Search results for ""Royal Society of Chemistry""

The crystallisation phase transformation process and the resulting creation of crystalline materials from liquid phase precursors are central to the science and process engineering of materials in their broadest sense. Crystallisation involves two distinct stages: nucleation and growth. Due to the nano-scale size domain within which the nucleation process functions it is a much less understood process compared to the growth process. As a result, elucidating the fundamental physics and chemistry that govern the formation and structure of the nucleation supra-molecular transition state remains one of the truly unresolved 'grand challenges' of the physical sciences. Following the Nucleation - A Transition State to the Directed Assembly of Materials: Faraday Discussion (April 2015), this book brings together the growing body of theoretical and experimental work. It assesses recent progress in this field, highlights on-going challenges, and discusses future work still needed.

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The aim of this meeting is to bring together experts in complex fluids, ionic systems and soft condensed matter sharing a common interest in charged fluids. The meeting aims to discuss fundamental experimental and theoretical aspects of the physical chemistry of RTILs. Discussions will also examine the state-of- the-art of experimental and theoretical developments regarding thermodynamics, interfacial behaviour, microscopic structure and molecular dynamics of ionic liquids as well as highlighting emerging problems, identifying new research directions. The book aims to maximize the dissemination of this information whilst helping to promote the interest of young scientists and students allowing a forum for them to interact with experts in ionic and molecular soft condensed matter.

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The last ten years have seen a revolution in our understanding of the mechanisms of biological crystal growth. While it had long been assumed that crystallisation would occur by the same classical mechanisms which form the basis for most descriptions of crystallisation processes, it is now becoming apparent that this is not the case. There are a number of key observations which have changed our view of crystallisation mechanisms. While it had long been assumed that crystalline biominerals typically form by ion-by-ion growth, it is now recognised that they often precipitate via amorphous precursor phases. This is well established for calcium carbonate and there is growing evidence that biogenic crystalline calcium phosphate phases may form via an analogous route. Recent re-examination of the structure of many calcium carbonate biominerals is also suggesting that "non-classical" crystallisation pathways, where crystals grow from the assembly of precursor particles, may also be widespread. Significantly, these mechanisms are not unique to the biological world. Possibly partly inspired by the identification of these biogenic mineralisation strategies, there is currently great interest from the general crystal growth community in these new and controversial ideas. A number of studies on crystal nucleation have recently re-examined classical nucleation theory, and the observation of pre-nucleation clusters is a recurrent theme of great interest. This controversial result apparently contradicts classical nucleation theory which leads the subject of crystal nucleation and growth via assembly to demand attention. The Scientific Committee warmly invites you to take part in this thought-provoking Discussion and looks forward to welcoming you to Leeds.

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Ultrafast science has long been limited to the investigation of molecular processes. Over the past 10 years investigation of ultrafast processes has expanded to material science, including aspects relevant to the solid-state such as excitation of electrons in band structures and collective phonon excitation. Specific probes for electronic and structural reorganization, such as X-ray diffraction and ARPES, have been advanced. Furthermore, experimental techniques including XFEL science, THz science and various pump–probe methods, as well as the theoretical understanding of ultrafast, out-of-equilibrium and multiscale processes driven by light or THz excitation, have seen rapid development. This volume brings together a complementarity of internationally-leading experimental material scientists and theoreticians in this field to explore and exchange their ideas about the key aspects of ultrafast science, designing new ways to control materials and understanding transformation processes. The topics covered include: Material science: ultrafast transformation, electron-phonon coupling, multi-scale aspects Theory of out of equilibrium light-induced phenomena Optical excitation processes THz and laser field excitation processes

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The subject of bioinorganic chemistry is one of the most intellectually attractive and experimentally demanding frontiers in modern chemical science. The problems of this interdisciplinary field are some of the most fascinating at the interface of chemistry, biology, and medicine. This volume brings together world-leaders in the field of bioinorganic chemistry, interlinked with spectroscopic and computational/theoretical physical chemists, to discuss current mechanistic insights into the function of many metalloenzymes, as well as small molecule activation, the synthetic analogue approach to metalloproteins/enzymes, artificial enzymes, the therapeutic use of metal-ligand complexes and the methodologies (both experimental and theoretical) in this area of research. In this volume, the topics covered include: Small molecule activation and synthetic analogues Techniques for studying the kinetics and thermodynamics of metal-ligand exchange reactions Electron transfer, spectroscopy and theory Natural and artificial enzymes and medicinal aspects

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The areas of synthesis and catalysis are largely driven by non-covalent interactions, and it is therefore essential to understand, control, and manipulate them. Doing so would allow for the optimisation of the properties and functions of new catalysts across the length scales. The current challenges in this area include structure determination of reactive intermediates, ascertaining structure-activity relationships, modelling transient states in catalytic cycles, and developing processes for reliable synthesis of non-covalent systems. The format of Faraday Discussions facilitates in-depth, dedicated discussions between researchers from across the area of synthesis and catalysis. This allows for a wide range of valuable insights and perspectives on the leading areas of the field. This volume brings together internationally leading researchers in synthesis, materials and catalysis, particularly involving systems where non-covalent interactions are crucial. In this volume the topics covered include: The importance of non-covalent interactions in synthesis Understanding the structural and electronic changes within these catalytic systems Modelling and computational analysis of reactive sites Controlling the activity and selectivity of a synthetic catalyst by manipulation of the surroundings

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There has been exponential growth in the number of nanoporous framework materials reported in the scientific literature over recent years, with thousands of new metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), molecular framework materials, inorganic framework materials, and supramolecular frameworks. These novel families of materials open up new horizons in practically all branches of engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Many framework materials are based on relatively weak interactions (coordinative bonds, π−π stacking, hydrogen bonds, etc.), and present large numbers of intramolecular degrees of freedom. Evidence is accumulating that there is a propensity among these framework materials to display large-scale dynamic behaviour. These cooperative phenomena are very diverse both in terms of their microscopic origins and their macroscopic manifestations. This volume brings together internationally leading researchers to identify the open questions and challenges in this field as well as the best ways to address them. The topics covered include: Materials breaking the rules Advanced characterisation techniques: multi-scale, in situ and time-resolved Novel computational tools Toward complex systems and devices

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Silicon is the most important semiconducting material of the microelectronic industry. Bulk silicon does not exhibit good optical properties, however in the late 1980s good emission was observed and studied in a silicon-based material, porous silicon. Since then, a variety of luminescent silicon nanostructures have been investigated, but different results and interpretations have been reported in the literature regarding the origin of the luminescence of these structures. This Faraday Discussion explores new methodologies to synthesize and characterise luminescent silicon nanostructures, from porous silicon to nanocrystals and nanorods. Attention is devoted to the most promising applications of these systems in the fields of bioimaging, sensing and energy conversion (e.g., OLED and luminescent solar concentrators). Wet, dry, chemical, physical, thermal, out-of-equilibrium formation paths are related to the physics of the produced nanostructures and to the role of the matrix (interface) in which they are embedded. In this volume the topics covered include: Synthesis and functionalisation of silicon nanostructures Optical and electronic properties: from theory to experiments Silicon nanostructures for sensing and bioimaging Silicon nanostructures for energy conversion devices

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Over the last decade, an increasingly advanced understanding of nature’s light manipulation strategies has allowed scientists and engineers to design novel biologically inspired photonic materials for a wide range of applications. Recent research efforts have uncovered a truly astounding diversity of biological light management mechanisms that rely on various photonic structures, and there is much to be learnt from biological photonic structures for the design of advanced optical materials. Biological optical materials often create desirable synergies between quantum-optical, wave-optical, and ray-optical phenomena through a fine control of material structure and composition across all relevant length scales. Deciphering the origin of such synergies will allow scientists to emulate and improve upon them to solve challenges in optical technology development. This volume focuses on the most recent developments in this exciting and rapidly evolving field, assessing what we currently know about nature’s most intriguing light management techniques and reviewing strategies for deriving advantages from this knowledge in bio-inspired materials. More importantly, we also aim to identify current challenges and opportunities and derive a recommendation of how the field could be moving forward in the years to come. The topics covered in this volume include: Optics and photonics in nature Bio-inspired optics The role of structure: order vs disorder in bio-photonic systems The role of composition: natural materials vs synthetic composites

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Recently, groups from different fields have been making significant advances in creating the printing tools, chemical reactions, and analytical approaches for developing and studying 3D nanostructures composed of glycans and glycomimetics. This Faraday Discussion aims to bring these communities together in a single symposium to create a new language for approaching the challenge of carbohydrate-based biointerfaces, ranging from researchers who focus entirely on printing tools, surface chemistry, binding thermodynamics and glycobiology, and others whose nascent efforts to combine these are leading to groundbreaking new materials and a revolutionary understanding of these unconventional surface interactions, where multivalency and cooperativity have an outsized role. This symposium will show how chemistry, particularly the combination of physical and organic chemistry, will continue to drive advances in the field, and provide new approaches to understanding, and in turn, creating biomimetic materials with precisely controlled nanoscale structure in three dimensions. In this volume the topics covered include: Multidimensional micro- and nano-printing technologies Preparation of multivalent glycan micro- and nano-arrays Glycan interactions on glycocalyx New directions in surface functionalization and characterization

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Artificial photosynthesis is a process that converts solar energy into a renewable fuel, a so-called solar fuel. This rapidly developing and growing area addresses a global challenge of the 21st century: the transition from a fossil fuel-based to a sustainable economy. This field is cross-disciplinary, spanning biology and chemistry to physics and engineering, with physical chemistry at its core, essential to fundamentally understanding the underlying processes that enable light absorption, charge separation and efficient redox catalysis. Due to the dynamic pace and progress in artificial photosynthesis research we are now at a decisive stage where some of the fundamental questions have been answered and applications are becoming a reality. This volume brings together research from scientists with a broad set of expertise, aiming to find consensus on priorities in the future development of artificial photosynthesis research. It explores recent breakthroughs and contemporary challenges in the field within four key themes: Biological approaches to artificial photosynthesis Synthetic approaches to artificial photosynthesis Demonstrator devices for artificial photosynthesis Beyond artificial photosynthesis

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Photochemical reactions have tremendous scientific importance, ranging from photosynthesis to atmospheric reactions, and technologies such as sensors or displays. Due to the intrinsic complexity of photochemical reactions, they remain the least understood type of chemical process. Nonadiabatic dynamics, ultrafast time-scales, quantum effects and conical intersections are known to be important, but a detailed comprehension remains elusive. However, new experimental techniques capable of monitoring photochemical processes in unprecedented detail are appearing. Many of these techniques are being developed by research communities not traditionally concerned with photochemistry, but provide an opportunity to shed new light on photochemical dynamics. This Faraday Discussion brings together experimentalists and theoreticians working from different perspectives in the field. It provides the opportunity to identify how new techniques can complement each other, to address contention and controversy, and to propose future research.

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There is great interest in converting electricity overcapacity e.g. from renewables; from fuels such as hydrogen and synthetic gasoline; or for the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia. Solid oxide electrolysis offers a high efficiency route to these conversions utilising technology similar to solid oxide fuel cells. However, there are significant differences between electrolysis and fuel cell operation, and the fundamental aspects of electrolysis have received little attention. This Faraday Discussion brings together the research of leading scientists to address the fundamental aspects of solid oxide electrolysis. Research in this field could yield a new clean chemical industry, potentially allowing greater harvesting of renewables by storing excess energy in a more useful and higher energy density form than electricity.

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Organic semiconductors (OSCs), based on pi-conjugated molecules and macromolecules, are revolutionising the electronics industry. The most topical and potentially lucrative applications to date include organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays and lighting, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Applications for these technologies are varied and include sensing, medical diagnostics, artificial assemblies, computing and information and communication technologies. This discussion encompasses a range of topical subjects, centred on the theme of organic electronics and photonics, focussing on four specific topics: organic photovoltaics and energy, organic lasers, bioelectronics and sensors and molecular electronics, representing the most exciting developments in organic electronics research.

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There are several fundamental challenges that are yet to be resolved within the field of nanoalloys, including a comprehensive understanding of their structure and properties and how they can be used in the design of catalysts, nanomagnets and nano-optic devices. There is a need for theoretical models to be developed which can provide clues with regards to the preparation and potential applications of various nanoalloys in realistic environments. The unique format of the Faraday Discussions meetings enables in-depth discussions across the full scope of the field, offering new perspectives in their structures, properties and subsequent applications. This volume brings together leading experts from across the globe interested in bi- and multimetallic nanoalloys to explore and exchange ideas on recent developments and future possibilities. In this volume the topics covered are organised into the following themes: Nanoalloy structures Nanoalloy catalysis Magnetic and optical properties of nanoalloys Applications of nanoalloys

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Elements Top TrumpsTM is an entertaining, fast-paced chemistry card game. With eye-catching imagery and fascinating facts about the elements, it’s a great way to have fun and learn about the elements. Recommended for children aged 7-14, the game can be played by two or more players. Each of the 30 cards represents an element. Players compare numerical properties of the elements (melting point, density, price, discovery date and the size of the atom) and choose the category they think will win. Elements Top Trumps is created by the Royal Society of Chemistry in partnership with Winning Moves Ltd, the makers of Top TrumpsTM. This product is sold in packs of six. Individual purchases are also available.

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This book discusses the contemporary techniques and the latest applications in the field of nucleation, growth, inhibition and dissolution of solids. It covers techniques, including diffraction, small angle scattering, probe microscopy, optical microscopy, crystallization techniques and both atomistic and meso-scale modelling methods; and applications, which consider inorganic materials, micro-porous and meso-porous materials, molecular crystals, biomaterials, minerals, semi-conductors and pharmaceuticals. It is a key point of reference for researchers working in related fields and offers a comprehensive guide to research and opinion in this area. Faraday Discussions document a long-established series of Faraday Discussion meetings which provide a unique international forum for the exchange of views and newly acquired results in developing areas of physical chemistry, biophysical chemistry and chemical physics. The papers presented are published in the Faraday Discussion volume together with a record of the discussion contributions made at the meeting. Faraday Discussions therefore provide an important record of current international knowledge and views in the field concerned.

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Developments in cryo-electron microscopy are creating new opportunities within structural biology and there is currently great interest in developing cryo-EM as a core tool for atomic level structural biology. Many structural techniques can give atomic or near atomic level information, but lack the ability to study proteins within a near-native environment, for example within a cellular compartment. Cryo-EM provides this opportunity, but despite the recent massive improvements in single particle cryo-EM, obtaining sub-2Å structural information is still a major challenge. Cryo-electron microscopy has undergone significant developments in microscope design, camera technology and data processing regimes, but there are significant challenges that remain and opportunities to explore, many of which must be tackled by the community as a whole, rather than by individual groups. For example, sample preparation is central to electron microscopy and is currently a significant bottleneck in many experiments, and there are significant problems with ensuring the integrity of the field in terms of dealing with inherently low signal-to-noise images. This volume brings together leading researchers from the UK and the international cryo-electron microscopy community to discuss current developments and new challenges in the field. In this volume the topics covered include: Sample preparation in single particle cryo-EM Pushing the limits in single particle cryo-EM Tomographic analysis, CLEM Map/model validation and machine learning in EM

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Atomically scaled “smart” devices, artificial intelligence, neuromorphic functions, alternative logic operations and computing, new memory storage paradigms, ultra-fast/bio-inspired/flexible/transparent/energy-efficient nanoelectronics – these contemporary concepts are driving forces for the progressive development of science and technology, mirroring societal expectations and solving its problems. Inspired by the concept of the memristor (memory + resistor), Redox-based resistive switching Random Access Memories (ReRAM) and Phase Change Memories (PCM) are thought capable of all these operations and functionalities. In addition, researchers aim to use these memristive systems to enable the fundamental properties of life, including order, plasticity, response to stimuli, metabolism, homeostasis, growth, and heredity or reproduction, based on the functionalities of biological systems. This volume, which brings together experts from industry and academia, will cover the fundamentals as well as specific demands and limitations in e.g. materials selection, processing, suitable model systems, technical requirements and the potential device applications, providing a bridge for terminologies, theories, models, and applications. The topics covered in this volume include: Electrochemical metallization ReRAMs (ECM) Valence change ReRAMs (VCM) Phase-change memories (PCM) Synaptic and neuromorphic functions

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Over the last decade or so, there has been immense progress in the development of tools, both experimental and theoretical, for probing the solid/fluid interface at the nanoscale. These advances open the way towards mechanistic understanding, and potentially prediction, of chemical processes occurring at this interface. Amongst the fields beginning to benefit from such effort is corrosion science, which is primarily concerned with degradation of metallic materials immersed in either liquid or gaseous environments. Thia Faraday Discussion focuses on the nanoscale interfacial chemical processes relevant to corrosion and its control. Corrosion science is becoming increasingly important as we move towards a world where every atom counts, e.g. in maintaining the performance of nano-devices, as well for ensuring sustainability through optimum use of natural resources.

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This comprehensive book approaches sustainability from two directions, the reduction of pollution and the maintaining of existing resources, both of which are addressed in a thorough examination of the main chemical processes and their impact. Divided into five sections, each introduced by a leading expert in the field, the book takes the reader through the various types of chemical processes, demonstrating how we must find ways to lower the environmental cost (of both pollution and contributions to climate change) of producing chemicals. Each section consists of several chapters, presenting the latest facts and opinion on the methodologies being adopted by the chemical industry to provide a more sustainable future. A follow-up to Materials for a Sustainable Future (Royal Society of Chemistry 2012), this book will appeal to the same broad readership - industrialists and investors; policy makers in local and central governments; students, teachers, scientists and engineers working in the field; and finally editors, journalists and the general public who need information on the increasingly popular concepts of sustainable living.

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Gaseous ion spectroscopy generally couples mass spectrometry with a class of high-resolution laser spectroscopy, providing a route for studying the intrinsic chemical and physical properties of isolated ions. The isolation of the molecular ion of interest from its native environment is important to decouple the influence of the surroundings from the intrinsic properties. The effect of the environment can then be incrementally re-introduced through studies of sequentially solvated clusters, which allow the interaction with solvent molecules with the ion to be studied on the molecular level. The field of gaseous ion spectroscopy has the potential to impact a wide range of chemical, physical and biological problems and it has seen a rapid diversification in the past decade with the application of different ion sources, cryogenic ion traps, and new light sources such that this potential impact is rapidly being realised. This Faraday Discussions volume focusses on experimental and theoretical ion spectroscopy, highlighting the latest innovations and applications in the field. These range from the IR spectroscopy and anion formation mechanism of molecules in the interstellar medium, to the intrinsic structure of catalytic centres in chemical reactions, to the ultrafast dynamics of bioactive chromophores, to exotic ionic systems such as Coulombic crystals and dipole-bound anions. This volume provides a roadmap of where the field is and what the challenges will be over the next 5-10 years and beyond. It covers four main themes: Controlling internal degrees Pushing resolution in frequency and time Going large(r) Exotic systems

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The global generation of power depends heavily on coal-fired power plants, and industrial processes such as the production of cement or iron emit CO2 as an intrinsic part of the process. As fossil fuels will remain part of the global energy mix for some time, developing carbon capture and storage technologies is becoming increasingly important for reducing carbon emissions. Topics covered include a review of the technologies likely to be deployed in the first generation of carbon capture and storage plants; potential technologies for CO2 capture, such as metal-organic frameworks and nanoparticle-organic hybrid materials; recent advances in modelling, including thermodynamic theories; and end uses for CO2, such as fuels, building materials and plastics. This Faraday Discussion brings together researchers working on new potential carbon capture materials and processes, physical properties of CO2 and gas mixtures, carbon dioxide utilisation and process engineers looking at incorporating new technologies into viable carbon capture and storage processes.

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This volume focuses on assessing recent progress in our general understanding of coherence and control in chemistry and defining new avenues for future research. The prospect of exploiting quantum interference to direct the outcome of a chemical reaction is known as coherent control. Over the last twenty years or so, many schemes to exploit the coherence property of laser light have been proposed to exert such control over molecules, and in the last decade or so these have become realisable through advances in laser and pulse shaping technology. Many practical demonstrations of molecular coherent control, with applications ranging from laser cooling of molecules to chemically selective bond breaking or the generation of coherent x-ray light through high harmonic generation, have been made. We now also know that many photochemical reactions of fundamental importance in biology appear to exploit quantum coherence in order to transfer energy efficiently to do work rather than dissipate the energy as heat. This volume brings together experimentalists and theoreticians working in all areas of physics and chemistry who have an interest in probing and controlling chemical interactions at the quantum resolved level.

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There is currently significant interest in exploring and identifying new inorganic solar energy conversion systems based on Earth-abundant non-toxic materials for future sustainable energy applications and technologies. Developments in emergent inorganic absorbers are closely tied to the ability of researchers to correlate and predict device performance from structural and optical properties. The understanding of material structure and bonding and their effect on performance are key to developing guiding principles for design and screening of inorganic photovoltaic materials. Progress toward such understanding is facilitated by state-of-the-art tools for structural and electronic characterisation of semiconductor materials and interfaces, as well as device design and performance analysis. Further insight is provided by computer modelling and simulations. This volume brings together internationally leading scientists working in areas of material design and modelling, structural and electronic characterisation, and device design and performance analysis, to explore and exchange ideas on emerging inorganic thin-film photovoltaics based on Earth abundant non-toxic materials. In this volume, the topics covered include: Indium-free CIGS analogues Bulk and surface characterisation techniques of solar absorbers Novel chalcogenides, pnictides and defect-tolerant semiconductors Materials design and bonding

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilisation is an important part of ongoing activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in which CO2 is converted to commercially viable products, such as chemicals, polymers, building materials and fuels. Once activated it can be transformed into a valuable resource for chemical feedstocks, intermediates and value-added products. Since the 2015 Faraday Discussion on CO2 utilisation, there has been a rapid rise in research output globally, together with increased commercialisation. This interdisciplinary volume seeks to collate the developments made across science and engineering, with a view to seeing how further advancements can be made. In this volume, the topics covered include: Thermal catalytic conversion Accelerated mineralisation Life cycle and upscaling Emerging technologies

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Iontronics is a newly emerging field of research that studies the science and technology of electronic properties and functions controlled by the movement and arrangement of ions, such as Na+, Cl- or Ca2+. The driving forces in iontronics include electric, diffusive and convective forces due to the presence of fluid flows. This multidisciplinary field lies at the interface between physics, chemistry, electronic engineering and even biological sciences. The coupling between charge and fluid transport has found a wide range of applications, from signal transduction to energy generation or storage, flexible electronics, healthcare-related devices, membrane technology, and imaging at the nanoscale. This volume brings together internationally leading researchers in this new interdisciplinary field to explore and exchange ideas on the physical and chemical principles underlying these phenomena, and the advances in both fundamental research and industrial applications. In this volume the topics covered include: Iontronic coupling Iontronic dynamics Iontronics under confinement Iontronic microscopy

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Density functional theory (DFT) is today’s most widely used method for practical computational electronic structure calculations across chemistry, physics and materials science. It is not only the first choice for running simulations, but it has also delivered an alternative view-point for thinking about the electronic structure of an enormous range of molecular and solid state systems. Fuelled by a rapid increase in computational power and the advent of linear scaling technologies the systems to which DFT may be applied have become ever larger, more complex and more diverse. This rapid growth in the range of problems that may be subjected to computational study has often highlighted new challenges for DFT methodologies in terms of accuracy, speed and scope, spurring many new developments in the field. This Faraday Discussions volume is for chemists, physicists, materials scientists and applied mathematicians who develop new density-functional methods and rely on this approach as a key tool in their research. By discussing the latest cutting edge developments and their relative merits this volume should help bring these new methods to practical application quickly and effectively. It focuses on the following four themes: New density-functional approximations and beyond Challenges for large scale simulation Strong correlation in density-functional theory New approaches to study excited states in density-functional theory

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Structure determination of molecules contained within unresolved complex mixtures represents an unsolved question that continues to challenge physical and analytical chemistry. Most naturally occurring systems can be characterised as complex mixtures. These can be broadly divided according to the molecular sizes of their constituents, into mixtures of small or large molecules; the focus of this volume is on the former. While large molecules such as biomacromolecules, industrial polymers, or solid matrices are outside of the scope of this volume, the processes that are used in analysing the data originating from these studies may be of interest. Small molecule mixtures include environmental matrices (such as soil, dissolved organic matter, organic molecules contained in atmospheric aerosol particles, or crude oil), biofluids, and man-made mixtures of small molecules such as food, beverages or plant extracts. These systems are generally classed as “complex mixtures” or “unresolved complex mixtures (UCM)”, emphasising our current inability to separate their individual components. The techniques best positioned to tackle such mixtures experimentally include mass spectrometry, chromatography, NMR spectroscopy, or new alternative techniques, including combinations of the above methods. For the most part, people who work on the analysis of complex mixtures are driving the progress in exploiting new methodologies and their creative combinations. In this volume, the topics covered include: Dealing with complexity: latest advances in mass spectrometry and chromatography High-resolution techniques, from high-resolution mass spectrometry to NMR spectroscopy Data mining and visualisation Future challenges and new approaches

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Light induced chemical and physical processes in small organic-/inorganic-/bio-molecules have been a subject of experimental and theoretical research for several decades. Recent advances in high resolution spatio-temporal techniques have offered detailed understanding of excited state processes in small molecules. In sharp contrast, however, information on electronic processes in biomolecules such as isolated proteins and DNA (and their complexes) is still in its infancy. Though extremely complicated to uncover, knowledge of photo-excited state processes of such biomolecules in the cellular/biological context is the eventual goal of scientists working in these areas. Photochemical and photophysical processes in biomolecules are intimately involved in a multitude of functional processes, that include vision, photosynthesis, molecular recognition, gene replication, etc., and can be utilized in areas such as photodynamic therapy. Such processes in DNA are also of interest to both the biological and materials communities as memory devices and structural building blocks. In this volume, the topics covered include: Light induced charge and energy transport in nucleic acids and proteins Photocrosslinking between nucleic acids and proteins Light induced damage and repair in nucleic acids and proteins Bionanophotonics

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Serving as an authoritative guide to glycoprotein analysis, this book is written by internationally recognised experts in the field and discusses real-world applications across the life sciences.

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This volume brings together established and early-career scientists, postgraduate students and industrial researchers to provide cross-fertilisation of ideas and understanding between the distinct but adjacent communities working in this exciting field, as well as those in application areas who can benefit from and implement the results.

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Focussing on major developments and new technologies, this book provides an overview of the key topics adopted in current epigenetic drug discovery programmes. An ideal resource for researchers with an interest in epigenetic and genetic factors involved in drug discovery, target ID and validation.

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Translated from the original Japanese, this book is for undergraduate and graduate students as well as young researchers beginning their exploration of coordination chemistry.

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This book expands on understanding and provides in-depth and insightful discussion on the mechanistic, pre-clinical and clinical applications of nanomedicine in cardiovascular disease.

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Providing up-to-date coverage of green nanomaterials and systems, this book provides comprehensive information on nanostructured materials, including their applications in energy and environmental sciences. The book focusses on photo-active nanostructured materials, from the basic understanding of solar energy activation to their sustainable preparation and applications in environmental remediation and fuel production from biomass and carbon dioxide. It also examines the health and environmental impacts of photo-catalyst nanomaterials. This book is an important reference for researchers and industrial chemists working in the fields of energy and environmental remediation.

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The combination of its unique morphology, physical properties, cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness make natural rubber an appealing constituent for many materials and applications. This comprehensive two volume set covers the synthesis, characterization and applications of natural rubber based blends, interpenetrating polymer networks, composites and nanocomposites.Volume 1 covers different types of natural rubber-based blends and IPNs as well as manufacturing methods, thermo mechanical characterization techniques, life cycle analysis and their applications. Volume 2 focuses on natural rubber-based composites and Nanocomposites including the different types of fillers, the filler-matrix reinforcement mechanisms, manufacturing techniques, and applications.This is the first book to consolidate the current state of the art information on natural rubber based materials with contributions from established international experts in the field. The book provides a

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Metal ions play key roles in biology. Many are essential for catalysis, for electron transfer and for the fixation, sensing, and metabolism of gases. Others compete with those essential metal ions or have toxic or pharmacological effects. This book is structured around the periodic table and focuses on the control of metal ions in cells. It addresses the molecular aspects of binding, transport and storage that ensure balanced levels of the essential elements. Organisms have also developed mechanisms to deal with the non-essential metal ions. However, through new uses and manufacturing processes, organisms are increasingly exposed to changing levels of both essential and non-essential ions in new chemical forms. They may not have developed defenses against some of these forms (such as nanoparticles). Many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration are associated with metal ion imbalance. There may be a deficiency of the essential metals, overload of either essential or non-essential metals or perturbation of the overall natural balance. This book is the first to comprehensively survey the molecular nature of the overall natural balance of metal ions in nutrition, toxicology and pharmacology. It is written as an introduction to research for students and researchers in academia and industry and begins with a chapter by Professor R J P Williams FRS.

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This book presents the latest research in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis and homogeneous catalysis are important factors in increasing the development of green chemistry. Some of the challenges that we are responsible for are directing research efforts toward increasing the kinetics of heterogeneous catalysis to homogeneous catalysis levels, improving the recyclability of the catalysts, and developing new supports that can act as catalysts or cocatalysts. Following reaction kinetics and mechanisms on supported catalysts provides the degree of precision and accuracy already enjoyed by the homogeneous catalysis community. The editors present an easily-accessible digest for researchers and a reference aimed at offering guidance to new researchers in the field.

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Dendrimers are important molecules that are currently undergoing investigation for use in a variety of different biomedical applications. This book explores the use of dendrimers for a variety of potential functions, including antiamyloidogenic agents, drug delivery systems, nucleic acid and RNA delivery vectors and to produce hybrid fibre platforms for nantechnology. Following the work of COST action TD0802, the main objective of which is to improve existing therapies and find new drugs based on dendrimers, the book will provide comprehensive coverage of dendrimer applications. Coverage includes modelling and molecular dynamic studies of dendrimers and dendrons, anionic dendrimer polymers, cationic carbosilane dendrimers and self-assembled multivalent dendrimers. Providing clear indications for future research and applications, this text will appeal to chemists, biologists and materials scientists, working in both academia and industry.

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Fires are a common source of exposure to smoke and a range of toxicologically active chemicals. Providing a complete overview of the subject, this book provides comprehensive and detailed information on combustion processes, estimation of rate of production of combustion products, dispersion of these products and their effects on health. Beginning with a chapter discussing the chemistry of combustion and detailing the mechanisms of burning, how different materials ignite and the nature of combustion products, the book goes on to examine specific combustion products in detail, the toxicity and carcinogenicity of the products, their dispersion and methods of monitoring. With diverse coverage edited and authored by recognised experts in the field, this book will provide an essential text for those working in toxicology, combustion science, public health and environmental research.

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This two volume set focuses on the structure elucidation of natural products. Volume 1 discusses contemporary NMR approaches including optimized and future hardware and experimental approaches to obtain both the highest quality and most appropriate spectral data for analysis. Volume 2 considers data processing and algorithmic based analyses tailored to natural product structure elucidation and reviews the application of NMR to the analysis of a series of different natural product families including marine natural products, terpenes, steroids, and carbohydrates. These books, bringing together acknowledged experts, uniquely focus on the combination of experimental approaches and modern hardware and software applied to the structure elucidation of natural products. The volumes will be an essential resource for NMR spectroscopists, natural product chemists and industrial researchers working on natural product analysis or the characterization of impurities and degradation products of pharma

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Isoflavones remain the subject of many scientific studies most of which reveal them to have some health benefits. Coverage within this book begins with an overview of phytoestrogens in health and plants with specific reference to isoflavones, how isoflavones are found in the diet and novel compounds in nuts. Expert accounts of the chemical and biochemical research on this topic are provided followed by analytical and bioanalytical assessments. Rounding up the book are the chapters on function and effects of isoflavones which provide details on isoflavones in beverages, soy and soy products and other food delivery systems and how their function effects the thyroid, menopause, prostate, breast, bone and cardiovascular disease to name but a few. Delivering high quality information, this extensive and detailed book provides a fascinating insight into this area of health and nutritional science. It will bridge scientific disciplines so that the information is more meaningful and applicable to health in general. Part of a series of books, it is specifically designed for chemists, analytical scientists, forensic scientists, food scientists, dieticians and health care workers, nutritionists, toxicologists and research academics. Due to its interdisciplinary nature it could also be suitable for lecturers and teachers in food and nutritional sciences and as a college or university library reference guide.

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Smart materials, which can change properties when an external stimulus is applied, can be used for the targeted drug delivery of an active molecule to a specific site in the correct dosage. Different materials such as liposomes, polymeric systems, nanomaterials and hydrogels can respond to different stimuli such as pH, temperature and light and these are all attractive for controlled release applications.With so many papers available on smart and stimuli-responsive materials for drug delivery applications it''s hard to know where to start reading about this exciting topic. In two volumes, Smart Materials for Drug Delivery brings together the recent findings in the area and provides a critical analysis of the different materials available and how they can be applied to advanced drug delivery systems.With contributions from leading experts in the field, including a foreword from distinguished scientist Nicholas Peppas, The University of Texas at Austin, USA, the book wil

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The Ghanian plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta is the source of a series of fascinating indoloquinoline alkaloids. The most unusual member of this alkaloid series was initially proposed to be a spiro nonacyclic structure, named cryptospirolepine, and was elucidated in 1993 based on the technologies available at that time. There were, however, several annoying attributes to the structure that bothered analysts for the ensuing 22 years. During the two decades that followed the initial work there have been enormous developments in NMR technology. Using new experimental approaches, specifically homodecoupled 1,1- and 1,n-HD-ADEQUATE NMR experiments developed in 2014, the structure of only a 700 µg sample of cryptospirolepine has been revised and is shown on the cover of this volume. The confluence of the NMR technological and methodological advances that allowed the revision of the structure of cryptospirolepine using a submilligram sample seems a fitting example for this book, which is dedicated to the NMR characterization of various classes of natural products. Volume 2 considers data processing and algorithmic based analyses tailored to natural product structure elucidation and reviews the application of NMR to the analysis of a series of different natural product families including marine natural products, terpenes, steroids, alkaloids and carbohydrates. Volume 1 discusses contemporary NMR approaches including optimized and future hardware and experimental approaches to obtain both the highest quality and most appropriate spectral data for analysis. These books, bringing together acknowledged experts, uniquely focus on the combination of experimental approaches and modern hardware and software applied to the structure elucidation of natural products. The volumes will be an essential resource for NMR spectroscopists, natural product chemists and industrial researchers working on natural product analysis or the characterization of impurities and degradation products of pharmaceuticals that can be as scarce as natural product samples.

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The chemical synthesis of isotopically labelled compounds is a pre-requisite for many chemical, biochemical and medicinal investigations. The constraints imposed by the requirements for regiospecific labelling and, in some instances, the time-scale of the synthesis often lead to quite different synthetic strategies to those that are used for the unlabelled material. Whilst there are many specialist papers, reviews and long books devoted to particular isotopes, there is no currently available short introductory book devoted to the organic chemistry of isotopic labelling. The aim of this book is to introduce research workers to a variety of methods that have been used to achieve these synthetic labelling objectives before exploring a particular method in detail. It covers a number of different isotopes and the methods that have been used to introduce them into organic compounds. Labelling methods also provide useful undergraduate teaching examples of modern synthetic reactions and their stereochemical consequences using relatively simple substrates. The book will therefore have a wider appeal than just those involved in using isotopes in research such as environmental and pharmaceutical chemists as well as organic chemists.

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This book offers an integrated review of the most recent trends in natural products drug discovery and key lead candidates that are outstanding for their chemistry and biology as a starting point in novel drug development. The authors focus on different trends that are and will continue to be impacting multiples stages of modern drug discovery from NPs that have not been included in other works. This is complemented with a series of case studies from leading experts from industry and academia on key molecules and derivatives that have been chosen for their novelty in chemistry, biology and clinical applications. The book intends to reflect the current confluence of different disciplines in chemical biology and synthetic chemistry supported by a more profound knowledge of systems biology that ensures the concurrency and synergisms of expertise from different research fields that impact in the discovery of novel molecules. In the first section the chapters reflect recent approaches to exploit the biosynthetic potential of microbial resources (including genome mining, metagenomic and epigenetic approaches), as well as biosynthetic chemistry tools to respond to product supply and novel screening alternatives that have lead to the discovery of novel chemistry. The second part reviews, in the form of case studies, some examples of bioactive molecules in the important therapeutic areas of antiinfectives, oncology and antiparasitics.

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Strychnine’s poisonous nature was known in 16th century Europe, and the alkaloid was isolated in pure form for the first time in 1818. Then began a more than century-long quest to unravel the structure of strychnine that led to two Nobel prizes, clearly without the assistance of the modern spectroscopic methods to which we now have access. In his 1963 report of the synthesis, Woodward said, "The tangled skein of atoms which constitutes its molecule provided a fascinating structural problem that was pursued intensively during the century just past, and was solved finally only within the last decade." The structure elucidation of complex natural products is facilitated today by access to modern instrumentation and experimental techniques. Using a modern 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1.7 mm cryogenic probe and a 1 mg sample, it is now possible to acquire a comprehensive suite of 2D NMR spectra that rigorously characterizes the complex structure of strychnine in a scant 24 hours. When the 2D NMR data are combined with Computer-Assisted Structure Elucidation methods, the structure can be solved in mere seconds. It is against this historical backdrop that these two volumes regarding the Structure Elucidation of Natural Products by NMR is set. Volume 1 discusses contemporary NMR approaches including optimized and future hardware and experimental approaches to obtain both the highest quality and most appropriate spectral data for analysis. Volume 2 considers data processing and algorithmic based analyses tailored to natural product structure elucidation and reviews the application of NMR to the analysis of a series of different natural product families including marine natural products, terpenes, steroids, and carbohydrates. These books, bringing together acknowledged experts, uniquely focus on the combination of experimental approaches and modern hardware and software applied to the structure elucidation of natural products. The volumes will be an essential resource for NMR spectroscopists, natural product chemists and industrial researchers working on natural product analysis or the characterization of impurities and degradation products of pharmaceuticals that can be scarce as natural product samples.

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