Description
Book SynopsisNatural fiber composites are a preferred alternative to conventional composites due to their environment-friendly nature. However, their market share is limited due to: a) limited number and quantities of natural fibers available for composites, b) diversity in fibers structure, c) poor mechanical properties of fibers as well as composites, d) susceptibility to microbial attacks, and e) cellulose degradation temperature around 200 deg C, which hinders the development of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using thermoforming at high temperatures. A number of researchers have contributed to the solution of the problem of poor mechanical properties and issues related to fabrication during the last decade. This book covers these different solutions. The book is divided into two principal themes: a) structure–property relationship: fibers to composites—it includes the discussion on fibers, their surface modifications, variation in the structure of reinforcement, and approaches for the enhancement of properties. b) Fabrication process of composites—it includes the novel approaches used for the development of natural fiber composites using the commingling technique for thermoplastic composites.
Table of ContentsNatural Fibers to Composites - Process, Properties, Structure
Chapter 1. Alternative natural fibers for biocomposites
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Seed based fibers
1.2.1 Cotton (Gossipium genus) Fiber
1.2.2 Coir (Cocos nucifera) Fiber
1.2.3 Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) Fiber
1.2.4 Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) fiber
1.2.5 Rice husk Fiber
1.3. Bast Based fibers
1.3.1 Jute (Corchorus capsularis) Fiber
1.3.2 Flax (Linum Usitatissimum) Fiber
1.3.3 Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) Fiber
1.3.4 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Fiber
1.3.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber
1.3.6 Corn husk Fiber
1.3.7 Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Fiber
1.3.8 Banana (Musa acuminate) Fiber
1.4. Leaf Based fibers
1.4.1 Sisal (Agave sisalana) Fiber
1.4.2 Pineapple (Ananas bracteatus) Fiber
1.4.3 Abaca (Musa textilis Nee) Fiber
1.5. Grass-based fibers
1.5.1 Bamboo Fibers
1.6. Conclusion
1.7. References 12
2 Treatment of natural fibers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Natural fibers
2.2.1 Cotton
2.2.2 Coir
2.2.3 Jute
2.2.4 Bamboo
2.2.5 Hemp
2.2.6 Banana
2.3 Different treatments for natural fibers
2.3.1 Physical Treatments
2.3.2 Chemical Treatment
2.4 Treatments to impart electrical conductivity
2.4.1 Conductive polymers
2.5 Treatments for antipathogen composites
2.6 Treatments for flame retardant composites
2.6.1 Properties of FR in fabricated composites
2.7 Treatments to impart hydrophobicity
2.7.1 Methacrylate treatment
2.7.2 Silane treatment
2.7.3 Acetylation
2.7.4 Etherification
2.7.5 Enzymatic treatment
2.7.6 Peroxide treatments
2.7.7 Dicumyl peroxide treatment
2.8 Physical treatment
2.8.1 Plasma treatment
2.8.2 Corona treatment
2.9 Applications of Natural fiber composites
2.10 Future Trends
3 Introduction
3.1 Reinforcement
3.1.1 Two dimensional (2D) woven structures
3.1.2 Three dimensional (3D) woven structures
3.2 Composite fabrication techniques
3.2.1 Hand layup
3.2.2 Compression molding
3.2.3 Commingling
3.3 Literature survey of 3D woven natural fiber reinforced composite
3.3.1 Effect of Z yarn stitching density on 3D woven composites
3.3.2 Effect of binder and stuffer yarns on 3D woven composites
3.3.3 Effect of weaving patterns on damage resistance of 3D woven T and H shaped reinforcements
3.3.4 3D woven-shaped preforms and their associated composites
3.4 Challenges
3.5 References
4 Commingling Technique for Thermoplastic Composites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Techniques of Commingling
4.2.1 Fiber Level Commingling
4.2.2 Yarn Level Commingling
4.2.3 Woven & Knitted Commingled Composites
4.3 Fabrication of Commingled Composites
4.3.1 Thermoforming
4.3.2 Pultrusion
4.3.3 Effect of different factors
4.4 Effect on Physical properties
4.5 Mechanical Properties of Commingled Composites
4.5.1 Tensile Properties
4.5.2 Flexural & Impact Behaviors
4.6 Conclusion
5 Process Induced Residual Stresses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mechanical levels of residual stress
5.2.1 Micromechanical level
5.2.2 Macro-mechanical residual stress.
5.2.3 Global residual stress
5.3 Parameters which contribute to residual stress formation
5.3.1 Coefficient for thermal expansion
5.3.2 Cure shrinkage
5.3.3 Moisture Absorption
5.3.4 Tool/part interaction
5.3.5 Other mechanisms
5.4 Problems generated by residual stress
5.5 Strategies to reduce residual stresses
5.5.1 Countering the effect of chemical shrinkage
5.5.2 Stress relaxation
5.5.3 Modification of product
5.6 Brief literature on reduction in Process induced residual stress
5.7 Conclusion
6 Performance of Filler Reinforced Composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Natural fillers
6.2.1 Microcrystalline Cellulose Filler
6.2.2 Rice Husk
6.2.3 Wood Saw Dust Fillers
6.2.4 Coconut Shell Fillers
6.2.5 Peanut Shell Fillers
6.2.6 Egg Shell Fillers
6.2.7 Wheat Straw Filler
6.2.8 Fish Bone/Fish Scale Fillers
6.2.9 Clay Filler
6.2.10 Fly ash Filler
6.3 Synthetic Fillers
6.3.1 Graphite Filler
6.3.2 Zinc Oxide Filler
6.3.3 Calcium Carbonate Filler
6.3.4 Boron Carbide
6.3.5 Aluminum Oxide Filler
6.3.6 Carbon Nano reinforcements
6.4 Manufacturing Techniques: Filler Loaded Composites
6.4.1 Vacuum Infusion
6.4.2 Hand Layup Technique
6.4.3 Thermoforming
6.5 Effect of Fillers on Performance
6.5.1 Tensile Characteristics
6.5.2 Flexural Characteristics
6.5.3 Impact Strength
6.6 Application Areas
7 Testing of Natural Fiber Composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Natural Fiber as Biodegradable Materials
7.3 Natural fibers properties
7.4 Applications of NFRC
7.5 Physical Testing
7.5.1 Surface Morphology
7.5.2 Analytical Testing
7.5.3 Thermal Properties
7.5.4 Moisture Absorption
7.6 7.6 Mechanical Characterization
7.6.1 Tensile Testing
7.6.2 Compression Testing
7.6.3 Flexural Testing
7.6.4 Impact Testing
7.6.5 Shear Testing
7.7 Conclusions
8. Natural Fiber Metal Laminate and its joining
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fabrication of Fiber Metal Laminates
8.2.1 Preparation of metal surface
8.3 Reinforcements used for NFMLs
8.4 Matrices used for NFMLS
8.5 Fabrication Process of FMLs
8.5.1 Autoclave process
8.5.2 Vacuum Infusion Process for FMLs Fabrication
8.5.3 Compression Hot Press Molding
8.6 Mechanical Properties
8.6.1 Characterization of Metal-Composite Bond
8.6.2 Monotonic Properties of FMLs
8.6.3 Monotonic Properties of NFMLs
8.6.4 Impact properties of FML
8.6.5 Impact Performance of NFMLs
8.7 Conclusions
