Description
Book SynopsisThe Quakers were by far the most successful of the radical religious groups to emerge from the turbulence of the mid-seventeenth century--and their survival into the present day was largely facilitated by the transformation of the movement during its first fifty years. What began as a loose network of charismatic travelling preachers was, by the start of the eighteenth century, a well-organised and international religious machine. This shift is usually explained in terms of a desire to avoid persecution, but Quakers, Christ, and the Enlightenment argues instead for the importance of theological factors as the major impetus for change.In the first sustained account of the theological changes guiding the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism, Madeleine Pennington explores the Quakers'' positive intellectual engagement with those outside the movement to offer a significant reassessment of the causal factors determining the development of early Quakerism. Considering the Quakers'' engagement with such luminaries as Baruch Spinoza, Henry More, John Locke, and John Norris, Pennington unveils the Quakers'' concerted attempts to bolster their theological reputation through the refinement of their central belief in the ''inward Christ'', or ''the Light within''. In doing so, she further challenges stereotypes of early modern radicalism as anti-intellectual and ill-educated. Rather, the theological concerns of the Quakers and their interlocutors point to a crisis of Christology weaving through the intellectual milieu of the seventeenth century, which has long been under-estimated as significant fuel for the emerging Enlightenment.
Table of ContentsAbbreviations Introduction Part I: Moving Beyond a Socio-Political Model 1: Religious Experience in Seventeenth-Century Quakerism 2: Explaining Continuity and Change Part II: The Quaker Christ, 1647-1700 3: Children of the Light: The Earliest Quaker Christology 4: The Effects of the Blood: Changes in Early Quaker Theology 5: The Christian Quaker: The 'Dialogues' of the Early 1670s 6: The Vehiculum Dei: Christ in Robert Barclay's Apology 7: Divine Reason: The Quakers and the Early Enlightenment 8: The Keithian Controversy: A Line in the Sand for the Quakers Conclusion Bibliography Index
