Practical discussions of the autonomic and somatic nerves of the abdomen and pelvis and the male and fem
Table of Contents
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
About the Author xix
About the Contributors xix
About the Companion Website xxi
1 The Boundaries of the Abdomen 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Diaphragm 1
1.3 The Layers of the Abdominal Wall 2
1.3.1 The skin 2
1.3.2 The subcutaneous fascia 2
1.3.3 The rectus abdominis muscle 2
1.3.4 External abdominal oblique muscle 3
1.3.5 Internal abdominal oblique muscle 5
1.3.6 Transverse abdominal muscle 6
1.3.7 Retroperitoneal fascia 7
1.3.8 Parietal peritoneum 8
1.4 The Sheath of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle 8
1.5 Clinical Importance of the Ventral Body Wall 8
1.6 The Inguinal Canal 9
1.7 Hernias 11
1.7.1 Inguinal hernia 11
1.7.2 Umbilical hernia 11
1.7.3 Perineal hernia 11
1.7.4 Diaphragmatic hernia 12
1.7.5 Post-operative hernia 12
2 Gastrointestinal Function 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Functions of the Alimentary Tract 13
2.2.1 Transport of food 13
2.2.2 Physical treatment of food 14
2.2.3 Chemical treatment of food 14
2.2.4 Absorption 15
2.3 Regions of the Alimentary Tract 15
2.4 Clinical Conditions Affecting Gastrointestinal Function 17
3 The Mesenteries, Ligaments and Omenta 19
3.1 The Greater Omentum 19
3.2 The Clinical Significance of the Greater Omentum 20
3.3 The Lesser Omentum 20
3.4 Ligaments 20
3.4.1 Abdominal ligaments 21
3.4.2 Pelvic ligaments 21
3.4.3 Pelvic ligaments – female 21
3.4.4 Pelvic ligaments – male 22
4 The Stomach 23
4.1 Overview of the Mammalian Stomach 23
4.2 Species Variations 23
4.2.1 Horse 23
4.2.2 Ox 25
4.2.3 Sheep 26
4.2.4 Pig 27
4.2.5 Dog 27
4.3 Clinical Conditions 28
4.3.1 Horse 28
4.3.2 Ox 28
4.3.3 Sheep 28
4.3.4 Pig 29
4.3.5 Dog 29
5 The Small Intestines 31
5.1 Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum 31
5.2 Species Variations 32
5.2.1 Horse 32
5.2.2 Ox 33
5.2.3 Sheep 34
5.2.4 Pig 34
5.2.5 Dog 34
5.3 Clinical Conditions 36
5.3.1 Horse 36
5.3.2 Ox 36
5.3.3 Sheep 36
5.3.4 Pig 36
5.3.5 Dog 36
6 The Large Intestine 39
6.1 Overview 39
6.2 Species Variations 39
6.2.1 Horse 39
6.2.2 Ox 41
6.2.3 Sheep 42
6.2.4 Pig 42
6.2.5 Dog 43
6.3 Clinical Conditions 43
7 The Liver and Pancreas 45
7.1 The Liver 45
7.2 Anatomy of the Liver 45
7.3 Histology of the Liver 46
7.4 The Gall Bladder 46
7.5 Species Variations 47
7.5.1 Horse 47
7.5.2 Ruminants 47
7.5.3 Pig 48
7.5.4 Dog and Cat 49
7.6 The Pancreas 49
7.7 Clinical Conditions of the Liver and Pancreas 49
8 Arteries of the Abdomen and Pelvis 51
8.1 The Branches of the Abdominal Aorta 51
8.1.1 Coeliac artery 52
8.1.2 Cranial mesenteric artery 53
8.1.3 Phrenicoabdominal arteries 54
8.1.4 Renal arteries 54
8.1.5 Lumbar segmental arteries 55
8.1.6 Gonadal arteries 55
8.1.7 Caudal mesenteric artery 55
8.1.8 Deep circumflex iliac arteries 55
8.1.9 External iliac arteries 55
8.1.10 Internal iliac arteries 55
8.2 Species Variations 56
9 Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis 57
9.1 Tributaries of the Caudal Vena Cava 57
9.1.1 Deep circumflex iliac veins 57
9.1.2 Lumbar veins 57
9.1.3 The gonadal veins 58
9.1.4 Renal veins 58
9.1.5 Phrenicoabdominal veins 58
9.1.6 Hepatic veins 59
9.1.7 Phrenic veins 59
9.2 The Hepatic Portal Vein 59
9.3 The Mammary Glands 59
9.3.1 Species variations 60
10 Lymphatics and the Spleen 63
10.1 The Lymphatic System 63
10.2 The Spleen 64
10.3 Species Variations 64
10.3.1 Horse 64
10.3.2 Ruminants 66
10.3.3 Pig 66
10.3.4 Carnivore 66
10.3.5 Whale 66
10.4 Clinical Conditions Affecting the Lymphatic System 66
11 The Nerves of the Abdomen and Pelvis 69
11.1 General Somatic Afferent Neurons 69
11.2 General Visceral Afferent Neurons 69
11.3 General Somatic Efferent Neurons 70
11.4 General Visceral Efferent Neurons 70
11.4.1 Sympathetic motor pathways 70
11.4.2 The prevertebral ganglia 73
11.4.3 Sympathetic transmitter substances 74
11.4.4 Pain pathways from the abdominal viscera 74
11.4.5 Parasympathetic motor pathways 74
11.5 Clinical Conditions 75
11.6 Regional Anaesthesia 77
11.6.1 Paravertebral anaesthesia 77
11.6.2 Pudendal nerve block 77
12 The Kidneys 79
12.1 Nitrogenous Excretion 79
12.2 Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys 80
12.3 Species Variations 81
12.3.1 Horse 81
12.3.2 Ox 82
12.3.3 Sheep 82
12.3.4 Pig 82
12.3.5 Dog/cat 82
12.4 Clinical Conditions of the Kidneys of the Domestic Mammals 82
12.5 Urinary Bladder and Urethra 83
12.6 Adrenal Gland 83
12.6.1 The blood supply of the adrenal gland 84
13 The Ovaries and Ovarian Bursae 85
13.1 The Ovary 85
13.2 Species Variations 86
13.2.1 Mare 86
13.2.2 Cow 87
13.2.3 Ewe 87
13.2.4 Sow 87
13.2.5 Bitch 87
13.2.6 Queen 88
13.3 The Ovarian Bursa 88
13.4 The Uterine Tube, also called the Fallopian Tube or the Oviduct 88
14 The Uterus, Uterine Tube, Vestibule and Vagina 89
14.1 The Uterine Cornu 89
14.1.1 Species variations 89
14.2 The Body of the Uterus 92
14.3 The Pregnant Uterus 93
14.3.1 Species variations 93
14.4 Placentation 94
14.4.1 The foetal membranes 95
14.5 The Cervix Uteri 95
14.5.1 Species variations 95
14.6 The Vagina 96
14.7 The Vestibule 97
14.7.1 Species variations 98
14.8 Clinical Conditions 99
15 The Mammalian Penis 101
15.1 The Penis 101
15.2 Erectile Tissue 101
15.2.1 Corpus spongiosum penis 101
15.2.2 Corpus cavernosum penis 102
15.3 The Muscles of the Penis 102
15.3.1 Retractor penis muscle 102
15.3.2 Ischiocavernosus muscle 102
15.3.3 Bulbospongiosus muscle 102
15.4 The Blood Supply and Venous Drainage of the Penis 103
15.5 Species Variations of the Penis 103
15.5.1 Horse 103
15.5.2 Ox 104
15.5.3 Sheep 105
15.5.4 Pig 107
15.5.5 Dog 109
15.5.6 Cat 110
15.6 The Prepuce 110
15.6.1 The muscles of the prepuce 111
15.6.2 The blood supply of the prepuce 111
15.6.3 Species variations of the prepuce 111
16 The Testes 113
16.1 The Anatomy of the Testes 113
16.2 Species Variations 113
16.3 The Scrotum 113
16.4 The Tissue Layers of the Testes and Scrotum 115
16.5 The Blood Supply and Drainage of the Testes 117
16.6 The Epididymis 118
16.7 Species Variations 118
16.7.1 Horse 118
16.7.2 Ruminant 118
16.7.3 Pig 118
16.7.4 Dog 118
16.8 The Descent of the Testes 118
16.9 Induction of Testicular Descent 121
17 The Accessory Sex Glands 123
17.1 The Accessory Glands 123
17.2 Prostate Gland 123
17.2.1 Species variations 123
17.3 Vesicular Glands 124
17.3.1 Species variations 124
17.4 Ampulla of the Ductus Deferens 125
17.5 Bulbourethral Glands 125
17.6 Clinical Conditions of the Accessory Glands 125
17.7 Anal Glands 125
18 Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen 127
18.1 Radiographic Anatomy 127
18.2 Specific Organs 128
18.2.1 The stomach 128
18.2.2 The spleen 129
18.2.3 The liver 129
18.2.4 The intestines 129
18.2.5 The kidneys 130
18.2.6 Urinary bladder 132
18.2.7 Urethra and prostate gland 132
18.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 132
18.4 Computed Tomography 133
18.5 Ultrasonography 133
18.6 Diagnostic Imaging in Equine Patients 135
18.7 Diagnostic Imaging in Farm Animals 137
18.8 Laparoscopy in Dogs and Cats 139
Appendix 141
Bibliography 147
Index 149
