Description
Book SynopsisDr. William Stallings has made a unique contribution to understanding the broad sweep of technical developments in computer security, computer networking, and computer architecture. He has authored 18 textbooks, and, counting revised editions, a total of 70 books on various aspects of these subjects. His writings have appeared in numerous ACM and IEEE publications, including the Proceedings of the IEEE and ACM Computing Reviews. He has 13 times received the award for the best computer science textbook of the year from the Text and Academic Authors Association.
In over 30 years in the field, he has been a technical contributor, technical manager, and an executive with several high-technology firms. He has designed and implemented both TCP/IP-based and OSI-based protocol suites on a variety of computers and operating systems, ranging from microcomputers to mainframes. Currently, he is an independent consultant whose clients have included compu
Table of Contents
Preface xxi
PART I MODERN NETWORKING 3
Chapter 1: Elements of Modern Networking 4
1.1 The Networking Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Example Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A Global Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A Typical Network Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Applications of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ethernet Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4 Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Applications of Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Wi-Fi Data Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 4G/5G Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
First Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Second Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Third Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fourth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fifth Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.6 Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Cloud Computing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
The Benefits of Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Cloud Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Cloud Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.7 Internet of Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Things on the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Layers of the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.8 Network Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.9 Unified Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.10 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter 2: Requirements and Technology 38
2.1 Types of Network and Internet Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Elastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Inelastic Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Real-Time Traffic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2 Demand: Big Data, Cloud Computing, and Mobile Traffic . . . . . . 45
Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Cloud Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Mobile Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3 Requirements: QoS and QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4 Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Packet Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Elements of a Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5 Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Effects of Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Congestion Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.6 SDN and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Network Functions Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.7 Modern Networking Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.8 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
PART II SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKS 75
Chapter 3: SDN: Background and Motivation 76
3.1 Evolving Network Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Demand Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Supply Is Increasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Traffic Patterns Are More Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Traditional Network Architectures are Inadequate . . . . . . . . . 79
3.2 The SDN Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
SDN Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.3 SDN- and NFV-Related Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Standards-Developing Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Industry Consortia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Open Development Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 4: SDN Data Plane and OpenFlow 92
4.1 SDN Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Data Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Data Plane Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.2 OpenFlow Logical Network Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Flow Table Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Flow Table Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The Use of Multiple Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Group Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.3 OpenFlow Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.4 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Chapter 5: SDN Control Plane 112
5.1 SDN Control Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Control Plane Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Southbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2 ITU-T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.3 OpenDaylight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
OpenDaylight Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
OpenDaylight Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.4 REST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
REST Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Example REST API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.5 Cooperation and Coordination Among Controllers . . . . . . . . 133
Centralized Versus Distributed Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
High-Availability Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Federated SDN Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Border Gateway Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Routing and QoS Between Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Using BGP for QoS Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
IETF SDNi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
OpenDaylight SNDi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Chapter 6: SDN Application Plane 144
6.1 SDN Application Plane Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Northbound Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Network Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
6.2 Network Services Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Abstractions in SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Frenetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.3 Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
PolicyCop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.4 Measurement and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.5 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
OpenDaylight DDoS Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.6 Data Center Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Big Data over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Cloud Networking over SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.7 Mobility and Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
6.8 Information-Centric Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Use of an Abstraction Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.9 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
PART III VIRTUALIATION 175
Chapter 7: Network Functions Virtualization: Concepts and Architecture 176
7.1 Background and Motivation for NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2 Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The Virtual Machine Monitor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Architectural Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Container Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.3 NFV Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Simple Example of the Use of NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
NFV Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
High-Level NFV Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
NFV Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
NFV Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5 NFV Reference Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
NFV Management and Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Reference Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter 8: NFV Functionality 198
8.1 NFV Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Container Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Deployment of NFVI Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Logical Structure of NFVI Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Compute Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Hypervisor Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Infrastructure Network Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.2 Virtualized Network Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
VNF Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
VNFC to VNFC Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
VNF Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.3 NFV Management and Orchestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Virtualized Infrastructure Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Virtual Network Function Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
NFV Orchestrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Repositories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Element Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
OSS/BSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
8.4 NFV Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Architectural Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Service-Oriented Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.5 SDN and NFV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.6 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Chapter 9: Network Virtualization 230
9.1 Virtual LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
The Use of Virtual LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Defining VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Communicating VLAN Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Nested VLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
9.2 OpenFlow VLAN Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
9.3 Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
IPsec VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
MPLS VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
9.4 Network Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
A Simplified Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Network Virtualization Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Benefits of Network Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
9.5 OpenDaylight's Virtual Tenant Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
9.6 Software-Defined Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Software-Defined Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
SDI Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
9.7 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
9.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
PART IV DEFINING AND SUPPORTING USER NEEDS 265
Chapter 10: Quality of Service 266
10.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
10.2 QoS Architectural Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Data Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Control Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Management Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
10.3 Integrated Services Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
ISA Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
ISA Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
ISA Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Queuing Discipline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
10.4 Differentiated Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
DiffServ Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
DiffServ Configuration and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Per-Hop Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Default Forwarding PHB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
10.5 Service Level Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
10.6 IP Performance Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
10.7 OpenFlow QoS Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Queue Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
10.8 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
10.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Chapter 11: QoE: User Quality of Experience 300
11.1 Why QoE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Online Video Content Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.2 Service Failures Due to Inadequate QoE Considerations . . . . . 304
11.3 QoE-Related Standardization Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
11.4 Definition of Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Definition of Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Definition of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Quality Formation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Definition of Quality of Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
11.5 QoE Strategies in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
The QoE/QoS Layered Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Summarizing and Merging the QoE/QoS Layers . . . . . . . . . 310
11.6 Factors Influencing QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
11.7 Measurements of QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Subjective Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Objective Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
End-User Device Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Summarizing the QoE Measurement Methods . . . . . . . . . . 316
11.8 Applications of QoE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
11.9 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
11.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Chapter 12: Network Design Implications of QoS and QoE 322
12.1 Classification of QoE/QoS Mapping Models . . . . . . . . . . 323
Black-Box Media-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . . 323
Glass-Box Parameter-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . 325
Gray-Box QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Tips for QoS/QoE Mapping Model Selection . . . . . . . . . . . 327
12.2 IP-Oriented Parameter-Based QoS/QoE Mapping Models . . . . . 327
Network Layer QoE/QoS Mapping Models for Video Services . . . . 328
Application Layer QoE/QoS Mapping Models for Video Services . . 328
12.3 Actionable QoE over IP-Based Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
The System-Oriented Actionable QoE Solution . . . . . . . . . . 330
The Service-Oriented Actionable QoE Solution . . . . . . . . . . 331
12.4 QoE Versus QoS Service Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
QoS Monitoring Solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
QoE Mo
