Description
Book SynopsisHailed by advance reviewers as "a kinder, gentler P. Chem. text," this book meets the needs of a full-year course in physical chemistry. It is an ideal choice for classes geared toward pre-medical and life sciences students. Or, as stated in a May 2001 review in
Journal of Chemical Education, "this text meets these students where they are and opens the door to physical chemistry from a perspective they can appreciate."
Physical Chemistry for the Chemical and Biological Sciences offers a wealth of applications to chemical and biological problems, numerous chapter-ending exercises, and an accompanying solutions manual. Well known for his clear writing and careful pedagogical approach, Raymond Chang has developed yet another masterpiece in chemical education.
Key Features
- a student-oriented, highly readable text
- traditional and flexible organization
- a functional and pleasing two-color format
- many worked examples in text
- 1000 chapter-ending problems
- an overview of key equations in each chapter
- a glossary of key terms
- answers provided to even-numbered computational problems
Trade Review'I have found Ray Chang's P. Chem book to be the ideal textbook for students from the life sciences. Whereas so many other textbooks seem to be written for the instructor, this text works well with students who have traditionally struggled with this course.' - George Bodner, Purdue University, USA 'I adopted the P Chem text by Raymond Chang here at McGill two years ago, for a course populated with ~180 biochemistry and biology students, many of them 'pre-med.' I had formerly used a well-known text by a different author, but I (and the students) found it a little short on good explanations, and there were many errors in the end-of-chapter problems and answers. I am very pleased with how the Chang text approaches thermodynamics, especially applications, such as in the chapter on macromolecules. Similarly, I very much appreciate the biological emphasis in this text, and especially the relevance of the problems. Overall, I consider this to be an excellent text.' - Christopher J. Barrett, McGill University, USA 'This book offers an alternative approach to physical chemistry that is particularly well suited for those who want to pursue a course of study more focused on the biological sciences.' - Journal of Chemical Education 'A distinct and excellent publication worth recommending to biological chemists...I have learnt something new about biology, [the book] is very refreshing in its aims and clarity.' - Times Higher Education
Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Nature of Physical Chemistry
1.2 Units
Force
Pressure
Energy 1.3 Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, and the Chemical Mole
Chapter 2 The Gas Laws 2.1 Some Basic Definitions
2.2 An Operational Definition of Temperature
2.3 Boyle's Law
2.4 Charles' and Gay-Lussac's Law
2.5 Avogadro's Law
2.6 The Ideal Gas Equation
2.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
2.8 Real Gases
The van der Waals Equation
The Virial Equation of State 2.9 Condensation of Gases and the Critical State
Chapter 3 Kinetic Theory of Gases 3.1 The Model
3.2 Pressure of a Gas
3.3 Kinetic Energy and Temperature
3.4 The Maxwell Distribution Laws
3.5 Molecular Collisions and the Mean Free Path
3.6 Gas Viscosity
3.7 Graham's Laws of Diffusion and Effusion
3.8 Equipartition of Energy
Appendix 3.1 Derivation of Equation (3.24)
Appendix 3.2 Total and Partial Differentiation Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 4.1 Work and Heat
Work
Heat 4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.3 Enthalpy
4.4 A Closer Look at Heat Capacities
4.5 Gas Expansion
Isothermal Expansion
Adiabatic Expansion 4.6 Thermochemistry
Standard Enthalpy of Formation
Dependence of Enthalpy of Reaction on Temperature 4.7 Bond Energies and Bond Enthalpies
Bond Enthalpy and Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
Appendix 4.1 Exact and Inexact Differentials Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.1 Spontaneous Processes
5.2 Entropy
Statistical Definition of Entropy
Thermodynamic Definition of Entropy 5.3 The Carnot Heat Engine
Thermodynamic Efficiency
The Entropy Function
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps 5.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
5.5 Entropy Changes
Entropy Change due to Mixing of Ideal Gases
Entropy Change due to Phase Transitions
Entropy Change due to Heating 5.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
Third-Law or Absolute Entropies
Entropy of Chemical Reactions 5.7 Residual Entropy
Appendix 5.1 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 6 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies and Their Applications 6.1 Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies
6.2 Meaning of Helmholtz and Gibbs Energies
Helmholtz Energy
Gibbs Energy 6.3 Standard Molar Gibbs Energy of Formation (ÆfG°)
6.4 Dependence of Gibbs Energy on Temperature and Pressure
Dependence of G on Temperature
Dependence of G on Pressure 6.5 Gibbs Energy and Phase Equilibria
The Clapeyron and Clausius-Clapeyron Equations
Phase Diagrams
The Phase Rule 6.6 Thermodynamics of Rubber Elasticity
Appendix 6.1 Some Thermodynamic Relationships
Appendix 6.2 Derivation of the Phase Rule Chapter 7 Nonelectrolyte Solutions 7.1 Concentration Units
Percent by Weight
Mole fraction (x)
Molarity (M)
Molality (m) 7.2 Partial Molar Quantities
Partial Molar Volume
Partial Molar Gibbs Energy 7.3 The Thermodynamics of Mixing
7.4 Binary Mixtures of Volatile Liquids
7.5 Real Solutions
The Solvent Component
The Solute Component 7.6 Phase Equilibria of Two-Component Systems
Distillation
Solid-Liquid Equilibria 7.7 Colligative Properties
Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Boiling-Point Elevation
Freezing-Point Depression
Osmotic Pressure Chapter 8 Electrolyte Solutions 8.1 Electrical Conduction in Solution
Some Basic Definitions
Degree of Dissociation
Ionic Mobility
Applications of Conductance Measurements 8.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process
8.3 Thermodynamics of Ions in Solution
Enthalpy, Entropy, and Gibbs Energy of Formation of Ions in Solution 8.4 Ionic Activity
8.5 Debye-Huckel Theory of Electrolytes
The Salting-In and Salting-Out Effects 8.6 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
The Donnan Effect 8.7 Biological Membranes
Membrane Transport
Appendix 8.1 Notes on Electrostatics
Appendix 8.2 The Donnan Effect Involving Proteins Bearing Multiple Charges Chapter 9 Chemical Equilibrium 9.1 Chemical Equilibrium in Gaseous Systems
Ideal Gases 9.2 Reactions in Solution
9.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria
9.4 The Influence of Temperature, Pressure, and Catalysts on the Equilibrium Constant
The Effect of Temperature
The Effect of Pressure
The Effect of a Catalyst 9.5 Binding of Ligands and Metal Ions to Macromolecules
One Binding Site per Macromolecule
Equivalent Binding Sites per Macromolecule
Equilibrium Dialysis 9.6 Bioenergetics
The Standard State in Biochemistry
ATP - The Currency of Energy
Principles of Coupled Reactions
Glycolysis
Some Limitations of Thermodynamics
Appendix 9.1 The Relationship Between Fugacity and Pressure
Appendix 9.2 The Relationships Between K1 and K2 and the Intrinsic Dissociation Constant K Chapter 10 Electrochemistry 10.1 Electrochemical Cells
10.2 Single-Electrode Potential
10.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells
The Nernst Equation
Temperature Dependence of EMF 10.4 Types of Electrodes
Metal Electrodes
Gas Electrodes
Metal-Insoluble Salt Electrodes
Gas Electrodes
The Glass Electrode
Ion-Selective Electrodes 10.5 Types of Electrochemical Cells
Concentration Cells
Fuel Cells 10.6 Applications of EMF Measurements
Determination of Activity Coefficients
Determination of pH 10.7 Potentiometric Titration of Redox Reactions
10.8 Biological Oxidation
The Chemiosmotic Theory of Oxidative Phosphorylation 10.9 Membrane Potential
The Goldman Equation
The Action Potential Chapter 11 Acids and Bases 11.1 Definitions of Acids and Bases
11.2 Dissociation of Acids and Bases
The Ion Product of Water and the pH scale
The Relationship Between the Dissociation Constant of An Acid and Its Conjugate Base 11.3 Salt Hydrolysis
11.4 Acid-Base Titrations
Acid-Base Indicators 11.5 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids
11.6 Amino Acids
Dissociation of Amino Acids
Isoelectric Point 11.7 Buffer Solutions
Effect of Ionic Strength and Temperature on Buffer Solutions
Preparing a Buffer Solution With a Specific pH
Buffer Capacity 11.8 Maintaining the pH of Blood
Appendix 11.1 A More Exact Treatment of Acid-Base Equilibria Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics 12.1 Reaction Rate
12.2 Reaction Order
Zero-Order Reactions
First-Order Reactions
Second-Order Reactions
Determination of Reaction Order 12.3 Molecularity of a Reaction
Unimolecular Reactions
Bimolecular Reactions
Termolecular Reactions 12.4 More Complex Reactions
Reversible Reactions
Consecutive Reactions
Chain Reactions 12.5 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
The Arrhenius Equation 12.6 Potential-Energy Surfaces
12.7 Theories of Reaction Rates
Collision Theory
Transition-State Theory
Thermodynamic Formulation of the Transition-State Theory 12.8 Isotope Effects in Chemical Reactions
12.9 Reactions in Solution
12.10 Fast Reactions in Solution
The Flow Method
The Relaxation Method 12.10 Oscillating Reactions
Appendix 12.1 Derivation of Equation (12.9)
Appendix 12.2 Derivation of Equation (12.38) Chapter 13 Enzyme Kinetics 13.1 General Principles of Catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis 13.2 The Equations of Enzyme Kinetics
Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Steady-State Kinetics
The Significance of KM and Vmax 13.3 Chymotrypsin: A Case Study
13.4 Multisubstrate Systems
The Sequential Mechanism
The Nonsequential or "Ping-Pong" Mechanism 13.5 Enzyme Inhibition
Reversible Inhibition
Irreversible Inhibitions 13.6 Allosteric Interactions
Oxygen Binding to Myoglobin and Hemoglobin
The Hill Equation
The Concerted Model
The Sequential Model
Conformational Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by Oxygen Binding 13.7 pH Effects on Enzyme Kinetics
Appendix 13.1 Kinetic Analysis of the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Trimethylacetate Catalyzed by Chymotrypsin
Appendix 13.2 Derivations of Equations (13.17) and (13.19)
Appendix 13.3 Derivation of Equation (13.32) Chapter 14 Quantum Mechanics 14.1 The Wave Theory of Light
14.2 Planck's Quantum Theory
14.3 The Photoelectric Effect
14.4 Bohr's Theory of Hydrogen Emission Spectra
14.5 de Broglie's Postulate
14.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
14.7 The Schrodinger Wave Equation
14.8 Particle in a One Dimensional Box
Electronic Spectra of Polyenes 14.9 Quantum-Mechanical Tunneling
14.10 The Schrodinger Wave Equation for the Hydrogen Atom
Atomic Orbitals 14.11 Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table
Electron Configurations
Variations in Periodic Properties Chapter 15 The Chemical Bond 15.1 Lewis Structures
15.2 Valence Bond Theory
15.3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Methane (CH4)
Ethylene (C2H4)
Acetylene (C2H2) 15.4 Electronegativity and Dipole Moments
Electronegativity
Dipole Moment 15.5 Molecular Orbital Theory
15.6 Diatomic Molecules
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules of the First and Second-Period Elements 15.7 Resonance and Electron Delocalization
The Peptide Bond 15.8 Coordination Compounds
Crystal Field Theory
Molecular Orbital Theory
Valence Bond Theory 15.9 Coordination Compounds in Biological Systems
Chapter 16 Intermolecular Forces 16.1 Intermolecular Interactions
16.2 The Ionic Bond
16.3 Types of Intermolecular Forces
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
Ion-Dipole Interaction
Ion-Induced Dipole and Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions
Dispersion or London Interactions
Repulsive and Total Interactions
The Role of Dispersion Forces in Sickle-Cell Anemia 16.4 The Hydrogen Bond
16.5 Structure and Properties of Water
Structure of Ice
Structure of Water
Some Physiochemical Properties of Water 16.6 The Hydrophobic Interaction
Chapter 17 Spectroscopy 17.1 Vocabulary
Absorption and Emission
Units
Regions of the Spectrum
Line Width
Resolution
Intensity
Selection Rules
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The Beer-Lambert Law 17.2 Microwave Spectroscopy
17.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
Simultaneous Vibrational and Rotational Transitions 17.4 Electronic Spectroscopy
Organic Molecules
Transition Metal Complexes
Molecules that Undergo Charge-Transfer Interactions
Application of the Beer-Lambert Law 17.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
The Boltzmann Distribution
Chemical Shifts
Spin-Spin Coupling
NMR and Rate Processes
NMR of Nuclei Other Than 1H 17.6 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
17.7 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence 17.8 Lasers
Properties and Applications of Laser Light
Appendix 17.1 Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy Chapter 18 Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity 18.1 Symmetry of Molecules
Proper Rotation Axis
Plane of Symmetry
Center of Symmetry
Improper Rotation Axis
Molecular Symmetry and Dipole Moment
Molecular Symmetry and Optical Activity 18.2 Polarized Light and Optical Rotation
18.3 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism
Chapter 19 Photochemistry and Photobiology 19.1 Introduction
Thermal versus Photochemical Reactions
Primary versus Secondary Processes
Quantum Yields
Measurement of Light Intensity
Action Spectrum 19.2 Earth's Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Regions of the Atmosphere
Residence Time 19.3 The Greenhouse Effect
19.4 Photochemical Smog
Formation of Nitrogen Oxides
Formation of O3 • Formation of Hydroxyl Radical
Formation of Other Secondary Pollutants
Harmful Effects and Prevention of Photochemical Smog 19.5 The Essential Role of Ozone in the Stratosphere
Formation of the Ozone Layer
Destruction of Ozone
Polar Ozone Holes
Ways to Curb Ozone Depletion 19.6 Photosynthesis
The Chloroplast
Chlorophyll and Other Pigment Molecules
The Reaction Center
Photosystems I and II
Dark Reactions 19.7 Vision
Structure of Rhodopsin
Mechanism of Vision
Rotation About the C=C Bond 19.8 Biological Effects of Radiation
Sunlight and Skin Cancer
Light-Activated Drugs Chapter 20 The Solid State 20.1 Classification of Crystal Systems
20.2 The Bragg Equation
20.3 Structural Determination by X-ray Diffraction
The Powder Method
Determination of the Crystal Structure of NaCl
The Structure Factor
Neutron Diffraction 20.4 Types of Crystals
Metallic Crystals
Ionic Crystals
Covalent Crystals
Molecular Crystals
Appendix 20.1 Derivation of Equation (20.3) Chapter 21 The Liquid State 21.1 Structure of Liquids
21.2 Viscosity
21.3 Surface Tension
The Capillary-Rise Method
Surface Tension in the Lungs 21.4 Diffusion
Fick's Laws of Diffusion 21.5 Liquid Crystals
Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
Lyotropic Liquid Crystals Appendix 21.1 Derivation of Equation (21.13)
Chapter 22 Macromolecules 22.1 Methods for Determining the Size, Shape, and Molar Mass of Macromolecules
Molar Mass of Macromolecules
Sedimentation in the Ultracentrifuge
Viscosity
Electrophoresis 22.2 Structure of Synthetic Polymers
Configuration and Conformation
The Random-Walk Model 22.3 Structure of Proteins and DNA
Proteins
DNA 22.4 Protein Stability
The Hydrophobic Interaction
Denaturation
Protein Folding
Appendix 22.1 DNA Fingerprinting Chapter 23 Statistical Thermodynamics 23.1 Macrostates and Microstates
23.2 The Boltzmann Distribution Law
23.3 The Partition Function
23.4 Molecular Partition Function
Translational Partition Function
Rotational Partition Function
Vibrational Partition Function
Electronic Partition Function 23.5 Thermodynamic Quantities from Partition Functions
Internal Energy and Heat Capacity
Entropy 23.6 Chemical Equilibrium
23.7 Transition-State Theory
Appendix 23.1 Justification of Q = qN/N! for Indistinguishable Particles Appendices
A. Review of Mathematics and Physics
B. Thermodynamic Data
Glossary; Answers to Even-Numbered Numerical Problems; Index
