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Understanding Hegemonic Practices of the Early Assyrian Empire is a thematic volume that addresses the issue of how the Middle Assyrian State achieved and maintained its hold over conquered territories. The central question is whether this state had particular hegemonic practices that might explain its remarkable successes. Contributions were written by established and up and coming archaeologists and Assyriologists. Particular themes addressed in this volume include; first, the relation between the Middle Assyrian state and that of the Mittani: to what degree the Assyria was a successor state and how it transformed its Mittanian heritage; second, what the effects of the Middle Assyrian Empire were on settlement patterns and landscapes in occupied territories; third, what the strategies of the Middle Assyrian Empire were in its westernmost peripheries; fourth, what the agricultural policies of the Middle Assyrian state were; fifth, what the administrative techniques of the Middle Assyrian state were and how they differed from those of other states; and sixth, how we can best understand the success of the (Middle) Assyrian Empire from a comparative perspective. Contributing authors: Peter Akkermans; Anacleto D’Agostino; Rémi Berthon; Kim Duistermaat; Bleda Düring; Federica Fantone; Stefan Jakob; Victor Klinkenberg; Rafał Koliński; Hartmut Kühne; Tijm Lanjouw; Jaume Llop-Raduà; Simone Mühl; Bradley Parker; J. Nicholas Postgate; Hervé Reculeau; Daisuke Shibata; Aline Tenu; and Frans Wiggermann. The volume has been dedicated to Frans Wiggermann in honour of his important contributions to the study of the Middle Assyrian period on the occasion of his 65th birthday.

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From the Treasures of Syria presents perspectives on the art and archaeology of ancient Syria, authored by a number of leading experts. The volume is a tribute to Stefania Mazzoni, Professor of Near Eastern Archeology at the University of Florence. The important site of Tell Afis, where S. Mazzoni worked for many years, is represented by special studies on ceramics and figurines, all from levels investigated very comprehensibly at Afis, and which cover the transition from the Late Bronze Age through the Iron Age. Finds from Afis are also the focus in other articles, like a fragmentary stele studied by A. Otto, who extends perspectives on iconographic elements back into the early Neolithic. The analysis of iconography is an important subject in several other papers, which study seals, obelisks, and carved ivories. Other contributions present results of excavations at important sites in Syria and the Levant, such as Amrith, the Southern Gate at Zincirli and its sculptured slabs, and the early Third Millennium palace at Tell el-‛Abd. Tell Atchana/Alalakh, Ugarit, Tell Mozan, Tell Banat, and Tell Fekheriye are represented by studies and interpretations of statues, seals, and ceramics.

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Mesopotamian society and its economy were basically agrarian, exhibiting cyclical long-term developments, as well as an unmistakable growth in political size. The combination contributed to severe strains in urban Mesopotamian society. Increasing political importance both complicated and concentrated government, which was compelled to change those massive quantities of agricultural bulk products, generated by its own agricultural activities and received as tax, into the more useful, liquid silver, which, however, was not produced in Mesopotamia itself. The first study presented establishes that already by 2000 B.C. silver was to some extent current in Mesopotamia and could be exchanged internally for agricultural produce. The second study, dealing mainly with the remuneration of the Mesopotamian clergy, concludes that local elites, which played an essential role in maintaining the urban character of settled Mesopotamian society, possessed a stable economic basis, for which neither silver nor the functioning of a market played a decisive role. A third study deals with Neo-Babylonian-Achaemenid taxation, a topic which cannot be isolated from the exploitation of the land in general. It is evident that Mesopotamia made a considerable contribution to the Persian monarchy, both in silver and in human labour. Agricultural products could be marketed and exchanged within Mesopotamia but how the silver required was earned in the outside world, remains elusive.

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During the Neo-Babylonian and early Achaemenid period the economic affairs of the temples in Babylonia prospered. These economic institutions owned land and herds in the countryside, and an elementary manufacturing industry in the cities. Substantial parts of the large archives of two such institutions are available for study: the Eanna archive from Uruk and the Ebabbar archive from Sippar. This book deals with the prosopography and the structure of the inner city organization of Ebabbar, which - from a strictly organizational point of view - consisted of three "sections": the officials of the central temple administration (chapter II), the prebendaries of Ebabbar (chapter III), and the craftsmen and workmen of Ebabbar (chapter IV). Appended to the book, prosopographical data are listed of the income lease holders (appendix A), the five main Sippar families and their private archives (appendix B), and the scribes attested in the Ebabbar archive (appendix C).

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The concept "house" is of prime importance for Assyriological research, being both the "house" as a physical entity and the household as a basic socio-economic unit. In a number of articles archaeologists discuss and present houses found in Near Eastern excavations, spatial organization of settlements and the ethnological background of living in the ancient Near East. The articles by philologists are devoted to the study of administrative texts from Near Eastern households, building techniques, domestic religion and other topics revealed by ancient Mesopotamian texts.

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In studies of the Assyrian merchant community established at Kültepe (KARUM Kanesh, level 2) in Anatolia in the early second millennium B.C., the texts with their associated cylinder and stamp sealings found there have traditionally been investigated separately. This book specifically seeks to integrate glyptic and textual studies in a way helpful both to scholars of Old Assyrian and to those with an interest in seals and sealing in the ancient Near East. The combined study of texts and sealings illuminates commercial and socio-legal activity in fresh ways, whilst the stylistic analyses sharpens chronological arguments and throws light on the community's foreign contacts. The book consists of two parts. The first analyses the sealing practices (in general and per type of record, with a special chapter on witnesses) and the seals, their ownership, manufacture, styles, iconography and inscriptions. Special chapters deal with the archives of the KARUM (with a list of their locations) and with the dating of texts and seals (with a list of the eponyms). Part two is a catalogue of 677 seals. It consists of tables offering, in a condensed form, essential data from the text envelopes on which the seals have been impressed, and of drawings of each of them. Extensive indices, of names, eponyms, seal owners/users, seal inscriptions, texts and seals complete this well-documented volume.

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Names, images, and narratives are intimately related and frequently polysemous. As pieces of information on the gods, they convey fragments of knowledge and attempts to interpret the multifaceted complexity of the divine world. In what Robert Parker describes as an “archipelago”, images and narratives are like compasses used to approach the mapping of the gods. The different contributions collected in this volume, dealing with the Greek and the Semitic worlds (the two main areas of the “Mapping Ancient Polytheisms” project), explore connections but also discrepancies between these different semantics, in order to highlight specificities and commonalities in the onomastic and iconographic languages. Les noms, les images et les récits sont intimement liés et volontiers polysémiques. En tant qu’éléments d’information sur les dieux, ils véhiculent des fragments de connaissance et constituent autant de tentatives d’interprétation de la complexité multiforme du monde divin. Dans ce que Robert Parker décrit comme un «archipel», les images et les récits sont comme des boussoles qui facilitent la cartographie des dieux. Les différentes contributions rassemblées dans ce volume, traitant des mondes grec et sémitique (les deux principaux domaines abordés dans le projet «Mapping Ancient Polytheisms»), explorent les connexions mais aussi les divergences existant entre ces différentes sémantiques, afin de mettre en évidence les spécificités et les points communs entre langage onomastique et langage iconographique.

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This volume is the result of a selection of papers presented at the second conference of the School of Mamluk Studies (Liège, 2015) whose theme was 'The Mamluk Sultanate and Its Periphery'. It is well known that Mamluk studies suffer from a deficit of interest for the peripheral areas because of the centripetal effect played by the main cities of the sultanate, i.e. the political centers (Cairo and Damascus), where most of the historians whose works constitute the lion’s share of modern studies lived. Nevertheless, it is still possible to study aspects related to regions, cities, villages by resorting to these classical sources but also and above all to other types of sources (documents, archaeological excavations). Obviously, the concept of periphery can be interpreted in various ways. Above all, it is understood in geographic, political, or economic terms: the periphery is defined in relation to the center of power, whether central or local. It can also be interpreted in sociological and religious terms. In this case, the concept can be applied to practices or parts of the society considered borderline. The eight essays collected in this volume seek to explore this question of the periphery from these various angles.

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Suffering in Babylon comprises a series of studies on Ludlul bel nemeqi. Part One examines the modern scholarship surrounding the poem’s textual reconstruction and translation. Ludlul exists today as a composite text, pieced together over the last 180 years from dozens of cuneiform tablets and fragments from various archaeological sites. With these disparate sources, Assyriologists have reconstructed three quarters of the poem’s original text, which is here translated anew with extensive epigraphic and philological notes. Part Two explores the historical contexts of the poem and its reception among first-millennium scribes. Whether the poem’s protagonist is the historical Subsi-mesrê-Sakkan or not, his experiences as described in the poem provide insight into the worldview and concerns of the ancient scholars among whom the poem’s author was counted, likely from the ranks of the exorcists. The protagonist’s experience with divine revelation sheds light on those scholars’ divinatory worldview. The anatomical and pathological vocabulary used to describe his suffering compares well to the vocabulary in exorcism texts. The ritual failures he experiences reflect the poem’s institutional agenda. And the structure and language of his first person account shows intertextual connections with incantation prayers, a genre distinctive to exorcism. The poem’s subsequent incorporation into various scribal curricula and tablet collections demonstrates the poem’s cultural stature among first-millennium scribes, who wrote a commentary on Ludlul and used the text in the creation of others. Part Three offers a comparative study that bridges the ancient and modern scholarly horizons. Drawing on both ancient and modern scholarship, it compares the protagonist’s experience of the alû demon with the clinical condition known today as sleep paralysis. The book’s underlying goal is to illustrate the potential of a multi-perspectival approach to Akkadian literature that acknowledges the contexts of both ancient and modern scholars involved in producing meaningful readings of this ancient literary gem.

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This book attempts to clarify the idea of retribution and to propose a reasoned definition of the concept through philological and lexical studies. It faces the question whether a legal system, or even a moral one, is possible without retribution, whether justice ­­– including divine justice – can be conceived without an underlying perspective of retribution. It analyses how the idea of retribution, when is assumed to be present, is articulated with that of mercy, justification, forgiveness, or grace. It considers the functions that this idea can serve in various literary contexts and different discursive registers. But it also raises the question of whether, in the biblical texts, divine justice is not more restorative and not proportional to the act committed than stricto sensu retributive.It is a volume of proceeding of colloquia held at the Institut Catholique de Paris in 2020 and 2021.

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We live in a time when the vulnerable nature of our global interdependencies increasingly confronts us at every domain of society, from politics and religion, to economy and ecology. In recognition of these challenges, this volume assumes the significant diversity of worldviews as an active given and proposes that dialogue is needed today more than ever. The aim of these pages is to awaken both reflection and action towards a form of inter-worldview education in which diversity is a rich opportunity for human flourishing rather than a source of intolerance, violence, or even war, and in which no one can simply sit back as a spectator to dialogue; neutrality is not an option; or, in the best case, an option among options. Authors in this book argue that education offers powerful and unique opportunities to engage learners in movements of ‘crossing over and coming back’ – an approach to inter-worldview education that is only possible when education transforms itself (again) towards the integral formation of the human person, and when power imbalances are acknowledged in the process. This collection brings together the voices of fifteen scholars from seven different Western countries, across the fields of education, philosophy and theology, who speak from seven different confessional perspectives. In dialogue with each other, together they offer invaluable insights into inter-worldview education for the twenty-first century.

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ARMT XXXIV est la suite de ARMT XXXIII et continue la publication des textes épistolaires des archives royales de Mari relatifs à l'accession au pouvoir du roi Zimrî-Lîm. Une fois Bannum disparu, le roi de Mari eut à affronter une partie de la population bédouine de son royaume qui, tout en reconnaissant sa suprématie voulait néanmoins être autonome. Cet affrontement se produisit alors que les troupes d'Ešnunna montaient vers le Nord et que disparaissait le royaume de Haute-Mésopotamie (RHM). L'ouvrage comprend les documents qui concernent la première génération des rois mâr yamîna et le conflit en général. À cette occasion sont publiés les documents qui concernent Emâr, Tuttul et le chef de pâture des Ašarugâyu, Ašmaṭ. Les textes sont soit inédits soit repris. Parmi les thèses soutenues dans cet ouvrage, il est proposé d'abandonner désormais la notion de guerre entre Ešnunna et Mari au début du règne de Zimrî-Lîm mais de parler en revanche de «guerres bédouines» au lieu de «révolte des Mâr yamîna». L'ouvrage comporte un index des commentaires à l'édition des documents. ARMT XXXIV is the sequel to ARMT XXXIII and continues the publication of epistolary texts from the royal archives of Mari relating to the accession to power of King Zimrî-Lîm. Once Bannum had disappeared, the king of Mari had to confront a part of the Bedouin population of his kingdom who, while recognising his supremacy, wanted to be autonomous. This confrontation took place while the troops of Ešnunna were moving northwards and the kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia (RHM) was disappearing. The book includes documents concerning the first generation of mâr yamîna kings and the conflict in general. On this occasion, the documents concerning Emâr, Tuttul and the chief of the Ašarugâyu, Ašmaṭ, are published. The texts are either unpublished or reprinted. Among the theses supported in this work, it is proposed to abandon the notion of war between Ešnunna and Mari at the beginning of Zimrî-Lîm's reign, but to speak of "Bedouin wars" instead of "revolt of the Mâr yamîna". The book includes an index of comments to the edition of the documents. Anschließend an ARMT XXXIII setzt ARMT XXXIV die Veröffentlichung von Briefen aus dem Palastarchiv von Mari fort, die sich auf den Regierungsantritt von König Zimrî-Lîm beziehen. Nach dem Verschwinden Bannums, musste sich der König von Mari mit einem Teil der nomadischen Bevölkerung seines Königreichs auseinandersetzen, die zwar seine Vormachtstellung anerkannte, aber dennoch autonom bleiben wollte. Diese Auseinandersetzung fand zu einer Zeit statt, als Ešnunnas Truppen nach Norden vorrückten und das Königreich Obermesopotamien (RHM) zerfiel. Das Buch umfasst Dokumente, die sich auf die erste Generation der mâr yamîna-Könige und den Konflikt im Allgemeinen beziehen. Es werden Dokumente veröffentlicht, die Emâr, Tuttul und den Weideführer der Ašarugâyu, Ašmaṭ, betreffen. Die Texte sind entweder unveröffentlicht oder übernommen. Unter den in diesem Buch vertretenen Thesen wird vorgeschlagen, fortan die Idee eines Krieges zwischen Ešnunna und Mari zu Beginn der Herrschaft von Zimrî-Lîm aufzugeben, stattdessen aber von "Beduinenkriegen" und nicht von einem "Aufstand der Mâr yamîna" zu sprechen. Das Buch enthält einen Index der Kommentare zur Textedition.

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Within the historical background of the 3rd century AD, the study of Bosporan coin production is of especial interest. The turbulent events in the Roman empire and the northern Black Sea region called forth by pressure from nomadic peoples led to parallel progressive debasement of the antoninianus and Bosporan stater. This book explores the composition of Bosporan silver coinage of the 3rd century AD, re-examining traditional interpretations in the light of an entirely new programme of analyses of the coins, and thereby illustratating the inadequacy of small earlier analytical studies. The results of the examination of ca. 3000 staters from quite a number of Bosporan hoards, conducted in 2016–21 by the methods of XRF, EPMA, NRCA, FIB-FESEM-EDX, SEM-EDX, MC-ICP-MS lead isotope analysis, etc., have enabled a comprehensive understanding of the nature of Bosporan silver coinage, especially silvering techniques, in the 3rd century. The data of microchemical and metallurgical studies of coins indicate that from AD 227/8 to 286/7 (with interruptions), staters from silver or those containing some amounts of silver (and occasionally some amount of gold) were struck on the Bosporus. During this period, debasement of the Bosporan stater was occurring, transforming it from an electrum coin into silver and billon one (issued for almost 40 years - until AD 267/8) and, finally (since AD 275), to a copper coin with silver content of about 4-6% and coated with silver.

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Jules Janssens a construit une œuvre importante, qui, pour de nombreux chercheurs, a ouvert des perspectives de recherches nouvelles et fécondes. Ses travaux ont fait date. Ils portent principalement sur la philosophie d’Avicenne, ses sources, ses rapports avec la pensée musulmane, son influence sur la théologie ash‘arite (al-Ghazālī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī) et sa réception dans le monde latin. Pour lui rendre hommage, quatorze collègues et amis de renommée internationale se sont réunis pour poursuivre ses réflexions sur ces thèmes. L’ouvrage qui en est issu offre un état des lieux de la recherche contemporaine sur Avicenne et sa postérité arabo-latine.

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This book examines the historical geography of the southern Black Sea littoral in the first millennium BC. Notwithstanding the remarkable development of research on the Black Sea in antiquity over the last few decades, the southern littoral remains an area several aspects of which have still not been thoroughly studied, while the archaeological investigation has only very recently started to be held in numerous parts of the coast and in a more systematic way. This monograph aims to examine the most significant aspects of the historical geography of this region, in the light of all the written and archaeological evidence that is available so far: First of all, the littoral’s natural environment, namely the geographic stage on which the numerous peoples that inhabited it developed their civilisations and economies. Furthermore, the indigenous peoples of the littoral, most of which have never been given as detailed an examination as, for example, the Greek colonists there, and our knowledge of them is scanty. Of course, the Greek presence and colonisation in the southern Black Sea is also studied, as is the existence of other peoples, who were neither indigenous nor colonists but still had a presence in the littoral, whether as invaders (e.g. the Cimmerians), or as political overlords (e.g. the Persians). Finally, stress is laid on the urban development along the littoral: what kinds of settlements and installations were created, in which places, and with what frequency. Thus, the book offers for the first time in modern scholarship a detailed examination of the historical geography of the ca. 1000 km-long southern Black Sea littoral over the thousand years before Christ.

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Traduire une traduction a été écrit parallèlement à la traduction annotée du texte grec court du livre de Job (à paraître). La particularité de cet essai est d'être une réflexion critique sur les notions habituellement utilisées par les chercheurs, autant à propos du texte grec (traduction littérale, traduction libre, résumé, paraphrase) que du texte hébreu présumé (répétitif, difficile, obscur, poétique). Cette réflexion critique est précédée de l'exposé des problèmes que pose la version grecque et est suivie du protocole qui sous-tend la traduction annotée du texte grec court. Dans le domaine des recherches sur le corpus biblique, la théorie de la traduction est souvent esquivée. Les conditions matérielles et sociales de la recherche — et ses exigences — mettent à l'arrière-plan les enjeux de l'acte de traduire. L'auteur a tenté d'expliciter les termes de cette question dans la dernière section de l'essai.

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This book contains the proceedings of an international conference with a focus on Anatolia in the first millennium BC which took place on Monte Verità, Ascona in Switzerland, in 2018. The volume contains recent and thought-provoking research from diverse academic fields, bringing together historical, linguistic and archaeological lines of enquiry. The aim of the conference, to stimulate interdisciplinary debate and to close ever widening gaps between related fields, also motivates this volume. Thirty-one chapters in three languages address Anatolian matters “Beyond All Boundaries” and present an essential contribution to the study of historical developments not only in Anatolia, but also in the neighbouring regions and the whole Mediterranean area in the first millennium BC.

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Cet ouvrage rassemble quatorze contributions égyptologiques portant sur le premier millénaire avant notre ère offertes à Olivier Perdu. Attaché à la Chaire d'égyptologie du Collège de France, Olivier Perdu a marqué, par ses nombreuses publications, les études portant sur le dernier millénaire de l'Égypte pharaonique. Il a publié des études fondamentales sur l'histoire événementielle, sur les statues privées et leurs textes, sur les cultes et sacerdoces locaux mais aussi sur l'histoire de l'art, l'onomastique et la grammaire. Ses collègues et amis ont souhaité faire honneur à Olivier Perdu, à sa générosité et à ses multiples centres d'intérêt dans la discipline égyptologique en lui proposant des articles abordant ses thèmes de prédilection, à savoir les monuments et l'histoire de la Troisième Période intermédiaire, les textes et les monuments de l'époque tardive ainsi que la grammaire et l'onomastique du premier millénaire avant notre ère.

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La construction du Pentateuque manifeste l’identité anti-égyptienne d’Israël en s’appuyant sur l’élément fondateur qu’est la sortie d’Égypte. En compensation, le cycle de Joseph présuppose des rapports moins conflictuels avec l’Égypte. Le peuple d’Israël est sauvé de la famine par les Égyptiens. De ce fait, l’identité exodique du peuple d’Israël est mise en question par le cycle de Joseph anti-exodique. Par ailleurs, il ressort que les deux chapitres, Gn 38 et Gn 49, n’entrent pas naturellement dans le cadre de l’histoire du personnage de Joseph. Ils se rapportent à un autre personnage – Juda – et leur intérêt réside dans l’évocation de Canaan. Or, ils expriment deux visions totalement différentes du personnage de Juda : Gn 38 contient une critique de la réticence de ce dernier à entrer en relation avec les étrangers, alors que Gn 49 se concentre sur les douze fils d’Israël, parmi lesquels Juda prend une place prééminente. Gn 38, comme histoire de Joseph en Égypte (Gn 39* et les chapitres suivants), prône l’ouverture aux étrangers. Au contraire, Gn 49 met l’accent sur l’identité spécifique d’Israël. Ces deux chapitres se présentent comme une relecture du cycle de Joseph effectuée à un moment particulier de l’histoire d’Israël, probablement entre la conquête de l’Égypte par l’Empire perse (VIe à Ve s. av. J.-C.) et la perte de contrôle de celle-ci (première moitié du IVe s. av. J.-C.). Cette relecture portant sur l’insertion du cycle de Joseph dans le Pentateuque permet de cerner et d’interpréter l’opposition de ces deux courants théologiques : ouverture à l’étranger et identité spécifique d’Israël.

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This volume offers a collection of twenty-two essays on "troubling texts” in the New Testament. They are troubling for several reasons, ranging from linguistic problems to a clash of worldviews. Each author studies one troubling text from a New Testament document that is close to their own area of scholarly expertise. Authors explain why they regard the chosen text as troubling, deal with possible textual problems, and highlight relevant historical and/or theological contexts. All essays conclude with a fresh interpretation of the text and a reflection on its contemporary significance.

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The Forts of North Omdurman volume presents research aimed at establishing when and why a group of nine forts were built in Upper Nubia (modern Sudan). These defences resemble late Roman fortlets commonly found in the Egyptian Eastern Desert and elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The nine forts were irregularly positioned within a 550km section of the Middle Nile Valley, a land which was never subject to Roman authority. Excavations were conducted at the three southernmost forts situated on the outskirts of modern Omdurman. The methodology chosen was designed to define the possible chronological limits of the defences and to identify the remains left by the first settlers. The chapters include a detailed analysis of the forts’ architecture, stratigraphy, pottery, beads, plaster, animal and plant remains supplemented by a series of radiocarbon dates. The result is a new insight into the dynamic beginnings of the forts and the challenges faced by the rulers of the medieval Kingdom of Alwa in the 6th and 7th centuries AD.

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À l’occasion du départ à la retraite d’Anne-Marie Eddé en juin 2018, ses collègues, amis et étudiants s’étaient réunis à la Sorbonne pour une journée d’études. Cet ouvrage rassemble les contributions, inspirées de différents aspects des recherches de l’historienne, qui avaient fait la richesse de cette journée. L’évocation de son itinéraire d’enseignante, de chercheuse et de directrice de l’IRHT est assortie d’une bibliographie des travaux d’Anne-Marie Eddé. Parmi les onze contributions, quatre sont consacrées à l’histoire du Bilad al-Sham médiéval – de la Damas omeyyade et de la Syrie abbasside, à travers les lettres d’al-Awza'i, à l’Alep mamelouke et au Mont Liban ottoman. Dans le sillage de Saladin (2008), deux auteurs proposent une réflexion sur l’écriture biographique en histoire. Les formes et représentations du pouvoir en Islam constituent la matière des deux études suivantes. Enfin, trois articles de varia élargissent l’horizon aux archives commerciales florentines, aux archives militaires françaises en Algérie et à l’archéologie. On the occasion of Anne-Marie Eddé’s retirement in June 2018, her colleagues, friends and students gathered at the Sorbonne for a one-day workshop. This book brings together the contributions that made this day so rich, inspired by different aspects of her research as a historian. The summary of her career as a professor, researcher and director of the IRHT (Institut de recherche et d’histoire des textes) is accompanied by a bibliography of her work. Among the eleven contributions, four are devoted to the history of medieval Bilad al-Sham - from Umayyad Damascus and Abbasid Syria, through the letters of al-Awza'i, to Mamluk Aleppo and Ottoman Mount Lebanon. In the wake of Saladin (2008), two authors reflect on biographical writing in history. The forms and representations of power in Islam are the subject of the ensuing two studies. Finally, three articles of varia broaden the horizon to Florentine commercial archives, French military archives in Algeria, and archaeology.

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The successive sets of Studia Patristica contain papers delivered at the International Conferences on Patristic Studies, which meet for a week once every four years in Oxford. These papers range over the whole field, both East and West, from the second century to a section on the Nachleben of the Fathers. The majority are short papers dealing with some small and manageable point; they raise and sometimes resolve questions about the authenticity of documents, dates of events, and such like, and some unveil new texts. The longer papers put such matters into context and indicate wider trends. The whole reflects the state of Patristic scholarship and demonstrates the vigour and popularity of the subject.

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