Search results for ""Author Helge Kragh""

Book SynopsisConsisting of separate cases organized by chapter and divided into independent sections, this is no ordinary history of science book. Between the Earth and the Heavens is an episodic history of modern physical sciences covering the chronological development of physics, chemistry and astronomy since about 1860. Integrating historical authenticity and modern scientific knowledge, the cases within deal with the often surprising connections between science done in the laboratory (physics, chemistry) and science based on observation (astronomy, cosmology).Between the Earth and the Heavens presupposes an interest in and a certain knowledge of the physical sciences, but it is written for non-specialists and includes only a limited number of equations which are all clearly explained in simple terms. For readers who wish to delve further, the book is fully documented and ends with a bibliography of cited quotations and other relevant sources.

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Book SynopsisCosmology is an unusual science with an unusual history. This book examines the formative years of modern cosmology from the perspective of its interaction with religious thought. As the first study of its kind, it reveals how closely associated the development of cosmology has been with considerations of a philosophical and religious nature. From nineteenth-century thermodynamics to the pioneering cosmological works of Georges Lemaître and Arthur E Milne, religion has shaped parts of modern cosmological theory. By taking the religious component seriously, a new and richer history of cosmology emerges.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Cosmo-Theology Before Einstein; A Thermodynamic Universe; Expanding Horizons; The Primeval-Atom Universe; Cosmo-Physics; Cosmology Between Theism and Atheism; Epilogue: From Standard Model to Quantum Cosmology.

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Book SynopsisPresents the development of scientific cosmology as a historical event, one that embroiled many scientists in a controversy over the very notion of an evolving universe with a beginning in time. This work examines how the big-bang theory drew inspiration from and eventually triumphed over rival views.Trade ReviewHonorable Mention for the 1997 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Physics and Astronomy, Association of American Publishers One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 1997 "An exhilarating read--and not just for cosmologists. For although Kragh has produced a thoroughly scholarly work, he is nevertheless an excellent writer and his book could easily be enjoyed by anyone who is fascinated by the evolution of big scientific ideas. And they don't come much bigger than the origin, evolution, and fate of the Universe."--Marcus Chown, New Scientist "[An] insightful, thoroughly researched treatment of the intellectual development of modern cosmology."--Woodruff T. Sullivan III, Science "[An] excellent book ... [a] thorough and detailed understanding... has enabled Kragh to write... enjoyable descriptions of complex issues... It is difficult to imagine a more complete and scholarly account of this epoch of cosmological history."--Bernard Lovell, The Times Literary Supplement "As one who has been intimately involved with the subject, I thoroughly appreciated reading this work... There are still a few left who believe that science advances relentlessly in a straight line. The actual zigzag path is beautifully illuminated in this book."--Hermann Bondi, Nature "[A] masterful interpretation of modern cosmology's emergence."--Karl Hufbauer, Physics Today "[An] excellent book... It is difficult to imagine a more complete and scholarly account of this epoch of cosmological history."--Bernard Lovell, The Times Literary Supplement "This is very good scientific history and in some measure philosophy written by someone who has an understanding of the process of scientific work. The writing is clear and largely non-technical... The general ideas that underpin the book hold for science broadly. Although the focus is cosmology, the book will appeal to anyone to anyone with an interest in how science actually works, whether it is through the history or the philosophy."--D.R. Matravers, Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPrefaceCh. 1Background: From Einstein to Hubble3Ch. 2Lemaitre's Fireworks Universe22Ch. 3Gamow's Big Bang80Ch. 4The Steady-State Alternative142Ch. 5Creation and Controversy202Ch. 6The Universe Observed269Ch. 7From Controversy to Marginalization318Ch. 8Epilogue: Dynamics of a Controversy389Appendix IA Cosmological Chronology, 1917-1971397Appendix IITechnical Glossary400Notes403Bibliography447Index487

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Book SynopsisCosmology is an unusual science with an unusual history. This book examines the formative years of modern cosmology from the perspective of its interaction with religious thought. As the first study of its kind, it reveals how closely associated the development of cosmology has been with considerations of a philosophical and religious nature. From nineteenth-century thermodynamics to the pioneering cosmological works of Georges Lemaître and Arthur E Milne, religion has shaped parts of modern cosmological theory. By taking the religious component seriously, a new and richer history of cosmology emerges.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Cosmo-Theology Before Einstein; A Thermodynamic Universe; Expanding Horizons; The Primeval-Atom Universe; Cosmo-Physics; Cosmology Between Theism and Atheism; Epilogue: From Standard Model to Quantum Cosmology.

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Book SynopsisThe story of superheavy elements - those at the very end of the periodic table - is not well known outside the community of heavy-ion physicists and nuclear chemists. But it is a most interesting story which deserves to be known also to historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science and indeed to the general public. This is what the present work aims at. It tells the story or rather parts of the story, of how physicists and chemists created elements heavier than uranium or searched for them in nature. And it does so with an emphasis on the frequent discovery and naming disputes concerning the synthesis of very heavy elements. Moreover, it calls attention to the criteria which scientists have adopted for what it means to have discovered a new element. In this branch of modern science it may be more appropriate to speak of creation instead of discovery. The work will be of interest to scientists as well as to scholars studying modern science from a meta-perspective.Trade Review“This concisely written book provides wonderful discussions on the discovery, verification, and disputes surrounding all twenty-six tranuranic elements. … From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements is geared to historians of science, chemists, and physicists, rather than a general audience.” (Howard G. Barth, Isis, Vol. 110 (1), March, 2019)

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Book SynopsisPresenting the history of twentieth-century physics, this book takes us from the discovery of X rays in the mid-1890s to superstring theory in the 1990s. It also shows how the revolutionary discoveries of scientists ranging from Einstein, Planck, and Bohr to Stephen Hawking have been built on the great traditions of earlier centuries.Trade Review"A readable and enormously valuable book."--Graham Farmelo, Nature "An ambitious one-volume history: the first comprehensive textbook to address most of the significant aspects in the intellectual history of 20th-century physics. Kragh's achievement ... is quite remarkable... For physicists who want to 'humanize' their courses, or brush up on their professional past, for those who teach the history of modern science, and for anyone fascinated with physics, I can recommend this book as an indispensable resource."--Diana Barkan, Physics World "Neither a specialized academic work nor a mere popularization, Kragh's tome [is a] synthetic, deeply detailed and carefully explained survey... An impressive reference work, and a serious award-winning read."--Publisher's Weekly "A sweeping survey of the development of modern physics ... wide-ranging, studiously researched, and comprehensive."--The Economist "Within a century we've seen the rise of new physics, which has, however haltingly, at last begun to answer the big questions... Taken together, they're an embarrassment of riches, and Kragh has had to pare the story down severely. But he's equal to the task, and manages to cover the pantheon of 20th-century physics."--New Scientist "It is a thrilling story, full of excitement, danger, surprise and beauty, and it is told with lucidity and scholarship by Helge Kragh. What he gives us in this absorbing account is the story of what could be mankind's greatest intellectual adventure to date."--Financial Times "Kragh does an exceptional job of trying to cover in a single volume one of the most prolific sciences of this century."--Library Journal "Compared with the popular interest books on physics ... Kragh presents appreciably more technical detail, and his estimable overview will appeal better to the active physics student."--Booklist "A fine new study... Mr. Kragh manages to cover this vast canvas in less than 500 pages, leaving very little of importance out. It is amazing how concise one can be if once knows what one is talking about."--Jeremy Bernstein, Washington Times "An excellent guide to the historical literature on almost any subject in the history of twentieth-century physics."--Laurie M. Brown, Physics Today "Missing until now has been a relatively short, readable book that synthesizes the extensive research by historians of modern physics, to give an accurate guide to the new physics and the complex plaths by which it was developed. Quantum Generations does all this, and more ... It is hard to think of anyone better qualified to write this book."--Stephen G. Brush, American Journal of Physics "A superb account of the last hundred years of physics... I very much doubt we will see a comparable history of twentieth century physics for years to come. This is a magnificent work of synthesis that cannot be too highly commended for its balance, coverage, and clarity."--Xavier Roque, Centaurus "This is very good scientific history and in some measure philosophy written by someone who has an understanding of the process of scientific work. The writing is clear and largely non-technical. Although the focus is cosmology, the book will appeal to anyone with an interest in how science actually works, whether it is through the history of the philosophy."--D.R. Matravers, Contemporary Physics "This book is a very ambitious and largely successful attempt to provide a one-volume history of twentieth-century physics. It is a Herculean task, and Helge Kragh is well aware of the problems and pitfalls... Incredibly enough, Kragh ... [gives] both a fair assessment of most of the major themes in this most busy and creative of centuries, and yet at the same time giving summaries of the major research developments within each of the major fields. This is no mean feat, and in fact it is a rather amazing one, so that we have here, in one volume, a wide-ranging view of many of the outstanding accomplishments of this century in physics."--Daniel M. Greenberger, ISISTable of ContentsPreface xi PART ONE: FROM CONSOLIDATION TO REVOLUTION 1 CHAPTER ONE Fin-de-Siecle Physics: A World Picture in Flux 3 CHAPTER TWO The World of Physics 13 Personnel and Resources 13 Physics Journals 19 A Japanese Look at European Physics 22 CHAPTER THREE Discharges in Gases and What Followed 27 A New Kind of Rays 28 From Becquerel Rays to Radioactivity 30 Spurious Rays, More or Less 34 The Electron before Thomson 38 The First Elementary Particle 40 CHAPTER FOUR Atomic Architecture 44 The Thomson Atom 44 Other Early Atomic Models 48 Rutherford's Nuclear Atom 51 A Quantum Theory of Atomic Structure 53 CHAPTER FIVE The Slow Rise of Quantum Theory 58 The Law of Blackbody Radiation 58 Early Discussions of the Quantum Hypothesis 63 Einstein and the Photon 66 Specific Heats and the Status of Quantum Theory by 1913 68 CHAPTER SIX Physics at Low Temperatures 74 The Race Toward Zero 74 Kammerlingh Onnes and the Leiden Laboratory 76 Superconductivity 80 CHAPTER SEVEN Einstein's Relativity, and Others' 87 The Lorentz Transformations 87 Einsteinian Relativity 90 From Special to General Relativity 93 Reception 98 CHAPTER EIGHT A Revolution that Failed 105 The Concept of Electromagnetic Mass 105 Electron Theory as a Worldview 108 Mass Variation Experiments 111 Decline of a Worldview 114 Unified Field Theories 116 CHAPTER NINE Physics in Industry and War 120 Industrial Physics 120 Electrons at Work, I. Long-Distance Telephony 123 Electrons at Work, II: Vacuum Tubes 126 Physics in the Chemists' War 130 PART TWO: FROM REVOLUTION TO CONSOLIDATION 137 CHAPTER TEN Science and Politics in the Weimar Republic 139 Science Policy and Financial Support 139 International Relations 143 The Physics Community 148 Zeitgeist and the Physical Worldview 151 CHAPTER ELEVEN Quantum Jumps 155 Quantum Anomalies 155 Heisenberg'S Quantum Mechanics 161 Schrodinger's Equation 163 Dissemination and Receptions 168 CHAPTER TWELVE The Rise of Nuclear Physics 174 The Electron-Proton Model 174 Quantum Mechanics and the Nucleus 177 Astrophysical Applications 182 1932, Annus Mirabilis 184 CHAPTER THIRTEEN From Two to Many Particles 190 Antiparticles 190 Surprises from the Cosmic Radiation 193 Crisis in Quantum Theory 196 Yukawas Heavy Quantum 201 CHAPTER FOURTEEN Philosophical Implications of Quantum Mechanics 206 Uncertainty and Complementarity 206 Against the Copenhagen Interpretation 212 Is Quantum Mechanics Complete? 215 CHAPTER FIFTEEN Eddington's Dream and Other Heterodoxies 218 Eddington's Fundamentalism 218 Cosmonumerology and Other Speculations 221 Milne and Cosmophysics 223 The Modem Aristotelians 226 CHAPTER SIXTEEN Physics and the New Dictatorships 230 In the Shadow of the Swastika 230 Aryan Physics 236 Physics in Mussolini's Italy 238 Physics, Dialectical Materialism, and Stalinism 240 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Brain Drain and Brain Gain 245 American Physics in the 1930s 245 Intellectual Migrations 249 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN From Uranium Puzzle to Hiroshima 257 The Road to Fission 257 More than Moonshine 261 Toward the Bomb 265 The Death of Two Cities 269 PART THREE: PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS 277 CHAPTER NINETEEN Nuclear Themes 279 Physics of Atomic Nuclei 279 Modem Alchemy 283 Hopes and Perils of Nuclear Energy 285 Controlled Fusion Energy 290 CHAPTER TWENTY Militarization and Megatrends 293 Physics-A Branch of the Military? 295 Big Machines 302 A European Big Science Adventure 308 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Particle Discoveries 312 Mainly Mesons 312 Weak Interactions 317 Quarks 321 The Growth of Particle Physics 325 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Fundamental Theories 332 The Ups and Downs of Field Theory 336 Gauge Fields and Electroweak Unification 339 Quantum Chromodynamics 344 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Cosmology and the Renaissance of Relativity 349 Toward the Big Bang Universe 349 The Steady State Challenge 354 Cosmology after 1960 357 The Renaissance of General Relativity 361 CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Elements of Solid State Physics 366 The Solid State Before 1940 366 Semiconductors and the Rise of the Solid State Community 370 Breakthroughs in Superconductivity 375 CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Engineering Physics and Quantum Electronics 382 It Started with the Transistor 382 Microwaves, the Laser and Quantum Optics 386 Optical Fibers 391 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX Science under Attack--Physics in Crisis? 394 Signs of Crisis 394 A Revolt against Science 401 The End of Physics? 405 CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN Unifications and Speculations 409 The Problem of Unity 409 Grand Unified Theories 411 Superstring Theory 415 Quantum Cosmology 419 PART FOUR: A LOOK BACK 425 CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Nobel Physics 427 CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE A Century of Physics in Retrospect 440 Growth and Progress 440 Physics and the Other Sciences 444 Conservative Revolutions 447 APPENDIX Further Reading 453 Bibliography 461 Index 481

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