Search results for ""Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd""

The inclusion of qualitative social data into global environmental and economic input-output (IO) models remained illusive for many years. It was not until around 2013 that researchers found ways to include data, for example, on poverty, inequality, and worker safety, into IO models capable of tracing global supply chains. The sustainable development goals have now propelled this work onto the world stage with some urgency. They have shone a spotlight onto social conditions around the world and brought global trade into the frame for its ability to influence social conditions for good or ill.This book provides a compilation of groundbreaking work on social indicators from the most prominent IO research groups from a wide range of academic backgrounds and from around the world. In addition, it frames this work in the real world of politics, human rights, and business, bringing together a multidisciplinary team to demonstrate the power of IO to illuminate some of the world’s most pressing problems. Edited by well-known researchers in the area, Joy Murray, Arunima Malik, and Arne Geschke, the book is designed to appeal to a broad academic and business audience. While many chapters include technical details and references for follow-up reading, it is possible to omit those sections and yet gain a deep appreciation of the power of IO to address seemingly intractable problems.

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This book focuses on the conventional and emerging applications of radiations, which include radio waves and ultraviolet and gamma radiations. It discusses new techniques in radiation therapy and the effects of ionizing radiations on biological systems. The applications of radiations in the synthesis and use of nanoparticles along with the effects of hypergravity indicate a new trend. The book offers a concise account of the latest studies carried out so far and shows the new initiatives to be undertaken in the field of medicine and biology. It covers the medical use of radiations, such as ferrous sulfate–benzoic acid–xylenol orange dosimetry, Co-60 tomotherapy, radio-electro-chemotherapy, and fractional radiotherapy, and radiobiological effects, such as the effects of cell phone radiations on human health parameters and the combined effects of radiations and hypergravity on plants.

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This is the first textbook dedicated to CEST imaging and covers the fundamental principles of saturation transfer, key features of CEST agents that enable the production of imaging contrast, and practical aspects of preparing image-acquisition and post-processing schemes suited for in vivo applications. CEST is a powerful MRI contrast mechanism with unique features, and the rapid expansion it has seen over the past 15 years since its original discovery in 2000 has created a need for a graduate-level handbook describing all aspects of pre-clinical, translational, and clinical CEST imaging. The book provides an illustrated historical perspective by leaders at the five key sites who developed CEST imaging, from the initial saturation transfer NMR experiments performed in the 1960s in Stockholm, Sweden, described by Sture Forsén, to the work on integrating the basic principles of CEST into imaging by Robert Balaban, Dean Sherry, Silvio Aime, and Peter van Zijl in the United States and Italy.The editors, Drs. Michael T. McMahon, Assaf A. Gilad, Jeff W. M. Bulte, and Peter C. M. van Zijl, have been pioneers developing this field at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Kennedy Krieger Institute including contributions to Nature Medicine, Nature Biotechnology, Nature Materials, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. As recognition for their initial development of the field, Drs. van Zijl and Balaban were awarded the Laukien Prize in April 2016, established in 1999 to honor the memory of Professor Gunther Laukien, a co-founder of Bruker Biospin GmbH.

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Polymers have been used as dielectric materials owing to their light weight, great flexibility, and processability as well as high insulation properties. To enhance their performance for various desired dielectric applications, fabrication of polymeric nanocomposites is believed to be one of the most effective approaches. By controlling the nanomaterial dispersion and interfacial structures with the polymer matrices in nanocomposites, dielectric properties can be tailored for specific applications.This book reviews representative polymer nanocomposite systems, focusing on the roles of nanodispersion, interfacial structures, and properties of polymer matrix materials in the dielectric properties and energy storage performance. The book reviews various dielectric relaxation models applicable to the analysis of polymer nanocomposites. It compiles the recent progress in new dielectric polymer nanocomposites based on biomaterials and hybrid nanomaterial systems for advanced dielectric applications.

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Nanomedicine can take advantage of the recent developments in nanobiotechnology research for the creation of platforms with superior drug carrier capabilities, selective responsiveness to the environment, unique contrast enhancement profiles, and improved accumulation at the disease site. This book provides a broad glimpse of how various dendritic nanomaterials have been designed and used as efficient tools for nanomedicine. It comprises a pedagogic introduction to dendrimers and hyperbranched systems and their classical and accelerated syntheses through cutting-edge methodologies. The chapters on dendronized magnetic nanoparticles as theranostics, dendrimers in theory (molecular simulations), siRNA delivery with dendrimers, and dendrimers for image-guided therapy, combined with chapters focused on specific types of dendrimers or hyperbranched structures, detail the cutting-edge research in nanomedicine. Finally, a detailed chapter on issues related to the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of dendrimers helps choose the right structures for successful transfer from bench to bedside. This book will appeal to those involved in nanobiotechnology, macromolecular science, cancer therapy, tissue repair, and siRNA delivery research.

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This textbook introduces the general points of view of research methodology in the scientific and engineering fields of studies and presents an overview of the technical and professional communication needed for article publication in journals. It comprises several practice exercises that will give beginners the confidence to move on the communicative activities. Every chapter provides problem sets that will help readers check their understanding of each concept. The book will also help readers formulate specific research topics, research questions, and hypotheses; conduct literature reviews relevant to the research topics; develop applicable research methodologies; and write and present their research outlining the key elements of the proposed projects. It is very useful for students and researchers opting for a course on research methodology and for seminars at undergraduate and graduate levels.

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The literature so far has reviewed only single-crystal and, up to some extent, optical ceramic scintillators. This book introduces and describes in detail the research and development in thin film scintillators, glass ceramics, as well as nanocomposite and optical ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering. It also features example of an in-depth study of a ZnO-based powder phosphor material. Both technology description and various characterization aspects are provided together with application hints.No other book has been published so far that includes and reviews the scintillator materials covered in this book with their specific technologies. Moreover, technological description is merged with detailed characterization, and the application potential is discussed as well. This book is intended for a wide audience, including postgraduate and PhD students and scientists working in the field of scintillators and phosphors. The extended introductory text, which has a textbook character, will be of immense benefit to students and non-specialists, too.

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With the phenomenal development of electromagnetic wave communication devices and stealth technology, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have been attracting attention as antielectromagnetic interference slabs, stealth materials, self-concealing technology, and microwave darkrooms.This book starts with the fundamental theory of electromagnetic wave absorption in loss medium space, followed by a discussion of different microwave absorbents, such as manganese dioxide, iron-based composite powder, conductive polyaniline, barium titanate powder, and manganese nitride. Then, structural absorbing materials are explored, including multilayer materials, new discrete absorbers, microwave absorption coatings, cement-based materials, and structural pyramid materials. Many of the graphics demonstrate not only the principles of physics and experimental results but also the methodology of computing.The book will be useful for graduate students of materials science and engineering, physics, chemistry, and electrical and electronic engineering; researchers in the fields of electromagnetic functional materials and nanoscience; and engineers in the fields of electromagnetic compatibility and stealth design.

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Moore's Law predicts that the degree of microprocessor integration of circuits would double every 18 months in DRAM. Although the scaling of microelectronic circuit elements still follows Moore's Law, the unit density of power consumption becomes unacceptable. Therefore, on one hand, people develop continuously the microelectronic technology. On the other, people consider the developing road after Moore's rule is broken. This book introduces theories and experiments of quantum transport and intends to provide foundations of semiconductor micro- and nano electronics for after the Moore age.

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This book is focused on the spintronic properties of III–V nitride semiconductors. Particular attention is paid to the comparison between zinc blende GaAs- and wurtzite GaN-based structures, where the Rashba spin–orbit interaction plays a crucial role in voltage-controlled spin engineering. The book also deals with topological insulators, a new class of materials that could deliver sizable Rashba spin splitting in the surface electron spectrum. Electrically driven zero-magnetic-field spin splitting of surface electrons is discussed with respect to the specifics of electron-localized spin interaction and voltage-controlled ferromagnetism. The book covers generic topics in spintronics without entering into device specifics, since the overall goal of the enterprise is to provide theoretical background for most common concepts of spin-electron physics and give instructions to be used in solving problems of a general and specific nature. The book is intended for graduate students and may serve as an introductory course in this specific field of solid-state theory and applications.

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Digital signal processing is ubiquitous. It is an essential ingredient in many of today’s electronic devices, ranging from medical equipment to weapon systems. It makes the difference between dumb and intelligent systems. This book is organized into five parts: (1) Introduction, which contains an account of Prof. Constantinides’ contribution to the field and brief summaries of the remaining chapters of this festschrift, (2) Digital Filters and Transforms, which covers efficient digital filtering techniques for improving signal quality, (3) Signal Processing, which provides an insight into fundamental theories, (4) Communications, which deals with some important applications of signal processing techniques, and (5) Finale, which contains a discussion on the impact of digital signal processing on our society and the closing remarks on this festschrift.

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Liposomes have been widely explored in the drug delivery realm over the past decades. Many of the properties that made them well suited for drug delivery applications, such as the internal space to encapsulate a large payload of molecules and the inherent protection from exterior stresses, have also been exploited in various analytical techniques. Liposomes in Analytical Methodologies provides an extensive coverage of their utility, ranging from historic developments to actively researched techniques written by expert investigators. The introductory chapter serves as a primer on the fundamentals of liposomes for analytical purposes and provides an overview of various applications, while subsequent chapters provide in-depth coverage of selected areas. With techniques ranging from liposome PCR to electrophoretic separations, readers will gain an appreciation for the versatility that liposomes can add to the analytical toolbox.

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This unique handbook (60 chapters) examines the entire "product life cycle," from the creation of nanomedical products to their final market introduction. While focusing on critical issues relevant to nanoproduct development and translational activities, it tackles topics such as regulatory science, patent law, FDA law, ethics, personalized medicine, risk analysis, toxicology, nano-characterization and commercialization activities. A separate section provides fascinating perspectives and editorials from leading experts in this complex interdisciplinary field.

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Nanoparticles may be used in industrial processes, incorporated into consumer products, or applied as biomedical agents. Isotopic (radio)labeling is one of the most powerful methods for nanoparticle tracing in experimental studies. This book presents an introduction to some commonly used nanomaterials, describes various methods with which they may be radiolabeled, and provides illustrative examples of applications of the labeled particles. Finally, it discusses the use of nanomaterials in radiotherapy, the stable isotope labeling technique, and operational health and safety aspects related to the manipulation of nanoparticles in controlled areas. The book will appeal to anyone involved in nanotechnology, molecular imaging, radiochemistry, and nanomedicine.

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The rapid advancement of integrated optoelectronics has been driven considerably by miniaturization. Following the path taken in electronics of reducing devices to their ultimately fundamental forms, for instance single-electron transistors, now optical devices have also been scaled down, creating the increasingly active research fields of integrated and coupled photonic systems. The interactions between the coupled integrated micro- and nanostructures can provide us with the fundamental understanding and engineering of complex systems for a variety of applications.This book aims to bring to the readers the latest developments in the rapidly emerging field of integrated nanophotonic resonators and devices. It compiles cutting-edge research from leading experts who form an interdisciplinary team around the world. The book also introduces the fundamental knowledge of coupled integrated photonic/electronic/mechanical micro- and nanoresonators and their interactions, as well as advanced research in the field.

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Conjugated polymer composites with high dielectric constants are being developed by the electronics industry in response to the need for power-grounded decoupling to secure the integrity of high-speed signals and to reduce electromagnetic interference. Electrically conducting polymers are materials that simultaneously possess the physical and chemical properties of organic polymers and the electronic characteristics of metals. Multifunctional micro- and nanostructures of conjugated polymers, such as of pyrrole, have received great attention in recent years because they can polymerize easily and have high conductivity and good thermal stability. They, however, have some disadvantages such as brittleness and hard processability, which can be overcome by developing their nanocomposites. Nanofiber materials with different dielectric properties can be made from conjugated polymer composites and used in the electronics industry, in sensors and batteries, for electrical stimulation to enhance nerve-regeneration process, and for constructing scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Electrospinning is a versatile technique that is used to produce ultrathin continuous fibers with high surface-to-volume and aspect ratios from a variety of materials, including polymers, composites, and ceramics. Conductive materials in fibrillar shape may be advantageous compared with films because of their inherent properties such as anisotropy, high surface area, and mechanical strength. They are of particular interest in electroactive composites as they can be efficiently distributed in an insulating polymer matrix to improve both electrical and mechanical properties. Combination of electrical properties with good mechanical performance is of particular interest in electroactive polymer technology. This book covers the general aspects of electrospinning and discusses the fundamental concepts that can be used to produce nanofibers with the help of mathematical models and equations. It also details the methods through which different polymeric structures can be included in conjugated polymers during electrospinning to form composites or blends of conjugated polymer nanofibers.

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Enzyme immobilization on solid supports has been considered for a long time as an attractive solution to perform sophisticated organic synthesis, which is required in the preparation of fine pharmaceutical chemicals. But in the late 1990s, the tremendous progress in molecular biology fundamentals opened up the possibility of feeding a toolbox for building new bioinspired nanotechnologies. Among them is the goal of repositioning biocatalysts in environments mimicking their genuine working place—the cell. The research presented in this book was selected among the most impressive achievements in the fields of enzyme bioconjugation and bioinspired nanosupports. It opens up potential applications in nanocatalysis and for lab-on-a-chip and biosensor devices, drug delivery vectors, and nanometrology. Most of the supports described pertain to soft materials (cells, virus, polymers, DNA) and most of the examples benefit from the amazing properties of proteins and DNA to self-assemble, according to the "bottom-up law," a specific feature of all living systems. The enzyme nanocarriers also have the potential to be grafted on solid supports through "top-down" technologies, spanning orders of magnitude from the nano- to the mesoscale and above. The book is a rich source of inspiration for researchers seeking to build smart materials requiring nanoscale positional control of functional proteins on various carriers.

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This book was derived from a talk that the author gave at the International Conference on Advanced Nanodevices and Nanotechnology in Hawaii. The book is about science and engineering, but is not on science and engineering. It is not a textbook which develops the understanding of a small part of the field, but a book about random encounters and about the strengths and the foibles of living as a physicist and engineer for half a century. It presents the author’s personal views on science, engineering, and life and is illustrated by a number of lively stories about various events, some of which shaped his life.

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This book focuses on the fabrication and applications of cantilever beams with nanoscale dimensions. Nanometer-size mechanical structures show exceptional properties generated by their reduced dimensions. These properties enable new sensing concepts and transduction mechanisms that will allow the enhancement of the performance of devices to their fundamental limits. A number of scientists are conducting research in the area of nanocantilever beams. The book will particularly benefit researchers and help them consolidate their background in the field. The book aims to be an excellent scientific reference for an audience with diverse backgrounds and interests, including students, academic researchers, industry specialists, policymakers, and enthusiasts.

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Discovery of one-dimensional material carbon nanotubes in 1991 by the Japanese physicist Dr. Sumio Iijima has resulted in voluminous research in the field of carbon nanotubes for numerous applications, including possible replacement of silicon used in the fabrication of CMOS chips. One interesting feature of carbon nanotubes is that these can be metallic or semiconducting with a bandgap depending on their diameter. In search of non-classical devices and related technologies, both carbon nanotube-based field-effect transistors and metallic carbon nanotube interconnects are being explored extensively for emerging logic devices and very large-scale integration. Although various models for carbon nanotube-based transistors and interconnects have been proposed in the literature, an integrated approach to make them compatible with the present simulators is yet to be achieved. This book makes an attempt in this direction for the carbon-based electronics through fundamentals of solid-state physics and devices.

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Biocatalysis has become an essential tool in the chemical industry and is the core of industrial biotechnology, also known as white biotechnology, making use of biocatalysts in terms of enzymes or whole cells in chemical processes as an alternative to chemical catalysts. This shift can be seen in the many areas of daily life where biocatalysts—with their environmentally friendly properties—are currently employed. Drivers are the big societal challenges resulting from concerns about the global climate change and the need for an assured energy supply. Modern biocatalysis relies to a large extent on the tremendous advances in the so-called omics techniques and the structural elucidation of biomolecules, which have led to synthetic biology and metabolic engineering as new research fields with high application potential for the rational design of enzymes and microbial production strains. In this book, renowned scientists discuss the actual developments in these research fields together with a variety of application-oriented topics.

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Nanocomposites have better adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability than nanoparticles. Therefore, they find diversified applications in many areas. Recently, various methods for heavy metal detection from water have been extensively studied. The adsorption of various pollutants such as heavy metal ions and dyes from the contaminated water with the help of nanocomposites has attracted significant attention.This book presents a comprehensive discussion on wastewater research. It covers a vast background of the recent literature. It describes the applications of nanocomposites in various areas, including environmental science. Particularly, it is highly useful to researchers involved in the environmental and water research on nanocomposites and their applications. The book covers a broad research area of chemistry, physics, materials science, polymer science and engineering, and nanotechnology to present an interdisciplinary approach and also throws light on the recent advances in the field.

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Environmental and economic concerns have significantly spurred the search for novel, high-performance thermoelectric materials for energy conversion in small-scale power generation and refrigeration devices. This quest has been mainly fueled by the introduction of new designs and the synthesis of new materials. In fact, good thermoelectric materials must simultaneously exhibit extreme properties: they must have very low thermal conductivity values and both electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient high values as well. Since these transport coefficients are interrelated, the required task of optimization is a formidable one. Thus, thermoelectric materials provide a full-fledged example of interdisciplinary research connecting fields such as solid-state physics, materials science engineering, and structural chemistry and raise the need of gaining proper knowledge of the role played by the electronic structure in the thermal and electrical transport properties of solid matter. This book presents a detailed, updated introduction to the field of thermoelectric materials in a tutorial way, focusing on both basic notions and fundamental questions and illustrating the abstract concepts with suitable application examples. It discusses thermoelectric effects, the transport coefficients and their mutual relations, the efficiency of thermoelectric devices, and some notions on the characterization and related industry standards. It also reviews the two basic strategies for optimizing the thermoelectric performance of materials: the control of thermal conductivity and the power factor enhancement. It discusses structural complexity approach, focusing on complex enough lattice structures with heavy atoms in the unit-cell or nanostructured systems characterized by low-dimensional effects, and introducing different kinds of bulk materials of growing chemical and structural complexity. It also discusses the electronic structure engineering approach that focuses on obtaining a guiding principle, in terms of an electronic band structure tailoring process, and describes the role played by the electronic structure in the thermoelectric performance of different materials.

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Questions of values, ontologies, ethics, aesthetics, discourse, origins, language, literature, and meaning do not lend themselves readily, or traditionally, to equations, probabilities, and models. However, with the increased adoption of natural science tools in economics, anthropology, and political science—to name only a few social scientific fields highlighted in this volume—quantitative methods in the humanities are becoming more common. The theory of complexity holds significant promise for better understanding social and human phenomena based on interactions among the participating "agents," whatever they may be: a thought, a person, a conversation, a sentence, or an email. Such systems can exhibit phase transitions, feedback loops, self-organization, and emergent properties. These dynamic systems lend themselves naturally to the kind of analysis made possible by models and simulations developed with complex science tools. This volume offers a tour of quantitative analyses, models, and simulations of humanities and social science phenomena that have been historically the purview of qualitative methods.

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Recently, there has been a surge of activity to elucidate the behavior of highly charged soft matter and Coulomb fluids in general. Such systems are ubiquitous, especially in biological matter where the length scale and the strength of the interaction between highly charged biomolecules are governed by strong electrostatic effects. Several interesting limits have been discovered in the parameter space of highly charged many-particle Coulomb matter where analytical progress is possible and completely novel and unexpected results have been obtained. One of the challenges in highly charged matter is to correctly describe systems with finite coupling strength in the transition regime between weak and strong couplings. After studying the fluctuations of both, several theories have been developed that describe this experimentally highly relevant regime. At the same time, computer simulation algorithms and computing power have advanced to the level where all-ion simulations, including many-body and polarization effects, are possible; the new theories thus can be subjected to numerical confirmation. Another important question is the effect of the structural disorder on electrostatic interactions. It has recently been demonstrated, both theoretically and experimentally, that charge disorder can impose long-range interaction between charged or even uncharged surfaces. These interactions might become very significant in biological processes. Filling a void in the literature, this volume cross-pollinates different theoretical and simulation approaches with new experiments and ties together the low temperature, high coupling constant, and disorder parameters in a unified description of the electrostatic interactions, which largely determine the stability and conformations of most important biological macromolecules.With striking graphical illustrations, the book presents a unified view of the current advances in the field of Coulomb (bio)colloidal systems, building on previous literature that summarized the field over 20 years ago. Leading scientists in the field offer a detailed introduction to different modern methods in statistical physics of Coulomb systems. They detail various approaches to elucidate the behavior of strongly charged soft matter. They also provide experimental and theoretical descriptions of disorder effects in Coulomb systems, which have not been discussed in any other book.

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By exploiting the novel properties of quantum dots and nanoscale Aharonov–Bohm rings together with the electronic and magnetic properties of various semiconductor materials and graphene, researchers have conducted numerous theoretical and computational modeling studies and experimental tests that show promising behavior for spintronics applications. The book provides researchers investigating this cutting-edge field with detailed background descriptions of spin-based effects and devices and their theoretical analysis in nanoelectronic circuits.

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Biophotonics involves understanding how light interacts with biological matter, from molecules and cells, to tissues and even whole organisms. Light can be used to probe biomolecular events, such as gene expression and protein–protein interaction, with impressively high sensitivity and specificity. The spatial and temporal distribution of biochemical constituents can also be visualized with light and, thus, the corresponding physiological dynamics in living cells, tissues, and organisms in real time. Light can also be used to alter the properties and behaviors of biological matter, such as to damage cancerous cells by laser surgery or therapy, and manipulate the neuronal signaling in a brain network. Fueled by the innovations in photonic technologies in the past half century, biophotonics continues to play a ubiquitous role in revolutionizing basic life science studies as well as biomedical diagnostics and therapies. Advancements in biophotonics in the past few decades can be seen not only in biochemistry and cell/molecular biology, but also in numerous preclinical applications. Researchers around the world are searching for ways to bring biophotonic technologies into real clinical practices, particularly cellular and molecular optical imaging. Meanwhile, emerging technologies, such as laser nanosurgery and nanoplasmonics, have created new insights for understanding, monitoring, and even curing diseases on a molecular basis. This book presents the essential basics of optics and biophotonics to newcomers (senior undergraduates or postgraduate researchers) who are interested in this multidisciplinary research field. With stellar contributions from leading experts, the book highlights the major advancements in preclinical diagnostics using optical microscopy and spectroscopy, including multiphoton microscopy, super-resolution microscopy, and endomicroscopy. It also introduces a number of emerging techniques and toolsets for biophotonics applications, such as nanoplasmonics, microresonators for molecular detection, and subcellular optical nanosurgery.

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The book explores how build a mechanical inferences by making use of arithmetic operations on a string of numbers representing statements. In this way logic is reduced to a branch of the combinatory calculus. It covers the field of traditional logic by showing that any kind of inference can be mechanically reduced to three-variables and two-premise inferences. Meriological inferences can also be easily treated in this way. The book covers the following subjects: structural description of space; three-variable inferences through products, sums, subtractions, and divisions; generalization to n variables; relations; and applications.

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Nanomaterials, their synthesis, and property studies have been an obsession with modern current physicists, chemist, and materials scientists for their vast array of technological implications and the remarkable way their properties are modified or enhanced when the size dimensions are reduced to the realm of nanometers. Although nanomaterials, for a lot of practical purposes have been in existence since the remotest past of civilization, it is only in the last few decades that the field has been gaining the attention that it deserves from the scientific and industrial fraternity. A lot of this has to do with the immense improvement we made in tools to study and characterize these materials.Metal oxides have been one of the well documented and hottest branches of nanomaterials revolution with oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, CuO, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, Co3O4, MnO2 and many more being an integral part to a variety of technological advancements and industrial applications. From green power issues like photovoltaic cells to rechargeable batteries, from drug delivery agents to antimicrobial and cosmetic products, from superconductor materials to semiconductors and insulators, metal oxides have been omnipresent in terms of both commercial prerogatives and research highlights. This book is solely devoted towards this special section of nanomaterials with an aim to partially access the science pertaining to the oxides of metals.

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This book compiles multidisciplinary efforts to conceptualize the environment in research and clinical setting that creates the fertile ground for the practical utility of personalized medicine decisions and also enables clinical pharmacogenomics for establishing pharmacotyping in drug prescription. Its covers innovative drug formulations and nanotheranostics, molecular imaging and signatures, translational nanomedicine and informatics, stem cell therapy approaches, modeling and predictability of drug response, pharmacogenetics-guided drug prescription, pediatric drug dosing, pharmacovigilance and regulatory aspects, ethical and cost-effectiveness issues, pharmacogenomics knowledge bases, personal genome sequencing, molecular diagnostics, as well as information-based medicine.

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Traditional Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) methodologies affect the public health and environmental impacts from a material, product, process or activity. The authors of this book suggest that a more holistic approach that incorporates societal and behavioral dimensions will create better results. They discuss how to develop an adaptive framework that would include a wider range of perspectives and disciplines. The book will also include discussions about "Technological Black Swans," trading zones, ethics, behavioral nanotechnology, governance, risk, green design, tools for practitioners, and conclude with a chapter presenting a "strategic outlook."

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This book focuses on nanostructured semiconductors, their fabrication, and their application in fields such as optics, acoustics, and biomedicine. It presents recent developments in nanostructured and hybrid materials and also contains a collection of principles and approaches related to nano-size semiconductors. The text summarizes the recent work by renowned scientists, emphasizing the synthesis by self-assembly or prestructuring and characterization methods of such nanosize materials and also discusses the potential applications of nanostructured semiconductors and hybrid systems. It also gives adequate coverage to the novel properties of nanostructured and low-dimensional materials.

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This book introduces readers to the basic concepts, classical approaches, and the newest design, development, and applications of biometrics. It also provides a glimpse of future designs and research directions in biometrics. In addition, it discusses some latest concerns and issues in this area. Suitable for a wide range of readers, the book explains professional terms in plain English and is ahead of time. Some concepts and designs discussed are so new that commercial systems based on them may not arrive in the market in the next 10 to 20 years.

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Novel breakthroughs in the cutting-edge field of nanotechnology, as a cross-sectional technology, show potential for being applied across the whole value chain of the energy sector (energy sources, energy conversion, energy distribution, energy storage, and energy use). This book gives an overview of nanotechnological applications within the value chain of the energy sector and evaluates selected applications and their direct and indirect impacts on the energy sector. It presents selected nanotechnological applications that influence the energy economy significantly. Furthermore, the authors give a comprehensive description of the impacts and outcomes of selected nanotechnological applications on energy consumption, energy sources, energy supply, and the energy industry in Germany and show the potential of these applications for energy savings, improvement in energy efficiency, and the reduction of emissions until 2030.

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This book provides a concise state of the art of the synthesis and properties of nanocomposite particles with interest for diverse bio-applications. Contributions are mainly related to the chemical design of nanocomposite particles, their properties as well as their constituent materials, and the tailoring of bio-interfaces that may be relevant to the fields of clinical diagnosis and drug delivery procedures, among other bio-applications.

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This volume introduces in a coherent and comprehensive fashion the Pan Stanford Series on Nanobiobiotechnology by defining and reviewing the major sectors of Nanobiotechnology and Nanobiosciences with respect to the most recent developments. Nanobiotechnology indeed appears capable of yielding a scientific and industrial revolution along the routes correctly foreseen by the numerous programs on Nanotechnology launched over the last decade by numerous Councils and Governments worldwide, beginning in the late 1995 by the Science and Technology Council in Italy and by the President Clinton in USA and ending this year with President Putin in Russian Federation.

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The book covers a broad multidisciplinary arena including applications for energy conservation, materials performance enhancement, electronic circuitry, video displays, lighting, photovoltaics, quantum computing, memory, chemo- and biosensors, pharmaceuticals and medical diagnostics inter alia. It presents a comprehensive introductory overview of the photophysics, instrumentation and experimental methodology of nanomaterial luminescence. Invited experts highlight more specific advanced research areas that have either shown potential for, or have already realized, significant impact on the day-to-day aspects of modern life and the world economy.

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This textbook links characteristic features of atomic and electronic structures of disordered semiconductors to the device design process. It begins with a description of general concepts of disordered semiconductors, their atomic structures, the structure of energy bands, and their defects, as well as their electrical, optical, and photovoltaic properties. Since weak sensitivity to impurities is a distinguishing feature of disordered semiconductors, methods of property control and thin-film preparation methods are the areas of focus. Finally, applications of disordered semiconductors in various devices are considered.

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Nanoscale materials are showing great promise in various optoelectronics applications, especially the fast-developing fields of optical communication and optical computers. With silicon as the leading material for microelectronics, the integration of optical functions into silicon technology is a very important challenge. This book concentrates on the optoelectronic properties of silicon nanocrystals, associated phenomena and related topics, from basic principles to the most recent discoveries. The areas of focus include silicon-based light-emitting devices, light modulators, optical wavevguides and interconnectors, optical amplifiers and memory elements. The book comprises theoretical and experimental analyses of various properties of silicon nanocrystals, research methods and preparation techniques, and some promising applications.

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This book provides a broad overview of nanotechnology as applied to contemporary electronics and photonics. The areas of application described are typical of what originally set off the nanotechnology revolution. An account of original research contributions from researchers all over the world, the book is extremely valuable for gaining an understanding of the latest developments in applied nanotechnology. Clearly structured and readable, the book is useful for both students and researchers alike: students can learn about the various aspects of nanotechnology, and professional researchers can update themselves on the new developments in this dynamic field.The book covers nanoscale materials and devices for both electronics and optical technologies. The emphasis throughout is on experimental methods rather than theoretical modeling. The material will provide food for thought for researchers and research students keen to develop new technologies at the ultra-small scale and to open up new avenues for research.

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Graphene, the wonder material of the 21st century, is expected to play an important role in future nanoelectronic applications, but the only way to achieve this goal is to grow graphene directly on a semiconductor, integrating it in the chain for the production of electronic circuits and devices. This book summarizes the latest achievements in this field, with particular attention to the graphitization of SiC. Through high-temperature annealing in a controlled environment, it is possible to decompose the topmost SiC layers, obtaining quasi-ideal graphene by Si sublimation with record electronic mobilities, while selective growth on patterned structures makes possible the opening of a gap by quantum confinement.The book starts with a review chapter on the significance and challenges of graphene growth on semiconductors, followed by three chapters dedicated to an up-to-date analysis of the synthesis of graphene in ultrahigh vacuum, and concludes with two chapters discussing possible ways of tailoring the electronic band structure of epitaxial graphene by atomic intercalation and of creating a gap by the growth of templated graphene nanostructures.

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This book discusses the vital role of chemistry in everyday life. It encourages readers to understand how the knowledge of chemistry is important for the development of society and a better future. The text is organized into three parts. Part 1 covers the historical aspects of chemistry and discusses how countless discoveries since the beginning of life on earth have benefited human beings. Part 2 focuses on modern life and describes chemistry’s contribution to the developments in the fields of food and agriculture, energy, transportation, medicine, and communications. Part 3 emphasizes the role of chemists and educators in making the layperson aware of the benefits of chemistry without having them to go through its complexities. Written in an easy-to-understand manner and supplemented by ample number of figures and tables, the book will cater to a broad readership ranging from general readers to experts.

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The embedding of any new technologies in society is challenging. The evolving state of the scientific art, often-unquantifiable risks and ill-defined developmental trajectories have the potential to hinder innovation and/or the commercial success of a technology. The are, however, a number of tools that can now be utilized by stakeholders to bridge the chasm that exists between the science and innovation dimensions on the one hand, and the societal dimensions on the other. This edited volume will draw together leading researchers from the domains of law, philosophy, political science, public administration and the natural sciences in order to demonstrate how tools such as, for example, constructive technology assessment, regulatory governance and societal scenarios, may be employed by stakeholders to assist in successfully embedding new technologies into society. This volume will focus primarily on the embedding of two emergent and emerging technologies: nanotechnologies and synthetic biology. Government, industry and the epistemic community continue to struggle with how best to balance the promised benefits of an emerging technology with concerns about its potential impacts. There is a growing body of literature that has examined these challenges from various cultural, scientific and jurisdictional dimensions. There is, however, much work that still needs to be done; this includes articulating the successes and failures of attempts to the societal embedding of technologies and their associated products. This edited volume is significant and timely, as unlike other books currently on the market, it shall draw from real work experiences and experiments designed anticipate the societal embedding of emerging technologies. This empirical work shall be supported by robust theoretical underpinnings.

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Dendrimers are hyperbranched molecules with well-defined nanometer-scale dimensions. Important technological applications of these systems, both in biomedicine and materials science, have been recently proposed. Liquid crystal dendrimers are fascinating materials that combine the characteristics of dendrimers with the anisotropic physical behaviour and molecular self-organization typical of liquid crystals. This unique association of physical and chemical properties, together with the possibility of multi-selective functionalization put forward by dendrimers, opens new perspectives for applications. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful experimental technique applied in materials science and an important tool to the study of molecular organization and dynamics. This book presents an introduction to dendrimers properties with special insight into liquid crystal dendrimers and a detailed description of the NMR theory and experimental techniques used in the investigation of these materials. It also discusses recent NMR research results on liquid crystal dendrimers, with emphasis on molecular order and dynamics studies.This book introduces the properties of dendrimers, with special insight into liquid crystal dendrimers, and a detailed description of NMR theory and experimental techniques used in the investigation of these materials. It also discusses results of recent NMR research on liquid crystal dendrimers, with an emphasis on molecular order and dynamics studies. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students of physics, chemistry, and materials science and researchers in the fields of dendrimers, liquid crystals, and NMR will find the book extremely useful.

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This book summarizes the history and present status and applications of Josephson junctions. These devices are leading elements in superconducting electronics and provide state-of-the-art performance in detection of small magnetic fields and currents, in several digital computing methods, and in medical diagnostic devices and now provide voltage standards used worldwide. Astronomical infrared (IR) telescopes, including the South Pole Telescope, use these junctions in combinations called superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs).

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Ultrafast Dynamics at the Nanoscale provides a combined experimental and theoretical insight into the molecular-level investigation of light-induced quantum processes in biological systems and nanostructured (bio)assemblies. Topics include DNA photostability and repair, photoactive proteins, biological and artificial light-harvesting systems, plasmonic nanostructures, and organic photovoltaic materials, whose common denominator is the key importance of ultrafast quantum effects at the border between the molecular scale and the nanoscale. The functionality and control of these systems have been under intense investigation in recent years in view of developing a detailed understanding of ultrafast nanoscale energy and charge transfer, as well as fostering novel technologies based on sustainable energy resources.Both experiment and theory have made big strides toward meeting the challenge of these truly complex systems. This book, thus, introduces the reader to cutting-edge developments in ultrafast nonlinear optical spectroscopies and the quantum dynamical simulation of the observed dynamics, including direct simulations of two-dimensional optical experiments. Taken together, these techniques attempt to elucidate whether the quantum coherent nature of ultrafast events enhances the efficiency of the relevant processes and where the quantum–classical boundary sets in, in these high-dimensional biological and material systems. The chapters contain well-illustrated accounts of the authors’ research work, including didactic introductory material, and address a multidisciplinary audience from chemistry, physics, biology, and materials sciences. The book is, therefore, a must-have for graduate- and postgraduate-level researchers who wish to learn about molecular nanoscience from a combined spectroscopic and theoretical viewpoint.

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Nanotechnology is one of the growing areas of this century, also opening new horizons for tuning optical properties. This book introduces basic tuning schemes, including those on a single quantum object level, with an emphasis on surface and interface manipulation of semiconducting and metallic quantum dots. There are two opposing demands in current forefront applications of quantum dots as optical labels, namely high luminescence stability (suppression of luminescence intermittency) and controllable intermittency and bleaching on a single-particle level to facilitate super-resolution optical microscopy (for which Eric Betzig, Stefan W. Hell, and William E. Moerner were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry). The book discusses these contradictory demands with respect to both an understanding of the basic processes and applications. The chapters are a combination of scholarly presentation and comprehensive review and include case studies from the authors’ research, including unpublished results. Special emphasis is on a detailed understanding of spectroscopic and dynamic properties of semiconducting quantum dots. The book is suitable for senior undergraduates and researchers in the fields of optical nanoscience, materials science, and nanotechnology.

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This book is a novel attempt at describing the fundamental aspects of and advancements in the field of biohythane production. The comprehensive collection of chapters is based on the fundamentals of heterotrophic hydrogen production and consequent methane production technologies. Emphasis is on the integration of two stages of a hybrid system for maximum gaseous energy generation from organic wastes, thus making the overall process economically viable. Readers get insight into the technological advancements made in the field of biohydrogen and biomethane production and the challenges involved in integrating these two technologies. The book also includes details of the microbiological, biochemical, and bioprocess aspects related to biohythane production, in addition to the applicability of this process, its socioeconomic concerns, and cost energy analysis, supplemented with illustrative diagrams, flowcharts, and comprehensive tables. It will be an ideal vade mecum for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of biotechnology, microbiology, biochemical engineering, chemical engineering, and energy engineering; teachers and researchers in bioenergy, the environment, and biofuel production; and policy makers.

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