Military Aircraft 13 1.4.3 Forces and Drivers 14 1.5 Airworthiness Requirements 14 1.6 Current Aircraft Performance Analyses Levels 16 1.7 Market Survey 17 1.8 Typical Design Process 19 1.8.1 Four Phases of Aircraft Design 19 1.9 Classroom Learning Process 23 1.10 Cost Implications 25 1.11 Units and Dimensions 26 1.12 Use of Semi‐empirical Relations and Graphs 26 1.13 How Do Aircraft Fly? 26 1.13.1 Classification of Flight Mechanics 27 1.14 Anatomy of Aircraft 27 1.14.1 Comparison between Civil and Military Design Requirements 30 1.15 Aircraft Motion and Forces 30 1.15.1 Motion – Kinematics 31 1.15.2 Forces – Kinetics 33 1.15.3 Aerodynamic Parameters – Lift, Drag and Pitching Moment 34 1.15.4 Basic Controls – Sign Convention 34 References 36 2 Aerodynamic and Aircraft Design Considerations 37 2.1 Overview 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.3 Atmosphere 39 2.3.1 Hydrostatic Equations and Standard Atmosphere 39 2.3.2 Non‐standard/Off‐standard Atmosphere 47 2.3.3 Altitude Definitions – Density Altitude (Off‐standard) 48 2.3.4 Humidity Effects 50 2.3.5 Greenhouse Gases Effect 50 2.4 Airflow Behaviour: Laminar and Turbulent 51 2.4.1 Flow Past an Aerofoil 55 2.5 Aerofoil 56 2.5.1 Subsonic Aerofoil 57 2.5.2 Supersonic Aerofoil 64 2.6 Generation of Lift 64 2.6.1 Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre 66 2.6.2 Relation between Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre 68 2.7 Types of Stall 71 2.7.1 Buffet 71 2.8 Comparison of Three NACA Aerofoils 72 2.9 High‐Lift Devices 73 2.10 Transonic Effects – Area Rule 74 2.10.1 Compressibility Correction 75 2.11 Wing Aerodynamics 76 2.11.1 Induced Drag and Total Aircraft Drag 79 2.12 Aspect Ratio Correction of 2D‐Aerofoil Characteristics for 3D‐Finite Wing 79 2.13 Wing Definitions 81 2.13.1 Planform Area, S W 81 2.13.2 Wing Aspect Ratio 82 2.13.3 Wing‐Sweep Angle 82 2.13.4 Wing Root (c root) and Tip (c tip) Chords 82 2.13.5 Wing‐Taper Ratio, λ 82 2.13.6 Wing Twist 82 2.13.7 High/Low Wing 83 2.13.8 Dihedral/Anhedral Angles 83 2.14 Mean Aerodynamic Chord 84 2.15 Compressibility Effect: Wing Sweep 86 2.16 Wing‐Stall Pattern and Wing Twist 87 2.17 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics 88 2.17.1 The Square‐Cube Law 88 2.17.2 Aircraft Wetted Area (A W) versus Wing Planform Area (S W)89 2.17.3 Additional Wing Surface Vortex Lift – Strake/Canard 90 2.17.4 Additional Surfaces on Wing – Flaps/Slats and High‐Lift Devices 91 2.17.5 Other Additional Surfaces on Wing 91 2.18 Empennage 92 2.18.1 Tail‐arm 95 2.18.2 Horizontal Tail (H‐Tail) 95 2.18.3 Vertical Tail (V‐Tail) 96 2.18.4 Tail‐Volume Coefficients 96 2.19 Fuselage 98 2.19.1 Fuselage Axis/Zero‐Reference Plane 98 2.19.2 Fuselage Length, L fus 98 2.19.3 Fineness Ratio, FR 99 2.19.4 Fuselage Upsweep Angle 99 2.19.5 Fuselage Closure Angle 99 2.19.6 Front Fuselage Closure Length, L f 99 2.19.7 Aft Fuselage Closure Length, L a 99 2.19.8 Mid‐Fuselage Constant Cross‐Section length, l m 99 2.19.9 Fuselage Height, H 99 2.19.10 Fuselage Width, W 100 2.19.11 Average Diameter, D ave 100 2.20 Nacelle and Intake 100 2.20.1 Large Commercial/Military Logistic and Old Bombers Nacelle Group 101 2.20.2 Small Civil Aircraft Nacelle Position 103 2.20.3 Intake/Nacelle Group (Military Aircraft) 104 2.20.4 Futuristic Aircraft Nacelle Positions 106 2.21 Speed Brakes and Dive Brakes 106 References 106 3 Air Data Measuring Instruments, Systems and Parameters 109 3.1 Overview 109 3.2 Introduction 109 3.3 Aircraft Speed 110 3.3.1 Definitions Related to Aircraft Velocity 111 3.3.2 Theory Related to Computing Aircraft Velocity 112 3.3.3 Aircraft Speed in Flight Deck Instruments 116 3.3.4 Atmosphere with Wind Speed (Non‐zero Wind) 117 3.3.5 Calibrated Airspeed 118 3.3.6 Compressibility Correction (∆V c ) 120 3.3.7 Other Position Error Corrections 122 3.4 Air Data Instruments 122 3.4.1 Altitude Measurement – Altimeter 123 3.4.2 Airspeed Measuring Instrument – Pitot‐Static Tube 125 3.4.3 Angle‐of‐Attack Probe 126 3.4.4 Vertical Speed Indicator 126 3.4.5 Temperature Measurement 127 3.4.6 Turn‐Slip Indicator 127 3.5 Aircraft Flight‐Deck (Cockpit) Layout 128 3.5.1 Multifunctional Displays and Electronic Flight Information Systems 129 3.5.2 Combat Aircraft Flight Deck 131 3.5.3 Head‐Up Display (HUD) 132 3.6 Aircraft Mass (Weights) and Centre of Gravity 133 3.6.1 Aircraft Mass (Weights) Breakdown 133 3.6.2 Desirable CG Position 134 3.6.3 Weights Summary – Civil Aircraft 136 3.6.4 CG Determination – Civil Aircraft 137 3.6.5 Bizjet Aircraft CG Location – Classroom Example 138 3.6.6 Weights Summary – Military Aircraft 138 3.6.7 CG Determination – Military Aircraft 138 3.6.8 Classroom Worked Example – Military AJT CG Location 138 3.7 Noise Emissions 141 3.7.1 Airworthiness Requirements 142 3.7.2 Summary 145 3.8 Engine‐Exhaust Emissions 145 3.9 Aircraft Systems 146 3.9.1 Aircraft Control System 146 3.9.2 ECS: Cabin Pressurization and Air‐Conditioning 148 3.9.3 Oxygen Supply 149 3.9.4 Anti‐icing, De‐icing, Defogging and Rain Removal System 149 3.10 Low Observable (LO) Aircraft Configuration 150 3.10.1 Heat Signature 150 3.10.2 Radar Signature 150 References 152 4 Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth 153 4.1 Overview 153 4.2 Introduction 154 4.3 Definitions of Frames of Reference (Flat Stationary E arth) and Nomenclature Used 154 4.3.1 Notation and Symbols Used in this Chapter 157 4.4 Eulerian Angles 158 4.4.1 Transformation of Eulerian Angles 159 4.5 Simplified Equations of Motion for a Flat Stationary Earth 161 4.5.1 Important Aerodynamic Angles 161 4.5.2 In Pitch Plane (Vertical XZ Plane) 162 4.5.3 In Yaw Plane (Horizontal Plane) – Coordinated Turn 164 4.5.4 In Pitch‐Yaw Plane – Coordinated Climb‐Turn (Helical Trajectory) 165 4.5.5 Discussion on Turn 166 Reference 167 5 Aircraft Load 169 5.1 Overview 169 5.2 Introduction 169 5.2.1 Buffet 170 5.2.2 Flutter 170 5.3 Flight Manoeuvres 171 5.3.1 Pitch Plane (X‐Z) Manoeuvre 171 5.3.2 Roll Plane (Y‐Z) Manoeuvre 171 5.3.3 Yaw Plane (Y‐X) Manoeuvre 171 5.4 Aircraft Loads 171 5.5 Theory and Definitions 172 5.5.1 Load Factor, n 172 5.6 Limits – Loads and Speeds 173 5.6.1 Maximum Limit of Load Factor 174 5.7 V‐n Diagram174 5.7.1 Speed Limits 175 5.7.2 Extreme Points of the V‐n Diagram 175 5.7.3 Low Speed Limit 177 5.7.4 Manoeuvre Envelope Construction 178 5.7.5 High Speed Limit 179 5.8 Gust Envelope 179 5.8.1 Gust Load Equations 180 5.8.2 Gust Envelope Construction 182 Reference 183 6 Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft Performance 185 6.1 Overview 185 6.2 Introduction 185 6.3 Static and Dynamic Stability 186 6.3.1 Longitudinal Stability – Pitch Plane (Pitch Moment, M)188 6.3.2 Directional Stability – Yaw Plane (Yaw Moment, N)188 6.3.3 Lateral Stability – Roll Plane (Roll Moment, L)189 6.4 Theory 192 6.4.1 Pitch Plane 192 6.4.2 Yaw Plane 195 6.4.3 Roll Plane 196 6.5 Current Statistical Trends for Horizontal and Vertical Tail Coefficients197 6.6 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design 198 6.6.1 Short‐Period Oscillation and Phugoid Motion 198 6.6.2 Directional/Lateral Modes of Motion 200 6.7 Spinning 202 6.8 Summary of Design Considerations for Stability 203 6.8.1 Civil Aircraft 203 6.8.2 Military Aircraft – Non‐linear Effects 204 6.8.3 Active Control Technology (ACT) – Fly‐by‐Wire 205 References 207 7 Aircraft Power Plant and Integration 209 7.1 Overview 209 7.2 Background 209 7.3 Definitions 214 7.4 Air‐Breathing Aircraft Engine Types 215 7.4.1 Simple Straight‐through Turbojets 215 7.4.2 Turbofan – Bypass Engine 216 7.4.3 Afterburner Jet Engines 216 7.4.4 Turboprop Engines 218 7.4.5 Piston Engines 218 7.5 Simplified Representation of Gas Turbine (Brayton/Joule) Cycle 219 7.6 Formulation/Theory – Isentropic Case 221 7.6.1 Simple Straight‐through Turbojets 221 7.6.2 Bypass Turbofan Engines 222 7.6.3 Afterburner Jet Engines 224 7.6.4 Turboprop Engines 226 7.7 Engine Integration to Aircraft – Installation Effects 226 7.7.1 Subsonic Civil Aircraft Nacelle and Engine Installation 227 7.7.2 Turboprop Integration to Aircraft 229 7.7.3 Combat Aircraft Engine Installation 230 7.8 Intake/Nozzle Design 231 7.8.1 Civil Aircraft Intake Design 231 7.8.2 Military Aircraft Intake Design 232 7.9 Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser 233 7.9.1 Civil Aircraft Exhaust Nozzles 233 7.9.2 Military Aircraft TR Application and Exhaust Nozzles 233 7.10 Propeller 234 7.10.1 Propeller‐Related Definitions 236 7.10.2 Propeller Theory 237 7.10.3 Propeller Performance – Practical Engineering Applications 243 7.10.4 Propeller Performance – Three‐ to Four‐Bladed 246 References 246 8 Aircraft Power Plant Performance 247 8.1 Overview 247 8.2 Introduction 248 8.2.1 Engine Performance Ratings 248 8.2.2 Turbofan Engine Parameters 249 8.3 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Civil Aircraft 250 8.3.1 Turbofans with BPR around 4 252 8.3.2 Turbofans with BPR around 5–6 252 8.4 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Military Aircraft 254 8.5 Uninstalled Turboprop Engine Performance Data 255 8.5.1 Typical Turboprop Performance 257 8.6 Installed Engine Performance Data of Matched Engines to Coursework Aircraft 257 8.6.1 Turbofan Engine (Smaller Engines for Bizjets – BPR ≈ 4)257 8.6.2 Turbofans with BPR around 5–6 (Larger Jets) 260 8.6.3 Military Turbofan (Very Low BPR)260 8.7 Installed Turboprop Performance Data 261 8.7.1 Typical Turboprop Performance 261 8.7.2 Propeller Performance – Worked Example 262 8.8 Piston Engine 264 8.9 Engine Performance Grid 267 8.9.1 Installed Maximum Climb Rating (TFE 731‐20 Class Turbofan) 269 8.9.2 Maximum Cruise Rating (TFE731‐20 Class Turbofan) 270 8.10 Some Turbofan Data 272 Reference 273 9 Aircraft Drag 275 9.1 Overview 275 9.2 Introduction 275 9.3 Parasite Drag Definition 277 9.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown (Subsonic) 278 9.5 Aircraft Drag Formulation 279 9.6 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology 281 9.7 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology 281 9.7.1 Geometric Parameters, Reynolds Number and Basic C F Determination 282 9.7.2 Computation of Wetted Area 283 9.7.3 Stepwise Approach to Computing Minimum Parasite Drag 283 9.8 Semi‐Empirical Relations to Estimate Aircraft Component Parasite Drag 284 9.8.1 Fuselage 284 9.8.2 Wing, Empennage, Pylons and Winglets 287 9.8.3 Nacelle Drag 289 9.8.4 Excrescence Drag 293 9.8.5 Miscellaneous Parasite Drags 294 9.9 Notes on Excrescence Drag Resulting from Surface Imperfections 295 9.10 Minimum Parasite Drag 296 9.11 ΔCDp Estimation 296 9.12 Subsonic Wave Drag 296 9.13 Total Aircraft Drag 298 9.14 Low‐Speed Aircraft Drag at Takeoff and Landing 298 9.14.1 High‐Lift Device Drag 298 9.14.2 Dive Brakes and Spoilers Drag 302 9.14.3 Undercarriage Drag 302 9.14.4 One‐Engine Inoperative Drag 303 9.15 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft Drag 304 9.16 Military Aircraft Drag 304 9.17 Supersonic Drag 305 9.18 Coursework Example – Civil Bizjet Aircraft 306 9.18.1 Geometric and Performance Data 306 9.18.2 Computation of Wetted Areas, Re and Basic C F 309 9.18.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects 310 9.18.4 Summary of Parasite Drag 314 9.18.5 ΔC Dp Estimation 314 9.18.6 Induced Drag 314 9.18.7 Total Aircraft Drag at LRC 314 9.19 Classroom Example – Subsonic Military Aircraft (Advanced Jet Trainer) 315 9.19.1 AJT Specifications 317 9.19.2 CAS Variant Specifications 318 9.19.3 Weights 319 9.19.4 AJT Details 319 9.20 Classroom Example – Turboprop Trainer 319 9.20.1 TPT Specification 320 9.20.2 TPT Details 321 9.20.3 Component Parasite Drag Estimation 322 9.21 Classroom Example – Supersonic Military Aircraft 325 9.21.1 Geometric and Performance Data for the Vigilante RA‐C5 Aircraft 325 9.21.2 Computation of Wetted Areas, Re and Basic C F 326 9.21.3 Computation of 3D and Other Effects to Estimate Component C Dpmin 327 9.21.4 Summary of Parasite Drag 329 Estimation 329 9.21.6 Induced Drag 330 9.21.7 Supersonic Drag Estimation 330 9.21.8 Total Aircraft Drag 332 9.22 Drag Comparison 332 9.23 Some Concluding Remarks and Reference Figures 334 References 338 10 Fundamentals of Mission Profile, Drag Polar and Aeroplane Grid 339 10.1 Overview 339 10.2 Introduction 340 10.2.1 Evolution in Aircraft Performance Capabilities 341 10.2.2 Levels of Aircraft Performance Analyses 342 10.3 Civil Aircraft Mission (Payload–Range) 342 10.3.1 Civil Aircraft Classification and Mission Segments 344 10.4 Military Aircraft Mission 345 10.4.1 Military Aircraft Performance Segments 347 10.5 Aircraft Flight Envelope 349 10.6 Understanding Drag Polar 351 10.6.1 Actual Drag Polar 351 10.6.2 Parabolic Drag Polar 351 10.6.3 Comparison between Actual and Parabolic Drag Polar 352 10.7 Properties of Parabolic Drag Polar 354 10.7.1 The Maximum and Minimum Conditions Applicable to Parabolic Drag Polar 354 10.7.2 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft 359 10.8 Classwork Examples of Parabolic Drag Polar 363 10.8.1 Bizjet Market Specifications 363 10.8.2 Turboprop Trainer Specifications 363 10.8.3 Advanced Jet Trainer Specifications 365 10.8.4 Comparison of Drag Polars 366 10.9 Bizjet Actual Drag Polar 366 10.9.1 Comparing Actual with Parabolic Drag Polar 367 10.9.2 (Lift/Drag) and (Mach × Lift/Drag) Ratios 368 10.9.3 Velocity at Minimum (D/V) 369 10.9.4 (Lift/Drag) max , C L @ (L/D)max and V Dmin 369 10.9.5 Turboprop Trainer (TPT) Example – Parabolic Drag Polar 370 10.9.6 TPT (Lift/Drag) max , C L@(L/D)max and V Dmin 370 10.9.7 TPT (ESHP) min_reqd and V Pmin 371 10.9.8 Summary for TPT 372 10.10 Aircraft and Engine Grid 372 10.10.1 Aircraft and Engine Grid (Jet Aircraft) 373 10.10.2 Classwork Example – Bizjet Aircraft and Engine Grid 374 10.10.3 Aircraft and Engine Grid (Turboprop Trainer) 376 References 378 11 Takeoff and Landing 379 11.1 Overview 379 11.2 Introduction 380 11.3 Airfield Definitions 380 11.3.1 Stopway (SWY) and Clearway (CWY) 381 11.3.2 Available Airfield Definitions 382 11.3.3 Actual Field Length Definitions 383 11.4 Generalized Takeoff Equations of Motion 384 11.4.1 Ground Run Distance 386 11.4.2 Time Taken for the Ground Run S G 388 11.4.3 Flare Distance and Time Taken from V R to V 2 388 11.4.4 Ground Effect 389 11.5 Friction – Wheel Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficients 389 11.6 Civil Transport Aircraft Takeoff 391 11.6.1 Civil Aircraft Takeoff Segments 391 11.6.2 Balanced Field Length (BFL) – Civil Aircraft 395 11.6.3 Flare to 35 ft Height (Average Speed Method) 396 11.7 Worked Example – Bizjet 396 11.7.1 All‐Engine Takeoff 398 11.7.2 Flare from V R to V 2 398 11.7.3 Balanced Field Takeoff – One Engine Inoperative 399 11.8 Takeoff Presentation 404 11.8.1 Weight, Altitude and Temperature Limits 405 11.9 Military Aircraft Takeoff 405 11.10 Checking Takeoff Field Length (AJT)406 11.10.1 AJT Aircraft and Aerodynamic Data 406 11.10.2 Takeoff with 8° Flap 408 11.11 Civil Transport Aircraft Landing 409 11.11.1 Airfield Definitions 409 11.11.2 Landing Performance Equations 412 11.11.3 Landing Field Length for the Bizjet 414 11.11.4 Landing Field Length for the AJT 416 11.12 Landing Presentation 417 11.13 Approach Climb and Landing Climb 418 11.14 Fuel Jettisoning 418 References 418 12 Climb and Descent Performance 419 12.1 Overview 419 12.2 Introduction 420 12.2.1 Cabin Pressurization 421 12.2.2 Aircraft Ceiling 421 12.3 Climb Performance 422 12.3.1 Climb Performance Equations of Motion 423 12.3.2 Accelerated Climb 423 12.3.3 Constant EAS Climb 425 12.3.4 Constant Mach Climb 427 12.3.5 Unaccelerated Climb 428 12.4 Other Ways to Climb (Point Performance) – Civil Aircraft 428 12.4.1 Maximum Rate of Climb and Maximum Climb Gradient 428 12.4.2 Steepest Climb 432 12.4.3 Economic Climb at Constant EAS 433 12.4.4 Discussion on Climb Performance 434 12.5 Classwork Example – Climb Performance (Bizjet) 435 12.5.1 Takeoff Segments Climb Performance (Bizjet) 435 12.5.2 En‐Route Climb Performance (Bizjet) 439 12.5.3 Bizjet Climb Schedule 440 12.6 Hodograph Plot 440 12.6.1 Aircraft Ceiling 443 12.7 Worked Example – Bizjet 443 12.7.1 Bizjet Climb Rate at Normal Climb Speed Schedule 443 12.7.2 Rate of Climb Performance versus Altitude 444 12.7.3 Bizjet Ceiling 444 12.8 Integrated Climb Performance – Computational Methodology 444 12.8.1 Worked Example – Initial En‐Route Rate of Climb (Bizjet) 446 12.8.2 Integrated Climb Performance (Bizjet) 447 12.8.3 Turboprop Trainer Aircraft (TPT) 447 12.9 Specific Excess Power (SEP) – High‐Energy Climb 447 12.9.1 Specific Excess Power Characteristics 450 12.9.2 Worked Example of SEP Characteristics (Bizjet) 450 12.9.3 Example of AJT 453 12.9.4 Supersonic Aircraft 453 12.10 Descent Performance 454 12.10.1 Glide 457 12.10.2 Descent Properties 458 12.10.3 Selection of Descent Speed 458 12.11 Worked Example – Descent Performance (Bizjet) 459 12.11.1 Limitation of Maximum Descent Rate 460 References 462 13 Cruise Performance and Endurance 463 13.1 Overview 463 13.2 Introduction 464 13.2.1 Definitions 465 13.3 Equations of Motion for the Cruise Segment 466 13.4 Cruise Equations 466 13.4.1 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft Cruise Equations 467 13.4.2 Jet Engine Aircraft Cruise Equations 469 13.5 Specific Range 470 13.6 Worked Example (Bizjet) 471 13.6.1 Aircraft and Engine Grid at Cruise Rating 471 13.6.2 Specific Range Using Actual Drag Polar 471 13.6.3 Specific Range and Range Factor 473 13.7 Endurance Equations 478 13.7.1 Propeller‐Driven (Turboprop) Aircraft 479 13.7.2 Turbofan Powered Aircraft 480 13.8 Options for Cruise Segment (Turbofan Only) 481 13.9 Initial Maximum Cruise Speed (Bizjet) 487 13.10 Worked Example of AJT – Military Aircraft 488 13.10.1 To Compute the AJT Fuel Requirement 488 13.10.2 To Check Maximum Speed 488 References 489 14 Aircraft Mission Profile 491 14.1 Overview 491 14.2 Introduction 492 14.3 Payload‐Range Capability 493 14.3.1 Reserve Fuel 493 14.4 The Bizjet Payload‐Range Capability 495 14.4.1 Long‐Range Cruise (LRC) at Constant Altitude 496 14.4.2 High‐Speed Cruise (HSC) at Constant Altitude and Speed 500 14.4.3 Discussion on Cruise Segment 501 14.5 Endurance (Bizjet) 502 14.6 Effect of Wind on Aircraft Mission Performance 502 14.7 Engine Inoperative Situation at Climb and Cruise – Drift‐Down Procedure 503 14.7.1 Engine Inoperative Situation at Climb 503 14.7.2 Engine Inoperative Situation at Cruise (Figure 14.5)504 14.7.3 Point of No‐Return and Equal Time Point 505 14.7.4 Engine Data 505 14.7.5 Drift‐Down in Cruise 505 14.8 Military Missions 506 14.8.1 Military Training Mission Profile – Advanced Jet Trainer (AJT) 506 14.9 Flight Planning by the Operators 507 References 508 15 Manoeuvre Performance 509 15.1 Overview 509 15.2 Introduction 509 15.3 Aircraft Turn 510 15.3.1 In Horizontal (Yaw) Plane – Sustained Coordinated Turn 510 15.3.2 Maximum Conditions for Turn in Horizontal Plane 516 15.3.3 Minimum Radius of Turn in Horizontal Plane 517 15.3.4 Turning in Vertical (Pitch) Plane 517 15.3.5 In Pitch‐Yaw Plane – Climbing Turn in Helical Path 519 15.4 Classwork Example – AJT 520 15.5 Aerobatics Manoeuvre 522 15.5.1 Lazy‐8 in Horizontal Plane 523 15.5.2 Chandelle 524 15.5.3 Slow Roll 524 15.5.4 Hesitation Roll 524 15.5.5 Barrel Roll 525 15.5.6 Loop in Vertical Plane 525 15.5.7 Immelmann – Roll at the Top in the Vertical Plane 526 15.5.8 Stall Turn in Vertical Plane 527 15.5.9 Cuban‐Eight in Vertical Plane 527 15.5.10 Pugachev’s Cobra Movement 528 15.6 Combat Manoeuvre 528 15.6.1 Basic Fighter Manoeuvre 528 15.7 Discussion on Turn 530 References 531 16 Aircraft Sizing and Engine Matching 533 16.1 Overview 533 16.2 Introduction 534 16.3 Theory 535 16.3.1 Sizing for Takeoff Field Length – Two Engines 536 16.3.2 Sizing for the Initial Rate of Climb (All Engines Operating) 539 16.3.3 Sizing to Meet Initial Cruise 540 16.3.4 Sizing for Landing Distance 540 16.4 Coursework Exercises: Civil Aircraft Design (Bizjet) 541 16.4.1 Takeoff 541 16.4.2 Initial Climb 542 16.4.3 Cruise 542 16.4.4 Landing 543 16.5 Sizing Analysis: Civil Aircraft (Bizjet) 543 16.5.1 Variants in the Family of Aircraft Design 544 16.5.2 Example: Civil Aircraft 545 16.6 Classroom Exercise – Military Aircraft (AJT) 546 16.6.1 Takeoff 546 16.6.2 Initial Climb 546 16.6.3 Cruise 547 16.6.4 Landing 548 16.6.5 Sizing for Turn Requirement of 4 g at Sea‐Level 548 16.7 Sizing Analysis – Military Aircraft 551 16.7.1 Single Seat Variants 552 16.8 Aircraft Sizing Studies and Sensitivity Analyses 553 16.8.1 Civil Aircraft Sizing Studies 553 16.8.2 Military Aircraft Sizing Studies 554 16.9 Discussion 554 16.9.1 The AJT 557 References 558 17 Operating Costs 559 17.1 Overview 559 17.2 Introduction 560 17.3 Aircraft Cost and Operational Cost 561 17.3.1 Manufacturing Cost 563 17.3.2 Operating Cost 565 17.4 Aircraft Direct Operating Cost (DOC) 567 17.4.1 Formulation to Estimate DOC 569 17.4.2 Worked Example of DOC – Bizjet 571 17.5 Aircraft Performance Management (APM) 574 17.5.1 Methodology 576 17.5.2 Discussion – the Broader Issues 577 References 577 18 Miscellaneous Considerations 579 18.1 Overview 579 18.2 Introduction 579 18.3 History of the FAA 580 18.3.1 Code of Federal Regulations 582 18.3.2 The Role of Regulation 582 18.4 Flight Test 583 18.5 Contribution of the Ground Effect on Takeoff 585 18.6 Flying in Adverse Environments 586 18.6.1 Adverse Environment as Loss of Visibility 586 18.6.2 Adverse Environment Due to Aerodynamic and Stability/Control Degradation 587 18.7 Bird Strikes 590 18.8 Military Aircraft Flying Hazards and Survivability 591 18.9 Relevant Civil Aircraft Statistics 591 18.9.1 Maximum Takeoff Mass versus Operational Empty Mass 591 18.9.2 MTOM versus Fuel Load, M f 592 18.9.3 MTOM versus Wing Area, S W 593 18.9.4 MTOM versus Engine Power 594 18.9.5 Empennage Area versus Wing Area 595 18.9.6 Wing Loading versus Aircraft Span 597 18.10 Extended Twin‐Engine Operation (ETOP) 597 18.11 Flight and Human Physiology 598 References 599 Appendices Appendix A Conversions 601 Appendix B International Standard Atmosphere Table 605 Appendix C Fundamental Equations 609 Appendix D Airbus 320 Class Case Study 615 Appendix E Problem Sets 627 Appendix F Aerofoil Data 647 Index 655

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Book SynopsisThorough coverage of space flight topics with self-contained chapters serving a variety of courses in orbital mechanics, spacecraft dynamics, and astronautics This concise yet comprehensive book on space flight dynamics addresses all phases of a space mission: getting to space (launch trajectories), satellite motion in space (orbital motion, orbit transfers, attitude dynamics), and returning from space (entry flight mechanics). It focuses on orbital mechanics with emphasis on two-body motion, orbit determination, and orbital maneuvers with applications in Earth-centered missions and interplanetary missions. Space Flight Dynamics presents wide-ranging information on a host of topics not always covered in competing books. It discusses relative motion, entry flight mechanics, low-thrust transfers, rocket propulsion fundamentals, attitude dynamics, and attitude control. The book is filled with illustrated concepts and real-world examples drawn from the space Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Historical Overview 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Early Modern Period 1 1.3 Early Twentieth Century 3 1.4 Space Age 4 2 Two-Body Orbital Mechanics 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Two-Body Problem 7 2.3 Constants of Motion 11 2.3.1 Conservation of Angular Momentum 11 2.3.2 Conservation of Energy 13 2.4 Conic Sections 15 2.4.1 Trajectory Equation 15 2.4.2 Eccentricity Vector 20 2.4.3 Energy and Semimajor Axis 21 2.5 Elliptical Orbit 23 2.5.1 Ellipse Geometry 24 2.5.2 Flight-Path Angle and Velocity Components 24 2.5.3 Period of an Elliptical Orbit 31 2.5.4 Circular Orbit 32 2.5.5 Geocentric Orbits 33 2.6 Parabolic Trajectory 38 2.7 Hyperbolic Trajectory 42 2.8 Summary 46 Further Reading 46 Problems 47 3 Orbit Determination 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Coordinate Systems 55 3.3 Classical Orbital Elements 57 3.4 Transforming Cartesian Coordinates to Orbital Elements 60 3.5 Transforming Orbital Elements to Cartesian Coordinates 66 3.5.1 Coordinate Transformations 68 3.6 Ground Tracks 75 3.7 Orbit Determination from One Ground-Based Observation 79 3.7.1 Topocentric-Horizon Coordinate System 79 3.7.2 Inertial Position Vector 81 3.7.3 Inertial Velocity Vector 82 3.7.4 Ellipsoidal Earth Model 85 3.8 Orbit Determination from Three Position Vectors 88 3.9 Survey of Orbit-Determination Methods 95 3.9.1 Orbit Determination Using Angles-Only Measurements 95 3.9.2 Orbit Determination Using Three Position Vectors 97 3.9.3 Orbit Determination from Two Position Vectors and Time 97 3.9.4 Statistical Orbit Determination 98 3.10 Summary 99 References 100 Problems 100 4 Time of Flight 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Kepler’s Equation 107 4.2.1 Time of Flight Using Geometric Methods 107 4.2.2 Time of Flight Using Analytical Methods 108 4.2.3 Relating Eccentric and True Anomalies 112 4.3 Parabolic and Hyperbolic Time of Flight 117 4.3.1 Parabolic Trajectory Flight Time 117 4.3.2 Hyperbolic Trajectory Flight Time 119 4.4 Kepler’s Problem 123 4.5 Orbit Propagation Using Lagrangian Coefficients 127 4.6 Lambert’s Problem 135 4.7 Summary 145 References 145 Problems 146 5 Non-Keplerian Motion 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Special Perturbation Methods 152 5.2.1 Non-Spherical Central Body 153 5.3 General Perturbation Methods 159 5.3.1 Lagrange’s Variation of Parameters 160 5.3.2 Secular Perturbations due to Oblateness ( J2) 164 5.4 Gauss’ Variation of Parameters 174 5.5 Perturbation Accelerations for Earth Satellites 180 5.5.1 Non-Spherical Earth 180 5.5.2 Third-Body Gravity 182 5.5.3 Atmospheric Drag 185 5.5.4 Solar Radiation Pressure 189 5.6 Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem 192 5.6.1 Jacobi’s Integral 194 5.6.2 Lagrangian Points 195 5.7 Summary 203 References 203 Problems 204 6 Rocket Performance 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Rocket Propulsion Fundamentals 213 6.3 The Rocket Equation 214 6.4 Launch Trajectories 219 6.5 Staging 226 6.6 Launch Vehicle Performance 231 6.7 Impulsive Maneuvers 233 6.8 Summary 234 References 235 Problems 235 7 Impulsive Orbital Maneuvers 241 7.1 Introduction 241 7.2 Orbit Shaping 242 7.3 Hohmann Transfer 245 7.3.1 Coplanar Transfer with Tangential Impulses 248 7.4 General Coplanar Transfer 252 7.5 Inclination-Change Maneuver 256 7.6 Three-Dimensional Orbit Transfer 259 7.7 Summary 264 References 264 Problems 264 8 Relative Motion and Orbital Rendezvous 275 8.1 Introduction 275 8.2 Linear Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 275 8.3 Homogeneous Solution of the Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 280 8.4 Orbital Rendezvous Using the Clohessy–Wiltshire Equations 288 8.5 Summary 298 References 298 Problems 298 9 Low-Thrust Transfers 303 9.1 Introduction 303 9.2 Electric Propulsion Fundamentals 304 9.3 Coplanar Circle-to-Circle Transfer 306 9.3.1 Comparing Impulsive and Low-Thrust Transfers 313 9.4 Coplanar Transfer with Earth-Shadow Effects 315 9.5 Inclination-Change Maneuver 318 9.6 Transfer Between Inclined Circular Orbits 320 9.7 Combined Chemical-Electric Propulsion Transfer 322 9.8 Low-Thrust Transfer Issues 328 9.9 Summary 329 References 329 Problems 330 10 Interplanetary Trajectories 335 10.1 Introduction 335 10.2 Patched-Conic Method 338 10.2.1 Sphere of Influence 339 10.2.2 Coplanar Heliocentric Transfers between Circular Orbits 341 10.3 Phase Angle at Departure 351 10.4 Planetary Arrival 355 10.5 Heliocentric Transfers Using an Accurate Ephemeris 359 10.5.1 Pork-Chop Plots 367 10.5.2 Julian Date 368 10.6 Gravity Assists 370 10.7 Summary 378 References 379 Problems 379 11 Atmospheric Entry 385 11.1 Introduction 385 11.2 Entry Flight Mechanics 386 11.3 Ballistic Entry 390 11.4 Gliding Entry 396 11.5 Skip Entry 404 11.6 Entry Heating 412 11.7 Space Shuttle Entry 418 11.8 Summary 422 References 423 Problems 423 12 Attitude Dynamics 429 12.1 Introduction 429 12.2 Rigid Body Dynamics 430 12.2.1 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 432 12.2.2 Principal Axes 438 12.2.3 Rotational Kinetic Energy 439 12.2.4 Euler’s Moment Equations 441 12.3 Torque-Free Motion 442 12.3.1 Euler Angle Rates 447 12.4 Stability and Flexible Bodies 457 12.4.1 Spin Stability about the Principal Axes 457 12.4.2 Stability of Flexible Bodies 459 12.5 Spin Stabilization 464 12.5.1 Dual-Spin Stabilization 466 12.6 Disturbance Torques 467 12.6.1 Gravity-Gradient torque 467 12.6.2 Aerodynamic Torque 468 12.6.3 Solar Radiation Pressure Torque 469 12.6.4 Magnetic Torque 470 12.7 Gravity-Gradient Stabilization 470 12.8 Summary 476 References 477 Problems 477 13 Attitude Control 485 13.1 Introduction 485 13.2 Feedback Control Systems 485 13.2.1 Transfer Functions 486 13.2.2 Closed-Loop Control Systems 489 13.2.3 Second-Order System Response 490 13.3 Mechanisms for Attitude Control 497 13.3.1 Reaction Jets 497 13.3.2 Momentum-Exchange Devices 497 13.3.3 Magnetic Torquers 501 13.4 Attitude Maneuvers Using Reaction Wheels 501 13.5 Attitude Maneuvers Using Reaction Jets 513 13.5.1 Phase-Plane Analysis of Satellite Attitude Dynamics 513 13.5.2 Reaction Jet Control Law 518 13.6 Nutation Control Using Reaction Jets 527 13.7 Summary 534 References 535 Further Reading 535 Problems 535 Appendix A: Physical Constants 541 Appendix B: Review of Vectors 543 B.1 Introduction 543 B.2 Vectors 543 B.3 Vector Operations 544 B.3.1 Vector Addition 544 B.3.2 Cross Product 545 B.3.3 Dot Product 546 B.3.4 Scalar Triple Product 547 B.3.5 Vector Triple Product 547 Appendix C: Review of Particle Kinematics 549 C.1 Introduction 549 C.2 Cartesian Coordinates 549 C.3 Polar Coordinates 551 C.4 Normal-Tangential Coordinates 552 Index

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Book SynopsisThis is a pioneering textbook on the comprehensive description of AeroMACS technology. It alsopresents the process of developing a new technology based on an established standard, in this case IEEE802.16 standards suite. The text introduces readers to the field of airport surface communications systems and provides them with comprehensive coverage of one the key components of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen); i.e., AeroMACS. It begins with a critical review of the legacy aeronautical communications system and a discussion of the impetus behind its replacement with network-centric digital technologies. It then describes wireless mobile channel characteristics in general, and focuses on the airport surface channel over the 5GHz band. This is followed by an extensive coverage of major features of IEEE 802.16-2009 Physical Layer (PHY)and Medium Access Control (MAC) Sublayer. The text then provides a comprehensive coverage of the AeroMACS standTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acronyms xxv 1 Airport Communications from Analog AM to AeroMACS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Conventional Aeronautical Communication Domains (Flight Domains) 2 1.3 VHF Spectrum Depletion 4 1.4 The ACAST Project 5 1.5 Early Digital Communication Technologies for Aeronautics 7 1.5.1 ACARS 7 1.5.2 VHF Data Link (VDL) Systems 8 1.5.2.1 Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN) 8 1.5.2.2 VDL Systems 8 1.5.3 Overlay Broadband Alternatives for Data Transmission 10 1.5.3.1 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Overlay 11 1.5.3.2 Broadband VHF (B-VHF) 11 1.5.4 Controller–Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) 12 1.6 Selection of a Communications Technology for Aeronautics 14 1.7 The National Airspace System (NAS) 15 1.7.1 Flight Control 16 1.7.2 United States Civilian Airports 17 1.8 The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) 20 1.8.1 The NextGen Vision 22 1.8.2 NextGen Key Components and Functionalities 22 1.9 Auxiliary Wireless Communications Systems Available for the Airport Surface 25 1.9.1 Public Safety Mobile Radio for Airport Incidents 26 1.9.1.1 Public Safety Communications (PSC) Systems Architecture and Technologies 26 1.9.1.2 Public Safety Allocated Radio Spectrum 27 1.9.1.3 700 MHz Band and the First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) 28 1.9.2 Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Systems Applications for Airport Surface 30 1.10 Airport Wired Communications Systems 31 1.10.1 Airport Fiber-Optic Cable Loop System 34 1.10.2 Applications of CLCS in Airport Surface Communications and Navigation 35 1.11 Summary 36 References 36 2 Cellular Networking and Mobile Radio Channel Characterization 41 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 The Crux of the Cellular Concept 42 2.2.1 The “Precellular” Wireless Mobile Communications Systems 43 2.2.2 The Core of the Cellular Notion 45 2.2.3 Frequency Reuse and Radio Channel Multiplicity 48 2.2.3.1 Co-Channel Reuse Ratio (CCRR), Cluster Size, and Reuse Factor 49 2.2.3.2 Signal to Co-Channel Interference Ratio (SIR) 50 2.2.3.3 Channel Allocation 55 2.2.4 Erlang Traffic Theory and Cellular Network Design 57 2.2.4.1 Trunking, Erlang, and Traffic 58 2.2.4.2 The Grade of Service 60 2.2.4.3 Blocked Calls Handling Strategies 60 2.2.4.4 Trunking Efficiency 62 2.2.4.5 Capacity Enhancement through Cell Splitting 64 2.2.4.6 Capacity Enhancement via Sectorization 67 2.3 Cellular Radio Channel Characterization 69 2.3.1 Cellular Link Impairments 69 2.3.2 Path Loss Computation and Estimation 71 2.3.2.1 Free-Space Propagation and Friis Formula 73 2.3.2.2 The Key Mechanisms Affecting Radio Wave Propagation 74 2.3.2.3 The Ray Tracing Technique 76 2.3.2.4 Ground Reflection and Double-Ray Model 76 2.3.2.5 Empirical Techniques for Path Loss (Large-Scale Attenuation) Estimation 81 2.3.2.6 Okumura–Hata Model for Outdoor Median Path Loss Estimation 82 2.3.2.7 COST 231-Hata Model 84 2.3.2.8 Stanford University Interim (SUI) Model: Erceg Model 85 2.3.2.9 ECC-33 Model 86 2.3.3 Large-Scale Fading: Shadowing and Foliage 87 2.3.3.1 Log-Normal Shadowing 88 2.3.3.2 Estimation of Useful Coverage Area (UCA) within a Cell Footprint 91 2.3.4 Small-Scale Fading: Multipath Propagation and Doppler Effect 94 2.3.4.1 Multipath Propagation 95 2.3.4.2 Double Path Example 97 2.3.4.3 Doppler Shift 99 2.3.4.4 Impulse Response of Multipath Channels 100 2.3.4.5 Delay Spread and Fading Modes 102 2.3.4.6 Methods of Combating Frequency-Selective Fading 103 2.3.4.7 Coherence Bandwidth and Power Delay Profiles (PDPs) 105 2.3.4.8 Frequency Flat Fading versus Frequency-Selective Fading 108 2.3.4.9 Frequency Dispersion and Coherence Time 109 2.3.4.10 Classification of Multipath Fading Channels 110 2.3.4.11 Probabilistic Models for Frequency Flat Fading Channels 112 2.3.4.12 Rayleigh Fading Channels 112 2.3.4.13 Rician Fading Channels 115 2.4 Challenges of Broadband Transmission over the Airport Surface Channel 117 2.5 Summary 118 References 119 3 Wireless Channel Characterization for the 5 GHz Band Airport Surface Area 123 3.1 Introduction 123 3.1.1 Importance of Channel Characterization 123 3.1.2 Channel Definitions 125 3.1.3 Airport Surface Area Channel 127 3.2 Statistical Channel Characterization Overview 129 3.2.1 The Channel Impulse Response and Transfer Function 129 3.2.2 Statistical Channel Characteristics 130 3.2.3 Common Channel Parameters and Statistics 133 3.3 Channel Effects and Signaling 134 3.3.1 Small-Scale and Large-Scale Fading 134 3.3.2 Channel Parameters and Signaling Relations 135 3.4 Measured Airport Surface Area Channels 137 3.4.1 Measurement Description and Example Results 137 3.4.2 Path Loss Results 141 3.5 Airport Surface Area Channel Models 143 3.5.1 Large/Medium-Sized Airports 144 3.5.2 Small Airports 144 3.6 Summary 144 References 147 4 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing and Multiple Access 151 4.1 Introduction 151 4.2 Fundamental Principles of OFDM Signaling 152 4.2.1 Parallel Transmission, Orthogonal Multiplexing, Guard Time, and Cyclic Extension 154 4.2.1.1 Cyclic Prefix and Guard Time 155 4.2.2 Fourier Transform-Based OFDM Signal 156 4.2.3 Windowing, Filtering, and Formation of OFDM Signal 157 4.2.4 OFDM System Implementation 159 4.2.5 Choice of Modulation Schemes for OFDM 160 4.2.6 OFDM Systems Design: How the Key Parameters are Selected 161 4.3 Coded Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing: COFDM 161 4.3.1 Motivation 162 4.3.2 System-Level Functional Block Diagram of a Fourier-Based COFDM 162 4.3.3 Some Classical Applications of COFDM 164 4.3.3.1 COFDM Applied in Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 164 4.3.3.2 COFDM Applied in Wireless LAN (Wi-Fi): The IEEE 802.11 Standard 165 4.4 Performance of Channel Coding in OFDM Networks 167 4.5 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access: OFDMA 169 4.5.1 Multiple Access Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA 171 4.5.2 Incentives behind Widespread Applications of OFDMA in Wireless Networks 175 4.5.3 Subchannelization and Symbol Structure 176 4.5.4 Permutation Modes for Configuration of Subchannels 178 4.5.4.1 The Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Problem 179 4.6 Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) 179 4.6.1 How to Select the OFDMA Basic Parameters vis-à-vis Scalability 180 4.6.2 Options in Scaling 182 4.7 Summary 183 References 184 5 The IEEE 802.16 Standards and the WiMAX Technology 189 5.1 Introduction to the IEEE 802.16 Standards for Wireless MAN Networks 190 5.2 The Evolution and Characterization of IEEE 802.16 Standards 193 5.2.1 IEEE 802.16-2004 Standard 193 5.2.2 IEEE 802.16e-2005 Standard 194 5.2.3 IEEE 802.16-2009 Standard 194 5.2.4 IEEE 802.16j Amendment 194 5.2.5 The Structure of a WirelessMAN Cell 195 5.2.6 Protocol Reference Model (PRM) for the IEEE 802.16-2009 Standard 197 5.3 WiMAX: an IEEE 802.16-Based Technology 200 5.3.1 Basic Features of WiMAX Systems 200 5.3.2 WiMAX Physical Layer Characterization 204 5.3.2.1 OFDMA and SOFDMA for WiMAX 205 5.3.2.2 Comparison of Duplexing Technologies: TDD versus FDD 206 5.3.2.3 Subchannelization for Mobile WiMAX 207 5.3.2.4 WiMAX TDD Frame Structure 211 5.3.2.5 Adaptive (Advanced) Modulation and Coding (AMC) 215 5.3.2.6 ARQ and Hybrid ARQ: Multilayer Error Control Schemes 219 5.3.2.7 Multiple Antenna Techniques, MIMO, and Space-Time Coding 219 5.3.2.8 Fractional Frequency Reuse Techniques for Combating Intercell Interference and to Boost Spectral Efficiency 227 5.3.2.9 Power Control and Saving Modes in WiMAX Networks 230 5.3.3 WiMAX MAC Layer Description 231 5.3.3.1 WiMAX MAC CS; Connections and Service Flows 232 5.3.3.2 The MAC CPS Functionalities 232 5.3.3.3 WiMAX Security Sublayer 233 5.3.3.4 WiMAX MAC Frame and MAC Header Format 234 5.3.3.5 Quality of Service (QoS), Scheduling, and Bandwidth Allocation 235 5.3.4 WiMAX Forum and WiMAX Profiles 239 5.3.4.1 WiMAX System Profiles and Certification Profiles 240 5.3.4.2 WiMAX Mobile System Profiles 241 5.3.5 WiMAX Network Architecture 245 5.3.5.1 WiMAX Network Reference Model as Presented by WiMAX Forum 246 5.3.5.2 Characterization of Major Logical and Physical Components of WiMAX NRM 248 5.3.5.3 Visual Depiction of WiMAX NRM 250 5.3.5.4 The Description of WiMAX Reference Points 250 5.3.6 Mobility and Handover in WiMAX Networks 250 5.3.7 Multicast and Broadcast with WiMAX 253 5.4 Summary 254 References 255 6 Introduction to AeroMACS 259 6.1 The Origins of the AeroMACS Concept 259 6.1.1 WiMAX Salient Features and the Genealogy of AeroMACS 260 6.2 Defining Documents in the Making of AeroMACS Technology 262 6.3 AeroMACS Standardization 267 6.3.1 AeroMACS Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) 268 6.3.2 Harmonization Document 270 6.3.3 Overview of Most Recent AeroMACS Profile 271 6.3.3.1 The AeroMACS Profile Background and Concept of Operations 273 6.3.3.2 AeroMACS Profile Technical Aspects 275 6.3.3.3 Profile’s Key Assumptions for AeroMACS System Design 275 6.3.3.4 AeroMACS Radio Profile Requirements and Restrictions 276 6.3.3.5 AeroMACS Profile Common Part and TDD Format 277 6.3.4 AeroMACS Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) 279 6.3.4.1 AeroMACS Capabilities and Operational Applications 280 6.3.4.2 MOPS Equipment Test Procedures 281 6.3.4.3 Minimum Performance Standard 281 6.3.5 AeroMACS Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) 283 6.3.6 AeroMACS Technical Manual 285 6.4 AeroMACS Services and Applications 287 6.5 AeroMACS Prototype Network and Testbed 295 6.5.1 Testbed Configuration 296 6.5.2 Early Testing Procedures and Results 297 6.5.2.1 Mobile Application Testing with ARV 298 6.5.2.2 The Results of AeroMACS Mobile Tests with Boeing 737–700 299 6.5.2.3 AeroMACS Performance Validation 300 6.6 Summary 301 References 302 7 AeroMACS Networks Characterization 305 7.1 Introduction 305 7.2 AeroMACS Physical Layer Specifications 306 7.2.1 OFDM and OFDMA for AeroMACS 309 7.2.2 AeroMACS OFDMA TDD Frame Configuration 309 7.2.3 AeroMACS Modulation Formats 312 7.2.3.1 How to Select a Modulation Technique for a Specific Application 313 7.2.3.2 General Characteristics of Modulation Schemes Supported by AeroMACS 315 7.2.4 AeroMACS Channel Coding Schemes 318 7.2.4.1 Mandatory Channel Coding for AeroMACS 318 7.2.4.2 Optional CC–RS Code Concatenated Scheme 320 7.2.4.3 Convolutional Turbo Coding (CTC) Technique 321 7.2.5 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) for AeroMACS Link Adaptation 323 7.2.6 AeroMACS Frame Structure 325 7.2.7 Computation of AeroMACS Receiver Sensitivity 326 7.2.8 Fractional Frequency Reuse for WiMAX and AeroMACS Networks 327 7.2.9 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Configurations for AeroMACS 328 7.3 Spectrum Considerations 329 7.4 Spectrum Sharing and Interference Compatibility Constraints 332 7.5 AeroMACS Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer 334 7.5.1 Quality of Service for AeroMACS Networks 336 7.5.2 Scheduling, Resource Allocation, and Data Delivery 338 7.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Protocols 341 7.5.4 Handover (HO) Procedures in AeroMACS Networks 344 7.5.4.1 MS-Initiated Handover Process 345 7.6 AeroMACS Network Architecture and Reference Model 347 7.6.1 AeroMACS Network Architecture 347 7.6.2 AeroMACS Network Reference Model (NRM) 349 7.7 Aeronautical Telecommunications Network Revisited 353 7.8 AeroMACS and the Airport Network 355 7.9 Summary 356 References 358 8 AeroMACS Networks Fortified with Multihop Relays 361 8.1 Introduction 361 8.2 IEEE 802.16j Amendment Revisited 362 8.3 Relays: Definitions, Classification, and Modes of Operation 365 8.3.1 A Double-Hop Relay Configuration: Terminologies and Definitions 366 8.3.2 Relay Modes: Transparent versus Non-Transparent 368 8.3.3 Time Division Transmit and Receive Relays (TTR) and Simultaneous Transmit and Receive Relays (STR) 371 8.3.4 Further Division of Relay Modes of Operation 372 8.3.5 Relays Classification Based on MAC Layer Functionalities: Centralized and Distributed Modes 373 8.3.6 Physical Classification of IEEE 802.16j Relays: Relay Types 374 8.3.6.1 Relay Type and Latency 375 8.3.7 Modes of Deployment of IEEE 802.16j Relays in Wireless Networks 376 8.3.8 Frame Structure for Double-Hop IEEE 802.16j TDD TRS 377 8.3.8.1 The Detail of IEEE 802-16j Operation with Transparent Relays 380 8.3.9 The Frame Structure for TTR–NTRS 381 8.3.10 The Frame Structure for STR–NTRS 382 8.3.10.1 STR Implementation in Different Layers 384 8.4 Regarding MAC Layers of IEEE 802.16j and NRTS 385 8.4.1 Data Forwarding Schemes 385 8.4.1.1 Routing Selection and Path Management 386 8.4.1.2 Initial Ranging and Network Entry 387 8.4.2 Scheduling 388 8.4.3 Security Schemes 390 8.4.4 Quality of Service (QoS) in Relay-Augmented Networks 390 8.4.4.1 The Impact of Scheduling and Relay Mode on AeroMACS Network Parameters 391 8.5 Challenges and Practical Issues in IEEE 802.16j-Based AeroMACS 392 8.5.1 Latency 392 8.5.2 The Number of Hops 392 8.5.3 The Output Power and Antenna Selection 393 8.6 Applications and Usage Scenarios for Relay-Augmented Broadband Cellular Networks 394 8.6.1 Some Applications of Relay-Fortified Systems 395 8.6.1.1 The European REWIND Project 395 8.6.1.2 Vehicular Networks 396 8.6.1.3 4G and 5G Cellular Networks 396 8.6.1.4 Cognitive Femtocell 397 8.6.2 Potential Usage Scenarios of IEEE 802.16j 397 8.6.2.1 Radio Outreach Extension 397 8.6.2.2 The Concept of “Filling a Coverage Hole” 399 8.6.2.3 Relays for Capacity and Throughput Improvement 399 8.6.2.4 The Case of Cooperative Relaying 399 8.6.2.5 Reliable Coverage for In-Building and In-Door Scenarios 400 8.6.2.6 The Mobile Relays 401 8.6.2.7 The Temporary Relay Stations 401 8.7 IEEE 802.16j-Based Relays for AeroMACS Networks 401 8.7.1 Airport Surface Radio Coverage Situations for which IEEE 802.16j Offers a Preferred Alternative 402 8.8 Radio Resource Management (RRM) for Relay-Fortified Wireless Networks 403 8.9 The Multihop Gain 405 8.9.1 Computation of Multihop Gain for the Simplest Case 405 8.10 Interapplication Interference (IAI) in Relay-Fortified AeroMACS 407 8.11 Making the Case for IEEE 802.16j-Based AeroMACS 411 8.11.1 The Main Arguments 411 8.11.1.1 Supporting and Drawback Instants 412 8.11.2 The Second Argument 412 8.11.3 How to Select a Relay Configuration 413 8.11.4 A Note on Cell Footprint Extension 413 8.12 Summary 414 References 415 Index 419

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Book SynopsisMECHANICS OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES Explore the most up-to-date overview of the foundations of aircraft structures combined with a review of new aircraft materials The newly revised Third Edition of Mechanics of Aircraft Structures delivers a combination of the fundamentals of aircraft structure with an overview of new materials in the industry and a collection of rigorous analysis tools into a single one-stop resource. Perfect for a one-semester introductory course in structural mechanics and aerospace engineering, the distinguished authors have created a textbook that is also ideal for mechanical or aerospace engineers who wish to stay updated on recent advances in the industry. The new edition contains new problems and worked examples in each chapter and improves student accessibility. A new chapter on aircraft loads and new material on elasticity and structural idealization form part of the expanded content in the book. Readers will also benefit from the Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Characteristics of Aircraft Structures and Materials 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Types of Aircraft Structures, 1 1.2.1 Fixed-Wing Aircraft, 2 1.2.2 Rotorcraft, 2 1.2.3 Lighter-than-Air Vehicles, 2 1.2.4 Drones, 2 1.3 Basic Structural Elements in Aircraft Structure, 3 1.3.1 Fuselage, 3 1.3.2 Wing, 3 1.3.3 Landing Gear, 4 1.3.4 Control Surfaces, 4 1.4 Aircraft Materials, 5 1.4.1 Steel Alloys, 5 1.4.2 Aluminum Alloys, 6 1.4.3 Titanium Alloys, 6 1.4.4 Fiber-Reinforced Composites, 6 Problems, 7 2 Loads on Aircraft Structures 9 2.1 Introduction, 9 2.2 Basic Structural Elements, 9 2.2.1 Axial Member, 9 2.2.2 Shear Panel, 11 2.2.3 Bending Member (Beam), 12 2.2.4 Torsion Member, 13 2.3 Wing and Fuselage, 15 2.3.1 Load Transfer, 15 2.3.2 Wing Structure, 16 2.3.3 Fuselage, 17 Problems, 20 3 Introduction to Elasticity 23 3.1 Introduction, 23 3.2 Concept of Displacement, 24 3.3 Strain, 26 3.3.1 Rigid Body Motion, 28 3.4 Stress, 30 3.5 Equations of Equilibrium in a Uniform Stress Field, 31 3.6 Equations of Equilibrium in a Nonuniform Stress Field, 33 3.7 Stress Vector and Stress Components Relations, 35 3.8 Principal Stress, 37 3.9 Shear Stress, 40 3.10 Stress Transformation, 41 3.11 Linear Stress–Strain Relations, 44 3.11.1 Strains Induced by Normal Stress, 45 3.11.2 Strains Induced by Shear Stress, 47 3.11.3 Three-Dimensional Stress–Strain Relations, 47 3.11.3.1 Orthotropic Materials, 49 3.11.3.2 Isotropic Materials, 50 3.12 Plane Elasticity, 51 3.12.1 Stress–Strain Relations for Plane Isotropic Solids, 52 3.12.1.1 Plane Strain, 52 3.12.1.2 Plane Stress, 53 3.12.2 Stress–Strain Relations for Orthotropic Solids in Plane Stress, 54 3.12.3 Governing Equations, 55 3.12.3.1 Equilibrium Equations, 55 3.12.3.2 Boundary Conditions, 55 3.12.3.3 Compatibility Equation, 56 3.12.4 Solution by Airy Stress Function for Plane Isotropic Solids, 57 3.12.5 Plane Elasticity Solutions in Polar Coordinate System, 59 3.12.5.1 Strain–Displacement Relations, 59 3.12.5.2 Stresses in Polar Coordinates and Equilibrium Equations, 60 3.12.5.3 Stress–Strain Relations, 61 3.12.5.4 Stress Function Formulations, 61 3.13 Formulations Beyond 2-D Plane Elasticity, 62 Problems, 64 References, 71 4 Torsion 73 4.1 Introduction, 73 4.2 Torsion of Uniform Bars With Arbitrary Cross-Section, 73 4.2.1 Governing Equations, 74 4.2.2 Boundary Conditions, 76 4.2.3 Torque–Stress Relations, 77 4.2.4 Warping Displacement, 78 4.2.5 Torsion Constant, 79 4.3 Bars With Circular Cross-Sections, 79 4.3.1 Elasticity Approach Using Prandtl Stress Function, 79 4.3.2 Mechanics of Solid Approach, 82 4.4 Bars With Narrow Rectangular Cross-Sections, 85 4.5 Closed Single-Cell Thin-Walled Sections, 88 4.5.1 The s–n Coordinate System, 88 4.5.2 Prandtl Stress Function, 90 4.5.3 Shear Flow q, 91 4.5.4 Shear Flow–Torque Relation, 91 4.5.5 Twist Angle, 93 4.5.5.1 Method 1, 93 4.5.5.2 Method 2 for Constant Shear Flow, 94 4.5.6 Torsion Constant J, 95 4.6 Multicell Thin-Walled Sections, 98 4.7 Warping in Open Thin-Walled Sections, 102 4.8 Warping in Closed Thin-Walled Sections, 106 4.9 Effect of End Constraints, 108 Problems, 114 References, 119 5 Bending and Flexural Shear 121 5.1 Introduction, 121 5.2 Bernoulli–Euler Beam Theory, 121 5.2.1 Unidirectional Bending on Beams with a Symmetric Section, 121 5.2.2 Bidirectional Bending on Beams with an Arbitrary Section, 127 5.3 Structural Idealization, 131 5.4 Transverse Shear Stress Due to Transverse Force in Symmetric Sections, 139 5.4.1 Narrow Rectangular Cross-Section, 139 5.4.2 General Symmetric Sections, 141 5.4.3 Thin-Walled Sections, 142 5.4.4 Shear Deformation in Thin-Walled Sections, 143 5.5 Timoshenko Beam Theory, 146 5.6 Saint-Venant’s principle, 149 5.7 Shear Lag, 152 Problems, 155 Reference, 160 6 Flexural Shear Flow in Thin-Walled Sections 161 6.1 Introduction, 161 6.2 Flexural Shear Flow in Open Thin-Walled Sections, 161 6.2.1 Symmetric Thin-Walled Sections, 161 6.2.1.1 Stringer–Web Sections, 164 6.2.2 Unsymmetric Thin-Walled Sections, 166 6.2.3 Multiple Shear Flow Junctions, 168 6.2.4 Selection of Shear Flow Contour, 169 6.3 Shear Center in Open Sections, 169 6.4 Closed Thin-Walled Sections and Combined Flexural and Torsional Shear Flow, 175 6.4.1 Shear Center, 176 6.4.2 Statically Determinate Shear Flow, 179 6.5 Closed Multicell Sections, 182 Problems, 186 7 Failure Criteria for Isotropic Materials 193 7.1 Introduction, 193 7.2 Strength Criteria for Brittle Materials, 193 7.2.1 Maximum Principal Stress Criterion, 193 7.2.2 Coulomb–Mohr Criterion, 194 7.3 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials, 196 7.3.1 Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca Yield Criterion) in Plane Stress, 196 7.3.2 Maximum Distortion Energy Criterion (von Mises Yield Criterion), 197 7.4 Fracture Mechanics, 203 7.4.1 Stress Concentration, 203 7.4.2 Concept of Cracks and Strain Energy Release Rate, 204 7.4.3 Fracture Criterion, 205 7.4.3.1 Strain Energy in Structural Members, 205 7.4.3.2 Axial Element, 206 7.4.3.3 Beam Element, 206 7.4.3.4 Torsion Member, 206 7.5 Stress Intensity Factor, 210 7.5.1 Symmetric Loading (Mode I Fracture), 210 7.5.2 Antisymmetric Loading (Mode II Fracture), 212 7.5.3 Relation between K and G, 213 7.5.4 Mixed Mode Fracture, 217 7.6 Effect of Crack Tip Plasticity, 218 7.7 Fatigue Failure, 220 7.7.1 Constant Stress Amplitude, 220 7.7.2 S–N Curves, 221 7.7.3 Variable Amplitude Loading, 221 7.8 Fatigue Crack Growth, 222 Problems, 224 References, 228 8 Elastic Buckling 229 8.1 Introduction, 229 8.2 Eccentrically Loaded Beam-Column, 229 8.3 Elastic Buckling of Straight Bars, 230 8.3.1 Pinned–Pinned Bar, 232 8.3.2 Clamped–Free Bar, 235 8.3.3 Clamped–Pinned Bar, 236 8.3.4 Clamped–Clamped Bar, 237 8.3.5 Effective Length of Buckling, 238 8.4 Initial Imperfection, 239 8.5 Postbuckling Behavior, 241 8.6 Bar of Unsymmetric Section, 246 8.7 Torsional–Flexural Buckling of Thin-Walled Bars, 248 8.7.1 Nonuniform Torsion, 248 8.7.2 Torsional Buckling of Doubly Symmetric Section, 249 8.7.3 Torsional–Flexural Buckling, 252 8.8 Elastic Buckling of Flat Plates, 256 8.8.1 Governing Equation for Flat Plates, 256 8.8.1.1 Boundary Conditions, 257 8.8.1.2 Clamped Edge, 258 8.8.1.3 Simply Supported Edge, 258 8.8.1.4 Free Edge, 258 8.8.2 Cylindrical Bending, 258 8.8.3 Buckling of Rectangular Plates, 259 8.8.3.1 Simply Supported Edges, 259 8.8.3.2 Other Boundary Conditions, 262 8.8.4 Buckling Under Shearing Stresses, 262 8.9 Local Buckling of Open Sections, 263 Problems, 265 9 Analysis of Composite Laminates 271 9.1 Plane Stress Equations for Composite Lamina, 271 9.2 Off-Axis Loading, 276 9.3 Notation for Stacking Sequence in Laminates, 278 9.3.1 Symmetry, 279 9.3.2 Repetition, 279 9.4 Symmetric Laminate Under In-Plane Loading, 279 9.5 Effective Moduli for Symmetric Laminates, 281 9.5.1 Quasi-Isotropic Laminate, 283 9.6 Laminar Stresses, 284 9.7 [±45 ] Laminate, 286 9.7.1 Determination of G 12 Using ±45 Laminates, 287 Problems, 288 Index 291

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Book SynopsisScramjet Propulsion Explore the cutting edge of HAP technologies with this comprehensive resource from an international leader in her field Scramjet Propulsion: A Practical Introduction delivers a comprehensive treatment of hypersonic air breathing propulsion and its applications. The book covers the most up-to-date hypersonic technologies, like endothermic fuels, fuel injection and flameholding systems, high temperature materials, and TPS, and offers technological overviews of hypersonic flight platforms like the X-43A, X-51A, and HiFIRE. It is organized around easy-to-understand explanations of technical challenges and provides extensive references for the information contained within. The highly accomplished author provides readers with a fulsome description of the theoretical underpinnings of hypersonic technologies, as well as critical design and technology issues affecting hypersonic air breathing propulsion technologies. The book's combination of inTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgment xvii 1 Introduction to Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 1 1.1 Hypersonic Flow and Hypersonic Flight 3 1.2 Chemical Propulsion Systems 5 1.3 Classes of Hypersonic Vehicles 12 1.4 Scramjet Engine–Vehicle Integration 15 1.5 Chemical Propulsion Performance Comparison 17 1.6 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Historical Overview 19 1.7 Scramjet Flight Demonstration Programs 23 1.8 New Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Programs 30 1.9 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion Critical Technologies 33 1.10 Critical Design Issues 36 Questions 37 References 38 2 Theoretical Background 41 2.1 Atmospheric Flight 41 2.2 Air Thermodynamic Models 50 2.3 Fundamental Equations 53 2.4 Thermodynamic Cycle of Air-Breathing Propulsion 56 2.5 Air-Breathing Propulsion Performance Measures 61 2.6 Shock Waves in Supersonic Flow 65 2.7 One-Dimensional Flow with Heat Addition 69 2.8 Closing Remarks 73 Questions 74 References 74 3 Aerothermodynamics of Vehicle-Integrated Scramjet 77 3.1 Aerothermodynamic Environment 78 3.2 Hypersonic Viscous Flow Phenomena 83 3.3 Laminar to Turbulent Transition in Hypersonic Flows 88 3.4 Hypersonic Flowfield for Propulsion-Integrated Vehicles 92 3.5 Convective Heat Transfer or Aerodynamic Heating 104 3.6 NASA X-43A Leading-Edge Flight Hardware 111 3.7 Inlet Blunt Leading-Edge Effects and Entropy Layer Swallowing 113 3.8 Inlet Shock-On-Lip Condition or Inlet Speeding 114 3.9 Shock–Boundary Layer Interactions in the Propulsion Flowpath 116 3.10 Inlet Unstart 118 3.11 Closing Remarks 119 Questions 120 References 120 4 Scramjet Inlet/Forebody and Isolator 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Engine Inlet Function and Design Requirements 123 4.3 Inlet Types 129 4.4 Inlet Compression System Performance 132 4.5 Hypersonic Inlet Designs 143 4.6 Inlet Operation: Start and Unstart 152 4.7 Inlet Aerodynamics 154 4.8 Isolator 157 Questions 161 References 161 5 Scramjet Combustor 165 5.1 Combustor Process Desired Properties 166 5.2 Combustor Entrance Conditions 167 5.3 Combustion Stoichiometry 172 5.4 Combustion Flowfield 174 5.5 Scramjet Combustor Geometry 192 5.6 Scramjet Combustor Design Issues 197 5.7 Closing Remarks 198 Questions 199 References 199 6 Fuels for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 203 6.1 Introduction 204 6.2 Endothermic Fuels 208 6.3 Heat Sink Capacity of Hydrogen and Endothermic Fuels 210 6.4 Fuel Heat Sink Requirements 212 6.5 Ignition Characteristics of Fuels 214 6.6 Mixing Characteristics of Cracked Hydrocarbon Fuels 217 6.7 Structural and Heat Transfer Considerations 218 6.8 Fuel System Integration and Control 219 6.9 Combustion Technical Challenges with Hydrocarbon Fuels 219 6.10 Impact of Fuel Selection on Hypersonic Vehicle Design 221 6.11 Fuels Research for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 223 Questions 224 References 225 7 Dual-Mode Combustion Scramjet 227 7.1 Introduction 227 7.2 Phenomenological Description of Dual-Mode Scramjet 229 7.3 Heat Addition to Flow in Constant Area Duct 230 7.4 Divergent Combustor and Heat Release 231 7.5 Combustor Mode Transition Studies 236 7.6 Closing Remarks 247 Questions 247 References 248 8 Scramjet Nozzle/Aftbody 251 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Nozzle Geometric Configurations 255 8.3 Nozzle Performance Parameters 260 8.4 Nozzle Flow Losses 265 8.5 SERN Design Approach 266 8.6 Nozzle Ground Testing Issues 268 8.7 Special Topics for Further Research 270 8.8 Closing Remarks 274 Questions 275 References 275 9 Materials, Structures, and Thermal Management 279 9.1 Hypersonic Flight Mission Characteristics 280 9.2 Aerodynamic Heating 281 9.3 Hypersonic Integrated Structures 285 9.4 High-Temperature Materials Requirements and Properties 295 9.5 Selected Materials for Hypersonics 296 9.6 Examples of Vehicle Development Structure and Materials 306 9.7 Materials and Structures Technical Challenges 312 Questions 315 References 315 10 Scramjets and Combined Cycle Propulsion 319 10.1 Aerospace Propulsion 320 10.2 Combined Cycle Propulsion Concepts 322 10.3 From Takeoff to Hypersonic Cruise 324 10.4 Ideal Cycle Analysis of Turbojet and Ramjet Engines 325 10.5 Single-Stage-To-Orbit and Two-State-To-Orbit Vehicles 342 10.6 Propulsion for Spaceplanes 343 10.7 Hydrogen for Hypersonic Air-Breathing Propulsion 352 10.8 Technical Challenges of Combined Cycle Propulsion 359 10.9 Closing Remarks 362 Questions 363 References 364 11 Ground Testing and Evaluation 367 11.1 Introduction 367 11.2 Airframe/Propulsion-Integrated Vehicle Design Requirements 367 11.3 Ground Testing Overview 369 11.4 Ground Testing for the NASA Hyper-X Program 376 11.5 Ground Testing for the USAF X-51A Waverider 390 11.6 ONERA Ground Testing for the European LAPCAT2 Combustor 392 11.7 Vitiated versus Clean Air Hypersonic Wind Tunnel 393 11.8 Diagnostics and Measurements for Scramjet Combustion 394 Questions 396 References 397 12 Analysis, Computational Modeling, and Simulation 401 12.1 Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence 403 12.2 Surrogate-Based Analysis and Optimization (SBAO) 414 12.3 Flowfield in Highly Integrated Hypersonic Air-breathing Vehicle 416 12.4 NASA Hyper-X Program Computational Modeling Requirements 423 12.5 Overview of Selected CFD Analysis Cases 426 12.6 Closing Remarks 432 Questions 434 References 434 13 Hypersonic Air-Breathing Flight Testing 439 13.1 Introduction 439 13.2 Flight Operational Envelope 439 13.3 Flight Test Technique Concepts 440 13.4 X-43A: Air-lifted, Rocket-boosted Approach 444 13.5 Australia/USA Flight Experiments with Sounding Rockets 449 13.6 Russia CIAM and NASA Partnership for Scramjet Flight Testing 452 13.7 Hypersonic Flight Demonstration Program (HyFly) 453 13.8 Phoenix Air-Launched Small Missile (ALSM) 454 13.9 Gun-Launched Scramjet Missile Testing 455 13.10 X-43A Flight Test Mishap 455 13.11 Closing Remarks 457 References 458 Powering the Future of Transcontinental Flight and Access to Space 461 Glossary 469 Nomenclature 485 Index 489

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors ix Acknowledgements xi Sources of Background Information xiii Glossary xv 1 Introduction 1 Further Reading 4 2 The Airframe and Systems Overview 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 The Airframe 6 2.3 The Aircraft Systems 10 2.4 Classification of Aircraft Roles 14 2.5 Classification of Systems 25 2.6 Stakeholders 26 2.7 Example Architectures 27 2.8 Data Bus 29 2.9 Summary and Conclusions 34 References 34 Exercises 35 3 Vehicle Systems 37 3.1 Propulsion System 38 3.2 Fuel System 44 3.3 Electrical Power Generation and Distribution 49 3.4 Hydraulic Power Generation and Distribution 53 3.5 Bleed Air System 56 3.6 Secondary Power Systems 59 3.7 Emergency Power Systems 61 3.8 Flight Control System 65 3.9 Landing Gear 68 3.10 Brakes and Anti-skid 71 3.11 Steering System 73 3.12 Environmental Control System 76 3.13 Fire Protection System 79 3.14 Ice Detection 82 3.15 Ice Protection 84 3.16 External Lighting 86 3.17 Probe Heating 89 3.18 Vehicle Management System (VMS) 91 3.19 Crew Escape 93 3.20 Canopy Jettison 97 3.21 Oxygen 99 3.22 Biological and Chemical Protection 102 3.23 Arrestor Hook 104 3.24 Brake Parachute 107 3.25 Anti-spin Parachute 110 3.26 Galley 112 3.27 Passenger Evacuation 115 3.28 In-Flight Entertainment 117 3.29 Toilet and Water Waste 119 3.30 Cabin and Emergency Lighting 122 References 123 Exercise 126 4 Avionic Systems 127 4.1 Displays and Controls 127 4.2 Communications 131 4.3 Navigation 134 4.4 Example Navigation System Architecture 135 4.5 Flight Management System (FMS) 138 4.6 Weather Radar 140 4.7 Air Traffic Control (ATC) Transponder 143 4.8 Traffic Collision and Avoidance System (TCAS) 146 4.9 Terrain Avoidance and Warning System (TAWS) 149 4.10 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)/TACAN 152 4.11 VHF Omni-Ranging (VOR) 154 4.12 Automatic Flight Control System 156 4.13 Radar Altimeter (Rad Alt) 160 4.14 Automated Landing Aids 163 4.15 Air Data System (ADS) 168 4.16 Accident Data Recording System (ADRS) 172 4.17 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) 174 4.18 Prognostics and Health Management System (PHM) 178 4.19 Internal Lighting 181 4.20 Integrated Modular Architecture (IMA) 183 4.21 Antennas 185 References 189 5 Mission Systems 191 5.1 Radar System 192 5.2 Electro-optical System 197 5.3 Electronic Support Measures (ESM) 200 5.4 Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD) 202 5.5 Acoustic System 205 5.6 Mission Computing System 207 5.7 Defensive Aids 209 5.8 Station Keeping System 212 5.9 Electronic Warfare System 214 5.10 Camera System 217 5.11 Head Up Display (HUD) 220 5.12 Helmet Mounted Systems 222 5.13 Data Link 224 5.14 Weapon System 227 5.15 Mission System Displays and Controls 230 5.16 Mission System Antennas 234 References 237 Further Reading 239 Exercises 239 6 Supporting Ground Systems 241 6.1 Flight Test Data Analysis 243 6.2 Maintenance Management System 246 6.3 Accident Data Recording 248 6.4 Mission Data Management (Mission Support System) 250 6.5 UAV Control 252 References 254 Exercises 255 7 Modelling of Systems Architectures 257 7.1 Introduction 257 7.2 Literature Survey of Methods 259 7.3 Avionics Integration Architecture Methodology 277 7.4 Avionics Integration Modelling of Optimisation 292 7.5 Simulations and Results for a Sample Architecture 297 7.6 Conclusion 300 References 300 8 Summary and Future Developments 305 8.1 Introduction 305 8.2 Systems of Systems 305 8.3 Architectures 314 8.4 Other Considerations 315 8.5 Conclusion 323 8.6 What’s Next? 323 Exercise 327 Index 329

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Book SynopsisAutonomous Navigation and Deployment of UAVs for Communication, Surveillance and Delivery Authoritative resource offering coverage of communication, surveillance, and delivery problems for teams of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) Autonomous Navigation and Deployment of UAVs for Communication, Surveillance and Delivery studies various elements of deployment of networks of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) base stations for providing communication to ground users in disaster areas, covering problems like ground traffic monitoring, surveillance of environmental disaster areas (e.g. brush fires), using UAVs in rescue missions, converting UAV video surveillance, and more. The work combines practical problems, implementable and computationally efficient algorithms to solve these problems, and mathematically rigorous proofs of each algorithm's convergence and performance. One such example provided by the authors is a novel biologically inspired motion camouflage algorithm to covert video surveillTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Applications of UAVs 1 1.2 Problems of Autonomous Navigation and Deployment of UAVs 2 1.3 Overview and Organization of the Book 4 1.4 Some Other Remarks 5 References 6 2 Deployment of UAV Base Stations for Wireless Communication Coverage 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Related Work 14 2.3 UAV-BS Deployment for Maximizing Coverage 17 2.3.1 Problem Statement 17 2.3.2 Proposed Solution 19 2.3.3 Evaluation 21 2.4 UAV-BS Deployment for Maximizing Coverage and Minimizing Interference 24 2.4.1 System Model and Problem Statement 24 2.4.2 Proposed Solution 27 2.4.3 Simulation Results 31 2.4.3.1 Dataset and Simulation Set-Up 31 2.4.3.2 Comparing Approaches 32 2.4.3.3 Simulation Results 32 2.5 Voronoi Partitioning-Based UAV-BS Deployment 36 2.5.1 Problem Statement and Main Results 36 2.5.2 Simulation Results 41 2.6 Range-Based UAV-BS Deployment 43 2.6.1 Problem Statement and Main Results 43 2.6.2 Simulation Results 49 2.7 Summary 52 References 52 3 Deployment of UAVs for Surveillance of Ground Areas and Targets 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Related Work 60 3.3 Asymptotically Optimal UAV Deployment for Surveillance of a Flat Ground Area 61 3.3.1 Problem Statement 61 3.3.2 Deployment Algorithm 63 3.3.3 Evaluation 67 3.4 UAV Deployment for Surveillance of Uneven Ground Areas 71 3.4.1 Problem Statement 71 3.4.2 Deployment Algorithm 73 3.4.3 Evaluation 78 3.5 2D UAV Deployment for Ground Target Surveillance 80 3.5.1 Problem Statement 80 3.5.2 Proposed Solution 82 3.5.3 Evaluation 85 3.6 3D UAV Deployment for Ground Target Surveillance 87 3.6.1 Problem Statement 87 3.6.2 Proposed Solution 89 3.6.3 Evaluation 95 3.7 Summary and Future Research 99 References 100 4 Autonomous Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Ground Areas and Targets 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 RelatedWork 108 4.3 Asymptotically Optimal Path Planning for Surveillance of Ground Areas 110 4.3.1 Problem Statement 110 4.3.2 Path Planning Algorithm 111 4.3.3 Simulation Results 114 4.4 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of a Moving Ground Area 117 4.4.1 Problem Statement 117 4.4.2 Navigation Law 119 4.4.2.1 Available Measurements 120 4.4.3 Simulation Results 122 4.5 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Moving Targets on a Road Segment 125 4.5.1 Problem Statement 125 4.5.2 Proposal Solution 126 4.5.2.1 Monitoring Mode 126 4.5.2.2 Initial Mode 127 4.5.2.3 Searching Mode 128 4.5.2.4 Accumulating Mode 129 4.5.3 Simulation Results 130 4.6 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Moving Targets along a Road 134 4.6.1 Problem Statement 134 4.6.2 Navigation Algorithm 137 4.6.3 Simulation Results 139 4.7 Navigation of UAVs for Surveillance of Groups of Moving Ground Targets 142 4.7.1 Problem Statement and Proposed Approach 143 4.7.2 Navigation Method 146 4.7.3 Simulation Results 150 4.8 Summary and Future Research 153 References 154 5 Autonomous UAV Navigation for Covert Video Surveillance 159 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Related Work 160 5.3 Optimization-Based Navigation 162 5.3.1 System Model 162 5.3.2 Problem Statement 165 5.3.3 Predictive DP Based Trajectory Planning Algorithm 166 5.3.3.1 Aeronautic Trajectory Refinement 169 5.3.4 Evaluation 174 5.4 Biologically Inspired Motion Camouflage-based Navigation 181 5.4.1 Problem Statement 182 5.4.1.1 Available Measurements 182 5.4.2 Motion Camouflage Guidance Law 183 5.4.3 Evaluation 185 5.5 Summary and Future Work 188 References 189 6 Integration of UAVs and Public Transportation Vehicles for Parcel Delivery 195 6.1 Introduction 195 6.2 Related Work 199 6.3 System Model 203 6.4 One-way Path Planning 204 6.4.1 Problem Statement 204 6.4.2 Proposed Solution 207 6.4.2.1 Path Traversal Time 207 6.4.2.2 Reliable Path Construction 210 6.4.2.3 Energy-aware Reliable Path 213 6.4.3 Evaluation 215 6.5 Round-trip Path Planning in a Deterministic Network 218 6.5.1 Deterministic Model 218 6.5.1.1 Extended Multimodal Network 220 6.5.2 Problem Statement 222 6.5.2.1 Shortest UAV Path Problem 222 6.5.3 Proposed Solution 223 6.5.3.1 The Dijkstra-based Algorithm 223 6.5.3.2 Reliable UAV Path 225 6.5.3.3 Extended Coverage 228 6.5.4 Evaluation 228 6.6 Round-trip Path Planning in a Stochastic Network 232 6.6.1 Problem Statement 233 6.6.2 Proposed Solution 235 6.6.2.1 Proposed Algorithm 235 6.6.2.2 Robust Round-trip Planning Algorithm 240 6.6.3 Evaluation 243 6.7 Summary and Future Work 246 References 246 Abbreviations 252 Index 253

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Foreword xv Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii Acronyms xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Entities Involved in Air Crash Investigations 5 1.2.1 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 5 1.2.2 National Transportation Board (NTSB) 6 1.2.3 Operator (Airline) 6 1.2.4 Equipment Manufacturer 7 1.3 Existing Traditional FDR/CVR 7 1.3.1 Traditional FDR/CVR History 8 1.3.2 Flight Data Recorder (FDR) 9 1.3.3 The Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) 12 1.3.4 Other Types of Recorders 13 1.3.4.1 Deployable Recorders 13 1.3.4.2 Combined Recorders 14 1.3.4.3 Image Recorders 14 1.4 Real-Time Data Transmission as a Solution 14 1.5 System Capacity Requirements 15 1.6 Summary 15 2 State of the Art 19 2.1 Preceding Research 19 2.2 Wireless FDR/CVR Products in Market 22 2.2.1 Honeywell Connected Recorder 22 2.2.1.1 Honeywell Connected Recorder (HCR-25) Specifications 23 2.2.2 FLYHTStream 23 2.2.2.1 FLYHT AFIRS 228 Family Specifications 25 2.3 Wireless FDR/CVR Challenges 26 2.3.1 The Cost Aspect 26 2.3.2 Industry Factors 26 2.3.3 Lack of Regulations 27 2.4 Summary 27 3 Aviation Communication Overview 31 3.1 History 31 3.1.1 Wireless Telegraphy Era 32 3.1.2 Analog Radio Communication Era 33 3.1.3 Digital Radio Communication Era 34 3.1.4 Digital Data Link Era 34 3.2 Communication Traffic Classes 35 3.3 Main Actors and Organizations 37 3.3.1 Aviation Authorities 37 3.3.2 Air Transport Industry 37 3.3.3 Aviation Datalink Service Providers 38 3.3.4 Aviation Stakeholders 38 3.3.4.1 ANSPs 38 3.3.4.2 Airlines 38 3.3.4.3 Meteorological Centers 39 3.4 Spectrum Allocation to Aeronautical Services 39 3.5 Air-to-Air Communications 41 3.5.1 TCAS Communications 41 3.5.2 VHF Communications 42 3.5.3 ADS-B Air-to-Air Communications 42 3.6 Air-to-Ground Communications 43 3.6.1 HF Air-to-Ground Communications 43 3.6.2 Satellite Communications (SATCOM) 45 3.6.3 VHF Data Broadcast (VDB) Communications 46 3.6.4 ADS-B/ADS-R/TIS-B Air-to-Ground Communications 47 3.7 Summary 48 4 Satellite Data Transfer Implementation 51 4.1 The Iridium Satellite System 51 4.2 Iridium First Generation 52 4.2.1 Technical Description 52 4.2.2 Channels 55 4.2.3 Channel Data Rate 56 4.3 Second Generation 58 4.3.1 Orbit 60 4.3.2 Spacecraft 61 4.3.3 Characteristics and Communication Links 62 4.3.3.1 The Subscriber Links 63 4.3.3.2 The Feeder Links 64 4.3.3.3 The Inter-Satellite Links 64 4.3.3.4 The Telemetry, Tracking, and Commanding (TT&C) Links 65 4.3.4 Band Frequency Reuse 65 4.3.4.1 TDMA Frame Structure 65 4.4 PSTN-Based Data Transfer Implementation: One Channel per Aircraft 66 4.5 Alternative Satellite Transmission Implementations 68 4.5.1 Fixed Slot Allocation per Aircraft per Burst 68 4.5.1.1 Slots per Burst Data Transfer 70 4.5.2 Single Second Bursts with Variable Slot Assignment per Frame 74 4.5.2.1 Single Second Burst Data Transmission 76 4.6 Data Transfer – Internet Protocol over Satellite Link Data Transmission 79 4.6.1 The Iridium Data Channel 80 4.6.2 Packet and Frame Structure 80 4.6.3 Data Transfer with Internet Protocols 82 4.6.3.1 Setup and Control 82 4.6.3.2 Data Packet Transmissions 83 4.7 Number of Channels Needed to Support 5000 Planes 84 4.8 Expected Availability of Spectrum 86 4.9 Emerging LEO Satellite Constellations 86 4.9.1 Problem Formulation 87 4.9.2 Results 89 4.10 Discussion 90 4.11 Summary 91 5 VHF Digital Link Implementation 95 5.1 VHF Communications System 95 5.2 VDL Modes 96 5.2.1 VDL Mode 0 97 5.2.2 VDL Mode 2 97 5.2.3 VDL Mode 3 98 5.2.4 VDL Mode 4 98 5.3 Data Transfer – VDL Mode 4 Implementation 100 5.3.1 Consecutive Time Slot Bursts 101 5.3.2 Alternative VDL Mode 4 Transmission Scenarios 103 5.3.2.1 No Buffer and Burst 103 5.3.2.2 Two Second Buffer and Burst 104 5.3.2.3 Three Second Buffer and Burst 104 5.4 Data Transfer – Internet Protocol Over VDL Transmission 107 5.4.1 Data Transfer with Internet Protocols 108 5.4.1.1 Setup and Control 108 5.4.2 Packet and Frame Structure 109 5.4.3 Data Packet Transmissions 109 5.5 Number of Channels Needed to Support 5000 Planes 110 5.6 Expected Availability of Spectrum 110 5.7 Summary 111 6 Cooperative Data Transmission Implementations 113 6.1 VDL System-Based Relaying 114 6.2 VHF and Satellite System Cooperation 117 6.3 Aeronautical Ad-hoc Network (AANET) 118 6.4 Software-Defined Networking 121 6.5 Summary 123 7 UAV Wireless Networks and Recorders 127 7.1 UAV Communication Networks 127 7.2 Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network for 5G/B5GWireless Communications 130 7.3 Integrating UAVs Into Aviation Communication 132 7.4 UAV Recorders 132 7.5 Summary 133 8 Future Aviation Communication 135 8.1 SystemWide Information Management (SWIM) 135 8.1.1 SWIM Definition 136 8.1.2 SWIM Principles 137 8.1.3 SWIM Layers 138 8.2 Air-to-Ground (A2G) Future Communication 139 8.3 Advancements in Air-to-Air (A2A) Communication for Aviation 140 8.3.1 Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) 140 8.3.2 Airborne Separation Assurance Systems (ASAS) 140 8.3.3 L-DACS1 A2A Mode 141 8.3.4 Free-Space Optical (FSO) Communications 141 8.4 Emerging Technologies Shaping Aviation Communication 141 8.4.1 Single-Pilot Operations (SPOs) 141 8.4.2 Troposcatter Communications 142 8.4.3 Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) Communications 142 8.5 Machine Learning in Future Communications 142 8.6 Summary 143 References 144 Appendix A 145 A.1 Useful MATLAB Codes 145 A.1.1 Iridium Satellite Constellation Viewer 145 A.1.2 Iridium Satellite Constellation Footprints 145 A.1.3 Large Satellite Constellation Implementation for Ground-Based FDR/CVR Recorders 146 Index 153

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Book SynopsisThis book explains aircraft structures so as to provide a basic understanding of the subject and the terminology used, as well as illustrating some of the problems. It provides a brief historical background, and covers parts of the aeroplane, loads, structural form, materials, processes, detail design, quality control, stressing, and the documentation associated with modification and repairs. The Fourth Edition takes account of new materials and the new European regulatory system.Trade Review‘one of the most useful reference books that a budding designer or airline engineer could have available [it has] an aura of practical experience about it’ – Aerospace ‘contains a wealth of examples of good practice in the design and repair of metal aircraft. It also provides a good basic understanding of materials’ – Journal of the General Aviation Safety CouncilTable of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1 Introduction;. Chapter 2 History; 2.1 Outline; 2.2 Wire-braced structures; 2.3 Semi-monocoque structures; 2.4 Sandwich structures; 2.5 Review of the key points. Chapter 3 Parts of the Aircraft; 3.1 Terms connected with flight; 3.2 Terms connected with control; 3.3 Terms connected with high-lift devices; 3.4 Terms associated with the shape and dimensions of the aircraft; 3.5 Review of the key points. Chapter 4 Loads on the Aircraft; 4.1 General flight forces; 4.2 Acceleration loads 4.3 Further aerodynamic loads; 4.4 Other loads; 4.5 Further load factors; 4.6 Loads acting on the whole aircraft; 4.7 Review of the key points; 4.8 References. Chapter 5 The form of structures; 5.1 Structure relative to aircraft design; 5.2 Historic form of structure; 5.3 General form of structure; 5.4 The basic load systems in structures; 5.5 The forms of stress in materials; 5.6 Bending and torsion; 5.7 Compression; 5.8 The whole structure; 5.9 Review of the key points; 5.10 References. Chapter 6 Materials; 6.1 Choice of materials; 6.2 Material properties; 6.3 Smart structures (and materials); 6.4 Cost as a property of a material; 6.5 Heat treatment; 6.6 Reference numbers for materials; 6.7 Review of the key points; 6.8 References. Chapter 7 Processes; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Manufacturing;7.3 Jointing; 7.4 Review of the key points; 7.5 References. Chapter 8 Corrosion and protective treatments; 8.1 Nature of corrosion; 8.2 Causes of corrosion; 8.3 Protection against corrosion; 8.4 Review of the key points; 8.5 References. Chapter 9 Detail design; 9.1 Sheet-metal components; 9.2 Machined components and large forgings; 9.3 Notching and stress raisers; 9.4 Rivets and bolts; 9.5 Joggling; 9.6 Clips or cleats; 9.7 Stringer/frame intersections; 9.8 Lugs; 9.9 The ‘stiff path’; 9.10 Review of the key points. Chapter 10 Composite materials in aircraft structures; 10.1 What are composites?; 10.2 The strength of composite materials; 10.3 Types of structures; 10.4 Joining composites; 10.5 Fibres; 10.6 Resins; 10.7 Working safely with composites; 10.8 Review of the key points. Chapter 11 Quality and airworthiness; 11.1 Quality assurance; 11.2 Control; 11.3 Procedures and systems; 11.4 Further notes on quality control functions; 11.5 Airworthiness engineering; 11.6 Maintenance schedule; 11.7 References; 11.8 Review of the key points. Chapter 12 Stressing; 12.1 Introduction; 12.2 The stressman’s work; 12.3 Stressing methods; 12.4 Stress reports; 12.5 Review of the key points; 12.6 References. Chapter 13 Presentation of modifications and repairs; 13.1 Definitions; 13.2 The essential paperwork associated with modifications; 13.3 Review of the key points; 13.4 Conclusion; 13.5 References. Appendices

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Book SynopsisNOMINATED AND SHORT LISTED FOR THE SURVEILLANCE STUDIES BOOK PRIZE 2011! This theoretically informed research explores what the development and transformation of air travel has meant for societies and individuals. Brings together a number of interdisciplinary approaches towards the aeroplane and its relation to society Presents an original theory that our societies are aerial societies, or ''aerealities'', and shows how we are both enabled and threatened by aerial mobility Features a series of detailed international case studies which map the history of aviation over the past century - from the promises of early flight, to World War II bombing campaigns, and to the rise of international terrorism today Demonstrates the transformational capacity of air transport to shape societies, bodies and individual identities Offers startling historical evidence and bold new ideas about how the social and material spaces of the aeroplane aTrade Review“These books could serve as a starting point from which to further develop this concept of aerial space and how it fits with or challenges other theories of space that are emerging in geography and the social sciences more broadly, such as those drawing on network and complexity theory.” (The AAG Review of Books, 1 March 2014) ''Peter Adey is a clear, strong, inventive, unique voice in human geography. In Aerial Life, he brings together a fascinating set of theoretical concerns and empirical cases in his inimitable style, with a gravity of purpose and a lightness of touch that makes for an incredibly rich book.' —Mark B. Salter, University of Ottawa ‘By extending critical human geography to the complex verticalities of airspace, Peter Adey offers a vitally important riposte to the long neglect of aerial cultural politics in the social sciences. Aerial Life is a brilliant tour de force. Incisive, comprehensive, fresh and, above all, topical - this is the book which can guide us as we address the geographies of the aerial.’ —Stephen Graham, Newcastle University "He presents a compelling study of the processes involved in the social and psychological shaping of what he calls "the aerial subject." (Times Literary Supplement, 15 October 2010) Table of ContentsFigures and Tables ix Series Editors’ Preface x Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Prologue 1 Overview 6 Aerial Life 8 Powering Up Aerial Geographies 13 The Organization of the Book 21 Part One Becoming Aerial 23 2 Birth of the Aerial Body 25 Introduction 25 Beginnings 28 ‘Handsome Is as Handsome Does’: Disassembling the Aerial Body 30 The Flesh of the Aerial Youth 41 Simulation 45 Conclusion 52 3 The Projection and Performance of Airspace 54 Introduction 54 Building a Political Space: Identity, Boundedness and the Sanctity of Territory 57 Undoing Aerial Space: Post-nationalism and Projective Power 70 Conclusion 80 Part Two Governing Aerial Life 83 4 Aerial Views: Bodies, Borders and Biopolitics 85 Introduction 85 Seeing the Wood for the Trees: Targeting, Administering and Managing Populations 86 Techniques of the Observer/Observed 103 Three-Dimensional Vision 109 Conclusion 113 5 Profiling Machines 114 Introduction 114 Imagining the Pilot/Passenger 117 Sorting 124 Modifying 132 Conclusion 144 Part Three Aerial Aggression 145 6 Aerial Environments 147 Introduction 147 The Emergence of a Target 149 Systems, Circulations and Ecological Warfare 161 Air Conditioning 170 Conclusion 177 7 Subjects under Siege 179 Warning 179 Introduction 181 The Anatomy of Panic 185 Imaginations and Urgencies 189 Vigilance and the Social as Circuit 191 Entrainment 198 Conclusion 205 8 Conclusion 206 Environments 207 Futures 208 Aerial Turns 209 Notes 211 Bibliography 228 Index 255

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Book SynopsisNOMINATED AND SHORT LISTED FOR THE SURVEILLANCE STUDIES BOOK PRIZE 2011! This theoretically informed research explores what the development and transformation of air travel has meant for societies and individuals. Brings together a number of interdisciplinary approaches towards the aeroplane and its relation to society Presents an original theory that our societies are aerial societies, or ''aerealities'', and shows how we are both enabled and threatened by aerial mobility Features a series of detailed international case studies which map the history of aviation over the past century - from the promises of early flight, to World War II bombing campaigns, and to the rise of international terrorism today Demonstrates the transformational capacity of air transport to shape societies, bodies and individual identities Offers startling historical evidence and bold new ideas about how the social and material spaces of the aeroplane aTrade Review''Peter Adey is a clear, strong, inventive, unique voice in human geography. In Aerial Life, he brings together a fascinating set of theoretical concerns and empirical cases in his inimitable style, with a gravity of purpose and a lightness of touch that makes for an incredibly rich book.' —Mark B. Salter, University of Ottawa ‘By extending critical human geography to the complex verticalities of airspace, Peter Adey offers a vitally important riposte to the long neglect of aerial cultural politics in the social sciences. Aerial Life is a brilliant tour de force. Incisive, comprehensive, fresh and, above all, topical - this is the book which can guide us as we address the geographies of the aerial.’ —Stephen Graham, Newcastle University Table of ContentsFigures and Tables ix Series Editors’ Preface x Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 Prologue 1 Overview 6 Aerial Life 8 Powering Up Aerial Geographies 13 The Organization of the Book 21 Part One Becoming Aerial 23 2 Birth of the Aerial Body 25 Introduction 25 Beginnings 28 ‘Handsome Is as Handsome Does’: Disassembling the Aerial Body 30 The Flesh of the Aerial Youth 41 Simulation 45 Conclusion 52 3 The Projection and Performance of Airspace 54 Introduction 54 Building a Political Space: Identity, Boundedness and the Sanctity of Territory 57 Undoing Aerial Space: Post-nationalism and Projective Power 70 Conclusion 80 Part Two Governing Aerial Life 83 4 Aerial Views: Bodies, Borders and Biopolitics 85 Introduction 85 Seeing the Wood for the Trees: Targeting, Administering and Managing Populations 86 Techniques of the Observer/Observed 103 Three-Dimensional Vision 109 Conclusion 113 5 Profiling Machines 114 Introduction 114 Imagining the Pilot/Passenger 117 Sorting 124 Modifying 132 Conclusion 144 Part Three Aerial Aggression 145 6 Aerial Environments 147 Introduction 147 The Emergence of a Target 149 Systems, Circulations and Ecological Warfare 161 Air Conditioning 170 Conclusion 177 7 Subjects under Siege 179 Warning 179 Introduction 181 The Anatomy of Panic 185 Imaginations and Urgencies 189 Vigilance and the Social as Circuit 191 Entrainment 198 Conclusion 205 8 Conclusion 206 Environments 207 Futures 208 Aerial Turns 209 Notes 211 Bibliography 228 Index 255

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Book SynopsisChris Petty has written a book that covers much of the unheralded research into high-speed flight that helped set the stage for human spaceflight. I recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in the early history of rocket flight.-Al Worden, command module pilot for Apollo 15In 1945 some experts still considered the so-called sound barrier an impenetrable wall, while winged rocket planes remained largely relegated to science fiction. But soon a series of unique rocket-powered research aircraft and the dedicated individuals who built, maintained, and flew them began to push the boundaries of flight in aviation's quest to move ever higher, ever faster, toward the unknown. Beyond Blue Skies examines the thirty-year period after World War II during which aviation experienced an unprecedented era of progress that led the United States to the boundaries of outer space. Between 1946 and 1975, an ancient dry lakebed in California's High Desert played host to a series of rocket-powered research aircraft built to investigate the outer reaches of flight. The western Mojave's Rogers Dry Lake became home to Edwards Air Force Base, NASA's Flight Research Center, and an elite cadre of test pilots. Although one of them-Chuck Yeager-would rank among the most famous names in history, most who flew there during those years played their parts away from public view.The risks they routinely accepted were every bit as real as those facing NASA's astronauts, but no magazine stories or free Corvettes awaited them-just long days in a close-knit community in the High Desert. The role of not only the test pilots but the engineers, aerodynamicists, and support staff in making supersonic flight possible has been widely overlooked. Beyond Blue Skies charts the triumphs and tragedies of the rocket-plane era and the unsung efforts of the men and women who made amazing achievements possible.Trade Review"Chris Petty's Beyond Blue Skies: The Rocket Plane Programs That Led to the Space Age transports readers to Edwards Air Force Base, where, from 1946 to 1975, experimental rocket planes carried engineers' knowledge to higher altitudes and into the supersonic and hypersonic realms. . . . Any reader interested in the history of aviation and space programs will enjoy learning how they made it all work."—Kevin Castro, H-Environment“Chris Petty has written a book that covers much of the unheralded research into high-speed flight that helped set the stage for human spaceflight. I recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in the early history of rocket flight.”—Al Worden, command module pilot for Apollo 15“Beyond Blue Skies captures the period, the place, and best of all the people who made the rocket-plane era at Edwards so successful, providing a solid basis for the space shuttle. Chris Petty has captured our soul.”—Robert W. Kempel, retired experimental flight research engineer“Beyond Blue Skies is a deeply researched and thoughtful history of the X-planes that flew across the skies of California’s High Desert between 1946 and the 1970s. While rich in detail, it is approachable by the general reader and will prove to be as engaging as the exploits of the daring pilots who continually ‘pushed the envelope.’ Chris Petty’s new book capably fills a gap in the available literature, and for that reason along with its enjoyability, it deserves a place on your shelf.”—Rod Pyle, author, journalist, and editor in chief of Ad Astra magazine for the National Space Society“Chris Petty takes us on an exciting journey further than the usual treatments on this subject. He provides unique, personal accounts and rare insights from the engineers and technicians who built, modified, maintained, and controlled the most advanced research aircraft and their milestone flights. These stories are an essential addition to chronicling the remarkable achievements of the pioneering test pilots.”—Col. Mark Pestana, NASA research pilotTable of ContentsList of Illustrations Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction Abbreviations and Definitions Part 1. Breaking Barriers 1. A New Breed of Aircraft 2. Like a Speeding Bullet 3. A New Pretender 4. The Race to Mach 2 5. Facing the Heat 6. The End of the Beginning Part 2. America's First Spaceship 7. The Hypersonic Challenge 8. Higher and Faster 9. The Follow-On 10. Failure to Launch Part 3. The Lifting Bodies 11. Look Ma, No Wings! 12. The Heavyweights 13. Racehorses and Unrealized Plans Epilogue Sources Index

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Book SynopsisIn the years between the historic first moon landing by Apollo 11 on July 20,1969, and his death at age 82 on August 25, 2002, Neil Armstrong received hundreds of thousands of cards and letters from all over the world, congratulating him, praising him, requesting pictures and autographs, and asking him what must have seemed to him to be limitless— and occasionally intrusive— questions. Of course, all the famous astronauts received fan mail, but the sheer volume Armstrong had to deal with for more than four decades after his moon landing was staggering. Today, the preponderance of those letters— some 75,000 of them— are preserved in the archives at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. Dear Neil Armstrong publishes a careful sampling of these letters —roughly 400— reflecting the various kinds of correspondence that Armstrong received along with representative samples of his replies. Selected and edited by James R. Hansen, Armstrong’s authorized biographer and author of the New YorkTimes best seller First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong, this collection sheds light on Armstrong’s enduring impact and offers an intimate glimpse into the cultural meanings of human spaceflight. Readers will explore what the thousands of letters to Neil Armstrong meant not only to those who wrote them, but as a snapshot of one of humankind’s greatest achievements in the twentieth century. They will see how societies and cultures projected their own meanings onto one of the world’s great heroes and iconic figures.Table of Contents FOREWORD PREFACE 1. FIRST WORDS 2. CONGRATULATIONS AND WELCOME HOME 3. THE SOVIETS 4. FOR ALL MANKIND 5. FROM ALL AMERICA 6. RELUCTANTLY FAMOUS 7. THE PRINCIPLED CITIZEN APPENDIX: SECRETARIES, ASSISTANTS, AND ADMINISTRATIVE AIDES FOR NEIL ARMSTRONG, 1969–2012 NOTES

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Book SynopsisFeaturing over seventy images from the heroic age of space exploration, Through Astronaut Eyes presents the story of how human daring along with technological ingenuity allowed people to see the Earth and stars as they never had before. Photographs from the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs tell powerful and compelling stories that continue to have cultural resonance to this day, not just for what they revealed about the spaceflight experience, but also as products of a larger visual rhetoric of exploration. The photographs tell us as much about space and the astronauts who took them as their reception within an American culture undergoing radical change throughout the turbulent 1960s. This book explores the origins and impact of astronaut still photography from 1962 to 1972, the period when human spaceflight first captured the imagination of people around the world. Photographs taken during those three historic programs are much admired and reprinted, but rarely seriously studied. This book suggests astronaut photography is particularly relevant to American culture based on how easily the images were shared through reproduction and circulation in a very visually oriented society. Space photography's impact at the crossroads of cultural studies, the history of exploration and technology, and public memory illuminates its continuing importance to American identity.Table of Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION: Interpreting Astronaut Photography CHAPTER 1: Why an Amateur Needs a Better Camera than a Professional CHAPTER 2: Photographs for Every Audience CHAPTER 3: Images of Exploration CHAPTER 4: The Afterlife of Astronaut Photography EPILOGUE: Continuing Resonance Notes Archival and Bibliographic Sources Index

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Book SynopsisArtfully curated by James R. Hansen, A Reluctant Icon: Letters to Neil Armstrong is a companion volume to Dear Neil Armstrong: Letters to the First Man from All Mankind, collecting hundreds more letters Armstrong received after first stepping on the moon until his death in 2012. Providing context and commentary, Hansen has assembled the letters by the following themes: religion and belief; anger, disappointment, and disillusionment; quacks, conspiracy theorists, and ufologists; fellow astronauts and the world of flight; the corporate world; celebrities, stars, and notables; and last messages.Taken together, both collections provide fascinating insights into the world of an iconic hero who took that first giant leap onto lunar soil willingly and thereby stepped into the public eye with reluctance. Space enthusiasts, historians, and lovers of all things related to flight will not want to miss this book.Table of Contents PREFACE 1. RELIGION AND BELIEF 2. ANGER, DISAPPOINTMENT, AND DISILLUSIONMENT 3. QUACKS, CONSPIRACY THEORISTS, AND UFOLOGISTS 4. FELLOW ASTRONAUTS AND THE WORLD OF FLIGHT 5. THE CORPORATE WORLD 6. CELEBRITIES, STARS, AND NOTABLES 7. LETTERS FROM A GRIEVING WORLD NOTES

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Book SynopsisElectronics in the Evolution of Flight traces the paired history of modern aviation and electronics, or avionics, from its earliest years to the indispensable tool it is today. Albert Helfrick, who for twenty-five years has designed avionics for agencies and corporations such as NASA and Boeing, provides a thorough account of the roles played by the famous and the obscure, from Edwin Howard Armstrong to Nikola Tesla and David Sarnoff, in the successful creation of aviation technology. Helfrick focuses much of his work on the advancement of electronic systems. He explains the origins of technical definitions and acronyms such as Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) and the difference between short waves and microwaves. With an easy familiarity, he reviews topics as varied as the Morse code, the Radio Club of America, and the evolution of microprocessors. Helfrick covers the history of all of the engineering and electronic developments in a style that is accessible to lay readers, but also provides a valuable reference for specialists.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, author Rosalie Schwartz uses the 1933 RKO-Radio Pictures production Flying Down to Rio to examine the interplay of technology and popular culture that shaped a distinctive twentieth-century sensibility. The musical comedy connected airplanes, movies, and tourism, ending spectacularly with chorus girls dancing on the wings of airplanes high above Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Hollywood fantasy capped three decades during which airplanes and movies engendered new expectations and redefined people's sense of well-being, their personal satisfactions, and their interpersonal relations. Wilbur and Orville Wright flew their airplane in 1903, at the same time that film-makers began to project edited, filmed stories onto large screens. Spectators found entertainment value in both airplane competitions and motion pictures, and movie producers brought the thrill of aviators' antics to a rapidly expanding audience. Meanwhile, air shows and competitions attracted large crowds of tourists. Mass tourism grew as a leisure-time activity, stimulated in part by travelogues and feature films. By 1930, the businessmen who envisioned transporting tourists to their destinations by airplane struggled to overcome the movie-exaggerated association of flight with danger. Schwartz weaves these threads into a story of human daring and persistence, political intrigue, and international competition. From Wilbur and Orville to Fred and Ginger, Schwartz's narrative follows the fortunes of aviation and movie pioneers and the foundations and growth of Pan American Airways and RKO-Radio Pictures, the two companies that came together in Flying Down to Rio. By the end of the twentieth century, aviation, movies, and mass tourism had become powerful global industries, contributing to an internationally connected, entertainment-oriented culture. What was once unthinkable had now become expected.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, author Rosalie Schwartz uses the 1933 RKO-Radio Pictures production Flying Down to Rio to examine the interplay of technology and popular culture that shaped a distinctive twentieth-century sensibility. The musical comedy connected airplanes, movies, and tourism, ending spectacularly with chorus girls dancing on the wings of airplanes high above Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Hollywood fantasy capped three decades during which airplanes and movies engendered new expectations and redefined people's sense of well-being, their personal satisfactions, and their interpersonal relations. Wilbur and Orville Wright flew their airplane in 1903, at the same time that film-makers began to project edited, filmed stories onto large screens. Spectators found entertainment value in both airplane competitions and motion pictures, and movie producers brought the thrill of aviators' antics to a rapidly expanding audience. Meanwhile, air shows and competitions attracted large crowds of tourists. Mass tourism grew as a leisure-time activity, stimulated in part by travelogues and feature films. By 1930, the businessmen who envisioned transporting tourists to their destinations by airplane struggled to overcome the movie-exaggerated association of flight with danger. Schwartz weaves these threads into a story of human daring and persistence, political intrigue, and international competition. From Wilbur and Orville to Fred and Ginger, Schwartz's narrative follows the fortunes of aviation and movie pioneers and the foundations and growth of Pan American Airways and RKO-Radio Pictures, the two companies that came together in Flying Down to Rio. By the end of the twentieth century, aviation, movies, and mass tourism had become powerful global industries, contributing to an internationally connected, entertainment-oriented culture. What was once unthinkable had now become expected.

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Book SynopsisIn this definitive study, J. D. Hunley traces the programme’s development from Goddard’s early rockets (and the German V-2 missile) through the Titan IVA and the Space Shuttle, with a focus on space-launch vehicles. Since these rockets often evolved from early missiles, he pays considerable attention to missile technology, not as an end in itself, but as a contributor to launch-vehicle technology.Focusing especially on the engineering culture of the programme, Hunley communicates this very human side of technological development by means of anecdotes, character sketches, and case studies of problems faced by rocket engineers. He shows how such a highly adaptive approach enabled the evolution of a hugely complicated technology that was impressive—but decidedly not rocket science.Unique in its single-volume coverage of the evolution of launch-vehicle technology from 1926 to 1991, this meticulously researched work will inform scholars and engineers interested in the history of technology and innovation, as well as those specialising in the history of space flight.

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Book SynopsisIn May 1961, President Kennedy announced that the United States would attempt to land a man on the moon and return him safely to the earth before the end of that decade. Yet NASA did not have a specific plan for how to accomplish that goal. Over the next fourteen months, NASA vigorously debated several options. At first the consensus was to send one big rocket with several astronauts to the moon, land and explore, and then take off and return the astronauts to earth in the same vehicle. Another idea involved launching several smaller Saturn V rockets into the earth orbit, where a lander would be assembled and fueled before sending the crew to the moon. But it was a small group of engineers led by John C. Houbolt who came up with the plan that propelled human beings to the moon and back—not only safely, but faster, cheaper, and more reliably. Houbolt and his colleagues called it "lunar orbit rendezvous," or "LOR." At first the LOR idea was ignored, then it was criticized, and then finally dismissed by many senior NASA officials. Nevertheless, the group, under Houbolt's leadership, continued to press the LOR idea, arguing that it was the only way to get men to the moon and back by President Kennedy's deadline. Houbolt persisted, risking his career in the face of overwhelming opposition. This is the story of how John Houbolt convinced NASA to adopt the plan that made history.Table of Contents Abbreviations Author's Note Prologue PART I: Beginnings CHAPTER 1: A Young Engineer CHAPTER 2: Evolution of an Agency CHAPTER 3: The Space Task Group CHAPTER 4: Predicting the Future PART II: Ideas CHAPTER 5: From the Earth to the Moon CHAPTER 6: More Committees, Groups, and Panels CHAPTER 7: Parking Orbit CHAPTER 8: Mode Discussions CHAPTER 9: A National Commitment PART III: Debate CHAPTER 10: The "Admiral's Page" and a Letter CHAPTER 11: More Committees, New Issues CHAPTER 12: "All That Nonsense" CHAPTER 13: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back CHAPTER 14: A New Way of Doing Things CHAPTER 15: The Lunar Crasher CHAPTER 16: A Letter From a Crank CHAPTER 17: A Fifth Engine and a New Spacecraft CHAPTER 18: Time for Serious Comparisons CHAPTER 19: Almost There CHAPTER 20: Charlie Frick's Road Show CHAPTER 21: Scratching Backs PART IV: Decision CHAPTER 22: A Surprise Announcement CHAPTER 23: Not There Yet CHAPTER 24: "An Act of Faith and Vision" Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThe Rocket Lab: Maurice Zucrow, Purdue University, and America's Race to Space focuses on the golden era of space exploration between 1946 and 1966, specifically the life and times of Purdue University's Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, a pioneering teacher and researcher in aerospace engineering. Zucrow taught America's first university course in jet and rocket propulsion, wrote the field's first textbook, and established the country's first educational Rocket Lab. He was part of a small circle of innovators who transformed Purdue into the country's largest engineering university, which became a cradle of astronauts. Taking a chronological and thematic approach, The Rocket Lab weaves between the local and national, drawing in rival universities, especially Harvard, MIT, Princeton, and Caltech. Also covered is Zucrow's role in the national project system of research and development through World War II and the Cold War. At Aerojet, he was one of the country's original project engineers, dedicated to scientific-technical expertise and the stepwise approach. He made vanguard power plant contributions to the Northrop Flying Wing, as well as the Corporal, Nike, and Atlas missiles, among others. Zucrow's work in propulsion helped to improve the country's arsenal of ballistic missiles and space launchers, and as a teacher, he educated the first generation of aerospace engineers. This book elevates Zucrow and the central role he played in getting the United States to space.

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Book SynopsisThe Rocket Lab: Maurice Zucrow, Purdue University, and America's Race to Space focuses on the golden era of space exploration between 1946 and 1966, specifically the life and times of Purdue University's Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, a pioneering teacher and researcher in aerospace engineering. Zucrow taught America's first university course in jet and rocket propulsion, wrote the field's first textbook, and established the country's first educational Rocket Lab. He was part of a small circle of innovators who transformed Purdue into the country's largest engineering university, which became a cradle of astronauts. Taking a chronological and thematic approach, The Rocket Lab weaves between the local and national, drawing in rival universities, especially Harvard, MIT, Princeton, and Caltech. Also covered is Zucrow's role in the national project system of research and development through World War II and the Cold War. At Aerojet, he was one of the country's original project engineers, dedicated to scientific-technical expertise and the stepwise approach. He made vanguard power plant contributions to the Northrop Flying Wing, as well as the Corporal, Nike, and Atlas missiles, among others. Zucrow's work in propulsion helped to improve the country's arsenal of ballistic missiles and space launchers, and as a teacher, he educated the first generation of aerospace engineers. This book elevates Zucrow and the central role he played in getting the United States to space.

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Book SynopsisFeaturing more than 600 photos, Photographing America's First Astronauts: Project Mercury Through the Lens of Bill Taub is the most complete photographic account of Project Mercury ever published. Previous Project Mercury books largely have relied on the relatively limited number of photos released by NASA. This book, however, showcases hundreds of never-before-seen images of America's first manned space program by NASA's first staff photographer, Bill Taub. Taub went everywhere with the Mercury astronauts, capturing their daily activities from 1959 to 1963. As a result, his photos provide a unique and intimate behind-the-scenes look at the people and operations of Project Mercury in real time.Drawing on Taub's recently discovered archive of thousands of black-and-white and color prints, slides, and transparencies, this is the first book to comprehensively visually document Project Mercury. No previous book has devoted as many images to each of the Mercury Seven astronauts and their pioneering spaceflights. Other chapters cover astronaut selection and training, NASA management, and facilities at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Each image is accompanied by a detailed caption. The foreword is by legendary NASA Flight Director Eugene Kranz.Table of Contents Foreword by Eugene Kranz Introduction About the Photography Acknowledgments 1. Steps to Space 2. The People of Mercury 3. Alan Shepard/Mercury-Redstone 3 4. Gus Grissom/Mercury-Redstone 4 5. John Glenn/Mercury-Atlas 6 6. Deke Slayton/Destiny Delayed 7. Scott Carpenter/Mercury-Atlas 7 8. Wally Schirra/Mercury-Atlas 8 9. Gordon Cooper/Mercury-Atlas 9 10. Beyond Mercury Abbreviations Bibliography About Bill Taub About the Authors

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Book SynopsisThis volume introduces students and researchers to the fundamental concepts of aeronautics, the science involved with the creation and flying of air flight–capable machines. Written in accessible language, this volume aims to help readers develop a meaningful understanding of this exciting and evolving topic. Aeronautics is the branch of applied science that studies the technical and environmental variables as well as the physics that comprise the ongoing development and history of aeronautics. Throughout history men have dreamed of flying. Depictions of what can only be described as “flying machines” are found in ancient art; many of these have striking similarities to some of the most modern flying machines. This volume presents such subjects as flight principles, aerodynamics, the history of flight, aircraft types, and many others, allowing readers to acquire a sound knowledge base for their understanding of aeronautics in the real world. Entries include a Fields of Study section related to the particular topic; an Abstract that provides a brief, concrete summary of the topic; Key Concepts important to a proper understanding of the topic; a detailed essay that provides an explanation of the background and significance of the topic; and Further Reading lists of up-to-date references that relate to each entry. Entries are arranged alphabetically to make it easy to locate topics. Entries in Principles of Aeronautics range from one to five pages in length. Topics discussed include: Aircraft design Propulsion systems Flight in ancient history and mythology Aircraft types Air transport Military applications Atmospheric effects Composite materials in aeronautics Space applications Fuels Fire suppression and extinguishment Historical events Historical personages and other relevant topics. The volume also includes a number of helpful appendixes, including: A Glossary that defines all of the key specialized terms that are used throughout the book A comprehensive general Bibliography and list of Further Reading entries, comprising the works authors drew upon in composing their entries as well as sources for further study A Subject Index that offers multiple points of entry for readers The amount of material that could be drawn from for the articles in this volume is immense. With approximately only 125 individual essays, this new volume gives readers a solid overview of aeronautics and the major concepts and contemporary issues surrounding the role of aeronautics in the world. An invaluable resource for students at the high school and undergraduate levels, especially those considering careers relevant to aeronautics.

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Book SynopsisThe global aerospace industry plays a vital role in commerce, communications, transportation, and defense. More than just aircraft and aircraft manufacturing, the aerospace industry is composed of original equipment manufacturing (OEM), avionics, electronics, rockets, space vehicles, satellites, and drones. The complex needs for achieving flight also makes the aerospace industry a key contributor to advancements in computing, advanced materials, and construction. Historically the stuff of fantasy, the development of the commercial space and drone industry of today adds a new dimension to the impact of aerospace in everyday life. This carefully researched book covers exciting trends in the business of aerospace, aircraft, satellites and drones. This reference tool includes thorough market analysis as well as our highly respected trends analysis. It contains thousands of contacts for business and industry leaders, industry associations, Internet sites and other resources. This book also includes statistical tables, an industry glossary and thorough indexes. The corporate profiles section of the book includes our proprietary, in-depth profiles of hundreds of leading companies, worldwide, in all facets of the aerospace industry, including private and public firms. Here you'll find complete profiles of the hot companies that are making news today, the largest, most successful corporations in the business. You'll find a complete overview, industry analysis and market research report in one superb, value-priced package.Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: Major Trends Affecting the Aerospace, Aircraft, Satellites & Drones Industry Chapter 2: Aerospace, Aircraft, Satellites & Drones Industry Statistics Chapter 3: Important Aerospace, Aircraft, Satellites & Drones Contacts Chapter 4: THE AEROSPACE 350Additional Indexes

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Book SynopsisHow the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut was designed and reimagined over timeIn this book, Cathleen Lewis discusses how the public image of the Soviet cosmonaut developed beginning in the 1950s and the ways this icon has been reinterpreted throughout the years and in contemporary Russia. Compiling material and cultural representations of the cosmonaut program, Lewis provides a new perspective on the story of Soviet spaceflight, highlighting how the government has celebrated figures such as Yuri Gagarin and Valentina Tereshkova through newspapers, radio, parades, monuments, museums, films, and even postage stamps and lapel pins.Lewis’s analysis shows that during the Space Race, Nikita Khrushchev mobilized cosmonaut stories and images to symbolize the forward-looking Soviet state and distract from the costs of the Cold War. Public perceptions shifted after the first Soviet spaceflight fatality and failure to reach the Moon, yet cosmonaut imagery was still effective propaganda, evolving through the USSR’s collapse in 1991 and seen today in Vladimir Putin’s government cooperation for a film on the 1985 rescue of the Salyut 7 space station. Looking closely at the process through which Russians continue to reexamine their past, Lewis argues that the cultural memory of spaceflight remains especially potent among other collective Soviet memories.Trade Review“An innovative study of pop culture, memorabilia, propaganda, and hero worship, Cosmonaut brings the Soviet space program to life from inside Soviet society.”—Foreword Reviews

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Book SynopsisAn unprecedented examination of NASA's strong ties to the American South, exploring how the space program and the region have influenced each other over 60 yearsDuring the Cold War, federal funding for the space program transformed the southern United States as NASA built most of its major new facilities in the region and invested heavily in Project Apollo. This volume examines the economic, social, political, and cultural impacts of NASA on the South since the space program was founded in 1958 and explores how the program's strong relationship to the region has affected NASA's organizational culture, technological development, and programmatic goals.Featuring contributions by scholars from a range of backgrounds, including space historians as well as specialists in many other fields, NASA and the American South offers perspectives on how NASA provided a springboard for the complete restructuring of communities that were home to its facilities in Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, New Orleans, and Texas. These changes unsettled previous patterns of life, and the chapters in this volume include assessments of NASA's influence on regional development, tourism, art and architecture, religion, and Black institutions of higher education.Bridging the gap between the history of technology and its geographical and cultural contexts, this book offers an unprecedented reevaluation of the impact of the space program on its surrounding landscape, introducing a new framework for interpreting the agency's legacy.

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Book SynopsisEver since their inception, space activities have been innovative, but not driven by commercial considerations – that is, until the end of the Cold War, when the commercialization of space escalated. As a result, the direction of the innovation changed in order to leverage new business opportunities, which reached a turning point in the 2010s. This book discusses the developmental trends of the world space sector in detail, by analyzing their long-term evolution, and studying why this innovative industry sometimes experiences technological and organizational delays. Innovation Trends in the Space Industry also provides a framework to diagnose more accurately the potential technological threats that are currently faced by existing space tech manufacturers. Moreover, this book, with an economic perspective, provides a close examination of the space sector. It also contributes to enriching innovation management theory by leading us to better understand industry emergence shaped by customers, to reinterpret technological and organizational inertia in high technology activities, and to refine disruptive innovation trends.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Theoretical and Empirical Framework 1 1.1. Innovation management: introductory elements 2 1.1.1. Diversity and legitimacy of innovation 3 1.1.2. Typology of innovations 5 1.1.3. Developing product innovations 9 1.1.4. The industry cycle 15 1.2. The space industry 22 1.2.1. Why study the space industry? 23 1.2.2. Sources and level of analysis 24 1.2.3. The boundaries of the space industry 25 1.2.4. Structure of the space industry 28 Chapter 2. The Emergence of Industry: The Influence of Demand 43 2.1. The space industry is in the emerging phase 44 2.1.1. Emergence as an object of study 44 2.1.2. Characterizing emergence 46 2.1.3. Method: sources and measurements 49 2.1.4. Results 53 2.1.5. Discussion 56 2.2. Customers shape the industry dynamics in the emergence phase 57 2.2.1. Theoretical framework 57 2.2.2. Sources 60 2.2.3. Results: influence of customers on the emergence of the space industry 60 2.2.4. Discussion and implications 65 2.3. Demand influences technological change 70 2.3.1. Sources, data and indicators 70 2.3.2. Loss of impetus resulting in technical change 72 2.3.3. Influence of demand on technological change 78 2.3.4. Discussion and conclusion 84 Chapter 3. Slow Adoption of Innovations: A Key Success Factor 87 3.1. Slow adoption of technological innovations: a key success factor 88 3.1.1. Introduction 88 3.1.2. Inertia: a literature review 90 3.1.3. Modeling a strategy of technological inertia based on reliability 94 3.1.4. Research methodology 97 3.1.5. Results 105 3.1.6. Discussion and conclusion 106 3.2. Slow adoption of organizational innovations: a key success factor 109 3.2.1. Introduction 109 3.2.2. Organizational change: a literature review 111 3.2.3. Modeling the organizational inertia strategy 116 3.2.4. Methodology 117 3.2.5. Results 118 3.2.6. Discussion and conclusion 126 Chapter 4. Technological Discontinuities and Strategic Diagnosis 131 4.1. Disruptive innovations and threat analysis 132 4.1.1. Introduction 132 4.1.2. The theory of disruptive innovations 134 4.1.3. Model 139 4.1.4. Methodology 144 4.1.5. Results 145 4.1.6. Discussion 156 4.1.7. Conclusion 158 Conclusion 161 References 169 Index 191

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Book SynopsisPerformance calculations can be classified into three main types: lift, thrust and slope. Firstly, since the lift profile is known and unmodifiable from the time an aircraft is designed, the mass at a given speed or the speed at a given mass must be determined. Then, once the thrust of the engines and the mass are known, the slope must be calculated. Finally, once the slope is known (for example, level flight) as well as the mass, it is necessary to deduce the thrust; this is the position of the throttle control lever that ensures balance. The corresponding consumption must then be defined. Performance specifications for customer aircraft, such as manoeuvrability, fuel consumption, maintenance, safety and testability, have become ever more demanding with each generation of equipment. Major technical advances have been required: wing profiles, engines, materials to reduce mass, etc. This book presents a theoretical approach to flight mechanics that makes it possible to grasp the subject and links it with the empirical approach of manufacturers.Table of ContentsForeword xiSerge ZANINOTTI Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Use of Aerodynamic Forces to Control the Trajectory of an Aircraft 1 1.1 Definitions 1 1.1.1 Lift 3 1.1.2 Drag 4 1.1.3 Equilibrium in horizontal flight 7 1.1.4 Aerodynamic moments8 1.1.5 Center of gravity8 1.1.6 Aerodynamic center9 1.1.7 Center of thrust 10 1.1.8 Centering and stability 10 1.1.9 Lateral stability 11 1.1.10 Turn and roll 11 1.1.11 Load factor 12 1.2 Pitch control 13 1.3 Yaw control 15 1.4 Roll control 17 1.5 The Mach: subsonic, transonic and supersonic speeds 18 Chapter 2 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments and their Derivatives 21 2.1 Definitions 21 2.2 Aerodynamic forces 22 2.2.1 Drag expression 22 2.2.2 Expression of lateral lift24 2.2.3 Expression of lift25 2.3 Aerodynamic moments 25 2.4 Major aerodynamic derivatives26 Chapter 3 Wind Tunnel 27 3.1 Description of wind tunnel tests27 3.2 Stall 28 3.3 Calculation of the maximum stress applied to an aircraft wing in a wind tunnel 30 3.3.1 Definition of the drag coefficient from the flow tables 30 3.3.2 Calculation of the maximum stress applied to an aircraft wing in a wind tunnel 31 Chapter 4 Trihedron 33 4.1 Writing convention 33 4.2 Definitions of trihedrons33 4.2.1 Definition of a trihedron or frame of reference 33 4.2.2 Galilean trihedron34 4.2.3 Absolute trihedron 34 4.2.4 Local geographic trihedron35 4.2.5 Terrestrial trihedron35 4.2.6 Aircraft trihedron35 4.2.7 Aircraft aerodynamic speed trihedron (G, Xvae, Yvae, Zvae) 36 4.2.8 Balance trihedron36 4.3 Change of reference 36 4.4 Relation between trihedra 39 4.4.1 Aircraft trihedron (G, X1, Y1, Z1) with respect to the reference trihedron (G, X0, Y0, Z0) 39 4.4.2 Aerodynamic trihedron of the aircraft (G, Xva, Yva, Zva) with respect to the aircraft trihedron (G, Xe, Ye, Ze) 40 4.5 Relative positions of the various trihedra40 4.5.1 Position of the aircraft trihedron with respect to the local geographical trihedron 40 4.5.2 Position of the aerodynamic trihedron with respect to the terrestrial trihedron 43 4.5.3 Position of the aircraft trihedron in relation to the aerodynamic speed trihedron 46 4.5.4 Position of the aircraft trihedron in relation to the balance trihedron 48 4.5.5 Position of the terrestrial trihedron in relation to the local geographic trihedron 50 Chapter 5 Movement of a Solid 53 5.1 Rotation of a solid around a fixed point 53 5.2 Kinematics of a solid57 5.3 Reference framework60 5.3.1 Absolute reference 60 5.3.2 Relative reference60 5.3.3 Drive movement61 5.3.4 Goal 61 5.3.5 Change of reference framework 61 5.3.6 Change of reference: conclusion and summary 67 5.4 Components of the instantaneous velocity vector of the aircraft reference (O, ie, je, ke)E with respect to the local geographic reference (O, ilgt, jlgt, klgt)LGT in the aircraft reference 70 5.5 Equations of accelerations and forces in the aircraft frame (O, ie, je, ke)E 74 5.6 Determination of load factors in the aircraft reference (O, ie, je, ke)E 77 5.7 Case where the speeds and accelerations are provided at a point other than G77 5.8 Coordinates of the aerodynamic speed in aircraft axes 79 5.9 Equations of moments in the aircraft frame (O, ie, je, ke)E 80 5.10 Forces and moments applied to the aircraft85 5.10.1 Force of gravity85 5.10.2 Forces and moments of propulsion 86 5.10.3 Aerodynamic forces and moments 86 5.10.4 Forces and inertia torques86 Chapter 6 Aircraft Characteristics 87 6.1 Aerodynamics problems posed by aircraft 87 6.1.1 Drag 87 6.1.2 Lift 89 6.1.3 Reynolds number90 6.1.4 Flow velocity 90 6.1.5 Stability of an aircraft 91 6.1.6 Resistance of structures92 6.1.7 Sizing of an aircraft 93 6.2 Load factor 93 6.2.1 Definition of the load factor93 6.2.2 Definition of load factor requirements 93 Chapter 7 Aircraft Simulation Model95 7.1 Simulation model of the atmosphere 96 7.2 Propulsive coefficients 96 7.3 Mass coefficients 96 7.4 Aerodynamic coefficients 97 7.5 Equations of motion 98 7.6 Introduction of wind104 Chapter 8 Processing of Trajectography Information 107 8.1 Telemeasured parameters 107 8.2 Smoothing, first derivation and second derivation 107 8.3 Performance calculation108 8.3.1 Change of coordinates to move from the trihedron (O, Xc, Yc, Zc) to the trihedron (O, X0, Y0, Z0)108 8.3.2 Aircraft speed relative to the ground109 8.3.3 Aerodynamic speed and Mach number 109 8.4 Aerodynamic route and slope 111 8.5 Determination of the angle ψ 114 8.6 Load factors in the aerodynamic trihedron (O, Xa, Yaf, Zr) 114 8.7 Processing of data from the inertial unit (in the aircraft frame) 115 8.7.1 Load factor conversion 116 8.7.2 Calculation of accelerations at the center of gravity 118 8.7.3 Speed conversion118 8.7.4 Calculation of Ψ120 8.7.5 Recomposition of the trajectory 120 8.8 Determination of some aerodynamic parameters 120 8.8.1 Determination of the incidence α and sideslip β 120 8.8.2 Determination of ψac121 8.8.3 Determination of θ 128 8.9 Determination of load factors (nx1, ny1, nz1) in the aircraft trihedron 129 8.10 Determination of CY and Cz 131 8.11 Determination of the total incidence132 8.12 Determination of the longitudinal attitude compared to the local horizontal plane 132 8.13 Determination of drag coefficients 136 8.14 Determination of the pushing force 137 Chapter 9 Quaternion Methods 139 9.1 Goal 139 9.2 Reminder of the axis change formulas using Euler angles 140 9.3 Olinde-Rodrigues’s formulas: definition of quaternions 140 Glossary 161 List of Abbreviations 165 References 169 Index 171

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Book SynopsisIn the field of aeronautical dynamics, this book offers readers a design tool which enables them to solve the different problems that can occur during the planning stage of a private project. The authors present a system for the modeling, design and calculation of the flying qualities of airplanes and drones, with a complete mathematical model by Matlab/Simulink. As such, this book may be useful for design engineers as well as for keen airplane amateurs. The authors expound the various phases involved in the design process of an airplane, starting with the formulation of a design tool, under the form of a 0D mathematical model (dimensionless, time dependent), before moving on to explore the behavior of the airplane under certain circumstances and offering insights into the optimization of airplane flying qualities. As validation of this model, they present a numerical result, drawn from data collected on an existing plane – the Concorde. The dimensional process is then explored and applied to a realistic drone project. Recommendations on the development of the principal characteristics of the plane (i.e. mass distribution, air load, wing span) are given. Contents 1. 0D Analytical Modeling of theAirplane Motions. 2. Design and Optimizationof an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). 3. Organization of the Auto-Pilot. This book provides a description of the modeling, design, and calculation of the aeronautical qualities of airplanes and drones. Divided into several parts, this book first summarizes all the necessary theoretical developments about the equations of motions and trajectory calculations of the machine. It then goes on to describe practical building processes and considers piloting methods. The last part makes a comparison between theoretical calculations and measured recorded data of the real flying machine. Accompanied by a complete mathematical model in MATLAB/SIMULINKTable of ContentsIntroduction vii Chapter 1. 0D Analytical Modeling of the Airplane Motions 1 1.1. References: axis systems on use 2 1.1.1. Galilean reference: R0 2 1.1.2. Airplane reference: RB (body) also called “linked reference” 2 1.1.3. Resultant angular velocity 6 1.2. Equations of motion of the airplane 9 1.2.1. Expression of Newton’s principle 10 1.2.2. Expression of the dynamic momentum 11 1.3. Description of external forces and torques 14 1.3.1. Aerodynamic forces and torques 14 1.3.2. Sign rules 17 1.4. Description of aerodynamic coefficients 18 1.4.1. Drag coefficient: Cx 19 1.4.2. Side lift coefficient CY 19 1.4.3. Vertical lift due to attack angle: CZα 20 1.4.4. Lift due to pitch angular velocity: CZq 21 1.4.5. Roll coefficients (due to β, δl , p) 22 1.4.6. Pitch coefficients (due to α, δm , q , static curvature) 25 1.4.7. Yaw coefficients (due to β, δn, r) 27 1.5. Aerodynamic data of a supersonic airliner for valuation of the software 32 1.6. Horizontal flight as an initial condition 33 1.7. Effect of gravitational forces 36 1.8. Calculation of the trajectory of the airplane in open space 39 1.9. Validation by comparison with ONERA Concorde data 47 1.10. Definitions of aerodynamic coefficients and derivatives 51 1.10.1. Aerodynamic coefficients 51 1.10.2. Total lift coefficient 51 1.10.3. Drag characteristics: (dimensionless) 55 1.10.4. Side lift coefficient: CY (dimensionless) 58 1.10.5. Roll coefficients 59 1.10.6. Pitch coefficients 62 1.10.7. Yaw coefficients 66 Chapter 2. Design and Optimization of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 69 2.1. General design of the drone 71 2.2. Weight estimation 72 2.3. Size estimation 73 2.4. Mass and inertia evaluation 76 2.4.1. Mass evaluation 76 2.4.2. Measurement of the roll inertia (A) 77 2.4.3. Measurement of pitch inertia (B) 79 2.4.4. Measurement of yaw inertia (C) 80 2.5. Convergence toward the target 82 Chapter 3. Organization of the Auto-Pilot 91 3.1. Position of the drone in open space 93 3.2. The Dog Law 95 3.3. Flight tests 98 3.4. Altitude control system 100 3.5. Altitude measurement on an actual drone 102 Bibliography 111 Index 113

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with air-ground aeronautical communications. The main goal is to give the reader a survey of the currently deployed, emerging and future communications systems dedicated to digital data communications between the aircraft and the ground, namely the data link. Those communication systems show specific properties relatively to those commonly used for terrestrial communications. In this book, the system architectures are more specifically considered from the access to the application layers as radio and physical functionalities have already been addressed in detail in others books. The first part is an introduction to aeronautical communications, their specific concepts, properties, requirements and terminology. The second part presents the currently used systems for air ground communications in continental and oceanic area. The third part enlightens the reader on the emerging and future communication systems and some leading research projects focused on this scope. Finally, before the conclusion, the fourth part gives several main challenges and research directions currently under investigation.Table of ContentsFOREWORD ix INTRODUCTION xiii CHAPTER 1. CURRENT COMMUNICATION RADIO SYSTEMS FOR DATA LINK 1 1.1. History and definition 1 1.1.1. From voice to data link 1 1.1.2. Communication traffic classes 3 1.1.3. Main actors and organizations 5 1.2. Systems architecture 8 1.2.1. ACARS 8 1.2.2. FANS 1/A 11 1.2.3. ATN baseline 1 and FANS 2/B 13 1.3. Radio subnetworks for air–ground communications 21 1.3.1. Radio resource management 21 1.3.2. VHF communications 25 1.3.3. SATCOM 34 1.3.4. HF communications 44 CHAPTER 2. EMERGING AND FUTURE COMMUNICATION RADIO SYSTEMS FOR DATA LINK 49 2.1. Data link related research projects 49 2.1.1. Topics of interest 49 2.1.2. European project: SESAR 52 2.1.3. North American project: NextGen 55 2.1.4. Designing emerging communication systems for data link (for both SESAR WP and NextGen technologies) 56 2.2. Emerging communication systems 57 2.2.1. Integrated end-to-end communication architecture 57 2.2.2. Future aeronautical communication systems 59 CHAPTER 3. CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 79 3.1. Sharing information: the SWIM concept 79 3.1.1. Why does ATM need SWIM? 79 3.1.2. SWIM principles 81 3.1.3. SWIM technical components 81 3.2. Multilink operational concept 83 3.2.1. Multilink operational concept requirements 83 3.2.2. Vertical handover in MLOC 84 3.3. IP mobility 87 3.3.1. IP mobility requirements for the FCI 88 3.3.2. IP mobility candidate solutions 88 3.3.3. IP mobility: open issues 89 3.4. Traffic segregation 90 3.4.1. Context 90 3.4.2. Traffic segregation and priority management strategies 91 3.4.3. Certification issues for multiplexing solutions (from a safety point of view) 93 3.5. Aeronautical network communications security 94 3.5.1. Levels of deployment for security mechanisms 95 3.5.2. Security controls coordination 98 3.6. Future aeronautical communication means: AANET (Aeronautical Ad Hoc Network) 100 3.6.1. AANET-based air/ground communications 100 3.6.2. AANET principles and properties 101 3.6.3. AANET access layer considerations 104 3.6.4. AANET communications performances 106 CONCLUSION 109 APPENDIX 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 121 INDEX 127

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Book SynopsisAir Traffic Management involves many different services such as Airspace Management, Air Traffic Flow Management and Air Traffic Control. Many optimization problems arise from these topics and they generally involve different kinds of variables, constraints, uncertainties. Metaheuristics are often good candidates to solve these problems. The book models various complex Air Traffic Management problems such as airport taxiing, departure slot allocation, en route conflict resolution, airspace and route design. The authors detail the operational context and state of art for each problem. They introduce different approaches using metaheuristics to solve these problems and when possible, compare their performances to existing approachesTable of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. The Context of Air Traffic Management 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Vocabulary and units 2 1.3. Missions and actors of the air traffic management system 3 1.4. Visual flight rules and instrumental flight rules 4 1.5. Airspace classes 4 1.6. Airspace organization and management 5 1.6.1. Flight information regions and functional airspace blocks 5 1.6.2. Lower and upper airspace 6 1.6.3. Controlled airspace: en route, approach or airport control 7 1.6.4. Air route network and airspace sectoring 7 1.7. Traffic separation 9 1.7.1. Separation standard, loss of separation 9 1.7.2. Conflict detection and resolution 11 1.7.3. The distribution of tasks among controllers 12 1.7.4. The controller tools 12 1.8. Traffic regulation 13 1.8.1. Capacity and demand 13 1.8.2. Workload and air traffic control complexity 15 1.9. Airspace management in en route air traffic control centers 16 1.9.1. Operating air traffic control sectors in real time 16 1.9.2. Anticipating sector openings (France and Europe) 17 1.10. Air traffic flow management 19 1.11. Research in air traffic management 20 1.11.1. The international context 20 1.11.2. Research topics 21 Chapter 2. Air Route Optimization 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. 2D-route network 24 2.2.1. Optimal positioning of nodes and edges using geometric algorithms 24 2.2.2. Node positioning, with fixed topology, using a simulated annealing or a particle swarm optimization algorithm 28 2.2.3. Defining 2D-corridors with a clustering method and a genetic algorithm 29 2.3. A network of separate 3D-tubes for the main traffic flows 31 2.3.1. A simplified 3D-trajectory model 31 2.3.2. Problem formulations and possible strategies 34 2.3.3. An A∗ algorithm for the “1 versus n” problem 35 2.3.4. A hybrid evolutionary algorithm for the global problem 41 2.3.5. Results on a toy problem, with the simplified 3D-trajectory model 50 2.3.6. Application to real data, using a more realistic 3D-tube model 57 2.4. Conclusion on air route optimization 66 Chapter 3. Airspace Management 69 3.1. Airspace sector design 70 3.2. Functional airspace block definition 71 3.2.1. Simulated annealing algorithm 73 3.2.2. Ant colony algorithm 73 3.2.3. A fusion–fission method 73 3.2.4. Comparison of fusion–fission and classical graph partitioning methods 74 3.3. Prediction of air traffic control sector openings 74 3.3.1. Problem difficulty and possible approaches 78 3.3.2. Using a genetic algorithm 78 3.3.3. Tree-search methods, constraint programming 79 3.3.4. A neural network for workload prediction 80 3.3.5. Conclusion on the prediction of sector openings 83 Chapter 4. Departure Slot Allocation 85 4.1. Introduction 85 4.2. Context and related works 86 4.2.1. Ground holding 86 4.3. Conflict-free slot allocation 87 4.3.1. Conflict detection 88 4.3.2. Sliding forecast time window 90 4.3.3. Evolutionary algorithm 91 4.4. Results 95 4.4.1. Evolution of the problem size 95 4.4.2. Numerical results 96 4.5. Concluding remarks 98 Chapter 5. Airport Traffic Management 101 5.1. Introduction 101 5.1.1. Airports’ main challenges 101 5.1.2. Known difficulties 102 5.1.3. Optimization problems in airport traffic management 103 5.2. Gate assignment 103 5.2.1. Problem description 103 5.2.2. Resolution methods 104 5.3. Runway scheduling 106 5.3.1. Problem description 106 5.3.2. An example of problem formulation 108 5.3.3. Resolution methods 109 5.4. Surface routing 111 5.4.1. Problem description 111 5.4.2. Related work 112 5.5. Global airport traffic optimization 115 5.5.1. Problem description 115 5.5.2. Coordination scheme between the different predictive systems 116 5.5.3. Simulation results 117 5.6. Conclusion 121 Chapter 6. Conflict Detection and Resolution 123 6.1. Introduction 123 6.2. Conflict resolution complexity 125 6.3. Free-flight approaches 128 6.3.1. Reactive techniques 129 6.3.2. Iterative approach 129 6.3.3. An example of reactive approach: neural network trained by evolutionary algorithms 130 6.3.4. A limit to autonomous approaches: the speed constraint 137 6.4. Iterative approaches 138 6.5. Global approaches 138 6.6. A global approach using evolutionary computation 140 6.6.1. Maneuver modeling 140 6.6.2. Uncertainty modeling 141 6.6.3. Real-time management 142 6.6.4. Evolutionary algorithm implementation 144 6.6.5. Alternative modeling 151 6.6.6. One-day traffic statistics 152 6.6.7. Introducing automation in the existing system 153 6.7. A global approach using ant colony optimization 155 6.7.1. Problem modeling 155 6.7.2. Algorithm description 156 6.7.3. Algorithm improvement: constraint relaxation 159 6.7.4. Results 160 6.7.5. Conclusion and further work 160 6.8. A new framework for comparing approaches 163 6.8.1. Introduction 163 6.8.2. Trajectory prediction model 163 6.8.3. Conflict detection 168 6.8.4. Benchmark generation 169 6.8.5. Conflict resolution 170 6.9. Conclusion 177 Conclusion 179 Bibliography 181 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first of a series of volumes that cover the topic of aerospace actuators following a systems-based approach. This first volume provides general information on actuators and their reliability, and focuses on hydraulically supplied actuators. Emphasis is put on hydraulic power actuators as a technology that is used extensively for all aircraft, including newer aircraft. Currently, takeovers by major corporations of smaller companies in this field is threatening the expertise of aerospace hydraulics and has inevitably led to a loss of expertise. Further removal of hydraulics teaching in engineering degrees means there is a need to capitalize efforts in this field in order to move it forward as a means of providing safer, greener, cheaper and faster aerospace services. The topics covered in this set of books constitute a significant source of information for individuals and engineers seeking to learn more about aerospace hydraulics.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Notations and Acronyms xiii Chapter 1. General Considerations 1 1.1. Power transmission in aircraft 1 1.1.1. Needs and requirements for secondary power and power flows 1 1.1.2. Actuation functions 2 1.1.3. Actuation needs and constraints 5 1.2. Primary and secondary power transmission functions for actuators 8 1.2.1. Primary functions 10 1.2.2. Secondary functions 12 1.2.3. Signal approach and power approach 13 1.2.4. Types of actuators 14 1.3. Hydraulic power actuation 16 1.3.1. Units and reference values 16 1.3.2. Energy transport by a liquid 18 1.3.3. Historical evolution of power and pressure use 22 1.3.4. Potential advantages and disadvantages of hydraulic technology 27 1.3.5. Overall hydraulic circuit architecture 31 Chapter 2. Reliability 33 2.1. Risks and risk acceptance 33 2.2. Response to failure 36 2.2.1. Resistance to failure 37 2.2.2. Tolerance to failure 38 2.2.3. Examples 40 2.3. Redundancy 40 2.3.1. Static redundancy 44 2.3.2. Dynamic redundancy 48 2.4. Feared events and failure rates in actuation 51 2.5. Fundamentals of reliability calculation 52 2.5.1. Variables used in reliability calculation 52 2.5.2. Generic failure rate models 55 2.5.3. Reliability of element associations 57 2.6. Short glossary of technical terms pertaining to reliability 60 Chapter 3. Hydraulic Fluid and its Conditioning 63 3.1. Needs and constraints 63 3.1.1. Opportunities and constraints in hydrostatic power transmission 63 3.1.2. Actual hydraulic fluid 64 3.1.3. Physical properties 66 3.2. Fluid conditioning 68 3.2.1. Fluid in sufficient quantity 68 3.2.2. Pressurization and charging 70 3.2.3. Filtration 73 3.2.4. Thermal management 76 3.2.5. External leakage collection 81 3.3. Monitoring and maintaining the fluid in working conditions 81 3.3.1. Fluid quantity 82 3.3.2. Cleanliness 82 3.3.3. Pressurization – depressurization 83 3.3.4. Examples 83 3.4. Energy phenomena caused by the fluid 84 3.4.1. Hydraulic resistance 84 3.4.2. Hydraulic capacitance 84 3.4.3. Hydraulic inertia 87 3.4.4. Speed of sound in the hydraulic fluid 87 Chapter 4. Hydromechanical Power Transformation 89 4.1. Hydromechanical power transformation 89 4.2. Functional perspective 94 4.3. Technological shortcomings 95 4.3.1. Energy losses 96 4.3.2. Compressibility of the hydraulic fluid 97 4.3.3. Wall deformation 97 4.3.4. Pulsations 97 4.3.5. Drainage 99 4.4. Pump driving 100 4.4.1. Driving performed by main engines: Engine Driven Pump (EDP) 100 4.4.2. Driving performed by an electric motor: Electro Mechanical Pump (EMP) or Alternative Current Motor Pump (ACMP) 102 4.4.3. Driving performed by a hydraulic motor: Power Transfer Unit (PTU) 102 4.4.4. Dynamic air driving: Ram Air Turbine (RAT) or Air Driven Pump (ADP) 104 4.4.5. Driving performed by a gas turbine: Solid Propellant Gas Generator (SPGG) or Monofuel Emergency Power Unit (MEPU) 104 4.4.6. Fluid supply under pressure 105 Chapter 5. Power Metering in Hydraulics 107 5.1. Power metering principles 107 5.2. Power-on-Demand 110 5.2.1. Metering by pump drive adjustment 110 5.2.2. Metering by displacement adjustment 111 5.3. Metering by hydraulic restriction 114 5.3.1. Functional configuration 115 5.3.2. Types of distribution 120 5.4. Impact of restriction configuration and properties on the metering function 122 5.4.1. Fixed hydraulic restriction 122 5.4.2. Variable hydraulic restriction 125 5.5. Servovalves 139 5.5.1. Architecture 139 5.5.2. Incremental improvements of servovalve performances 143 5.5.3. Power supply of the electromagnetic motor 145 5.5.4. Concepts of pilot stages 145 5.5.5. Direct drive valve 151 Chapter 6. Power Management in Hydraulics 157 6.1. Power distribution 157 6.2. Providing power 157 6.2.1. Transporting fluid 157 6.2.2. Isolating 162 6.2.3. Sequencing user power supplies 165 6.2.4. Merging sources 165 6.2.5. Sharing sources 166 6.2.6. Storing/restoring energy 168 6.2.7. Adjusting the pressure level 171 6.3. Protecting 172 6.3.1. Protecting against overpressure/overload 173 6.3.2. Protecting against cavitation and desorption 176 6.3.3. Protecting against over-consumptions 178 6.4. Managing the load 180 6.4.1. Locking the load in position 180 6.4.2. Ensuring irreversibility 181 6.4.3. Releasing the load 182 6.4.4. Damping the load 183 Chapter 7. Architectures and Geometric Integration of Hydraulically-supplied Actuators 189 7.1. Introduction 189 7.2. Arrangement of actuation functions 190 7.3. Architecture and routing of hydraulic power networks 191 7.3.1. Architecture 191 7.3.2. Routing 193 7.4. Integration of components and equipment 193 7.4.1. In-line integration 194 7.4.2. Manifold integration 194 7.4.3. Sub-system integration 197 7.5. Integration of actuators in the airframe 200 7.5.1. Controls 200 7.5.2. Structural integration 203 Bibliography 209 Index 219

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Book SynopsisThis book is the second in a series of volumes which cover the topic of aerospace actuators following a systems-based approach.This second volume brings an original, functional and architectural vision to more electric aerospace actuators. The aspects of signal (Signal-by-Wire) and power (Power-by-Wire) are treated from the point of view of needs, their evolution throughout history, and operational solutions that are in service or in development. This volume is based on an extensive bibliography, numerous supporting examples and orders of magnitude which refer to flight controls and landing gear for various aircraft (fixed or rotorwing, launchers) in commercial, private and military applications. The topics covered in this set of books constitute a significant source of information for individuals and engineers from a variety of disciplines, seeking to learn more about aerospace actuation systems and components. Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Electrically Signaled Actuators (Signal-by-Wire) 1 1.1. Evolution towards SbW through the example of the flight controls 2 1.1.1. Military applications 2 1.1.2. Commercial aircraft 3 1.1.3. Helicopters and compound helicopters 5 1.2. Incremental evolution from all mechanical to all electrical 9 1.2.1. Exclusively mechanical signaling 9 1.2.2. Fly-by-Wire 18 1.3. Challenges associated with electrical signaling 22 1.3.1. Electrical interfaces 22 1.3.2. Evolution of the control and information transmission architectures 30 1.3.3. Reliability and backup channels 32 1.4. The example of landing gears 35 Chapter 2. Signal-by-Wire Architectures and Communication 39 2.1. Architectures 40 2.1.1. Federated architectures 40 2.1.2. Integrated modular architectures 41 2.2. Data transmission 43 2.2.1. CAN 45 2.2.2. RS422 and RS485 46 2.2.3. ARINC 429 46 2.2.4. MIL-STD-1553B 48 2.2.5. ARINC 629 48 2.2.6. AS-5643/IEEE-1394b 49 2.2.7. AFDX (ARINC 664 Part 7) 50 2.2.8. Triggered time protocol (TTP/C) 52 2.3. Evolutions in data transmission 53 2.3.1. Power over data and power line communication 54 2.3.2. Optical data transmission (Signal-by-Light or SbL) 55 2.3.3. Wireless data transmission (Signal-by-WireLess or SbWL) 58 Chapter 3. Power-by-Wire 59 3.1. Disadvantages of hydraulic power transmission 60 3.1.1. Power capacity of hydraulic pumps 61 3.1.2. Hydraulic pump efficiency 61 3.1.3. Centralized power generation 62 3.1.4. Power transmission by mass transfer 62 3.1.5. Control of power by energy dissipation 63 3.2. Electrical power versus hydraulic power 64 3.3. Improving hydraulically supplied solutions 68 3.3.1. Reduction of energy losses in actuators 68 3.3.2. Increased network power density 70 3.3.3. Other concepts 70 3.4. Concepts combining hydraulics and electrics 71 3.4.1. Local electro-hydraulic generation 71 3.4.2. Electro-hydrostatic actuators 73 3.5. All electric actuation (hydraulic-less) 81 3.5.1. Principle of the electro-mechanical actuator 81 Chapter 4. Electric Power Transmission and Control 83 4.1. Electric power transportation to PbW actuators 83 4.1.1. Form 84 4.1.2. Voltage and current levels 85 4.2. Electric motors 91 4.2.1. Elementary electric machines 91 4.2.2. Conversion of electrical power into mechanical power 95 4.3. Power conversion, control and management 98 4.3.1. Electric power system of a PbW actuator 98 4.3.2. Principle and interest of static switches 100 4.3.3. Groups of switches: commutation cell, chopper and inverter 103 4.3.4. Inverter command 105 4.3.5. The power architecture of a PbW actuator 113 4.4. Induced, undergone or exploited effects 115 4.4.1. Dynamics in presence 115 4.4.2. Torque ripple 118 4.4.3. Energy losses 119 4.4.4. Impact of concepts and architectures on performances 124 4.4.5. Reliability 127 4.5. Integration 130 4.5.1. Overall integration of the actuator 130 4.5.2. Cooling 133 4.5.3. Mechanical architecture of motor control/power electronic units . 135 Chapter 5. Electro-hydrostatic Actuators 139 5.1. Historical background and maturing of EHAs 139 5.1.1. PbW actuators with variable displacement pump (EHA-VD) 139 5.1.2. Fixed displacement and variable speed EHA actuators 145 5.2. EHA in service and feedback 159 5.3. EHA specificities 161 5.3.1. Pumps 161 5.3.2. Filling and charging 163 5.3.3. Dynamic increase of mean pressure (pump-up) 164 5.3.4. Energy losses and thermal equilibrium 164 5.3.5. Dissymmetry 168 5.3.6. Control 169 Chapter 6. Electro-mechanical Actuators 171 6.1. Development and operation of electromechanical actuators 172 6.1.1. Space launchers 173 6.1.2. Flight controls 179 6.1.3. Landing gears 185 6.1.4. Helicopters 191 6.1.5. Application to engines 194 6.2. Specificities of EMAs 195 6.2.1. Power architectures 196 6.2.2. Power management functions 203 6.2.3. Jamming 206 6.2.4. Breakage 212 6.2.5. Thermal equilibrium 214 6.2.6. Control 214 6.2.7. Further considerations 217 Bibliography 219 Notations and Acronyms 235 Index 245

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Book SynopsisThis book is the third in a series dedicated to aerospace actuators. It uses the contributions of the first two volumes to conduct case studies on actuation for flight controls, landing gear and engines. The actuation systems are seen in several aspects: signal and power architectures, generation and distribution of hydraulic or mechanical power, control and reliability, and evolution towards more electrical systems. The first three chapters are dedicated to the European commercial airplanes that marked their era: Caravelle, Concorde, Airbus A320 and Airbus A380. The final chapter deals with the flight controls of the Boeing V-22 and AgustaWestland AW609 tiltrotor aircraft. These address concerns that also apply to electromechanical actuators, which should be fitted on more electrical aircraft in the future. The topics covered in this series of books constitute a significant source of information for individuals and engineers from a variety of disciplines, seeking to learn more about aerospace actuation systems and components.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix List of Acronyms xiii Chapter 1 European Commercial Aircraft before the Airbus A320 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Caravelle and irreversible primary flight servocontrols 2 1.2.1 Servodyne servocontrol 4 1.2.2 Artificial feel of load 9 1.2.3 Hydraulic power generation 11 1.3 The Concorde and flight controls with analog electrical signals and controllers 14 1.3.1 General architecture of flight controls 16 1.3.2 Operation modes 19 1.3.3 Closed-loop analog electrical control 20 1.3.4 Relay jack and PFCU 22 1.3.5 Artificial feel 25 1.3.6 Hydraulic power generation 28 Chapter 2 Airbus A320 and Electrically Signaled Actuators 31 2.1 Airbus A320 or Signal-by-Wire with digital computers 31 2.2 Flight controls 32 2.2.1 General concepts 33 2.2.2 Architectures and redundancies 34 2.2.3 Actuators 38 2.3 Landing gears 59 2.3.1 Braking 59 2.3.2 Auxiliary landing gear steering 63 2.4 Hydraulic system architecture 66 2.5 Hydraulic pumps 69 2.5.1 Engine-driven pump (EDP) 73 2.5.2 Electric motor pump (EMP) 76 2.5.3 Reversible power transfer unit (PTU) 77 2.5.4 Ram air turbine (RAT) 78 Chapter 3 Airbus A380 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.1.1 A need for high-capacity long-range aircraft 80 3.1.2 Actuation need 81 3.1.3 Innovative architectures and technologies 83 3.2 Data transmission and processing 85 3.3 Power generation and distribution 89 3.3.1 2H-2E architecture 89 3.3.2 Hydraulic power generation 91 3.4 Flight controls 96 3.4.1 Topology 96 3.4.2 Displacement control for the actuators of slats and flaps 102 3.4.3 Electrohydrostatic actuators 107 3.4.4 Trimmable horizontal stabilizer actuator 111 3.5 Landing gears 116 3.5.1 Topology 116 3.5.2 Signal considerations 117 3.5.3 Power considerations 117 3.5.4 Extension/retraction 119 3.5.5 Steering 119 3.5.6 Braking 123 3.6 Thrust reversers 126 3.6.1 Locking in stowed configuration 129 3.7 Subsequent programs 130 Chapter 4 V-22 and AW609 Tiltrotors 133 4.1 V-22 Osprey military tiltrotor 134 4.1.1 Overall architecture of flight controls 135 4.1.2 Hydraulic power generation architecture 139 4.1.3 Control architecture of flight control actuators 140 4.1.4 Control surface actuators 141 4.1.5 Swashplate actuators 143 4.1.6 Pylon conversion actuators 146 4.2 AW609 civil tiltrotor 161 4.2.1 Overall architecture of flight controls 162 4.2.2 Hydraulic power architecture 164 4.2.3 Power architecture of electrohydraulic actuators 165 4.2.4 Pylon conversion actuators 171 4.3 Comparison of the pylon conversion actuator approaches for the V-22 and AW609 182 Bibliography 185 Index 193

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Book SynopsisAircraft Conceptual Design Synthesis means design by fitness-for-purpose. Design engineers can jump off from the point of given parameters and requirements – required performance, payloads and other factors. This is the first book for the aeronautical designer devoted to guiding the reader through this highly effective conceptual design synthesis process. This forms the procedure for the initial stage of the aircraft design process – the interpretation of a requirement into the preliminary layout. A logical design sequence is developed utilizing original modules to represent propulsion, lift, drag, mass, and performance. Aircraft Conceptual Design Synthesis includes a disk of spreadsheets that provides core data. Unlike existing approaches, the design synthesis method can be applied to novel aircraft concepts. CONTENTS INCLUDE The design process Aircraft configuration Flight regime and powerplant considerations Fuselage layout Configuration of the wing Basic lift, drag and mass representations Performance estimation Parametric analysis and optimisation Analysis of concept design “This is an important landmark book and in my view will become a standard by which others will be compared” – Dr E C P Ransom, Kingston University, UKTable of ContentsNotation. Preface. Chapter 1. The design process. Chapter 2. Aircraft configuration. Chapter 3. Flight regime and powerplant considerations. Chapter 4. Fuselage layout. Chapter 5. Configuration of the wing. Chapter 6. Basic lift, drag and mass representations. Chapter 7. Performance estimation. Chapter 8. Parametric analysis and optimisation. Chapter 9. Analysis of concept design. Addendum 1. Landing gear considerations. Addendum 2. Logitudinal control and stability surfaces. Addendum 3. Lateral control and stability surfaces. Addendum 4. Mass prediction. Addendum 5. Examples of synthesis procedure. Index. Spreadsheets.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook, directed at medical professionals and students who are involved in developing the space industry or are academicians doing research in this area, covers current pharmaceutical knowledge about the difference in medication efficacy in space versus on Earth and includes trial results and best practices for the space research and travel industry. The well-known contributors come from an interdisciplinary background and address all aspects of the subject, from the physiological impact of spaceflight to the effects of radiation.As the commercial space industry expands its operations in industry and tourism, the field of space pharmaceuticals is growing commensurately. Existing pharmacological research from space is thoroughly covered in this book, and Earth applications are also described. Potential pharmacological solutions are posed along with the known challenges and examples from existing studies, which are detailed at length. This major reference work is a comprehensive and important medical resource for all space industry players.Table of ContentsSection I: Principles of Pharmaceuticals.- Section II: Effects of Spaceflight on Human Physiology and its Consequences on Drug Treatment.- Section III: Model Organisms for Pharmaceutical Research in Space.- Section IV: Simulated Microgravity for Pharmaceutical Research.- Section V: Translating Knowledge from Spaceflight Research to Earth Applications.- Section VI: Nutritional and Alternative Approaches to Treatment in Space.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers timely insights into research on numerical and experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics, mainly for (but not limited to) aerospace applications. It reports on findings by members of the STAB (German Aerospace Aerodynamics Association) and DGLR (German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics) and covers both nationally and EC-funded projects. Continuing on the tradition of the previous volumes, the book highlights innovative solutions, promoting translation from fundamental research to industrial applications. It addresses academics and professionals in the field of aeronautics, astronautics, ground transportation, and energy alike. Table of ContentsInfluence of the Wind Tunnel Model Mounting on the Wake Evolution of the Common Research Model in Post Stall.- Assessment of the Disturbance Velocity Approach to Determine the Gust Impact on Airfoils in Transonic Flow.- Comparison of Different Methods for the Extraction of Airfoil Characteristics of Propeller Blades as Input for Propeller Models in CFD.- Stochastic Modeling of Passive Scalars in Turbulent Channel Flows: Predictive Capabilities of One-Dimensional Turbulence.- Study on Large-Scale Amplitude Modulation of Near-Wall Small-Scale Structures in Turbulent Wall-Bounded Flows.- Investigation of Coherent Motions in a Flat-Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer with Adverse Pressure Gradient.- Experimental Approach on Concentration Measurements of NO in Hydrogen Combustion based on Heterodyne Laser Absorption Spectroscopy using Quantum Cascade Lasers.- Internal Application of Ultra-Fast Temperature Sensitive Paint to Hydrogen Combustion Flow.- Influence of Surface Irregularities on the Expected Boundary-Layer Transition Location on Hybrid Laminar Flow Control Wings.

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Book SynopsisThis book looks at chemmotological solutions to important questions surrounding sustainability and environmental safety of transport — both key priorities within the global strategy of sustainable development. Bringing together expanded versions of selected papers presented at the 8th International Scientific-Technical Conference: Problems of Chemmotology – Theory and Practice of Rational Use of Conventional and Alternative Fuels and Lubricants, contributors present solutions to problematic questions, including choosing feedstock and technologies of its processing for manufacturing alternative fuels, development and implementation of measures for improving environmental safety of transport, minimizing exhaust gases emission from transport, introducing new solution or improvements in systems of fuels supply and infrastructure, and changes in legislative and regulatory base for fuels and lubricants use. This collection will be an invaluable reference for researchers, professionals, and students involved in alternative aviation fuels, transport engineering, sustainable transport development, and fuels and lubricants.Table of Contents1-Advance in pathways to sustainable aviation fuels 2-Effect of polymer additives on the rheological properties of heavy high-viscosity oil 3-Phenomenological probabilistic model of friction pair wear taking into account thermal-mechanical stability of boundary layers 4-Revisiting the Synthesis of Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters of Lower Monohydric Alcohols by Homogeneous Base-Catalyzed Transesterification of Vegetable Oils 5-Cultivating Microalgae in Wastewaters for Biofuel and Fertilizer Production 6-Development of New Structured Honeycomb Fiber Catalysts for Hydrocarbons Conversion to the Carbon-Free Fuel 7-Providing Wasteless Manufacturing of Aviation Biofuels by Using Camelina Seed Residues for Producing Functional Bread 8-Technologies for Restoring Soil from Oil Pollution 9-Investigation for a Sustainable Use of Fossil Coal Through the Dynamics of Interaction of Smokeless Solid Fuel with Oxygen and the Possibilities of its Practical Application 10-Improvement of Diesel Engine Parameters by Using of Alcohol Conversion 11-Influence of Microbiological Pollution on Properties of Motor Fuels 12-System for Monitoring Microbiological Contamination of Jet Fuels and Fuel Systems 13-Kinetics of Dissolution of the Oil Deposits 14-Cavitation Treatment of Gas Condensate Gasoline, Modified with Monohydric Alcohols

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is a multi-disciplinary compendium that includes several aspects of rotorcraft technology. It introduces the reader to the aerodynamic aspects of rotary wings and presents experimental techniques for aerodynamics. The chapters also cover rotorcraft engines and rotorcraft steady-state flight performance and stability. It explores several aspects of the tiltrotor configuration and lists challenges in their design, modelling and simulation. The reader will also find an introductory overview of flight control systems for rotorcraft, as well as the conceptual and preliminary design concepts for a conventional helicopter. This textbook contains video recordings of computer simulations that can be used alongside the main text.Table of ContentsRotor Aerodynamics.- Experimental methods for rotor aerodynamics.- Rotorcraft Propulsion Systems.- Rotorcraft Flight Performance .- Tilt-rotor aeromechanics.- Rotor acoustics.- Rotorcraft control systems.- Rotorcraft Preliminary Design.- Appendix A: Numerical Solution of Acoustic Problems.- Index.

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Book SynopsisRocket Fundamentals.- Rocket Flight.- Rocket Staging.- Thermal Propulsion.- Electric Propulsion.- Atmospheric and Ascent Flight.- Principles of motion in gravitational fields.- Types of Orbits including radial trajectories and stellar motions.- Orbital Maneuvering.- Orbit transitions.- Interplanetary Flight.- Planetary Entry.- Three-Body Problems.- Orbit Perturbations and resonant orbits.- Reference Frames.- Earth and Orbit geometry.- Orbit determination.- Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics.-Thermal Radiation Physics and Modeling.

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Book Synopsis1. Einleitung.- 2. Habitability / Bewohnbarkeit: Vom ORT zum (Lebens) RAUM.- 3. Bewohnbarkeit als (Lebens) RAUM.- 4. Rezension: Studien zur Bewohnbarkeit und Architektur von Mockups und simulierten Umgebungen.- 5. Rezension: Studien zur Bewohnbarkeit und Architektur in In-Situ-Umgebungen.- 6. Projektionen.- 7. Blick in die Zukunft: Wie man eine Blechbüchse in ein Zuhause verwandelt: Lösungen für ausgewählte Dimensionen der (sozialräumlichen) Bewohnbarkeit.

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