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Although termed the little Genesis, the Book of Jubilees is significantly engaged with Exodus. It reworks key Exodus narratives, develops modules of Exodus law, and highlights Exodus motifs. The most fundamental connection to Exodus is the grounding of the two narrational structures of Jubilees in the scenario of Moses receiving a revelation on Mt. Sinai. In the frame an anonymous narrator develops the Mt. Sinai setting of the work. In the body an angel employs that setting as the present-time pivot for a retrospect that moves backward and forward in time.Focusing on the intersection of structure and content, the study explores the relationship between the retrospective design of the angel narration and the exegesis. The approach is a literary one that treats Jubilees as a unitary text that may reflect the work of a single author or of a final editor. The analysis draws particular attention to manipulations of temporal and textual perspective that transform Exodus narratives, facilitate the hermeneutical elaborations of Exodus law, and effect cohesion in the revelation that is the Book of Jubilees.Halpern-Amarus study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of biblical interpretation in Second Temple Judaism. For example, the reading of the Jubilees narrative of the exodus as a revelation of how God uses His heavenly forces, i.e., Mastema and his demons as well as the angels of the presence, on behalf of Israel, has implications for the understanding of strategies that temper dualism in Second Temple Judaism.

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The edited volume aims to re-contextualize revolts in early modern Central and Southern Europe (Hungary, Croatia, Czech Lands, Austria, Germany, Italy) by adopting the interdisciplinary and comparative methods of social and cultural history. Instead of structural explanations like the model of state-building versus popular resistance, it wishes to put back the peasants themselves to the historical narratives of revolts. Peasants appear in the book as active agents fighting or bargaining for freedom, which was a practical issue for them. Nonetheless, the language of lord-peasant negotiation was that of religion, just as official punishments used Christian symbols. The approach of revolts as the events of collective violence also highlights the experiences and memories of participants. How did individuals and groups use remembering and forgetting as a means of forging an identity for themselves? Instead of the narratives of the powerful that became the normative stories of history, the perspective of the rebels uncovers the everyday faces of revolts more forcibly. Finally, contributors examine how later narrators used the rebels for their own purposes, in other words the subsequent representation of the revolts and their leaders in image, literature and historiography comes to the fore. The volume aims to overcome disciplinary boundaries by bringing together historians and scholars of related disciplines including the history of literature, the visual arts and anthropology. The central contention of the volume - the cultural imprint of peasant revolts - is fully addressed, thereby filling a conspicuous gap in the currently available literature.

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The content of the book reconsiders the relation between visibility and transcendence. The focus is especially on the contribution to this issue from the theological tradition in protestant Europe between the 16th and the 21st Centuries. In the book a thematically broad field is covered embracing more than five centuries and a plurality of methods drawn from theology, philosophy, and the history and theory of art.

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The Philistines were migrants from the Aegean and Cyprus who changed during the 12th century BC. settled on the south coast of Palestine / Israel. During the Iron Age (approx. 1200600 BC) they developed a distinguished culture. David Ben-Shlomo presents and discusses the stock of iconographic representations of Philistine culture. The investigation includes various types of objects, including Clay paintings, statues, iron carvings, glyptics. The figurative style and symbolism impressively reflect both the connection of the Philistine culture to the Aegean homeland and the ongoing process of interaction with the local guest cultures in the southern Levant. Iconography thus provides an important testimony that helps to better understand the social, ethnic, religious and ideological aspects of the Philistines and their neighbors in the eastern Mediterranean.

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How did the written word serve as an authoritative source in the ancient world? What does it mean that some works became so popular as to merit dedicated interpretive commentaries? And does any direct relationship exist between the various methods of interpretation and styles of composition in these commentaries? The present work sets out to provide some solid answers to such questions. At the heart of this book stands a comparative analysis of ancient cuneiform commentary texts from mid-to-late first millennium Mesopotamia and early Jewish commentaries -- known as pesharim -- from the turn of the common era found in caves near Khirbet Qumran. Though some aspects of Mesopotamian hermeneutics may have influenced Jewish exegesis, likely through Jewish Aramaic scribes, the actual Mesopotamian practice of composing commentary texts exerted little-to-no influence on the compositional techniques of the pesharim. Nevertheless, many textual difficulties in the Qumran pesharim can be explained as the result of an accretion of interpretations over an extended period of time -- practice detailed in the textual record of the Mesopotamian commentaries. What is more, these commentaries reveal important evidence about both the way in which and the extent to which such works functioned as authoritative sources. As a result, this book advocates a shift away from discussing textual authority in simple binary terms, both in ancient and modern contexts, to functional descriptions of literary authority.

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The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (T12P), one of the longest texts of the so-called Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, presents the fictitious farewell speeches that the twelve sons of Jacob held on their respective deathbeds. Tom de Bruin examines these twelve monologues as literary products in order to understand the function of the text for the setting in which it was composed. He approaches T12P from three directions: an analysis of the paraenetic parts, a discussion of the anthropology, and a comparative examination of other contemporaneous works documenting a world-view similar to T12P.These three approaches merge into a detailed discussion about the reasoning behind the admonition in T12P, and identifies the fundamental message of the text, namely that each person stands between the forces of good and evil and that this person is called to constantly decide which way to follow. Though T12P is still familiar with the apocalyptic origin and plays with the cosmological implications of this 'great controversy', the text clearly puts the emphasis on the battle inside each individual. It is thereby an important witness for reinterpreting and reapplying apocalyptic traditions through ethicizing them and focusing on the individual. Such an individualistic application of the 'great controversy' theme can be found in a number of other (mostly Christian) works, revealing a similar understanding of mankinds existence and development as in T12P. The analysis of the ethical reappropriation of apocalyptic traditions in T12P provides important insights into the foundations of early Christian ethics, ancient anthropology, and the Jewish and Christian understanding of the struggle between good and evil. The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (T12P), one of the longest texts of the so-called Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, presents the fictitious farewell speeches that the twelve sons of Jacob held on their respective deathbeds. Tom de Bruin examines these twelve monologues as literary products in order to understand the function of the text for the setting in which it was composed. He approaches T12P from three directions: an analysis of the paraenetic parts, a discussion of the anthropology, and a comparative examination of other contemporaneous works documenting a world-view similar to T12P.These three approaches merge into a detailed discussion about the reasoning behind the admonition in T12P, and identifies the fundamental message of the text, namely that each person stands between the forces of good and evil and that this person is called to constantly decide which way to follow. Though T12P is still familiar with the apocalyptic origin and plays with the cosmological implications of this 'great controversy', the text clearly puts the emphasis on the battle inside each individual. It is thereby an important witness for reinterpreting and reapplying apocalyptic traditions through ethicizing them and focusing on the individual. Such an individualistic application of the 'great controversy' theme can be found in a number of other (mostly Christian) works, revealing a similar understanding of mankinds existence and development as in T12P. The analysis of the ethical reappropriation of apocalyptic traditions in T12P provides important insights into the foundations of early Christian ethics, ancient anthropology, and the Jewish and Christian understanding of the struggle between good and evil.

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This collection of essays is centred on the Gospel according to Matthew. It treats contemporary discussions of Matthew's origins, character, and place in the canon of the New Testament. It also discusses texts from the major sections of the Gospel: the Infancy narrative, the Sermon on the Mount and other parts of the public ministry, and the Passion narrative. It addresses major themes: the kingdom of God, revelation, the Sabbath, spirituality, ecclesiology, and the birth of Easter faith. It also includes aspects of Matthew's broader context: Qumran literature, the letters to the Galatians and of James, and John's reception of Matthew. In contrast to several recent studies which present Matthew and his community as gloomy and beleaguered, this work reveals a confident, cheerful evangelist.

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Der jüdische Schriftsteller Philo von Alexandrien (gest. ca. 50 n. Chr.) hat ein umfangreiches Werk in griechischer Sprache hinterlassen. Einer größeren Zahl bibelexegetischer Werke steht eine kleinere Zahl philosophischer Abhandlungen gegenüber. Bibelexegese und Philosophie kann er auch verbinden. Das geschieht in dem kleinen Traktat Das Leben eines Politikers oder über Josef. Philo bietet eine philosophische Nacherzählung der biblischen Josefsgeschichte, in der Josef als eine Art hellenistischer Herrscher erscheint. In die Nacherzählung stellt er drei Exkurse ein; sie bilden eine mit der Nacherzählung nur lose verknüpfte Abhandlung über Ethos und Selbstverständnis des Politikers in einer demokratisch verfassten antiken Polis. Auf diese Weise entsteht eine staatsphilosophische Schrift über die beiden Typen des antiken Politikers des Herrschers über ein Territorium und des in der Polis tätigen, sich mit Fragen der Justiz und der Verwaltung beschäftigenden Beamten. Tatsächlich ist Philos Josefsschrift das einzige antike Werk, das diese beiden Typen des Politikers gleichzeitig behandelt. Auf diese Weise leistet Philo einen profilierten Beitrag zur antiken politischen Philosophie.Die einzige deutsche Übersetzung von Philos Josefsschrift stammt aus dem Jahr 1909. Lang bietet eine ausführliche Einleitung, ein Glossar philonischer Grundbegriffe, eine neue, in lesbarer Sprache gehaltene Übersetzung sowie den ersten Kommentar zu diesem Werk. Philos Josefsschrift wird hier erstmals umfassend erschlossen sowohl für den interessierten Leser als auch für den Kenner antiker Literatur.

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The ancient site of Colossae in south-west Turkey has been sorely neglected by archaeologists and biblical commentators. It has never been excavated. Modern scholarship in general has been content to repeat nineteenth century assessments, especially those of J.B. Lightfoot and W.M. Ramsay. This is the first modern contribution to gather the archaeological, historical, classical and biblical materials related to the site and its region, some of which is published in English for the first time. It marks a major step forward in scholarship on Colossae, and is designed to restore Colossae to time and space, to its material and comparative significance. Colossae emerges as a site of uninterrupted human activity in dynamic interaction with its neighbours from before the Achaemenid period to beyond the end of Byzantine control. Evidence of a chalcolithic origin of Colossae is presented along with an assessment of the relationship of the site to the modern city of Honaz. An array of international scholars have brought their specialisations in various periods and disciplines to yield a radically new assessment of the history and importance of the site. All future scholarship will be able to use this volume as the necessary foundation for research. The volume includes the first chronology of the ancient site and the first English translation of the key Byzantine text centred on the ancient city, as well as major new insights into the text of the Epistle to the Colossians.

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Though interest in the use of metaphor in the Hebrew Bible has gained momentum in recent years, there is, to date, no investigation which concentrates exclusively on the animal metaphors in the book of Jeremiah. In this book, the author brings to light this neglected area of study by examining the language and imagery of the animal metaphors for the people of Israel in the book of Jeremiah. The contribution that these metaphors make to the theology of the book is given special attention, and since different interpretations have been given to many of the metaphors in question, the author resolves some of the questions regarding the meaning of these images in his in-depth study. Additionally, scholars have not tended to research metaphors for the nation of Israel and thus this volume draws attention to a particular subject which has largely been overlooked.In chapter one Foreman familiarizes the reader with the major theoretical approaches to metaphor and spells out the approach taken in his investigation. Eighteen metaphors are then thoroughly analyzed in chapters two, three, and four. These metaphors are grouped into three categories, each of which constitutes a chapter: pastoral metaphors, mammal metaphors, and bird metaphors. Chapter five draws the results of the inquiry together. This study reveals how animal metaphors make important theological claims about the nation of Israel and demonstrates that they are essential elements of the message of the book of Jeremiah. Foreman's elucidation of the language and imagery of the animal metaphors for the people of Israel leads to a richer understanding of these metaphors and ultimately contributes to a more precise interpretation of the message of the book of Jeremiah as a whole.

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As the ancient Greek version of the Old Testament the Septuagint is probably the first great translation project of Greco-Roman antiquity. Together with the Septuagint text the religion and culture of ancient Judaism came to the fore of a Greek speaking audience, which did not have any access to the holy scriptures of the Jews in Hebrew. That translation project also manifested a transfer of religious, social, and anthropological categories and concepts of Semitic origin to another cultural world of language and science that itself was shaped by Hellenism.Over the last years the Septuagint has gradually edged closer into the interest of Biblical scholars and into the centre of historical and philological research. In the course of this main attention has not only been paid to further particulars of its origination in Alexandria but also on various linguistic specifics and distinctive features with regards to content of the Greek Bible. The question, however, which has hardly been studied so far, is to what extent the Greek translation of the Bible consists of stylistic and rhetorical elements that are not present in the Hebrew source text. Did the translators made use of their rhetoric and stylistic skills to give their translations a distinctive ornatus? Can we, according to Augustine, rightly claim that not only the authors of the Biblical texts but also the translators knew to formulate et eloquenter et sapienter, i.e. in an eloquent and wise manner? This issue, neglected in current research, is taken up in this collected volume. Seven scholars investigate into stylistic and rhetorical elements present in various books of the Bible (e.g., Psalms, Amos, and Solomon's Book of Wisdom) and establish a field of work that deserves to receive more attention in the future.Contributors are Eberhard Bons, Jennifer M. Dines, Katrin Hauspie, Jan Joosten, Thomas J. Kraus, A. Léonas, and K. Usener.

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This exegetical study of creation and nature in 4 Ezra argues that this first-century Jewish apocalypse's profound pessimism concerning humankind and the present age is matched by a surprisingly robust belief in the goodness of the created order. 4 Ezra presents the natural world as standing with God over and against corrupt humankind, envisions substantial elements of continuity between the ages and hints that those parts of the earth that remain unsullied by humankind still witness to God's sovereignty, love and justice and even serve as material pointers to the new creation. This study calls into question the persistent assumption that apocalypticism and the 'apocalyptic eschatology' of the historical apocalypses in particular necessarily entails a profound dualism. Emerging as it does from an experience of historical disaster and unresolved questions of theodicy, 4 Ezra especially is often considered an apocalypse in which the doctrine of the two ages has been radicalised to the extent that creation, history and life in this world have lost their meaning or significance. The results of this study, however, indicate that while 4 Ezra considers the world of humankind to be corrupted and corrupting, in the natural world the creator's sovereignty is not so obscured, and there his original intentions for creation can still be perceived. This study provides a fresh reading of 4 Ezra that takes seriously the book's unity and coherence. Its conclusions suggest that it may be best to abandon the label 'apocalyptic eschatology' given its potential mask the interesting complexities and mix of continuity and discontinuity that attend the portrayal of creation, nature and hope in an apocalypse like 4 Ezra.

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The direct quotations in the letter to the Hebrews presumably go back to a template from the Septuagint, but have so far scarcely been explored. Gert J. Steyn explores this situation from a perspective of historical and textual criticism A structured structure that recognizes two different types of quotations, which are listed in pairs: primarily song lyrics and quotes from the Torah that mingle with psalm and prophetic words. Gert J. Steyn examines each quote on the background of the possible alternative template (s). In the course of the study, it becomes clear that the author of the letter himself has combined a whole series of quotes from the early Jewish and early Christian traditions.

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This package contains the publicationsBruno Callegher, Coins from the Excavations at Khirbet Qumran (1951-1956) and Aïn Feshkha (1956-1958), ISBN 978-3-525-50194-8The Qumran coins (hoard and single finds) are worthy of a novel. They were perfectly examined by H. Seyrig and A. Spijkerman, then the popular conviction spread that the coins had been lost. In fact, they were always kept where they had been classified. Now they are finally published and provide the possibility to suggest that Qumran was a very open centre for trade and transactions, at least from finally the end of the second century BC until the destruction of the site in 70/72 CE.This documentation provides a new reasoning on effective data - not on assumptions.Bruno Callegher, From Hasmonean Period to Umayyad Rulers. Coins and economy in Magdala/Tarichea, ISBN 978-3-525-50193-1On a monetary basis, Magdala must be considered as one of the most important and active settlements between the 1st century BC and most of the 3rd century AD on Lake Kinneret, a place of production and trade, of supply for military forces, certainly in contact with other trading centres, Its monetary decline started on the early 4th century, when the economic and monetary strategies of the Constantinian era shifted the flow of money to other routes, especially between the great port cities of the Mediterranean.Bruno Callegher's study publishes new data, which allow us to overcome "clichés" and a stereotypical view of both the archaeological site and the economy of the Upper Galilee.

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Es gibt keinen Ort, an dem der Schlüssel so klar den Umgang mit Macht symbolisiert wie das Gefängnis. Unter welchen Bedingungen kann an diesem Ort ein Zusammenspiel von Strafe und Therapie, von Anpassung und Selbstverantwortung gelingen, um die Insassen in einem straffreien Leben zu unterstützen? In Einrichtungen der Justiz, die neben dem Vollzug von Strafe, auch Therapie realisieren sollen, arbeiten therapeutische Teams in einem Spannungsfeld, dem unter anderem Jurisprudenz, Psychologie und Pädagogik angehören. Sie werden nicht nur mit schwierigen Insassen, sondern auch mit Bedingungen konfrontiert, die sich aus strukturellen Widersprüchen der Institution ergeben. Soll das Projekt der Resozialisierung greifen, muss das Zusammenspiel von Therapie und Strafe gewährleistet, müssen die jeweiligen Perspektiven aufeinander bezogen und miteinander in Einklang gebracht werden. Erfolgreiche Supervision in sozialtherapeutischen Abteilungen des Strafvollzugs bedeutet, so Franziska Lamott, die gesellschaftliche Funktion der Institution zu kennen, ihre strukturellen Widersprüche wahrzunehmen, heftige Emotionen und psychosoziale Abwehrstrategien zu erfassen sowie die Energie und Ausdauer aufzubringen, gemeinsam Wege zu finden, auf denen sich die komplexen Aufgaben des Teams in Balance halten lassen.

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Die Frage, ob, wann und wie die internationale Gemeinschaft auf Verletzungen humanitärer Normen und damit verbundene humanitäre Krisen reagieren soll, gehört zweifellos zu den vieldiskutierten Themen auf der Agenda der heutigen internationalen Politik. Allerdings tauchte diese Problematik nicht erst am Ende des 20. und zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts plötzlich aus dem Nichts auf, sondern bereits im Verlauf des "langen 19. Jahrhunderts" setzte man sich kontrovers mit dieser Problematik auseinander. Anhand ausgewählter Fallbeispiele wie dem Kampf gegen den Sklavenhandel (18071890), den Militärinterventionen der europäischen Großmächte zur humanitären Nothilfe für christliche Minderheiten im Osmanischen Reich (18271878) oder dem Eingreifen der Vereinigten Staaten in den kubanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg (1898) untersucht Fabian Klose die militärische Praktik und die völkerrechtlichen Debatten zum Schutz humanitärer Normen gewaltsam einzugreifen. Insgesamt etablierte sich in dieser Epoche die Idee der humanitären Intervention als ein anerkanntes Instrumentarium in der internationalen Politik. Eine zentrale Schlüsselrolle bei der Entstehung eines neuen humanitären Interventionsverständnisses übernahm der bewaffnete internationale Kampf gegen den Sklavenhandel als Urtyp der humanitären Intervention. Als Folge kam es zur Ausbildung völkerrechtlicher Leitlinien, die als Begründung für das militärische Eingreifen in verschiedenen Krisenregionen dieser Welt dienten. Das "lange 19. Jahrhundert" kann demnach als das genuine "Jahrhundert der humanitären Intervention" charakterisiert werden, in dem es zu einer signifikanten Verzahnung von militärischem Interventionismus unter dem Banner der Humanität mit kolonialen und imperialen Projekten kam.

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Der fünfte Band der Iberia Pontificia erschließt in rund 250 kommentierten Regesten die Papstbeziehungen der Bistümer Oviedo und Astorga bis zum Jahr 1198, womit gleichzeitig die Bearbeitung der exemten Diözesen innerhalb der Iberia Pontificia abgeschlossen wird. Von den exemten Diözesen Kastiliens und Leóns (Burgos, León, Oviedo) war Oviedo das altehrwürdige Zentrum des christlichen Reiches Asturien, das den muslimischen Eroberungen nach 711 Widerstand leistete und sich später auch als Hort der westgotischen Tradition gerierte. Mit der Verlagerung der des Herrschaftszentrums nach Süden, v. a. nach León, verlor Oviedo ab dem 10. Jahrhundert allmählich an Bedeutung, weshalb das Bistum große Anstrengungen unternahm, um die eigene Stellung päpstlich zu legitimieren. Dies geschah besonders zu Zeiten des Bischofs Pelayo (1101-1130), der seinen Sitz gerne zum Erzbistum erhöht hätte und dabei offenbar nicht davor zurückscheute, päpstliche Urkunden zu interpolieren bzw. zu fingieren. Mit dem südlich an Oviedo angrenzenden Bistum Astorga wird innerhalb der Iberia Pontificia erstmals ein Suffraganbistum der Kirchenprovinz Braga behandelt, dessen Metropolitanzugehörigkeit allerdings lange Zeit zwischen Braga und Compostela umstritten war. Neben den Beziehungen des Papsttums zum Bischof und Kathedralkapitel arbeitet der Band auch die Papst- und Legatenurkunden für die verschiedenen Klöster der beiden Diözesen auf. Zusätzlich zum Nachweis der archivalischen und historiographischen Überlieferung bietet der Band bibliographische Angaben zu den einzelnen Empfängerinstitutionen sowie historische Einführungen.

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Der alltägliche und wissenschaftliche Umlauf des Wortes »Text« ist begleitet von weitgehender Unkenntnis über seine Sinn- und Gebrauchsgeschichte. Gilt heute nahezu jeder schriftliche sinntragende Gegenstand als Text, war dies noch vor wenigen Jahrzehnten deutlich, in der Vormoderne sogar radikal anders. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes liefern die erste breit gefächerte Historisierung der vormodernen Geschichte des Textes. Einzelstudien über Verskunst, Hagiographie, Historiographie, Briefe, Kirchenrecht, Liturgie, Theologie, universitäres Lehrschrifttum, mittelhochdeutsche Dichtungen, ländliches und städtisches Recht, Illustrationen, Malerei und Musiknotate beleuchten langfristige linguistische Profile, Momente des Wortgebrauchs und wichtige Neuerungen wie Wandlungen des Begriffs »Text«.

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In this volume on the history of the European nobility in the modern era, the boundary between the early modern and 'real' modern periods around 1800 is deliberately crossed. By centring on the nobility, the authors undertake a new exploration of the continuities and ruptures in European history. In the three thematic areas of law, politics and aesthetics, the noble knights' utilisation of the early modern courts in the Holy Roman Empire is considered, along with the social and political identity of the English nobility in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The contributions make clear the virtuosity with which the nobility met the challenges of their time, and how they managed to be simultaneously 'contemporary' and retain a specific aristocratic character.

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Der "Sperr-Kreis" war ein bürgerlicher Widerstandskreis gegen den Nationalsozialismus in Bayern. In der Widerstandsforschung wurde er bisher nur am Rande behandelt. Die Untersuchung der Ursprünge, Motive und Ziele der Gruppe erfolgt auf umfassender Quellengrundlage. Eine Mischung aus individual- und kollektivbiographischem Zugang macht die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der etwa 66 Mitglieder der Widerstandsgruppe deutlich. Das Ziel des Widerstandskreises war der Aufbau einer "Auffangorganisation" für die Zeit nach dem Untergang des "Dritten Reiches" in Bayern. Seine Führungsriege der ehemalige Bayerische Gesandte in Berlin, Franz Sperr, sowie die früheren Weimarer Reichsminister Otto Geßler und Eduard Hamm stand früh mit dem bayerischen Kronprinzen Rupprecht in Verbindung, der im Falle des Zusammenbruchs als Integrationsfigur an die Spitze Bayerns treten sollte. Zur Wiederherstellung von Sicherheit und Ordnung trat man mit geeigneten Persönlichkeiten aus Militär, Polizei, Justiz, Verwaltung und Wirtschaft in Kontakt. Im Verlauf des Krieges nahm der Kreis mit dem westlichen Ausland sowie mit anderen Widerstandsgruppen Fühlung auf. So geriet er in das Fahrwasser des gescheiterten Attentats vom 20. Juli 1944, in dessen Folge seine führenden Köpfe verhaftet wurden. Sperr wurde hingerichtet, Hamm verlor sein Leben im Gefängnis. Doch sollte ein Großteil der ehemaligen Mitglieder der Gruppe den Krieg überleben und sich am Wiederaufbau und der Rückkehr zum Rechtsstaat beteiligen.

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Volume 51 of the publications of the Institute for European History in Mainz.

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There has been much academic debate over recent years on Europe defining itself over against the "Other." This volume asks from the opposite perspective: What views did non-Europeans hold of "European Christianity"? In this way, the volume turns the agency of definition over to non-Europeans. Over the last centuries, the contacts between Europeans and non-Europeans have been diverse and complex. Non-Europeans encountered Europeans as colonialists, traders, missionaries and travellers. Most of those Europeans were Christians or were perceived as Christians. Therefore, in terms of religion Europe was often identified with Christianity. Europeans thus also conveyed a certain image of Christianity to non-European countries. At the same time, non-Europeans increasingly travelled to Europe and experienced a kind of Christianity that often did not conform to the picture they had formed earlier. Their descriptions of European Christianity ranged from sympathetic acceptance to harsh criticism. The contributions in this volume reveal the breadth of these opinions. They also show that there is no clear line of division between "insiders" and "outsiders", but that Europeans could sometimes perceive themselves as being "outsiders" in their own culture while non-Europeans could adopt "insider" perspectives. Furthermore, from these encounters new religious and cultural expressions could emerge. There has been much academic debate over recent years on Europe defining itself over against the "Other." This volume asks from the opposite perspective: What views did non-Europeans hold of "European Christianity"? In this way, the volume turns the agency of definition over to non-Europeans. Over the last centuries, the contacts between Europeans and non-Europeans have been diverse and complex. Non-Europeans encountered Europeans as colonialists, traders, missionaries and travellers. Most of those Europeans were Christians or were perceived as Christians. Therefore, in terms of religion Europe was often identified with Christianity. Europeans thus also conveyed a certain image of Christianity to non-European countries. At the same time, non-Europeans increasingly travelled to Europe and experienced a kind of Christianity that often did not conform to the picture they had formed earlier. Their descriptions of European Christianity ranged from sympathetic acceptance to harsh criticism. The contributions in this volume reveal the breadth of these opinions. They also show that there is no clear line of division between "insiders" and "outsiders", but that Europeans could sometimes perceive themselves as being "outsiders" in their own culture while non-Europeans could adopt "insider" perspectives. Furthermore, from these encounters new religious and cultural expressions could emerge.

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-Jesus Christus" ist das zentrale Thema des evangelischen Religionsunterrichts in der gymnasialen Oberstufe. Dieses Material verschafft den Schëlerinnen und Schëlern einen Zugang zu Jesus und stellt seine aktuelle Bedeutung heraus. Es orientiert sich dabei an den einheitlichen Prëfungsanforderungen Abitur (EPAs) fër den Religionsunterricht.Die Geburtsgeschichte Jesu ist in den Köpfen der meisten Lernenden verankert. Wer aber war Jesus von Nazareth? Und wer ist Jesus Christus? Folgende Inhalte werden fokussiert: Unterscheidung von -historischen" und -legendenhaften" Elementen, außerbiblische Quellen, religiöser und kultureller Kontext, Hoheitstitel, Wunder und Gleichnisse sowie die Passion Jesu.Ergänzt wird dies durch Arbeitsaufträge und Hinweise zum Kompetenzerwerb.

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"Intra Vokabeln I" enthält alle Lernvokabeln von "Intra Texte und Ãbungen I" nach Lektionen sortiert.Das Bändchen ist identisch mit dem Lernvokabel-Teil von "Intra Grammatik und Vokabeln I". Es erlaubt die separate Nutzung der Lernvokabeln und ist vor allem fÃ"r diejenigen gedacht, die mit "Intra" ohne Begleitgrammatik arbeiten wollen.

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Diese Lektüreausgabe hat Pfiff – Binnendifferenzierung einmal anders! Das Layout ist eigens dafür gemacht, dass bei allen lateinischen Übersetzungstexten an einer vorgegebenen Linie entlang noch zusätzliche Hilfen hinzugefaltet werden können. Somit sind die Schülerinnen und Schüler in der Lage, die Texte nach ihrem individuellen Lernstand zu bearbeiten – wahlweise mit vielen oder wenigen Übersetzungshilfen. Auch das Thema dieser Ausgabe lädt dazu ein, sich lateinischen Texten einmal anders zu nähern. Nicht nur ein lateinischer Autor wird bearbeitet, sondern ein breites Thema: Promis in Rom sollen näher beleuchtet werden, und zwar nicht nur Kaiser oder Politiker, sondern z. B. auch Wagenlenker oder andere beeindruckende Persönlichkeiten. Ausgewählte vorerschließende sowie Interpretationsaufgaben machen die Lektüreausgabe komplett.

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Der breVIA-Lehrerband bietet viele nÃ"tzliche Hilfen fÃ"r Lehrkräfte, die mit breVIA arbeiten: Zunächst wird das didaktische und methodische Konzept des Lehrwerks breVIA vorgestellt. Ferner finden sich zahlreiche durchdachte Vorschläge zur Sequenzplanung, die die Lehrkräfte bei der Vorbereitung des Unterrichts unterstÃ"zen. Abgerundet wird der Lehrerband schließlich mit der Sammlung aller Lösungen zu Texten und Ãbungen des Lehrbuches.

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The topic of this yearbook of religious education takes up a fundamental concern of religious didactics and at the same time a central challenge that arises from the current religious situation for religious education: the increasing individualization and pluralization of religion and religiosity, which is often regarded as a signature of our time. What exactly is to be understood by subject orientation in terms of religious didactics and school pedagogy? What understanding of the subject is assumed here? In which dimensions and aspects must the subject orientation be substantiated? Where can this actually succeed under today's conditions in practice? Such questions necessarily affect different views of religion and religiosity, but also of non-religious beliefs, since religious instruction according to today's understanding should by no means only be open to members of the church. The volume offers different possibilities of how a subject-oriented exploration of religion and religiosity can look like. Here, proven models such as correlation didactics and elementarization are put to the test and even less common ways are presented, for example of finding a form for religion in religious education and supporting religious language skills.

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Auf dem Feld der Elementarpädagogik und inklusiven Bildung tummeln sich viele Besserwisser, die dem Kind das Kindsein rauben trotz Warnungen aus Psychologie, Neurologie und Psychotherapie.Kinderseelen brauchen Zeit und Raum, um sich zu entfalten und nicht zu zerbrechen. Diese einfache Regel wird heute oftmals vernachlässigt: Der Leistungsdruck wächst und viele Kitas verwandeln sich in output-zentrierte Förderstätten. Dabei bringt nur einfühlsame pädagogische Begleitung und Führung Kinder auf den Weg zu beziehungsfähigen, lern-, arbeits- und leistungsfähigen Menschen.Praxisbezogen zeigen Armin Krenz und Ferdinand Klein, wie bindungsorientierte und inklusive Pädagogik gelingen kann. Internationale wie nationale Praxisbeispiele werden dabei ebenso thematisiert wie die Beziehungsebene zwischen der Fachkraft und der Familie.

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Just being a child – that is not so easy anymore in our modern world. How to best prepare children for their future?How can we adults strengthen our children for going through important transitional phases, e.g., when exiting the family fold to enter kindergarten? How can we treat each child fairly, e.g., girls, boys, children from other cultures? What media, forms and educational chances can best help us in this endeavour? How can we support children who have lost a parent or other family member or who are growing up in broken homes? How can we protect children from drugs and sexual abuse? These are some of the questions addressed in this volume and answered based on the latest scientific findings and educational experiences.

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Education is linked to (neuro) biological processes. Failure to observe provokes challenging behavior. The case studies deliberately assume extreme biological conditions: autism, trisomy 21, Tourette's syndrome, epilepsy, ... André Frank Zimpel shows that the key to sustainable success is to look at the inside of the apparent to approach failing children, adolescents or adults. For less restrictive learning difficulties, the following applies even more: biological limits are a challenge, but not an insurmountable obstacle.

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How empathetic, appreciative and cooperative caretakers are in nursery schools - in their roles as teachers and learners alike - has a powerful and formative influence on the lives of the children in their custody. Participation can be experienced and understood even in nursery school; it is a positive treasure trove that strengthens children in their social development and prepares them for a life as responsible and self-determined youths and adults. Based on a humanistic view of social life, Marita Dobrick makes the case that children should always have true choices, plenty of room for making their own decisions and, if necessary, compromises. We can trust children and we can have confidence in their judgement. Caretakers who give children both roots and wings and observe their rights will lay the cornerstone for a life of democracy in our society.

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n terms of concept and layout, the teaching work follows the volume Competent Evangelical 5 from 2017 and 6 from 2018. An important core concern of the volume is to guide the pupils to learn independently with competent support from the teacher. There is increasing emphasis on knowledge of the most important operators and on the independent acquisition and transfer of knowledge. The five learning areas of the curriculum correspond to five interlinked chapters that can be combined in different ways; they are supplemented by a concluding method chapter, which allows you to independently look up and deepen the methodological knowledge you have acquired. 7.1 Faith becomes visible: We understand the central role of the Holy Spirit and learn how and where he works faith. Faith becomes visible to us and others in church construction from different eras and in different elements of worship. 7.2 Church begins: We learn how Pentecost marks the birth of the Church and how the first Christians lived their faith. With Paul we get to know one of the founders of Christianity and discover how the persecution of the first Christians came to an end with Emperor Constantine. 7.3 Muslims in our area: We learn the basics about Islam, the prophet and the five pillars and see how the everyday life of Muslims is determined by their religion. In comparison with Christianity, we discover similarities and differences - and how we deal well with different conflict issues. 7.4 Mirror, mirror on the wall: We think about how wishes are influenced by the media and role models, and discover the Christian faith and biblical visions as an important source of impulses for a life-friendly handling of our desires. We recognize that longings can lead to addiction and dependency on the one hand, but on the other hand can also motivate people to realize their visions of a better world. 7.5 Supporting each other: We perceive the need for help in our environment and think about the possibilities and limits of our help. We recognize the great importance of charity from biblical stories and can demonstrate its implementation in the helping actions of the Church in the past and today. 6. Methods: Operators / Digital presentation / Feedback / Group puzzle / Radio play / Pro and contra debate / Presentation / Thesis rally / Word collage / Selected methods from class 6. All chapters also refer to methods that were learned in the sixth year of school to activate spiral and networked learning at appropriate points. The lexicon, which also rounds off this volume, lists many new terms, but also already contains explanations in volume 5, insofar as it also plays a role in the texts of the 6th school year. Possible presentation topics, which are distributed over the chapters, are listed in a directory for better preselection.

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Für den Gottesdienst, für die tägliche Inspiration und auch als Nachschlagewerk. In der Großdruckausgabe des Evangelischen Gesangbuchs für Niedersachsen und Bremen finden Sie: – 500 Lieder und Gesänge im Stammteil – zusätzlich 125 Lieder im Regionalteil – Ablauf und Erklärung der Gottesdienste – Bekenntnisse – Gemeinsame Gebete – Liturgische Gebete – Psalmgebete – Dichter und Komponisten – 3 Lesebändchen – alle Wochenpsalmen – überarbeitete Perikopen – ökumenisch gebräuchliche Lieder – die Gottesdienstordnung ist an das aktuelle Gottesdienstbuch angepasst

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Für den Gottesdienst, für die tägliche Inspiration und auch als Nachschlagewerk. In der Taschenausgabe des Evangelischen Gesangbuchs für Niedersachsen und Bremen finden Sie: – 500 Lieder und Gesänge im Stammteil – zusätzlich 125 Lieder im Regionalteil – Ablauf und Erklärung der Gottesdienste – Bekenntnisse – Gemeinsame Gebete – Liturgische Gebete – Psalmgebete – Dichter und Komponisten – 3 Lesebändchen – alle Wochenpsalmen – überarbeitete Perikopen – ökumenisch gebräuchliche Lieder – die Gottesdienstordnung ist an das aktuelle Gottesdienstbuch angepasst

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Hans-Martin Lübking assumes the "normal operation" of the confirmation work, takes into account the work situation on site and provides information on current issues and new impulses. The focus is on a detailed presentation of how work with confirmands can be practically organized and specifically designed. A special focus is on the question of the sustainability of the confirmation work. The author advocates anchoring confirmation work in a child- and youth-friendly community in which young people can participate and experience the (social) relevance of the Christian faith.

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Das Handbuch nimmt eine Standortbestimmung gegenwärtiger Seelsorge im Krankenhaus vor. Dargestellt werden Zielsetzungen, Konzepte und Arbeitsweisen der Seelsorge in der medizinisch-ökonomischen Institution Krankenhaus - aus Sicht von praktizierenden Seelsorgerinnen, Supervisoren, in der Aus- und Fortbildung Tätigen ebenso wie Forschenden und Lehrenden aus Theologie, zentralen Bezugswissenschaften sowie aus Leitungs- und Trägerperspektive. Es bietet sowohl einen Überblick ëber Praxis und Theorie aktueller Krankenhausseelsorge als auch vertiefte Einblicke in konkrete Kontexte und Situationen.Das Buch schließt dabei an das Konzept der vorherigen Auflagen von Michael Klessmann an: Es geht um die Bedeutung der Seelsorge fër Patienten und Patientinnen, fër deren Bewältigung von Krankheit, Leiden und Sterben, aber auch um ihre Bedeutung fër das Personal des Krankenhauses und die Institution insgesamt. Schwerpunkte bilden dabei exemplarische Arbeitsfelder auf der einen sowie Krankenhausseelsorge als kirchliches Handeln auf der anderen Seite. Das Buch nimmt aktuelle Entwicklungen und Veränderungen in Kirche und Gesellschaft, Gesundheitswesen und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Praktischer Theologie sowie Seelsorgetheorie auf. Traugott Roser bietet damit all jenen Klärung und Orientierung, die sich das erste Mal mit den Eigenheiten seelsorgerlicher Praxis in klinischen Einrichtungen befassen, ebenso wie denjenigen, die mitten in der beruflichen Praxis stehen, und nicht zuletzt Verantwortliche in Kirche und Gesundheitswesen.

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Martin Nicol ergreift Partei fÃ"r den evangelischen Gottesdienst in seiner traditionellen Form. Mit lutherischem Akzent beschreibt er ihn als gespurten Pilgerweg in der Gotteswirklichkeit. FÃ"r eine breite Leserschaft und mit einer FÃ"lle von Beobachtungen aus eigenem und fremdem Erleben erhellt Nicol Schönheiten und AbgrÃ"nde der traditionellen Liturgie, profiliert ihre Eigenart und präsentiert sie als unverzichtbaren Beitrag zu einer Liturgie der weltweiten Kirche.Die zwölf Kapitel gelten zwölf neuralgischen Punkten evangelischer Gottesdienstkultur. Die Diagnose lautet auf eine tief sitzende Kultunfähigkeit des Protestantismus. Zugleich plädieren die zwölf Kapitel thesenfreudig fÃ"r das, was dem evangelischen Gottesdienst kÃ"nftig Profil geben könnte: die diskrete Macht der Doxologie, eine integrale Kirchenmusik auf dem Weg im Geheimnis oder die Liturgie als Kunst, die Zeit Gottes in der Weltzeit begehbar zu machen.Martin Nicol ruft dazu auf, die genuin theologische Frage, was evangelischer Gottesdienst sei, nicht länger zu verdrängen. In jedem Fall sollte sich die "Kirche des Wortes" endlich beim Wort nehmen lassen, die Dominanz der Predigt einschränken und mit dem Kult-Buch Bibel einen wirklichen Wort-Gottesdienst konzipieren. In dieser Perspektive inspirieren Seitenblicke auf andere Konfessionen und auf das synagogale Gebet des Judentums eine ungewohnte Ritualität des Wortes. Nicol kritisiert die unentschiedene Praxis evangelischer "Gottesdienste mit Abendmahl" und behält gleichzeitig die eucharistische Feier als Fluchtpunkt christlichen Gottesdienstes im Blick.

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Teamende befinden sich in ihrer Arbeit mit jungen Menschen immer wieder in seelsorglichen Situationen. Sie sind zentrale Vertrauenspersonen für junge Menschen. Daher ist eine gute Schulung in Peer-to-Peer-Seelsorge unerlässlich. „Mich interessiert, was du sagst!“ bietet praxiserprobtes Schulungsmaterial, um Teamenden Sicherheit in seelsorglichen Situationen zu geben. Zusätzliches Material zur „Kollegialen Beratung mit jungen Menschen“ rundet dieses Praxisbuch ab. Das Buch enthält hilfreiches Hintergrundwissen, Methoden mit möglichen Varianten sowie Arbeitsblätter, die schnell in die Arbeit integriert werden können. Zusätzliches Downloadmaterial erleichtert die Vorbereitung.

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Challenges, crises and difficult experiences are an integral part of our lives and an inherent element of every human being's existence, in addition to being ingrained in the functioning of organisations, institutions and nations. On many occasions humankind has failed to confront them, resulting in the real dramas that we witness on the pages of history. Fortunately, challenges, crises and difficult situations have often been lessons, from which appropriate conclusions have been drawn, thanks to which it was possible to create a better future. In the history of the Church from its very beginning, challenges have been an integral part of working towards a better tomorrow, a better version of oneself and the reality around us and the Church herself. Paradoxically, what was intended to weaken or even destroy the faith became an impulse for its spread. Crisis became the cause of consolidation and development. And so, over the centuries, the Church has faced crises caused by schisms, divisions, unsuitable people in ecclesiastical offices, as well as challenges posed by the surrounding world, political systems and conflicts of human origin. Owing to this publication, the reader will be able to learn about various types of crises and challenges in order to draw conclusions from them, to appreciate the history of the Church through a better knowledge thereof, and all this in order to create a better future. The subject of the book concerns crises and challenges during various periods in the history of the Church up until modern times, including the crisis caused by the Second World War or communism in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Mit seiner Arbeit füllt David Bindrim eine Forschungslücke, deren Zustandekommen eigentlich unerklärlich ist: Obwohl gerade im alltäglichen Gemeindeleben aller christlichen Denominationen das Thema der Liebe theologisch reflektiert wird und das Doppelgebot der Liebe häufig sogar als der wesentliche Kern des Christentums dargestellt wird, hat eine umfassende Untersuchung der Liebe im Alten Testament, die Kern- und Ausgangspunkt der neutestamentlichen Liebesrede ist, bisher auf sich warten lassen. David Bindrim betrachtet daher alle Stellen, an denen „Liebe“ (אהב) im Alten Testament vorkommt, um das dahinterliegende Konzept von Liebe zu ergründen. Ausgangspunkt ist die scheinbar simple Frage: „Ist das Liebe, wie wir sie verstehen?“ Diese Untersuchung zeigt sowohl große strukturelle Gemeinsamkeiten als auch tiefgreifende Unterschiede auf. Der Autor betrachtet in seinem Werk sämtliche Belege und fokussiert nicht von vorneherein die theologischen Texte. Zudem zieht er die Emotionsforschung zurate, die fruchtbare Erträge bei der Betrachtung einer Emotionsvokabel mit sich bringt.

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