Description
Book SynopsisThis highly practical handbook is an exhaustive treatment of eddy covariance measurement that will be of keen interest to scientists who are not necessarily specialists in micrometeorology. The chapters cover measuring fluxes using eddy covariance technique, from the tower installation and system dimensioning to data collection, correction and analysis.
With a state-of-the-art perspective, the authors examine the latest techniques and address the most up-to-date methods for data processing and quality control. The chapters provide answers to data treatment problems including data filtering, footprint analysis, data gap filling, uncertainty evaluation, and flux separation, among others. The authors cover the application of measurement techniques in different ecosystems such as forest, crops, grassland, wetland, lakes and rivers, and urban areas, highlighting peculiarities, specific practices and methods to be considered. The book also covers what to do when you have all your data, summarizing the objectives of a database as well as using case studies of the CarboEurope and FLUXNET databases to demonstrate the way they should be maintained and managed. Policies for data use, exchange and publication are also discussed and proposed.
This one compendium is a valuable source of information on eddy covariance measurement that allows readers to make rational and relevant choices in positioning, dimensioning, installing and maintaining an eddy covariance site; collecting, treating, correcting and analyzing eddy covariance data; and scaling up eddy flux measurements to annual scale and evaluating their uncertainty.
Table of ContentsPreface
Chapter 1 : The eddy covariance method
1.1 History
1.2 Preliminaries
1.3. One point conservation equations
1.4 Integrated relations
1.5 Spectral analysis
Chapter 2 : Measurement set-up
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tower considerations
2.3 Sonic Anemometer
2.4 Eddy CO2 / H2O analyzer
2.5 Profile measurement
Chapter 3 : Data Acquisition and Flux Calculations
3.1 Data Transfer and Acquisition
3.2 Flux calculation from raw data
3.3 Flux Determination
Chapter 4 : Corrections and data quality control
4.1. Flux data correction
4.2. Effect of the unclosed energy balance
4.3 Data quality analysis
4.4. Accuracy of turbulent fluxes after correction and quality control
4.5 Overview of available correction software
Chapter 5 : Night time Flux correction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Is this problem really important?
5.3. How to implement the filtering procedure ?
5.4 Correction procedures
Chapter 6: Data gap filling
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Gap-filling: why and when is it needed?
6.3 Gap-filling methods
6.4 Uncertainty and quality flags
6.5 Final remarks
Chapter 7: Uncertainty quantification
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Random errors in flux measurements
7.3 Systematic errors in flux measurements
7.4 Closing ecosystem carbon budgets
Conclusion
Chapter 8 : Footprint analysis
8.1 Concept of footprint
8.2 Footprint models for atmospheric boundary layer
8.3 Footprint models for high vegetation
8.4 Complicated landscapes and inhomogeneous canopies
8.5 Quality assessment using footprint models
8.6 Validation of footprint models
Chapter 9: Partitioning of net fluxes
9.1 Motivation
9.2 Definitions
9.3 Standard methods
9.4 Additional considerations and new approaches
9.5 Recommendations
Chapter 10 : Disjunct eddy covariance method
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Theory
10.3 Practical applications of DEC
10.4 DEC in spectral space
10.5 Uncertainty due to DEC
10.6 On the history of the DEC approach
Chapter 11: Eddy covariance measurements over forests
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Flux computation, selection and dependence
11.3 Additional measurements
11.4 Impact of ecosystem management and manipulation
Chapter 12: Eddy covariance measurements over crops
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Measurement system
12.3 Flux calculation
12.4 Flux corrections
12.5. Data gap filling and footprint evaluation
12.6. Cumulated carbon exchange
12.7. Additional measurements
12.8. Future experimentations
Chapter 13: Eddy covariance measurements over grasslands
13.1 Historic overview of grassland EC flux measurements
13.2 Peculiarities of eddy covariance flux measurements over grasslands
13.3 Estimating grassland carbon sequestration from flux measurements
13. 4 Additional measurements
13.5 Other green house gases
Chapter 14: Eddy covariance measurements over wetlands
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Historic overview
14.3 Ecosystem-specific considerations
14.4 Complementary measurements
14.5 EC measurements in the wintertime
14.6 Carbon balances and climate effects
14.7 Concluding remarks
Chapter 15: Eddy covariance measurements over lakes
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Existing studies
15.3. Surface-specific siting problems
Chapter 16: Eddy covariance measurements over urban areas
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conceptual framework for urban EC measurements
16.3 Challenges in the siting of urban EC stations
16.4 Implications of the peculiarities of the urban boundary layer on EC measurements
16.5 Summary and conclusions
Chapter 17: Database maintenance, data sharing policy, collaboration
17.1 Data Management
17.2 Data Practices
17.3 Data User Services
17.4 Data Sharing and Policy of Uses
Symbol Index
Subject Index
