Search results for ""Author Douglas Walton""
Cambridge University Press Media Argumentation Dialectic Persuasion and Rhetoric
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Springer Scare Tactics
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£85.49
Penn State University Legal Argumentation and Evidence
Book SynopsisWalton focuses in this new book on how reasoning operates in trials and other legal contexts, with special emphasis on the law of evidence. This dialogical model gives new meaning to the key notions of relevance and probative weight, with the latter analyzed in terms of pragmatic criteria for what constitutes plausible evidence rather than truth.Trade Review“In this book Douglas Walton builds on his earlier research and shows how it has application to many of the difficult questions that arise in legal reasoning. He brings a dialectical theory of argumentation as well as a theory of plausible reasoning to bear on the traditional problems of legal evidence. Legal Argumentation and Evidence is an original and important contribution not only to legal reasoning but also to the development of argumentation theory, critical thinking, and reasoning in general. It will be of interest to legal scholars but also to argumentation and reasoning theorists who want to keep abreast of the most recent developments in the field.”—Hans V. Hansen,University of Windsor“Walton makes a significant contribution to the understanding of legal argumentation and to the concept of relevance in evidence law. He goes beyond formal logic and adds an analysis of abduction and plausible inference to fill gaps in what a deductive system can accomplish. The resulting theory provides an important insight into the relationships among the steps of a legal argument. The dialogue structure on which it is based should prove to be of great value in understanding strategy, either for the advocate, the evaluator of evidence, or the student of the legal process.”—Kevin Saunders,University of Oklahoma Law School“Impressively researched and clearly written, this book is a notable contribution to the study of legal argumentation.”—Derek Allen University of Toronto QuarterlyTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1. SPECIAL FEATURES OF ARGUMENTATION IN ALEGAL SYSTEM Legal Rules and Particular Cases Interpretation of Statutes and Documents Stages of a Trial Civil Law, Criminal Law, and Burden of Proof Evidence Relevance and Admissibility Testimony of Witnesses Expert Testimony Examination Dependence on Precedents 2. FORMS OF ARGUMENT COMMONLY USED IN LAW Argument from Analogy Argument from an Established Rule Argument from Sign and Abductive Argument Argument from Position to Know Argument from Verbal Classification Argument from Commitment Practical Reasoning Argument from Personal Attack (Ad Hominem Argument) The Slippery Slope Argument Other Important Forms of Argument 3. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE The McCormick Criterion The Jewish Classical Law Criterion Bentham on Circumstantial Evidence Patterson’s Criterion Wigmore on Direct Evidence and Autoptic Proference Wigmore on Circumstantial and Testimonial Evidence The Hope Head Case The Five Criteria Summarized How Useful is the Concept of Circumstantial Evidence? Logical Difficulties of Circumstantial Evidence 4. PLAUSIBILITY AND PROBABILITY A Third Type of ReasoningPlausibility and Probability Wigmore on Logical Inference and Probative Value Locke on Plausibility and Degrees of Assent Bentham on Plausibility and Evidence Plausibility and Casuistry Plausible Reasoning in the Ancient WorldCarneades’ Theory of Plausibility Criteria and Applications of Carneades’ Theory Why the Neglect of Plausible Reasoning? 5. THE DIALECTICAL FRAMEWORK OF LEGALARGUMENTATION Implicature and Conversational Postulates Rational Persuasion in the Trial Normative Models of Argumentation Persuasion Dialogue Other Types of Dialogue Peirastic Dialogue and Extastic Dialogue Relevance and Dialectical Shifts The Fair Trial and the Witch-Hunt A Dialectical Theory of Statutory Interpretation Argumentation Schemes, Fallacies, and Legal Logic 6. A PLAUSIBILISTIC THEORY OF EVIDENCE Components of the New Theory Evidence and Argument The Probative Function Ancient Roots of the New Theory Advantages of The Plausibilistic Theory Scientific EvidenceLogical and Legal Relevance Legal Evidence, Credibility, and Plausibility Expert Testimony as Evidence Problems and Conclusions 7. RELEVANCE IN PERSUASION DIALOGUE Persuasion Dialogue Chaining of Arguments Rules of Dialogue and Fallacies The Fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion The Method of Argument Extrapolation Testing an Actual Example How the Method Should be Applied Questions Raised Application to Legal Cases Arguments and Explanations 8. MULTI-AGENT ARGUMENTATION AND CREDIBILITY Formal Dialogue Systems in Logic The Ad Hominem and Ad Verecundiam FallaciesLabeled Deductive Systems Multi-Agent Systems Adding Agents to Formal Dialectical Structures Evaluating Fallacies and Blunders How Should ‘Agent’ be Defined in Formal Dialectic? Dialectical Shifts and Relevance The Solution to the Problem Conclusions 9. HOW TO USE THE NEW METHOD The New Method Inference Forms and Critical Questions Arguments Depending on Testimony and Credibility Verbal Arguments and Critical Questions The Trial as Persuasion Dialogue Argument Diagramming The Formal Structure of Diagramming Formalizing the New System The Subtleties of Peirastic Dialogue The Current Problems with Relevance Bibliography Index
£44.96
The University of Alabama Press Abductive Reasoning
Book SynopsisThis book examines three areas in which abductive reasoning is especially important: medicine, science, and law. The reader is introduced to abduction and shown how it has evolved historically into the framework of conventional wisdom in logic. Discussions draw upon recent techniques used in artificial intelligence, particularly in the areas of multi-agent systems and plan recognition, to develop a dialogue model of explanation. Cases of causal explanations in law are analysed using abductive reasoning, and all the components are finally brought together to build a new account of abductive reasoning. By clarifying the notion of abduction as a common and significant type of reasoning in everyday argumentation, Abductive Reasoning will be useful to scholars and students in many fields, including argumentation, computing and artificial intelligence, psychology and cognitive science, law, philosophy, linguistics, and speech communication and rhetoric.
£26.96
Taylor & Francis Relevance in Argumentation
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Taylor & Francis Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning
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£128.25
Penn State University Appeal to Expert Opinion
Book SynopsisDesigned to be a pragmatic approach, based on developments in argumentative theory, and analyzing appeal to expert opinion as a form of argument. The book identifies the requirements that make an appeal to expert opinion a reasonable or unreasonable argument.
£35.96
Springer Fallacies Arising from Ambiguity
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Cambridge University Press Media Argumentation Dialectic Persuasion and Rhetoric
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£47.50
Cambridge University Press GoalBased Reasoning for Argumentation
Book SynopsisThis book provides an argumentation model for means end-reasoning, a distinctive type of reasoning used for problem-solving and decision-making. Means end-reasoning is modelled as goal-directed argumentation from an agent''s goals and known circumstances, and from an action selected as a means, to a decision to carry out the action. Goal-based Reasoning for Argumentation provides an argumentation model of this kind of reasoning showing how it is employed in settings of intelligent deliberation where agents try to collectively arrive at a conclusion on what they should do to move forward in a set of circumstances. The book explains how this argumentation model can help build more realistic computational systems of deliberation and decision-making, and shows how such systems can be applied to solve problems posed by goal-based reasoning in numerous fields, from social psychology and sociology, to law, political science, anthropology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, multi-agenTable of Contents1. Introduction to practical reasoning; 2. Practical reasoning in health product ads; 3. Formal and computational systems of practical reasoning; 4. Practical reasoning in arguments and explanations; 5. Explanations, motives, and intentions; 6. Practical argumentation in deliberation dialogue; 7. Goal-based argumentation in different types of dialogue; 8. Practical rationality.
£33.24
Taylor & Francis Argumentation Schemes for Presumptive Reasoning Studies in Argumentation Theory S
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Cambridge University Press Witness Testimony Evidence
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Cambridge University Press Informal Logic A Pragmatic Approach
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Cambridge University Press Witness Testimony Evidence
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Penn State University Appeal to Popular Opinion
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Penn State University Arguments from Ignorance
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Cambridge University Press Informal Logic A Pragmatic Approach
Book SynopsisSecond edition of the introductory guidebook to the basic principles of constructing sound arguments and criticising bad ones. Non-technical in approach, it is based on 186 examples, which Douglas Walton, a leading authority in the field of informal logic, discusses and evaluates in clear, illustrative detail.Trade Review"Walton here updates his fine book on informal logic/critical thinking...Probably the best work on critical thinking to date, this volume would be an excellent text for courses on informal logic...Summing up: Essential. " - R. Puligandla, University of Toledo, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Argument as reasoned dialogue; 2. Questions and answers in dialogue; 3. Criticism of irrelevance; 4. Appeals to emotion; 5. Valid arguments; 6. Personal attack in argumentation; 7. Appeals to authority; 8. Inductive errors, bias, and fallacies; 9. Natural language argumentation.
£80.75
Cambridge University Press Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation
Book SynopsisFundamentals of Critical Argumentation presents the basic tools for the identification, analysis, and evaluation of common arguments for beginners. The book teaches by using examples of arguments in dialogues, both in the text itself and in the exercises. Examples of controversial legal, political, and ethical arguments are analyzed.Table of Contents1. Arguments and dialogues; 2. Concepts useful for understanding arguments; 3. Argumentation schemes; 4. Argument reconstruction; 5. Dialogues; 6. Detecting bias; 7. Relevance; 8. Practical reasoning in a dialogical framework.
£85.49
Cambridge University Press Statutory Interpretation
Book SynopsisStatutory interpretation involves the reconstruction of the meaning of a legal statement when it cannot be considered as accepted or granted. This phenomenon needs to be considered not only from the legal and linguistic perspective, but also from the argumentative one - which focuses on the strategies for defending a controversial or doubtful viewpoint. This book draws upon linguistics, legal theory, computing, and dialectics to present an argumentation-based approach to statutory interpretation. By translating and summarizing the existing legal interpretative canons into eleven patterns of natural arguments - called argumentation schemes - the authors offer a system of argumentation strategies for developing, defending, assessing, and attacking an interpretation. Illustrated through major cases from both common and civil law, this methodology is summarized in diagrams and maps for application to computer sciences. These visuals help make the structures, strategies, and vulnerabilities of legal reasoning accessible to both legal professionals and laypeople.Trade Review'The authors do not assume extensive prior knowledge of the five varied disciplines that the work integrates, defining key concepts as needed and pointing out relevant areas of controversy in the literature … This work will be of primary interest to researchers in artificial intelligence and law, statutory interpretation, argumentation theory, and pragmatics.' Emily Da Silva, Canadian Law Library ReviewTable of Contents1. Interpretation and statutory interpretation; 2. Statutory interpretation as problem solving; 3. Interpretation and pragmatics: legal ambiguity; 4. Pragmatic maxims and presumptions in legal interpretation; 5. Arguments of statutory interpretation and argumentation schemes; 6. Classification and formalization of interpretative schemes.
£23.99
Cambridge University Press Argumentation Schemes
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Cambridge University Press Argumentation Schemes
Book SynopsisThis book provides a systematic analysis of many common argumentation schemes and a compendium of 96 schemes. The study of these schemes, or forms of argument that capture stereotypical patterns of human reasoning, is at the core of argumentation research. Surveying all aspects of argumentation schemes from the ground up, the book takes the reader from the elementary exposition in the first chapter to the latest state of the art in the research efforts to formalize and classify the schemes, outlined in the last chapter. It provides a systematic and comprehensive account, with notation suitable for computational applications that increasingly make use of argumentation schemes.Table of Contents1. Basic tools in the state of the art; 2. Schemes for argument from analogy, classification and precedent; 3. Knowledge-related, practical and other schemes; 4. Arguments from generally accepted opinions, commitment and character; 5. Causal argumentation schemes; 6. Schemes and enthymemes; 7. Attack, rebuttal and refutation; 8. The history of schemes; 9. A user's compendium of schemes; 10. Refining the classification of schemes; 11. Formalizing schemes; 12. Schemes in computer systems.
£33.24
Penn State University The Place of Emotion in Argument
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£999.99
Lexington Books Ethical Argumentation
Book SynopsisBridging the gap between applied ethics and ethical theory, Ethical Argumentation draws on recent research in argumentation theory to develop a more realistic model of how ethical justification actually works.Trade ReviewEthical Argumentation explains and defends a systematic, imaginative, and highly plausible model of ethical reasoning worthy of the careful attention of anyone interested in moral theory or applied ethics. -- Carl Wellman, Washington UniversityWalton shows that critical discussion about ethical matters is the place where rhetoric, logic, and dialectic meet. . . .he significantly advances our understanding of this most important arena for human interaction. -- David Zarefsky, Northwestern University. . .His observations remind us that ethical discussion is a topic worthy of serious discourse, too important to be dismissed by positivists or postmodernists. Walton's "new" model of ethical argumentation. . . .provides some small steps toward closing the existing gap between real problems needing solutions in applied ethics and abstract ethical theories. -- Andrea Birch, Brenau UniversityTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction Part 2 Fundamentals of Ethical Argumentation Chapter 3 Legal Arguments Chapter 4 Hard Cases and Easy Cases Chapter 5 Ross's Theory of Ethical Reasoning Chapter 6 Comparison of Ethical and Legal Arguments Chapter 7 The Problem of Emotive Language Chapter 8 Toward a New Framework Chapter 9 Aristotle on Endoxic Ethical Justification Chapter 10 Evaluating Ethical Argumentation in a Dialogue Format Chapter 11 Deliberation and Practical Reasoning Chapter 12 Concluding Perspectives Part 13 The Layered Maieutic Case Study Method Chapter 14 A Case from Medical Ethics Chapter 15 The Layer of Deliberation Chapter 16 Dialectical Shifts Chapter 17 The Layer of Critical Discussion Chapter 18 Maieutic Insight and Commitment Chapter 19 The Case Analysis and Discussion Chapter 20 The Structure of a Layered Case Study Chapter 21 Current Status of Casuistry in Ethics Chapter 22 How to Evaluate a Layered Case Study Chapter 23 Summary of the Layered Maieutic Case Study Method Part 24 The Central Characteristics of Ethical Reasoning Chapter 25 The Problem of Circular Ethical Justification Chapter 26 Ethical and Legal Reasoning Reconsidered Chapter 27 Chained Inferences in Retrospective Ethical Reasoning Chapter 28 Deep Disagreements and Ultimate Ethical Premises Chapter 29 Facts and Values in Ethical Reasoning Chapter 30 Abductive Inference Chapter 31 Endoxic Premises Chapter 32 How to Determine Endoxic Premises Chapter 33 Summary of the Structure of Ethical Reasoning Part 34 Persuasive Definitions Chapter 35 Stevenson's Theory of Persuasive Definitions Chapter 36 Public Policy Implications of Persuasive Definitions Chapter 37 Value-Laden Terms and Moral Persuasion Chapter 38 A Pragmatic Approach to Definitions Chapter 39 Use of Loaded Terms Chapter 40 The Deceptive Aspect of Persuasive Definitions Chapter 41 Is There a Fallacy of Loaded Terms? Chapter 42 How to Evaluate a Persuasive Definition Chapter 43 Uses in Other Contexts Part 44 Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric Chapter 45 What is Dialectic? Chapter 46 The New Dialectic Chapter 47 The General Idea of Persuasion Dialogue Chapter 48 Critical Discussion and Rational Persuasion Chapter 49 Fallacies and Faults of Arguments Chapter 50 The Maieutic Function and Learning What Your Goals Are Chapter 51 The Opposition between Rhetoric and Dialectic Chapter 52 Persuasion, Action, and Ethical Justification Chapter 53 A New Program for Studying Ethical Argumentation Part 54 The Probative Function Chapter 55 The Probative Function and Circular Arguments Chapter 56 Account of the Probative Function in Sextus Empiricus Chapter 57 The Problem of Circular Reasoning as Treated in Ancient Sources Chapter 58 Infinite Regress Arguments Chapter 59 Types of Arguments Chapter 60 Linked and Convergent Arguments Chapter 61 Chaining of Arguments Chapter 62 Doubt Reduction and Chaining Chapter 63 The Importance of the Probative Function Chapter 64 Summary: How the Probative Function Works Part 65 The New System of Layered Justification Chapter 66 Subjective and Objective Chapter 67 Attitudes, Emotions, and Rationality Chapter 68 Evidence, Emotion, and Ethical Justification Chapter 69 Emotivism, Relativism, and Postmodernism Chapter 70 The Dialectical Shift to a Verbal Dispute Chapter 71 Multiple Definitions of Ethical Terms Chapter 72 An Argumentation System for Ethical Definitions Chapter 73 The Difference between Layered Ethical Justification and Propaganda Chapter 74 Summary of the Argumentation System Chapter 75 The Pragmatic Nature of Ethical Argumentation
£100.80
Lexington Books Ethical Argumentation
Book SynopsisBridging the gap between applied ethics and ethical theory, Ethical Argumentation draws on recent research in argumentation theory to develop a more realistic model of how ethical justification actually works. Douglas Walton presents a new model of ethical argumentation in which ethical justification is analyzed as a defeasible form of argumentation considered in a balanced dialogue. Walton''s new model employs techniques such as: asking the appropriate critical questions, probing accepted values, finding nonexplicit assumptions in an ethical argument, and deconstructing emotive terms and persuasive definitions. This book will be of significant interest to scholars and advanced students in applied ethics and theory.Trade ReviewEthical Argumentation explains and defends a systematic, imaginative, and highly plausible model of ethical reasoning worthy of the careful attention of anyone interested in moral theory or applied ethics. -- Carl Wellman, Washington UniversityWalton shows that critical discussion about ethical matters is the place where rhetoric, logic, and dialectic meet. . . .he significantly advances our understanding of this most important arena for human interaction. -- David Zarefsky, Northwestern University. . .His observations remind us that ethical discussion is a topic worthy of serious discourse, too important to be dismissed by positivists or postmodernists. Walton's "new" model of ethical argumentation. . . .provides some small steps toward closing the existing gap between real problems needing solutions in applied ethics and abstract ethical theories. -- Andrea Birch, Brenau UniversityTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction Part 2 Fundamentals of Ethical Argumentation Chapter 3 Legal Arguments Chapter 4 Hard Cases and Easy Cases Chapter 5 Ross's Theory of Ethical Reasoning Chapter 6 Comparison of Ethical and Legal Arguments Chapter 7 The Problem of Emotive Language Chapter 8 Toward a New Framework Chapter 9 Aristotle on Endoxic Ethical Justification Chapter 10 Evaluating Ethical Argumentation in a Dialogue Format Chapter 11 Deliberation and Practical Reasoning Chapter 12 Concluding Perspectives Part 13 The Layered Maieutic Case Study Method Chapter 14 A Case from Medical Ethics Chapter 15 The Layer of Deliberation Chapter 16 Dialectical Shifts Chapter 17 The Layer of Critical Discussion Chapter 18 Maieutic Insight and Commitment Chapter 19 The Case Analysis and Discussion Chapter 20 The Structure of a Layered Case Study Chapter 21 Current Status of Casuistry in Ethics Chapter 22 How to Evaluate a Layered Case Study Chapter 23 Summary of the Layered Maieutic Case Study Method Part 24 The Central Characteristics of Ethical Reasoning Chapter 25 The Problem of Circular Ethical Justification Chapter 26 Ethical and Legal Reasoning Reconsidered Chapter 27 Chained Inferences in Retrospective Ethical Reasoning Chapter 28 Deep Disagreements and Ultimate Ethical Premises Chapter 29 Facts and Values in Ethical Reasoning Chapter 30 Abductive Inference Chapter 31 Endoxic Premises Chapter 32 How to Determine Endoxic Premises Chapter 33 Summary of the Structure of Ethical Reasoning Part 34 Persuasive Definitions Chapter 35 Stevenson's Theory of Persuasive Definitions Chapter 36 Public Policy Implications of Persuasive Definitions Chapter 37 Value-Laden Terms and Moral Persuasion Chapter 38 A Pragmatic Approach to Definitions Chapter 39 Use of Loaded Terms Chapter 40 The Deceptive Aspect of Persuasive Definitions Chapter 41 Is There a Fallacy of Loaded Terms? Chapter 42 How to Evaluate a Persuasive Definition Chapter 43 Uses in Other Contexts Part 44 Dialectic, Persuasion, and Rhetoric Chapter 45 What is Dialectic? Chapter 46 The New Dialectic Chapter 47 The General Idea of Persuasion Dialogue Chapter 48 Critical Discussion and Rational Persuasion Chapter 49 Fallacies and Faults of Arguments Chapter 50 The Maieutic Function and Learning What Your Goals Are Chapter 51 The Opposition between Rhetoric and Dialectic Chapter 52 Persuasion, Action, and Ethical Justification Chapter 53 A New Program for Studying Ethical Argumentation Part 54 The Probative Function Chapter 55 The Probative Function and Circular Arguments Chapter 56 Account of the Probative Function in Sextus Empiricus Chapter 57 The Problem of Circular Reasoning as Treated in Ancient Sources Chapter 58 Infinite Regress Arguments Chapter 59 Types of Arguments Chapter 60 Linked and Convergent Arguments Chapter 61 Chaining of Arguments Chapter 62 Doubt Reduction and Chaining Chapter 63 The Importance of the Probative Function Chapter 64 Summary: How the Probative Function Works Part 65 The New System of Layered Justification Chapter 66 Subjective and Objective Chapter 67 Attitudes, Emotions, and Rationality Chapter 68 Evidence, Emotion, and Ethical Justification Chapter 69 Emotivism, Relativism, and Postmodernism Chapter 70 The Dialectical Shift to a Verbal Dispute Chapter 71 Multiple Definitions of Ethical Terms Chapter 72 An Argumentation System for Ethical Definitions Chapter 73 The Difference between Layered Ethical Justification and Propaganda Chapter 74 Summary of the Argumentation System Chapter 75 The Pragmatic Nature of Ethical Argumentation
£40.50
Springer International Publishing AG Argument Evaluation and Evidence
Book SynopsisThis monograph poses a series of key problems of evidential reasoning and argumentation. It then offers solutions achieved by applying recently developed computational models of argumentation made available in artificial intelligence. Each problem is posed in such a way that the solution is easily understood. The book progresses from confronting these problems and offering solutions to them, building a useful general method for evaluating arguments along the way. It provides a hands-on survey explaining to the reader how to use current argumentation methods and concepts that are increasingly being implemented in more precise ways for the application of software tools in computational argumentation systems. It shows how the use of these tools and methods requires a new approach to the concepts of knowledge and explanation suitable for diverse settings, such as issues of public safety and health, debate, legal argumentation, forensic evidence, science education, and the use of expert opinion evidence in personal and public deliberations.Trade Review“The book is an easy-to-follow manuscript, employing simple and clear language suitable for both experts and nonexperts. … It is a good resource for those practitioners interested in the explanations of knowledge and conflicting evidence occurring in domains such as public safety, health, debate, science education, and legal argumentation.” (Luca Longo, Computing Reviews, February, 2016)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments.- Chapter 1: Introduction to Argument and Explanation.- Chapter 2: Inference to the Best Explanation.- Chapter 3: A Dialogue System for Evaluating Explanations.- Chapter 4: Evaluating Expert Opinion Evidence.- Chapter 5: Attribution of a Painting to Leonardo da Vinci.- Chapter 6: Argument from Correlation to Causation.- Chapter 7: Knowledge and Inquiry.- Chapter 8: Evidence and Argument Evaluation.- index.
£74.99
