Description
Book SynopsisWith emphasis on the physical and engineering principles, this book provides a comprehensive and highly accessible treatment of modern lasers and optoelectronics. Divided into four parts, it explains laser fundamentals, types of lasers, laser electronics & optoelectronics, and laser applications, covering each of the topics in their entirety, from basic fundamentals to advanced concepts.
Key features include:
- exploration of technological and application-related aspects of lasers and optoelectronics, detailing both existing and emerging applications in industry, medical diagnostics and therapeutics, scientific studies and Defence.
- simple explanation of the concepts and essential information on electronics and circuitry related to laser systems
- illustration of numerous solved and unsolved problems, practical examples, chapter summaries, self-evaluation exercises, and a comprehensive list of references for further reading
This volume
Table of Contents
Preface xix
Part I LASER FUNDAMENTALS 1
1 Laser Basics 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Laser Operation 3
1.3 Rules of Quantum Mechanics 3
1.4 Absorption, Spontaneous Emission and Stimulated Emission 4
1.5 Population Inversion 10
1.6 Two-, Three- and Four-Level Laser Systems 11
1.7 Gain of Laser Medium 16
1.8 Laser Resonator 17
1.9 Longitudinal and Transverse Modes 18
1.10 Types of Laser Resonators 21
1.11 Pumping Mechanisms 23
1.12 Summary 29
2 Laser Characteristics 34
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Laser Characteristics 34
2.3 Important Laser Parameters 41
2.4 Measurement of Laser Parameters 49
2.5 Laser Beam Diagnostic Equipment 56
2.6 Summary 59
Part II TYPES OF LASERS 65
3 Solid-state Lasers 67
3.1 Introduction: Types of Laser 67
3.2 Importance of Host Material 67
3.3 Operational Modes 68
3.4 Ruby Lasers 76
3.5 Neodymium-doped Lasers 78
3.6 Erbium-doped Lasers 85
3.7 Vibronic Lasers 88
3.8 Colour Centre Lasers 90
3.9 Fibre Lasers 91
3.10 Summary 101
4 Gas Lasers 105
4.1 Introduction to Gas Lasers 105
4.2 Helium-neon Lasers 107
4.3 Carbon Dioxide Lasers 111
4.4 Metal Vapour Lasers 115
4.5 Rare Gas Ion Lasers 118
4.6 Excimer Lasers 120
4.7 Chemical Lasers 121
4.8 Carbon Dioxide Gas Dynamic Lasers 125
4.9 Dye Laser 125
4.10 Free-electron Lasers 127
4.11 X-Ray Lasers 129
4.12 Summary 129
5 Semiconductor Lasers 132
5.1 Introduction 132
5.2 Operational Basics 132
5.3 Semiconductor Laser Materials 135
5.4 Types of Semiconductor Lasers 136
5.5 Characteristic Parameters 148
5.6 Gain- and Index-guided Diode Lasers 152
5.7 Handling Semiconductor Diode Lasers 152
5.8 Semiconductor Diode Lasers: Application Areas 153
5.9 Summary 154
Part III LASER ELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 159
6 Building Blocks of Laser Electronics 161
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 Linear Power Supplies 161
6.3 Switched-mode Power Supplies 173
6.4 Constant Current Sources 186
6.5 Integrated-circuit Timer Circuits 191
6.6 Current-to-voltage Converter 197
6.7 Peak Detector 199
6.8 High-voltage Trigger Circuit 200
6.9 Summary 202
7 Solid-state Laser Electronics 208
7.1 Introduction 208
7.2 Spectrum of Laser Electronics 208
7.3 Electronics for Solid-state Lasers 213
7.4 Electronics for Pulsed Solid-state Lasers 214
7.5 Electronics for CW Solid-state Lasers 233
7.6 Solid-state Laser Designators and Rangefinders 237
7.7 Summary 238
8 Gas Laser Electronics 242
8.1 Introduction 242
8.2 Gas Discharge Characteristics 242
8.3 Gas Laser Power Supplies 242
8.4 Helium-Neon Laser Power Supply 244
8.5 Carbon Dioxide Laser Power Supplies 257
8.6 Power Supplies for Metal Vapour Lasers 260
8.7 Power Supplies for Excimer Lasers 261
8.8 Power Supplies for Ion Lasers 262
8.9 Frequency Stabilization of Gas Lasers 263
8.10 Summary 267
9 Laser Diode Electronics 271
9.1 Introduction 271
9.2 Laser Diode Protection 271
9.3 Operational Modes 276
9.4 Laser Diode Driver Circuits 278
9.5 Laser Diode Temperature Control 291
9.6 Summary 308
10 Optoelectronic Devices and Circuits 315
10.1 Introduction 315
10.2 Classification of Photosensors 315
10.3 Radiometry and Photometry 316
10.4 Characteristic Parameters 318
10.5 Photoconductors 324
10.6 Photodiodes 329
10.7 Phototransistors 340
10.8 Photo- FET, SCR and TRIAC 343
10.9 Photoemissive Sensors 345
10.10 Thermal Sensors 347
10.11 Displays 349
10.12 Light-emitting Diodes 351
10.13 Liquid-crystal Displays 356
10.14 Cathode Ray Tube Displays 361
10.15 Emerging Display Technologies 362
10.16 Optocouplers 363
10.17 Summary 370
Part IV LASER APPLICATIONS 379
11 Lasers in Industry 381
11.1 Introduction 381
11.2 Material-processing Applications 381
11.3 Laser Cutting 385
11.4 Laser Welding 390
11.5 Laser Drilling 393
11.6 Laser Marking and Engraving 396
11.7 Laser Micromachining 401
11.8 Photolithography 407
11.9 Rapid Manufacturing 411
11.10 Lasers in Printing 414
11.11 Summary 418
12 Lasers in Medicine 422
12.1 Introduction 422
12.2 Light–tissue Interaction 422
12.3 Laser Diagnostics 430
12.4 Therapeutic Techniques: Application Areas 442
12.5 Ophthalmology 443
12.6 Dermatology 449
12.7 Laser Dentistry 453
12.8 Vascular Surgery 455
12.9 Photodynamic Therapy 456
12.10 Thermal Therapy 459
12.11 Summary 460
13 Lasers in Science and Technology 466
13.1 Introduction 466
13.2 Optical Metrology 466
13.3 Laser Velocimetry 478
13.4 Laser Vibrometry 482
13.5 Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry 484
13.6 Satellite Laser Ranging 490
13.7 Lasers in Astronomy 494
13.8 Holography 496
13.9 Summary 503
14 Military Applications: Laser Instrumentation 508
14.1 Introduction 508
14.2 Military Applications of Lasers 508
14.3 Laser-based Instrumentation 512
14.4 Guided Munitions 532
14.5 Laser Communication 556
14.6 Summary 561
15 Military Applications: Directed-energy Laser Systems 566
15.1 Introduction 566
15.2 Laser Technology for Low-intensity Conflict (LIC) Applications 566
15.3 Electro-optic Countermeasures 580
15.4 Directed-energy Laser Weapons 585
15.5 Summary 592
Review Questions 595
Self-evaluation Exercise 596
Bibliography 598
Appendix A: Laser Safety 597
Index 603
