Search results for ""author institute of medicine""

The scientific research enterprise is built on a foundation of trust. Scientists trust that the results reported by others are valid. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt by scientists to describe the world accurately and without bias. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical scientific conduct. On Being a Scientist was designed to supplement the informal lessons in ethics provided by research supervisors and mentors. The book describes the ethical foundations of scientific practices and some of the personal and professional issues that researchers encounter in their work. It applies to all forms of research-whether in academic, industrial, or governmental settings-and to all scientific disciplines. This third edition of On Being a Scientist reflects developments since the publication of the original edition in 1989 and a second edition in 1995. A continuing feature of this edition is the inclusion of a number of hypothetical scenarios offering guidance in thinking about and discussing these scenarios. On Being a Scientist is aimed primarily at graduate students and beginning researchers, but its lessons apply to all scientists at all stages of their scientific careers. Table of Contents Front Matter Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research Advising and Mentoring The Treatment of Data Mistakes and Negligence Research Misconduct Responding to Suspected Violations of Professional Standards Human Participants and Animal Subjects in Research Laboratory Safety in Research Sharing of Research Results Authorship and the Allocation of Credit Intellectual Property Competing Interests, Commitments, and Values The Researcher in Society Appendix: Discussion of Case Studies Additional Resources

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As women of childbearing age have become heavier, the trade-off between maternal and child health created by variation in gestational weight gain has become more difficult to reconcile. Weight Gain During Pregnancy responds to the need for a reexamination of the 1990 Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy. It builds on the conceptual framework that underscored the 1990 weight gain guidelines and addresses the need to update them through a comprehensive review of the literature and independent analyses of existing databases. The book explores relationships between weight gain during pregnancy and a variety of factors (e.g., the mother's weight and height before pregnancy) and places this in the context of the health of the infant and the mother, presenting specific, updated target ranges for weight gain during pregnancy and guidelines for proper measurement. New features of this book include a specific range of recommended gain for obese women. Weight Gain During Pregnancy is intended to assist practitioners who care for women of childbearing age, policy makers, educators, researchers, and the pregnant women themselves to understand the role of gestational weight gain and to provide them with the tools needed to promote optimal pregnancy outcomes. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Setting the Stage for Revising Pregnancy Weight Guidelines: Conceptual Framework 2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Trends 3 Composition and Components of Gestational Weight Gain: Physiology and Metabolism 4 Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain 5 Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain for the Mother 6 Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain for the Child 7 Determining Optimal Weight Gain 8 Approaches to Achieving Recommended Gestational Weight Gain 9 Open Session and Workshop Agendas 10 Committee Member Biographical Sketches Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations, Glossary, and Supplemental Information Appendix B: Supplementary Information on Nutritional Intake Appendix C: Supplementary Information on Composition and Components of Gestational Weight Gain Appendix D: Summary of Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain Appendix E: Results from the Evidence-Based Report on Outcomes of Maternal Weight Gain Appendix F: Data Tables Appendix G: Consultant Reports Index

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In recent years, the field of oncology has witnessed a number of technological advances, including more precise radiation therapy and minimally invasive surgical techniques. Three-dimensional (3D), stereotactic, and proton-beam radiation therapy, as well as laparoscopy and robotic surgery, can enhance clinician's ability to treat conditions that were clinically challenging with conventional technologies, and may improve clinical outcomes or reduce treatment-related problems for some patients. Both patients and physicians seek access to these new technologies, which are rapidly being adopted into standard clinical practice. Such demand is often propelled by marketing that portrays the new technologies as the "latest and greatest" treatments available. However, evidence is often lacking to support these claims, and these novel technologies usually come with higher price tags and are often used to treat patients who might have achieved similar benefits from less expensive, conventional treatment. The increased cost of novel treatments without adequate assessment of how they affect patient outcomes is a pressing concern given that inappropriate use of expensive technologies is one of the key factors that threaten the affordability of cancer care in the United States. To explore these issues further, the National Cancer Policy Forum (NCPF) of the Institute of Medicine organized a workshop in July 2015. This is the third NCPF workshop in a series examining the affordability of cancer care. Participants explored clinical benefits and comparative effectiveness of emerging advanced technologies for cancer treatment in radiation therapy and surgery and potential strategies to assess the value and promote optimal use of new technologies in cancer treatment. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter Workshop Summary Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda

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When you purchase a product, you expect it to work. Construction workers on high-rise buildings need to be confident that their safety harnesses will arrest a fall. Firefighters need to know that their gloves and other protective equipment can withstand high temperatures. Healthcare workers administering highly toxic chemotherapy agents need to know that their gloves will withstand penetration. For personal protective technologies (PPT)-where the major purpose of the product is to protect the wearer against a hazard-a deficit in product effectiveness can mean injury, illness, or death. Examining the extent to which products meet specific performance or design criteria is the focus of conformity assessment efforts. For PPT conformity assessment, the ultimate goal is preventing worker illness, injury, or death from hazardous working conditions. Certifying Personal Protective Technologies focuses on conformity assessment for occupational PPT-ensuring that PPT are effective in preventing or reducing hazardous exposures or situations that workers face in their jobs. Because respirators already have an extensive testing and conformity assessment process in place, this book specifically addresses conformity assessment processes for other types of PPT, including eye and face protection, gloves, hearing protectors, and protective clothing. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Role of Government Agencies in Conformity Assessment 3 Current PPT Conformity Assessment Processes 4 Impact and Issues in Conformity Assessment for PPT 5 Conformity Assessment for Non-Respirator PPT: A Risk-Based Framework 6 Findings and Recommendations 7 Toward a Comprehensive Approach to Safe and Effective PPT for Workers Appendix A: Agendas of Public Meetings Appendix B: Workshop Participants Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

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A very high portion of the seafood we eat comes from abroad, mainly from China and Southeast Asia, and most of the active ingredients in medicines we take originate in other countries. Many low- and middle-income countries have lower labor costs and fewer and less stringent environmental regulations than the United States, making them attractive places to produce food and chemical ingredients for export. Safe Foods and Medical Products Through Stronger Regulatory Systems Abroad explains that the diversity and scale of imports makes it impractical for U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) border inspections to be sufficient to ensure product purity and safety, and incidents such as American deaths due to adulterated heparin imported from China propelled the problem into public awareness. The Institute of Medicine Committee on Strengthening Core Elements of Regulatory Systems in Developing Countries took up the vital task of helping the FDA to cope with the reality that so much of the food, drugs, biologics, and medical products consumed in the United States originate in countries with less-robust regulatory systems. Ensuring Safe Foods and Medical Products Through Stronger Regulatory Systems Abroad describes the ways the United States can help strengthen regulatory systems in low and middle income countries and promote cross-border partnerships - including government, industry, and academia - to foster regulatory science and build a core of regulatory professionals. This report also emphasizes an array of practical approaches to ensure sound regulatory practices in today's interconnected world. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Core Elements of Regulatory Systems 3 Critical Issues 4 A Strategy to Building Food and Medical Product Regulatory Systems 5 International Action 6 Domestic Action 7 Conclusions and Priorities Appendix A: Glossary Appendix B: A Review of Tort Liability's Role in Food and Medical Product Regulation Appendix C: Food and Medical Product Regulatory Systems of South Africa, Brazil, India, and China Appendix D: Chinese Food Regulatory System Appendix E: Meeting Agendas Appendix F: Committee Member Biographies Appendix G: Analyzing Food Safety Alerts in European Union Rapid Alerts Systems for Food and Feed Appendix H: Strengthening Core Elements of Regulatory Systems in Developing Countries: Identifying Priorities and an Appropriate Role for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

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Experts estimate that as many as 98,000 people die in any given year from medical errors that occur in hospitals. That's more than die from motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, or AIDS?three causes that receive far more public attention. Indeed, more people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries. Add the financial cost to the human tragedy, and medical error easily rises to the top ranks of urgent, widespread public problems. To Err Is Human breaks the silence that has surrounded medical errors and their consequence?but not by pointing fingers at caring health care professionals who make honest mistakes. After all, to err is human. Instead, this book sets forth a national agenda?with state and local implications?for reducing medical errors and improving patient safety through the design of a safer health system. This volume reveals the often startling statistics of medical error and the disparity between the incidence of error and public perception of it, given many patients' expectations that the medical profession always performs perfectly. A careful examination is made of how the surrounding forces of legislation, regulation, and market activity influence the quality of care provided by health care organizations and then looks at their handling of medical mistakes. Using a detailed case study, the book reviews the current understanding of why these mistakes happen. A key theme is that legitimate liability concerns discourage reporting of errors?which begs the question, "How can we learn from our mistakes?" Balancing regulatory versus market-based initiatives and public versus private efforts, the Institute of Medicine presents wide-ranging recommendations for improving patient safety, in the areas of leadership, improved data collection and analysis, and development of effective systems at the level of direct patient care. To Err Is Human asserts that the problem is not bad people in health care?it is that good people are working in bad systems that need to be made safer. Comprehensive and straightforward, this book offers a clear prescription for raising the level of patient safety in American health care. It also explains how patients themselves can influence the quality of care that they receive once they check into the hospital. This book will be vitally important to federal, state, and local health policy makers and regulators, health professional licensing officials, hospital administrators, medical educators and students, health caregivers, health journalists, patient advocates?as well as patients themselves. First in a series of publications from the Quality of Health Care in America, a project initiated by the Institute of Medicine Table of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 A Comprehensive Approach to Improving Patient Safety 2 Errors in Health Care: A Leading Cause of Death and Injury 3 Why Do Errors Happen? 4 Building Leadership and Knowledge for Patient Safety 5 Error Reporting Systems 6 Protecting Voluntary Reporting Systems from Legal Discovery 7 Setting Performance Standards and Expectations for Patient Safety 8 Creating Safety Systems in Health Care Organizations A Background and Methodology B Glossary and Acronyms C Literature Summary D Characteristics of State Adverse Event Reporting Systems E Safety Activities in Health Care Organizations Index

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In the devastation that follows a major disaster, there is a need for multiple sectors to unite and devote new resources to support the rebuilding of infrastructure, the provision of health and social services, the restoration of care delivery systems, and other critical recovery needs. In some cases, billions of dollars from public, private and charitable sources are invested to help communities recover. National rhetoric often characterizes these efforts as a "return to normal." But for many American communities, pre-disaster conditions are far from optimal. Large segments of the U.S. population suffer from preventable health problems, experience inequitable access to services, and rely on overburdened health systems. A return to pre-event conditions in such cases may be short-sighted given the high costs - both economic and social - of poor health. Instead, it is important to understand that the disaster recovery process offers a series of unique and valuable opportunities to improve on the status quo. Capitalizing on these opportunities can advance the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of communities - thereby better preparing them for future challenges. Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters identifies and recommends recovery practices and novel programs most likely to impact overall community public health and contribute to resiliency for future incidents. This book makes the case that disaster recovery should be guided by a healthy community vision, where health considerations are integrated into all aspects of recovery planning before and after a disaster, and funding streams are leveraged in a coordinated manner and applied to health improvement priorities in order to meet human recovery needs and create healthy built and natural environments. The conceptual framework presented in Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters lays the groundwork to achieve this goal and provides operational guidance for multiple sectors involved in community planning and disaster recovery. Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters calls for actions at multiple levels to facilitate recovery strategies that optimize community health. With a shared healthy community vision, strategic planning that prioritizes health, and coordinated implementation, disaster recovery can result in a communities that are healthier, more livable places for current and future generations to grow and thrive - communities that are better prepared for future adversities. Table of Contents Front Matter Abstract Summary PART I: A HEALTHY COMMUNITY APPROACH TO DISASTER RECOVERY 1 Introduction 2 Post-Disaster Opportunities to Advance Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities 3 A Framework for Integrating Health into Recovery Planning 4 Leveraging Recovery Resources in a Coordinated Manner to Achieve Healthier Post-Disaster Communities PART II: OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE TO SUPPORT A HEALTHY COMMUNITY APPROACH TO DISASTER RECOVERY 5 Public Health 6 Health Care 7 Behavioral Health 8 Social Services 9 Place-Based Recovery Strategies for Healthy Communities 10 Healthy Housing PART III: APPENDIXES Appendix A: The Federal Policy Environment Influencing Disaster Recovery Appendix B: Disaster Recovery Funding: Achieving a Resilient Future? Appendix C: Additional Resources Appendix D: Measures and Tools for Healthy Communities Appendix E: Committee-Identified Research Needs Appendix F: Key to Select Terms Used to Describe Primary Actors and Key Partners in Chapter 510 Checklists Appendix G: Public Committee Meeting Agendas Appendix H: Committee Biosketches

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