Description
Book SynopsisThe evolution of genome’s modification by genetic engineering was characterized by a major technological breakthrough with the discovery of CRISPR in 2012. A distinction is now made between first-generation biotechnologies developed in the 20th century and current second-generation biotechnologies, NGT or New Genomic Techniques, including genome editing. How do we consider these genomic modifications compared to those that occur spontaneously in nature? What are the applications of these techniques in the fields of plants, animals, and human health? What prospects in terms of development and independence for countries and at least what regulations are in force on the different continents?
The book questions what GMOs are, genome editing products and the place of genomic transformations today and tomorrow in our societies. It tries to give some geostrategic and regulatory benchmarks on biotech products in order to better understand the current issues.
Table of ContentsPreface Jean-Yves Le Déaut.- Introduction.- First part - Biotechnologies: landmarks and regulatory issues.- Chapter 1 - Biotechnologies: timeless, essential, and ubiquitous.- A broad definition.- Extensive fields of application.- The rise of biotechnology through genetic engineering.- Chapter 2 - Genomic modification, the very essence of biological life.- Incessant modifications of the genome in nature.- Mutagenesis and transgenesis, spontaneous phenomena.- Gene transfer between species.- Genomic selection in agriculture: a very ancient practice.- Conclusion.- Chapter 3 - Evolution of Genome Editing Techniques.- First-generation biotechnology.- Second-generation biotechnology.- Conclusion.- Chapter 4 - At the heart of a societal controversy.- When “crazy soy” meets Greenpeace (1996).- Tribulations of GMO maize crops in France (2007-2014).- A long list of European renunciations.- “Hidden GMOs”.- Conclusion.- Chapter 5 - GMOs: a regulatory concept.- Asilomar.- GMOs: a regulatory concept that differs depending on the country.- Disagreement between regulatory concept and scientific definition.- Conclusion.- Chapter 6 - Is the European regulation on GMOs still justified?.- Regulation, innovation, and the precautionary principle.- European regulations on GMOs.- Onerous and discouraging UE regulation.- UE regulation still relevant?.- Conclusion.- Chapter 7 - What regulation for NGT in the EU?.- The judgment of the EUCJ: context and consequences.- Opening a public debate in the EU.- Conclusion.- Chapter 8 - What regulations for NGT elsewhere in the world?.- American continent.- Asian Continent and Pacific Zone.- Other continents.- Conclusion.- Part two - GMOs in the world.- Chapter 9 - GMOs: medical and animal applications.- Laboratory animals to better understand and fight diseases.- Therapeutic advances.- Improving human nutrition.- Animal applications.- Conclusion.- Chapter 10 - Plant GMOs: agricultural applications.- First transgenic plants.- Characteristics of cultivated transgenic plants.- What are the cultivated transgenic plants?.- What need do these biotech crops meet?.- Respecting good agricultural practices to prevent foreseeable risks.- Is the coexistence of biotech and organic agriculture possible?.- Chapter 11 - Cultivated GMOs: what geopolitical perspective in 2023?.- First-generation agricultural GMOs: a rapid expansion.- What cultures develop?.- A Divided World.- A technology adopted by developing countries and poor farmers.- Commercialization today under the aegis of international consortia.- What to remember from 25 years of GMO crops?.- Conclusion.- Third part - New genomic techniques (NGT)What prospects? What issues?.- Chapter 12 - NGT: at the R&D stage.- Numerous R&D projects.- Patents mainly in the United States and China.- Chapter 13 - Second-generation medical biotechnologies: great hopes.- Therapeutic hopes.- Ongoing developments in medical research.- Two countries dominate.- Globalized, partnership-based medical research.- Conclusion.- Chapter 14 - NGT and animal applications.- Laboratory models.- Veterinary Medicine.- Animal wellbeing.- Livestock performance for food production.- And Europe?.- Conclusion.- Chapter 15 - Second-generation agricultural plant biotechnologies: state of the art.- Dynamism of research in plant breeding.- Global research.- Location by continent.- NGT agricultural plants in perspective.- Appendix: micro-organisms.- Conclusion.- General conclusion - The European Union at the crossroads of biotechnological paths.- Biotechnological innovation, an issue for agri-food and pharmaceutical sovereignty.- At the heart of scientific and academic reflection.- Worldwide recognition
