Description
Book SynopsisAlmost every book in the Hebrew Bible mentions horses and chariots in some manner, usually in a military context. However, the importance of horses, chariots, and equestrians in ancient Israel is typically mentioned only in passing, if at all, by historians, hippologists, and biblical scholars. When it is mentioned, the topic engenders a great deal of confusion.
Notwithstanding the substantial textual and archaeological evidence of the horse’s historic presence, recent scholars seem to be led by a general belief that there were very few horses in Iron Age Israel and that Israel’s chariotry was insignificant. The reason for this current sentiment is tied primarily to the academic controversy of the past 50 years over whether the 17 tripartite-pillared buildings excavated at Megiddo in the early 20th century were, in fact, stables. Although the original excavators, archaeologists from the University of Chicago, designated these buildings as stables, a number of scholars (and a few archaeologists) later challenged this view and adopted alternative interpretations. After they “reassessed” the Megiddo stables as “storehouses,” “marketplaces,” or “barracks,” the idea developed that there was no place for the horses to be kept and, therefore, there must have been few horses in Israel. The lack of stables, when added to the suggestion that Iron Age Israel could not have afforded to buy expensive horses and maintain an even more expensive chariotry, led to a dearth of horses in ancient Israel; or so the logic goes that has permeated the literature. Cantrell’s book attempts to dispel this notion.
Too often today, scholars ignore or diminish the role of the horse in battle. It is important to remember that ancient historians took for granted knowledge about horses that modern scholars have now forgotten or never knew. Cantrell’s involvement with horses as a rider, competitor, trainer, breeder, and importer includes equine experience ranging from competitive barrel-racing to jumping, and for the past 25 years, dressage. The Horsemen of Israel relies on the author’s knowledge of and experience with horses as well as her expertise in the field of ancient Near Eastern languages, literature, and archaeology.
Table of ContentsAbbreviations
Introduction
Background
Modern Horsemanship
Ancient Scholarship
Current Scholarship
Historical Setting
Biblical Text
Chronology Matters
Horse-Related Architecture
Contents
The Nature of the War-Horse
The Sights of Battle
The Noise of Battle
The Smells of Battle
The Sex of the War-Horse
The Horse in Battle
The Limitations of the Horse in Battle
Killing a Horse in Battle
Horses in Iron Age Israel and Judah
Kurkh Monolith
Tel Dan Stele
Hebrew Bible Texts
Captured Horses
Horse Trading
Horse Prices
Horse Breeding
Size and Breed of Horses
Economic and Practical Considerations
Religious Concerns
Chariotry in Iron Age Israel
Origin of Monarchic Chariotry
Suitability for Chariotry
Topography
Short Distances
Chariot Cost, Manufacture, and Repair
Chariots in Battle
Architectural Advances for the Israelite Chariotry
Six-Chambered Gates
Chambered Gate Dimensions
Stables of Israel: The Case of Megiddo
Stabled Horses
Feeding Troughs
Feeding Regimens
Water Systems
Tethering Holes
Stall Floors
Removal of Horses from Stalls
Presence of “Only” One Exit from the Stable
Stabling of Stallions
Lack of Horse Paraphernalia at Megiddo
Lack of Horse Bones at Megiddo
Lack of Horse Teeth at Megiddo
Ventilation
Training Considerations
Jezreel Military Headquarters and Cavalry Depot
Summary
Warfare in Iron Age Israel
Aramean Invasions
Assyrian Invasions
Egyptian Invasions
Invasion of Moab (2 Kings 3)
From Chariotry to Mounted Combat
Conclusion
Indexes
