A no-nonsense guide to requirements gathering, system modeli
Table of Contents
Introduction xxvii
Part I: Software Engineering Step- By- Step
Chapter 1: Software Engineering From 20,000 Feet 3
Requirements Gathering 4
High- Level Design 5
Low- Level Design 6
Development 6
Testing 7
Deployment 9
Maintenance 10
Wrap- Up 10
Everything All at Once 11
Summary 12
What You Learned in This Chapter 13
Chapter 2: Before the Beginning 15
Document Management 16
Historical Documents 19
Email 19
Code 22
Code Documentation 22
Application Documentation 25
Summary 26
What You Learned in This Chapter 27
Chapter 3: the Team 29
Team Features 30
Clear Roles 30
Effective Leadership 30
Clear Goals 31
Consensus 32
Open Communication 32
Support for Risk- Taking 33
Shared Accountability 33
Informal Atmosphere 34
Trust 34
Team Roles 34
Common Roles 35
More- Specialized Roles 36
Informal Roles 36
Roles Wrap- Up 37
Team Culture 37
Interviews 40
Interview Puzzles 40
The Bottom Line 41
Physical Environment 41
Creativity 41
Office Space 43
Ergonomics 43
Work- Life Balance 45
Collaboration Software 46
Searching 46
Overload 47
Outsourcing 47
Summary 48
What You Learned in This Chapter 50
Chapter 4: Project Management 53
Executive Support 54
Project Management 56
PERT Charts 57
Critical Path Methods 62
Gantt Charts 65
Scheduling Software 67
Predicting Times 68
Get Experience 69
Break Unknown Tasks into Simpler Pieces 70
Look for Similarities 71
Expect the Unexpected 71
Track Progress 73
Risk Management 74
Summary 76
What You Learned in This Chapter 79
Chapter 5: Requirements Gathering 81
Requirements Defined 82
Clear 82
Unambiguous 83
Consistent 84
Prioritized 84
Verifiable 88
Words to Avoid 89
Requirement Categories 89
Audience- Oriented Requirements 90
Business Requirements 90
User Requirements 90
Functional Requirements 91
Nonfunctional Requirements 92
Implementation Requirements 92
FURPS 92
FURPS+ 93
Common Requirements 96
Gathering Requirements 96
Listen to Customers (and Users) 97
Use the Five Ws (and One H) 98
Who 98
What 98
When 98
Where 98
Why 99
How 99
Study Users 99
Refining Requirements 100
Copy Existing Systems 101
Clairvoyance 102
Brainstorm 103
Recording Requirements 106
UML 107
User Stories 107
Use Cases 108
Prototypes 108
Requirements Specification 109
Validation and Verification 110
Changing Requirements 110
Digital Transformation 111
What to Digitize 111
How to Digitize 112
Summary 113
What You Learned in This Chapter 116
Chapter 6: High- Level Design 117
The Big Picture 118
What to Specify 119
Security 119
Hardware 120
User Interface 121
Internal Interfaces 122
External Interfaces 123
Architecture 124
Monolithic 124
Client/Server 125
Component- Based 127
Service- Oriented 128
Data- Centric 130
Event- Driven 130
Rule- Based 130
Distributed 131
MIX and Match 132
Reports 133
Other Outputs 134
Database 135
Audit Trails 136
User Access 136
Database Maintenance 137
NoSQL 137
Cloud Databases 138
Configuration Data 138
Data Flows and States 139
Training 139
UML 141
Structure Diagrams 142
Behavior Diagrams 145
Activity Diagrams 145
Use Case Diagram 146
State Machine Diagram 147
Interaction Diagrams 148
Sequence Diagram 148
Communication Diagram 150
Timing Diagram 150
Interaction Overview Diagram 151
UML Summary 151
Summary 151
What You Learned in This Chapter 152
Chapter 7: Low- Level Design 155
Design Approaches 156
Design- to- Schedule 157
Design- to- Tools 158
Process- Oriented Design 158
Data- Oriented Design 159
Object- Oriented Design 159
Hybrid Approaches 159
High, Low, and Iterative Design 160
OO Design 160
Identifying Classes 161
Building Inheritance Hierarchies 162
Refinement 163
Generalization 165
Hierarchy Warning Signs 167
Object Composition 167
Database Design 168
Relational Databases 168
First Normal Form 170
Second Normal Form 174
Third Normal Form 176
Higher Levels of Normalization 179
When to Optimize 180
Summary 180
What You Learned in This Chapter 182
Chapter 8: Security Design 185
Security Goals 186
Security Types 186
Cybersecurity 188
Shift- Left Security 189
Malware Menagerie 189
Phishing and Spoofing 193
Social Engineering Attacks 195
Crapware 197
Password Attacks 198
User Access 201
Countermeasures 201
Cyber Insurance 202
Summary 203
What You Learned in This Chapter 207
Chapter 9: User Experience Design 209
Design Mindset 210
UI vs. UX 210
UX Designers 211
Platform 212
User Skill Level 214
Beginners and Beyond 216
Configuration 217
Hidden Configuration 218
Models 219
Metaphors and Idioms 220
Case Study: Microsoft Word 221
Design Guidelines 225
Allow Exploration 225
Make the Interface Immutable 227
Support Commensurate Difficulty 227
Avoid State 228
Make Similar Things Similar 228
Provide Redundant Commands 230
Do the Right Thing 231
Show Qualitative Data, Explain Quantitative Data 232
Give Forms Purpose 232
Gather All Information at Once 233
Provide Reasonable Performance 234
Only Allow What’s Right 235
Flag Mistakes 235
Form Design 236
Use Standard Controls 236
Decorating 237
Displaying 237
Arranging 237
Commanding 238
Selecting 238
Entering 239
Display Five Things 240
Arrange Controls Nicely 241
Summary 241
What You Learned in This Chapter 242
Chapter 10: Programming 245
Tools 246
Hardware 246
Network 247
Development Environment 248
Source Code Control 249
Profilers 249
Static Analysis Tools 249
Testing Tools 249
Source Code Formatters 250
Refactoring Tools 250
Training 250
Collaboration Tools 250
Algorithms 251
Top- Down Design 252
Programming Tips and Tricks 255
Be Alert 255
Write for People, Not the Computer 255
Comment First 256
Write Self- Documenting Code 259
Keep It Small 259
Stay Focused 261
Avoid Side Effects 261
Validate Results 262
Practice Offensive Programming 264
Use Exceptions 266
Write Exception Handlers First 266
Don’t Repeat Code 267
Defer Optimization 267
Summary 269
What You Learned in This Chapter 270
Chapter 11: Algorithms 273
Algorithm Study 274
Algorithmic Approaches 275
Decision Trees 275
Knapsack 275
The Eight Queens Problem 276
Exhaustive Search 277
Backtracking 278
Pruning Trees 279
Branch and Bound 279
Heuristics 280
Greedy 281
Divide and Conquer 282
Recursion 283
Dynamic Programming 285
Caching 287
Randomization 287
Monte Carlo Algorithms 287
Las Vegas Algorithms 288
Atlantic City Algorithms 289
State Diagrams 289
Design Patterns 290
Creational Patterns 291
Structural Patterns 291
Behavioral Patterns 292
Design Pattern Summary 293
Parallel Programming 293
Artificial Intelligence 295
Definitions 295
Learning Systems 296
Natural Language Processing 297
Artificial Neural Network 297
Deep Learning 297
Expert System 298
Artificial General Intelligence 298
Algorithm Characteristics 301
Summary 302
What You Learned in This Chapter 304
Chapter 12: Programming Languages 307
The Myth of Picking a Language 308
Language Generations 311
First Generation 311
Second Generation 311
Third Generation (3GL) 312
Fourth Generation 313
Fifth Generation 314
Sixth Generation 314
IDEs 315
Language Families 316
Assembly 316
Imperative 317
Procedural 317
Declarative 318
Object- Oriented 318
Functional 319
Specialized 319
Language Family Summary 319
The Best Language 319
Summary 323
What You Learned in This Chapter 324
Chapter 13: Testing 327
Testing Goals 329
Reasons Bugs Never Die 330
Diminishing Returns 330
Deadlines 330
Consequences 330
It’s Too Soon 330
Usefulness 331
Obsolescence 331
It’s Not a Bug 331
It Never Ends 332
It’s Better Than Nothing 333
Fixing Bugs Is Dangerous 333
Which Bugs to Fix 334
Levels of Testing 334
Unit Testing 335
Integration Testing 336
Regression Testing 337
Automated Testing 337
Component Interface Testing 338
System Testing 339
Acceptance Testing 340
Other Testing Categories 341
Testing Techniques 342
Exhaustive Testing 342
Black- Box Testing 343
White- Box Testing 344
Gray- Box Testing 344
Testing Habits 345
Test and Debug When Alert 345
Test Your Own Code 346
Have Someone Else Test Your Code 346
Fix Your Own Bugs 348
Think Before You Change 349
Don’t Believe in Magic 349
See What Changed 350
Fix Bugs, Not Symptoms 350
Test Your Tests 350
How to Fix a Bug 351
Estimating Number of Bugs 351
Tracking Bugs Found 352
Seeding 353
The Lincoln Index 353
Summary 355
What You Learned in This Chapter 357
Chapter 14: Deployment 359
Scope 360
The Plan 361
Cutover 362
Staged Deployment 362
Gradual Cutover 363
Incremental Deployment 365
Parallel Testing 365
Deployment Tasks 365
Deployment Mistakes 366
Summary 368
What You Learned in This Chapter 370
Chapter 15: Metrics 371
Wrap Party 372
Defect Analysis 372
Species of Bugs 373
Discoverer 373
Severity 374
Creation Time 374
Age at Fix 374
Task Type 375
Defect Database 376
Ishikawa Diagrams 376
Software Metrics 379
Qualities of Good Attributes and Metrics 381
Using Metrics 382
Process Metrics 384
Project Metrics 384
Things to Measure 385
Size Normalization 387
Function Point Normalization 389
Count Function Point Metrics 390
Multiply by Complexity Factors 391
Calculate Complexity Adjustment Value 392
Calculate Adjusted FP 394
Summary 395
What You Learned in This Chapter 398
Chapter 16: Maintenance 401
Maintenance Costs 402
Task Categories 404
Perfective Tasks 404
Feature Improvements 406
New Features 406
The Second System Effect 407
Adaptive Tasks 408
Corrective Tasks 410
Preventive Tasks 414
Clarification 414
Code Reuse 415
Improved Flexibility 416
Bug Swarms 417
Bad Programming Practices 417
Individual Bugs 418
Not Invented Here 418
Task Execution 419
Summary 420
What You Learned in This Chapter 423
Part II: Process Models
Chapter 17: Predictive Models 427
Model Approaches 428
Prerequisites 428
Predictive and Adaptive 429
Success and Failure Indicators for Predictive Models 430
Advantages and Disadvantages of Predictive Models 431
Waterfall 432
Waterfall with Feedback 433
Sashimi 434
Incremental Waterfall 436
V- model 438
Software Development Life Cycle 439
Summary 442
What You Learned in This Chapter 444
Chapter 18: Iterative Models 445
Iterative vs. Predictive 446
Iterative vs. Incremental 448
Prototypes 449
Types of Prototypes 451
Pros and Cons 451
Spiral 453
Clarifications 455
Pros and Cons 456
Unified Process 457
Pros and Cons 459
Rational Unified Process 459
Cleanroom 460
Cowboy Coding 461
Summary 461
What You Learned in This Chapter 463
Chapter 19: Rad 465
RAD Principles 467
James Martin RAD 470
Agile 471
Self- Organizing Teams 473
Agile Techniques 474
Communication 474
Incremental Development 475
Focus on Quality 478
XP 478
XP Roles 479
XP Values 480
XP Practices 481
Have a Customer On-Site 481
Play the Planning Game 482
Use Stand- Up Meetings 483
Make Frequent Small Releases 483
Use Intuitive Metaphors 484
Keep Designs Simple 484
Defer Optimization 484
Refactor When Necessary 485
Give Everyone Ownership of the Code 485
Use Coding Standards 486
Promote Generalization 486
Use Pair Programming 486
Test Constantly 486
Integrate Continuously 486
Work Sustainably 487
Use Test- Driven and Test- First Development 487
Scrum 488
Scrum Roles 489
Scrum Sprints 490
Planning Poker 491
Burndown 492
Velocity 494
Lean 494
Lean Principles 494
Crystal 495
Crystal Clear 498
Crystal Yellow 498
Crystal Orange 499
Feature- Driven Development 500
FDD Roles 501
FDD Phases 502
Develop a Model 502
Build a Feature List 502
Plan by Feature 503
Design by Feature 503
Build by Feature 504
FDD Iteration Milestones 504
Disciplined Agile Delivery 506
DAD Principles 506
DAD Roles 506
DAD Phases 507
Dynamic Systems Development Method 508
DSDM Phases 508
DSDM Principles 510
DSDM Roles 511
Kanban 512
Kanban Principles 513
Kanban Practices 513
Kanban Board 514
Summary 515
What You Learned in This Chapter 517
Part III: Advanced Topics
Chapter 20: Software Ethics 523
Ethical Behavior 524
IEEE- CS/ACM 524
ACS 525
CPSR 526
Business Ethics 527
Nada 528
Hacker Ethics 529
Hacker Terms 530
Responsibility 531
Gray Areas 533
Software Engineering Dilemmas 535
Misusing Data and the Temptation of Free Data 535
Disruptive Technology 536
Algorithmic Bias 537
False Confidence 537
Lack of Oversight 538
Getting Paid 539
Thought Experiments 539
The Tunnel Problem 540
The Trolley Problem 542
Summary 544
What You Learned in This Chapter 545
Chapter 21: Future Trends 547
Security 548
UX/UI 549
Code Packaging 550
Cloud Technology 551
Software Development 552
Algorithms 553
Tech Toys 554
Summary 555
What You Learned in This Chapter 556
Appendix: Solutions to Exercises 559
Glossary 631
Index 663
