1. RADAR RAINFALL ESTIMATION 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.2 Scope
1.3 Availability of Radar Rainfall Data within the USA
2. RADAR RAINFALL DATA: TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Native Radar Data Resolution
2.2 Radar Rainfall Data Mosaics
2.3 Data Formats and Resolutions
2.3.1 Hydrologic Rainfall Analysis Project Grid
2.3.2 Standard Hydrologic Grid
2.4 Radar Rainfall Data QA/QC and Data Management
2.5 Gauge-Adjusted Radar Rainfall Estimates
2.6 Tool for Radar Rainfall Data Analysis (HEC-MetVue)
2.7 Use of Radar Rainfall Data
2.7.1 Real-time Hydrologic Monitoring, Flood Forecasting, and Disaster Management
2.7.2 Probable Maximum Precipitation Estimation
2.8 Radar Rainfall Data Issues and Future Perspectives
2.8.1 Dual Polarization
2.8.2 Phased Array
2.8.3 Archived Radar Rainfall Data
2.9 Conclusions
3. RADAR-BASED RAINFALL DATA PROCESSING
3.1. Background
3.1.1 Programmatic Background and Organization of This Chapter
3.1.2. Limitations on the Content of This Chapter
3.2. Data Acquisition and Processing
3.2.1 Stages in preparation of Radar and Gauge-radar products
3.2.2 Physical Principles for Single-polarization Radar Precipitation Estimates
3.2.3. Processing for Radar Quality Control
3.2.4. Hydrometeor Identification
3.3. Reflectivity-Precipitation Rate Relationships
3.4 Radar QPE Products from the WSR-88D Radar Product Generator
3.5 Error Distribution of Radar Rainfall Estimates
3.5.1. Errors Caused by Sampling Differences between Gauge and Radar
3.5.2 Numerical Truncation Errors in RPG Products before 2004
3.6. Approaches to Gauge-Radar Adjustment
3.6.1. Mean Field Bias Correction
3.6.2. Local Bias Correction
3.7 Approaches to Gauge-Radar Observation Merging
3.8. Applicability of the Gauge-Radar Approaches
3.9. Use of Daily Precipitation Reports in Combination with Radar QPE
3.10. Access to Precipitation Observations and Estimates
3.10.1. Products from Individual Radar Sites
3.10.2. Gridded Multi-Radar and Multi-Sensor Products
3.10.3. Rain Gauge Reports
3.11 Conclusions
4. EVALUATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF RADAR-BASED RAINFALL DATA
4.1 Rainfall Measurement Methods, Errors, and Accuracy
4.2 Rain Gauge and Radar-based Measurements
4.3 Improving Radar-based Estimation: Optimal Z-R Relationships
4.4 Conclusions
5. USE OF RADAR RAINFALL DATA IN HYDROLOGIC MODELING
5.1 Data Requirements for Hydrologic Modeling and Design
5.2 Radar-based Rainfall Data for Hydrologic Modeling
5.2.1 Hydrologic Model Calibration
5.2.2 Data for Hydrologic Design
5.3 Conclusions
6. EXAMPLES IN RADAR RAINFALL DATA, ANALYSES, AND APPLICATIONS
6.1 Radar Rainfall Estimation—South Florida Water Management District
6.2 Radar Rainfall Data Analyses
6.2.1 Rainfall Frequency Analysis
6.2.2 Depth Area Reduction Factors
6.3 Other Radar Rainfall Data Applications
6.3.1 Near Real-time Flood Warning System
6.3.2 Sewer System Modeling
6.3.3 Groundwater Recharge Modeling
6.3.4 Rain Gauge Network Design
6.4 Conclusions
7. Advanced Topic: Framework for Bias Analysis of Radar Data
7.2. Ideal Performance Measures and Skill Scores
7.3. Utility of Assessment Indexes and Performance Measures
7.4. Bias Corrections
7.5. Bias Corrections with Limited Rain Gauge Data
7.6. Bias Corrections: Temporal Resolution Issues
7.7. Conclusions
8. ADVANCED TOPIC: RAIN GAUGE RAINFALL DATA AUGMENTATION AND RADAR RAINFALL DATA ANALYSIS
8.1 Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Rainfall
8.1.1 Spatial Interpolation Methods for Rainfall
8.2 Missing Data Estimation
8.3 Use of Radar Data for Infilling Rainfall Data
8.3.1 Functional Forms Linking Radar and Rain Gauge Data
8.4 Geospatial Grid-based Transformations of Radar-based Rainfall Data
8.5 Issues with Filled Precipitation Data Series
8.6 Conclusions
9. ADVANCED TOPIC: DESIGN OF RAINFALL MONITORING NETWORKS
9.1 Design of Rainfall Monitoring Networks
9.2 Rain Gauge Network Density
9.3 Optimal Rain Gauge Monitoring Networks
9.4 Optimal Density and Monitoring Networks
9.5 Objectives for Monitoring Network Design
9.6 Optimal Monitoring Network Design
9.6 Optimal Network Design using Radar Data
9.6.1 Variable Density Analysis Block Approach
9.7 Post Network Design Recommendations for Rain Gauge Placements
9.8 Identification of Meteorological Homogeneous Areas
9.9 Conclusions
