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Among the Dead Sea Scrolls The Community Rule (1QS) occupies a very important position. Written in Hebrew and being one of the seven documents found in the late forties of the 20th century it has attracted much attention from a host of scholars. It is not a biblical manuscript, but a document written sometime in the second century B.C.E. in Palestine, and has been read and studied in the Qumran community as we can conclude that as many as ten fragments of the document were subsequently unearthed in another Qumran cave. Because of its contents the document was sometimes called the constitution of the community. The document also throws much light on aspects of the post-biblical Hebrew. Its Hebrew, certainly reflecting Biblical Hebrew, is not merely an imitation of it. In addition, two much shorter documents, though not part of 1QS, but affiliated with it in their contents, have been included: Rule of the Congregation (1QSa) and Rule of Benedictions (1QSb). This monograph presents the entire text, largely based on a recent edition of Prof. Qimron (2020), accompanied by an English translation of our own and a linguistic and text-critical commentary. Studies published in Modern Hebrew have been consulted.

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A comparison of multiple translations of the Bible in any language shows that they differ at hundreds of places, pointing to the continuing disagreement among Bible scholars and translators in their analysis and understanding of those places. To learn Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, the original languages of the Bible, is admittedly not everybody’s cup of tea. Knowledge of them does not necessarily provide a solution to these difficulties. However, there are not a few things in the biblical text which can be missed out if it is read only in translation. A range of linguistic issues touching on the three original languages are discussed in the light of actual examples. Matters of culture and rhetoric are also taken up. A special chapter is devoted to the Septuagint as a bridge between the two Testaments. The book is written in a non-technical style, hence easily readable by non-specialists, but specialists may also find things of interest. No Hebrew or Greek alphabet is used.

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This reader is for anyone very eager to read the story of Daniel in the lions' den and many other fascinating stories in their original language, Aramaic. A brief outline of Biblical Aramaic grammar is followed by a verse-to-verse grammatical commentary on the Aramaic chapters in the books of Daniel and Ezra. Both the outline grammar and the grammatical commentary presuppose basic knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of Biblical Hebrew. Constant references are made in the commentary to relevant sections of the outline grammar. The commentary is written in a user-friendly, not overtly technical language. Some grammatical exercises with keys and paradigms conclude the Reader. Also suitable for self-study.

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This is the first, comprehensive description of the syntax of Qumran Hebrew, a language in which the Hebrew documents discovered in the eleven Qumran caves and at some sites in the Judaean desert are written. Features described include, for instance, the values and functions of the status constructus, tense, aspect and mood of the verb, the word order, the grammatical agreement or lack of it in gender and number, the concord or concatenation, the government of the verb. Comparison is constantly made with Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic - Rabbinic Hebrew. This is important to see the position of Qumran Hebrew in the history of Hebrew. Copiously cited original texts are provided with an English translation by the author. That knowledge of the syntax of this Hebrew is important and has implications for textual criticism of these texts and other compartments such as orthography, phonology, morphology, lexicography, and stylistics is shown with concrete examples.

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