Search results for ""royal society of chemistry""

The hydration of ions and the interactions of ions with (bio)molecules play a key role in many natural and technological processes. These effects are usually framed in terms of the lyotropic or Hofmeister series which traditionally orders cations and anions according to their ability to salt-out proteins. Since its formulation more than one hundred years ago, the lyotropic series has been invoked in myriad effects including the crystallization of proteins, enzyme activities, the swelling of tissues, salt solubilities, ion exchange, surface tension of electrolytes, and bubble coalescence. Although it is now clear that the Hofmeister series is intimately connected with ion hydration in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments and with ion pairing, the molecular origin of these effects has been poorly understood. Biochemists and physical chemists have been typically using the term Hofmeister series to put a label on ion specific behaviour in various environments, rather than to reach a molecular level understanding and, consequently, an ability to predict a particular effect of a specific salt ion. This meeting (which took place at Queen's College Oxford in September 2012) aimed to respond to the emerging situation in which science has matured enough to be able to provide answers about the molecular nature of ion specific effects. It explored the most important issues in understanding the chemistry and biological effects of ions, with state of the art work being presented using advanced experimental and computational methods. Investigation of ion specific effects is truly interdisciplinary since it requires chemists, biochemists, and biophysicists to collaborate with each other, combining experimental and computational approaches. We invited researchers in these fields to take part in the Discussion and join the chosen speakers who are among the key scientists behind the recent renaissance of interest in ion specific effects. Themes covered included: Solvation of ions in the aqueous bulk and at interfaces Ion-ion interactions in water Interactions between ions and biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, membranes, etc.) in water. Specific Hofmeister effects of ions and osmolytes on protein association, precipitation, folding/unfolding, and activity

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Gas and liquid-phase unimolecular reactions are central to the complex chemistry of a large number of processes, from those occurring in the Earth’s atmosphere to those involved in transportation, power and manufacturing. Improving our understanding of the fundamental chemistry of these processes is critical to solving contemporary challenges such as climate change, as well as improving industrial efficiency. One hundred years have passed since the proposal of the Lindemann mechanism in 1922, and the current state of this field is as exciting and important as ever. The unique format of the Faraday Discussions allows for in-depth discussions across the full scope of the field, from new perspectives in kinetics and dynamics to application to current challenges such as atmospheric pollution, alternative fuels and industrial processes. This volume brings together global leaders to examine the current state of unimolecular reaction experiments as well as theory and applications to current challenges. In this volume the topics covered are organised into the following themes: Collisional energy transfer The reaction step The Master Equation Impact of Lindemann and related theories

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In recent years, mechanochemistry has become a mainstream technique for chemical synthesis, spanning supramolecular materials, inorganic (main group, coordination complexes, MOFs) and organic synthesis, pharmaceutical screening, materials development, sustainable chemistry and reaction discovery, as well as its more traditional applications in alloying etc. The current time is also exciting in terms of advances in the fundamental understanding of kinetics and some of the first reaction models specific to mechanochemistry are being discovered. Mechanochemistry is far broader than synthesis alone. It is also fundamental to understanding shear processes at the molecular level and is being harnessed to accomplish new chemistry through the controlled mechanical scission of polymers. As such, mechanochemistry brings many disciplines together in an effort to provide greater understanding of fundamental molecular processes for large scale, sustainable manufacturing as well as new science. This Faraday Discussion volume brings together internationally-leading researchers to explore and exchange ideas on the physical and chemical principles underlying mechanochemical phenomena. In this volume the topics covered are organised into the following themes: Advances in synthesis Shear processes and polymer mechanochemistry Kinetics and basic understanding Scale up and industrial implementation

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Nanoelectrochemistry is not only important for achieving ultra-sensitive applications in fields ranging from energy to bioanalysis, but also contributes to more fundamental understanding of processes on this scale. While electrochemical processes occur within confined geometries at the nanometre scale, electrochemistry endows us with an ever-increasing ability to measure and understand with unprecedented precision. This Faraday Discussions volume addresses the challenges in both fundamental and applied nanoelectrochemistry, where new concepts and new knowledge play key roles. This volume also encourages cross-disciplinary interactions for electrochemistry with biophysics, nanofabrication, informatics, electronics and beyond. It discusses new concepts and knowledge within the field of nanoelectrochemistry, including new methods and novel applications. These new methods for achieving highly precise electrochemical measurements at nanoscale make it possible to provide fundamental electrochemical techniques to integrate with advanced spectroscopy and informatics technology to achieve real-life applications. This Faraday Discussions volume will potentially both revolutionise understanding in nanoelectrochemistry and guide future developments in this exciting research area. It covers the following topics: Emerging electrochemical methods at the nanointerface State of the art energy conversion at the nanointerface Electrochemical data mining: from information to knowledge Advanced nanoelectrochemistry implementation: from concept to application

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The area of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and related materials is arguably one of the hottest interdisciplinary subjects spanning chemistry, materials science, physics and engineering. A primary reason for this major interest is the possibility of tuning the chemical and structural flexibility of these materials using an enormous variety of combinations of metal ions, bridging ligands, counter-ions and formation of hybrids and composites. Given the recent developments in this area, including the emergence of MOFs whose applications and functional properties has led to their commercialisation, the unique format of the Faraday Discussions allows for in-depth discussions across the full scope of this interdisciplinary field, from pioneering synthesis and design to commercial viability in the marketplace. This volume brings together internationally leading researchers interested in the interdisciplinary field of MOFs to explore and exchange ideas on recent developments and future possibilities. In this volume the topics covered are organised into the following themes: Fundamental studies and design of MOFs Applications of MOFs Theory and modelling of MOFs Commercialisation of MOFs

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Photo-induced processes are of tremendous importance in the natural world and across science. Examples include ultrafast process in vision, energy-release by water-splitting in photosynthesis, chemical reactions in the atmosphere, photocatalysis, and technologies such as petahertz electronics, photovoltaics, and light-emitting diodes. Due to the intrinsic complexity of photo-induced processes, they remain the least understood type of physical and chemical processes. Strong and weak laser induced electron and nuclear dynamics on ultrafast time-scales, nonadiabatic dynamics, quantum effects and conical intersections are known to be important, but the full picture is still being unveiled and a cohesive understanding assembled. New experimental techniques, capable of monitoring photo-induced processes with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution across the entire reaction path, play a key role in this. These developments are driven by the appearance of free-electron lasers, such as the XFEL in Europe, the LCLS (and soon LCLS-II) in the USA, SACLA in Japan, PAL in Korea and Swiss-FEL in Switzerland, new sources of pulsed electrons, table-top based attosecond laser sources, and advanced detection techniques. A large and important contribution is made by advances in theory and computational modelling, in particular in terms of (nonadiabatic) quantum dynamics simulations and theoretical models that improve the interpretation and analysis of experiments. In this volume the topics covered include: Time-resolved Diffraction Time-Resolved Ultrafast Spectroscopy Strong-Field Physics Ultrafast X-ray Science

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Very high levels of air pollution have been observed in many cities across the world, in both developing and developed economies, with varying degrees of regularity. Predicting urban air quality demands detailed knowledge of both the physical properties of the urban atmosphere and pollutants within it, and the chemical reactions of those pollutants, which have a major impact on measured levels. For emitted pollutants, concentrations are likely to be reduced proportionately with reductions in emissions, but in the case of secondary pollutants formed within the atmosphere, the relationship between precursor emissions and reaction products is often strongly non-linear. This discussion aims to improve understanding of the underlying processes responsible, which is essential for the development of high quality numerical models of urban air pollutants, which are required for the testing of mitigation strategies prior to implementation. The following topics are covered within this volume: Current status and trends in air quality in megacities Physico-chemical processes in the urban atmosphere (neighbourhood scale) Physico-chemical processes in the urban atmosphere (city scale) Effects, mitigation and policy

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It is vital to improve our understanding of how macromolecules such as peptides interact with membranes. These processes are involved in protein folding, cell signalling, biogenesis, morphogenesis, disease and medical therapy. Next-generation synthetic biology goals will require a clearer understanding of how to control reticulated membrane structures in order to fabricate the supramolecular structures necessary for advanced synthesis and behaviour. This volume will address several related aspects of peptide interactions with membranes. It will consider model theoretical and experimental systems in order to define the ‘reaction space’ that is possible and where appropriate with relevance to fundamental questions in cell biology, including how peptides and proteins behave within biological membranes. The topics covered include: Theoretical and experimental comparisons of simple peptide-membrane systems Theoretical and experimental studies of complex peptide-membrane systems Behaviour and interactions of proteins and peptides with and within membranes Peptide-membrane interactions and biotechnology

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Over the last 10 years, the field of plasmonic research has emerged as an extremely promising technology with several main fields of application: information technologies, energy, high-density data storage, photovoltaics, chemistry, biology, medicine and security. The main focus up to a few years ago was on the ability of plasmonic nanostructures to generate localized regions of highly concentrated electromagnetic fields, however more recently it has also been realized that the electron part of plasmonic excitations can also be exploited in the physical and chemical sciences. Fascinating proof-of-concept applications have over the last three years been demonstrated in areas such as surface-enhanced catalysis (water splitting), photodetectors without bandgaps (Schottky junctions), and nanoscale control over chemical reactions. These applications as well as the most recent breakthroughs and key challenges in this multidisciplinary and dynamic field are the focus of this Faraday Discussion, offering the perspectives of physicists, chemists and ab-initio theoreticians. In this volume the topics covered include: Dynamics of hot electron generation in metallic nanostructures Theory of hot electrons New materials for hot electron generation Applications in catalysis, photochemistry, and photodetection

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The prediction of crystal structures from first principles has been one of the grand challenges for computational methods in chemistry and materials science. The goal of being able to reliably predict crystal structures at an atomistic level of detail, given only the chemical composition as input, presents several challenges. A solution to the crystal structure prediction challenge requires advances in several areas of computational chemistry. Theoretical chemists have naturally been drawn to these challenges from an academic perspective, while the development of methods for solving the problem of crystal structure prediction has also been motivated by a growing range of applications where reliable structure prediction is sought and could guide experimentation. Crystal structure predictions have been used to study organic molecules such as polymorphism of pharmaceutical molecules, where changes in crystal form can lead to changes in important physical and chemical properties, which must be strictly controlled in a pharmaceutical product, or inorganic materials where the discovery and computational design of new materials with targeted properties, such as porosity, electronic or mechanical properties are necessary. However, the communities addressing methods and applications in organic and inorganic crystal structure prediction have largely remained separate, due to the different approaches that have been used in these two areas. The community as a whole will benefit from the cross-fertilisation of ideas and methods in this volume, as well as from bringing theoreticians together with interested experimentalists. The volume will appeal to researchers from computational chemistry, informatics, physics (applying solid state electronic structure methods) and materials science in the development of methods. Applications of the methods also cover several fields, including crystallography, crystal engineering, mineralogy and pharmaceutical materials. This volume gathers key researchers representing the full scientific scope of the topic, including the developers of methods and software, those developing the application of the methods and interested experimentalists who may benefit from advances in predictive computational methods. In this volume the topics covered include: Structure searching methods Crystal structure evaluation: calculating relative stabilities and other criteria Applications of crystal structure prediction – organic molecular structures Applications of crystal structure prediction – inorganic and network structures

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This volume brings together the work of both theoreticians and experimentalists on the synthesis of nanoparticles and their use in catalytic reactions. Heterogeneous catalysis is a core area of contemporary physical chemistry posing major fundamental and conceptual challenges, and nanoparticles are ubiquitous in many heterogeneous catalysts, therefore it is now opportune to focus a Faraday Discussion on key aspects of their synthesis, characterisation and use. This Faraday Discussion will explore the modern methods being used to design, synthesise and characterize nanoparticles and how these bridge across the disciplines of physical science and chemical engineering. The core aim of this discussion meeting is to develop a fundamental understanding of these crucial aspects of catalytic science, especially relating to nanoparticle synthesis and use in catalytic reactions, knowledge of which is essential for the design of new catalysts.

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Recent advances in nanofabrication and subwavelength optical characterisation have led to significant new advances in plasmonics. In addition to traditional top-down nanofabrication techniques, chemical-based fabrication has emerged as an inexpensive and viable alternative with electrochemical and self-organisation methods for fabrication of plasmonic nanoparticles and extended plasmonic structures. This volume aims to highlight the most recent breakthroughs in this multidisciplinary field and hear from the different perspectives of physicists, chemists and biologists. It connects the various subdisciplines in the field and defines the most challenging problems for the future. This volume is focused on areas where progress is expected to have a most significant impact on a whole area of nanoplasmonics and on commercial exploitation. In this volume the topics covered include: Plasmonic nanoparticles and metamaterials with designed optical properties Surface plasmon enhanced spectroscopies Quantum plasmonics, gain and spasers Biosensing and biomedical applications of plasmonics

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The development of renewable, low cost, high performance energy technologies is a key scientific challenge for the 21st century. Many of these energy applications involve numerous dynamic energy and mass transfer processes at the length scale of sub-nanometers to micrometers that require the collaborative participation of various functional material components. To create efficient, stable and reproducible energy systems, effective integration of material components from atomic, molecular, nano to meso-scale is crucial. However, the most challenging aspect is to integrate the required components together while optimising the performance of each component and even creating new synergetic effects. In the past decade, considerable research attention has been devoted to the fabrication of single-length scale / component materials for energy applications. This title will centre on discussing how individual functional components at different length scale can be effectively integrated into next-generation energy materials. Aimed at today’s experimentalists and theoreticians, chemists, physicists and materials scientists, this book will cross-boundaries and discuss energy-related information.

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This comprehensive book approaches sustainability from two directions, the reduction of pollution and the maintaining of existing resources, both of which are addressed in a thorough examination of the main chemical processes and their impact. Divided into five sections, each introduced by a leading expert in the field, the book takes the reader through the various types of chemical processes, demonstrating how we must find ways to lower the environmental cost (of both pollution and contributions to climate change) of producing chemicals. Each section consists of several chapters, presenting the latest facts and opinion on the methodologies being adopted by the chemical industry to provide a more sustainable future. A follow-up to Materials for a Sustainable Future (Royal Society of Chemistry 2012), this book will appeal to the same broad readership - industrialists and investors; policy makers in local and central governments; students, teachers, scientists and engineers working in the field; and finally editors, journalists and the general public who need information on the increasingly popular concepts of sustainable living.

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Science and art are increasingly interconnected in the activities of the study and conservation of works of art. Science plays a key role in cultural heritage, from developing new analytical techniques for studying the art, to investigating new ways of preserving the materials for the future. Following on from the 2014 title Science and Art: The Painted Surface, this book consists of a series of chapters written together by scientists, art historians, conservators, curators and artists dedicated to conservation, execution techniques, languages and conceptual topics. Science and Art: The Contemporary Painted Surface largely covers execution techniques, material’s conservation and languages of artists, representative of twelve different countries, all protagonists of the development of innovative significant techniques and methodologies. The book opens with a focus on widely historicized artists, such as Jackson Pollock, Lucio Fontana, Enrico Baj, Piero Manzoni and Joseph Albers. Its core is dedicated to the work of major worldwide renowned living artists, in a perspective that, while considering the Sixties as the historical starting point of contemporaneity, does not neglect to offer a view on the work done in the immediately preceding years. Several interviews with artists are included. Final chapters are dedicated to contemporary design, net art, and painted surfaces in contemporary architecture. Presented in an easily readable form for a large audience, the book guides readers into new areas uncovered by the link between science and art, and will be of interest to artists, art historians and curators, as well as those who appreciate art. Reviews of Science and Art: The Painted Surface 'Science and Art provides an excellent read for art historians, who will instantly recognise the famous pieces that have been studied, while giving them insight into how a painting was constructed, what it is made from, or how the colours would have looked when they were freshly painted.' Chemistry World, 6 November 2014 'Science and Art is recommended for students, teachers, and the general public who are interested in chemistry or other sciences and art, as well as applications of the former to the latter.' J. Chem. Educ., 2016, 93(5), 810–810

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Nanocharacterisation provides an overview of the main characterisation techniques that are currently used to study nanostructured materials. Following on from the success of the first edition, this new edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the recent developments in instrumental characterisation methods. With contributions from internationally recognised experts, each chapter focuses on a different technique to characterise nanomaterials providing experimental procedures and applications. State of the art characterisation methods covered include Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Probe Microscopy, Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, 3D Characterisation, Scanning Electron and Ion Microscopy and In situ Microscopy. Essentially a handbook to all working in the field this indispensable resource will appeal to academics, professionals and anyone working fields related to the research and development of nanocharacterisation and nanotechnology.

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The pace of revolution in analytical chemistry in the field of Geosciences has been dramatic over the recent decades and includes fundamental developments that have become common place in many related and unrelated disciplines. The analytical tools (nano to macro-scale from stable to radioactive isotopes to synchrotron imaging) used have been applied to wide-ranging applications from inorganic to organic geochemistry, biodiversity and chronological tools, to build an understanding of how the Earth system evolved to its present state. This book will provide an essential guide to exploring the earth’s natural resources and changing climate by detection science. Individual chapters bring together expertise from across the globe to present a comprehensive outlook on the analytical technologies available to the geoscientist today. Experienced researchers will appreciate the broad treatment of the subject as a valuable reference, while students and those new to the field will quickly gain an appreciation of both the techniques at hand, and the importance of constructing, and analysing, the complex data sets they can generate.

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Water Contamination Package provides a special price for four conference proceedings in one package. The books are Water Contamination Emergencies: Can we cope? Water Contamination Emergencies: Enhancing our response Water Contamination Emergencies: Collective responsibility Water Contamination Emergencies: Monitoring, understanding, acting

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Membranes already have important applications in artificial organs, the processing of biotechnological products, food manufacture, waste water treatment, and seawater desalination. Their uses in gaseous mixture separations are, however, far from achieving their full potential. Separation of air components, natural gas dehumidification and sweeting, separation and recovery of CO2 from biogas, and H2 from refinery gases are all examples of current industrial applications. The use of membranes for reducing the greenhouse effect and improving energy efficiency has also been suggested. New process intensification strategies in the petrochemical industry have opened up another growth area for gas separation membrane systems and membrane reactors. This two volume set presents the state-of-the-art in membrane engineering for the separation of gases. It addresses future developments in carbon capture and utilization, H2 production and purification, and

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Anti-Inflammatory Drug Discovery provides a comprehensive review of recent medicinal chemistry approaches to a variety of important therapeutic targets and provides a key reference for those interested in the prosecution of modern drug discovery programs directed at anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action. The editors, with extensive experience in this field, have selected key thought-leaders who will bring their experience to the medicinal chemistry literature for each target, ranging from components of the arachadonic acid cascade, to kinases, GPCRs, sphingolipids and others, to summarize its background biology and detail new insights, major advances and issues related to bringing new anti-inflammatory therapies to market. Consisting of five main sections key targets covered will include the AA Cascade: mPGES1, cPLA2, Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase, CRTH2; Kinases: P38/PDE4, MAPKAP Kinase 2 (MK2), Syk Kinase Inhibitors, Jak Kinases, IKK , Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase; GPCRs: CCR1, CCR2 Antagonists, CB2 Agonists; Sphingolipids: S1P1 Receptor Agonists, Sphingosine Lyase and Sphingosine Kinase 1 and a final miscellaneous section that looks at Non-Steroidal Dissociated Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonists. The book will be essential reading for pharmacologists, medicinal chemists and pharmaceutical scientists working in industry and academia.

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This authoritative reference covers the various aspects of materials science that will impact on the next generation of photovoltaic (PV) module technology. The emphasis on materials brings a fresh perspective to the literature and highlights crucial issues. Special attention is given to thin film PV materials, an area that is growing more rapidly than crystalline silicon and could dominate in the long term. The book addresses the fundamental aspects of PV solar cell materials and gives a comprehensive description of each major thin film material, either in research or production. Particular weight is given to the key materials drivers of solar conversion efficiency, long term stability, materials costs, and materials sustainability.

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Analytical Archaeometry describes this interesting and challenging field of research - on the border between natural sciences (chemistry, spectroscopy, biology, geology) and humanities (archaeology, (art-)history, conservation sciences). It fills the gap between these two areas whilst focussing on the analytical aspects of this research field. The first part of the book studies the main analytical techniques used in this research field. The second part expands from the different types of materials usually encountered, and the final part is organised around a series of typical research questions. The book is not only focussed on archaeological materials, but is also accessible to a broader lay audience. Overall the book is clearly structured and gives insight into different approaches to the study of analytical providing extensive discussion on a wide range of techniques, materials, questions and applications. Due to the advances in analytical instrumentation and applications in this field, it is important to have all this information merged together. Academics as well as professionals in archaeology, art history, museum labs and conservation science will find this an invaluable reference source ensuring the reader is provided with the latest progress in this research field.

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Modelling and simulation technologies have improved dramatically over the past decade and their applications in toxicity prediction and risk assessment are of great importance. Such approaches will become increasingly necessary as industrial chemicals advance and as new pharmaceuticals enter the market. In this comprehensive discussion of predictive toxicology and its applications, leading experts express their views on the technologies currently available and the potential for future developments. The book covers a wide range of topics including the in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches being used in the safety assessment of chemical substances. It reflects the growing and urgent need to strengthen our ability to predict the risks posed by industrial and pharmaceutical chemicals in humans. Extensive information on the use of current animal models used for various toxicities and target-mediated toxicities is included. Also discussed are the recently introduced regulatory initiatives.

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Non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, represent the cause of 60% of all deaths around the globe. With proper diet and natural dietary antioxidant supplements, these diseases can be prevented by up to 40% according to the British Nutrition Foundation. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on the health benefits of natural dietary antioxidant supplements. It presents state-of-the-art research and information as well as the global regulations, labelling, and health claims of natural dietary antioxidant supplements. Written by expert authors, the wealth of research is arranged by disease type rather than by supplement type making it much more useful to the reader. Filling a gap in the literature, the book is aimed at researchers and professionals working in food chemistry, nutrition, and health benefits.

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Providing an invaluable resource, this volume contains analysed, evaluated and distilled information on the latest in organometallic and coordination chemistry research and emerging fields. With the increase in volume, velocity and variety of information, researchers can find it difficult to keep up to date with the literature in their field. The reviews range in scope and include recent advances in chromium coordination chemistry, borohydride and borane ligand architectures supported by heterocyclic units and discussion on behaviours of novel ruthenium(II) complexes. This volume is a key reference for researchers in academic and industrial settings.

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In recent years there has been tremendous progress in the area of tissue engineering research. This two-volume set, containing Smart Materials for Tissue Engineering: Fundamental Principles and Smart Materials for Tissue Engineering: Applications, provides a complete overview of the field. Volume one covers the fundamental principles underpinning the materials science developed for enhancing tissue regeneration, as well as those used for regulating the functions of living cells. Volume two focuses on the applications of different materials for replacing or facilitating tissue regeneration. It also provides examples of new materials that have been developed to control cell behaviours and tissue formation by biomimetic topography which closely replicate the natural extracellular matrix. This set comprehensively documents the recent advancements in smart materials for tissue engineering and provides an essential text for those working in materials science and material

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Fluoropolymers display a wide range of remarkable properties and are used in a number of applications including high performance elastomers, thermoplastics, coatings for optical fibers, and hydrophobic and lipophobic surfaces. Fluorinated Polymers: Applications covers the recent developments in the uses of fluoropolymers. Examples include materials for energy applications such as fuel cell membranes, lithium ion batteries and photovoltaics, as well as high-tech areas such as aerospace and aeronautics, automotives, building industries, textile finishings and electronics. Written by internationally recognized academic and industrial contributors, the book will be of interest to those in industry and academia working in the fields of materials science, polymer chemistry and energy applications of polymers. Together with Fluorinated Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, Processing and Simulation, these books provide a complete overview of different fluorinated polymer materials and their uses.

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The applications of ionic liquids can be enormously expanded by arranging the organic ions in the form of a polymer architecture. Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), also known as poly(ionic liquid)s or polymeric ionic liquids, provide almost all features of ionic polymers plus a rare versatility in design. The mechanical properties of the solid or solid-like polymers can also be controlled by external stimuli, the basis for designing smart materials. Known for over four decades, PILs are a member of the ionic polymers family. Although the previous forms of ionic polymers have a partial ionicity, PILs are entirely composed of ions. Therefore, they offer a better flexibility for designing a responsive architecture as smart materials. Despite the terminology, PILs can be synthesized from solid organic ionic salts since the monomer liquidity is not a requirement for the polymerization process. Ionicity can also be induced to a neutral polymer by post-polymerization treatments. This is indeed an emerging field whose capabilities have been somehow overshadowed by the popularity of ionic liquids. However, recent reports in the literature have shown impressive potentials for the future. Written by leading authors, the present book provides a comprehensive overview of this exciting area, discussing various aspects of PILs and their applications as smart materials. Owing to the novelty of this area of research, the book will appeal to a broad readership including students and researchers from materials science, polymer science, chemistry, and physics.

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Despite ongoing efforts to prohibit the production, storage and use of chemical warfare agents recent world events highlight the enduring threat to the population from these agents. Research efforts in various countries have resulted in novel insights into chemical warfare toxicology that has enabled the development of new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of chemical warfare poisoning. This book provides an up-to-date treatise on the diagnosis and verification of exposure, and the pre- and post-exposure treatment of poisoning. Focussing on the most important representative nerve and blistering agents, whilst also covering other potential chemical warfare agents, this book will give the reader a comprehensive overview of the many different aspects of chemical warfare agent toxicology. The text will appeal to toxicologists, biochemists and weapons specialists working in industry and academia, and anyone with an interest in chemical warfare toxicology or exposure.

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The number of available synthetic methods can be overwhelming. In order to create novel motifs and templates which confer new and potentially valuable drug-like properties, it is important to know which synthetic methodologies will give the best results. This two-volume set of books provides both academic and industrial perspectives on key reactions giving the reader an excellent overview of the techniques used in modern synthesis. Reaction types are conveniently framed in the context of their value to industry and the challenges and limitations of methodologies are discussed with relevant illustrative examples. Moreover, key opportunities in expanding chemical space are presented, including the increasingly important syntheses that introduce three-dimensional molecular shape. Volume 1 focusses on transition metal mediated methods used in industry and volume 2 covers further valuable methods, such as fluorination, C-N bond formation and asymmetric reactions. Edited and authored by lead

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With the increase in volume, velocity and variety of information, researchers can find it difficult to keep up to date with the literature in their field. This invaluable volume contains analysed, evaluated and distilled information on the latest in carbohydrate research. The discovery and synthesis of novel carbohydrates and mimetics with diverse applications continues to be a major challenge for carbohydrate chemists. The understanding of the structure and function of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates remains vital in medicine and molecular biology. This volume collates modern carbohydrate research from theory to application and demonstrates the importance of carbohydrates in new lead generation. It is of benefit to any researcher who wishes to learn about the latest developments in the carbohydrate field.

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The field of aromatic interactions, the fundamental nature of substituent effects and the identification of contacts between anions and aromatic systems have generated stimulating arguments in recent years. New theoretical frameworks have been developed and tested and aromatic interactions have emerged as potential solutions for varied problems in biology and materials science. This book provides a wide ranging survey of the latest findings and advances surrounding aromatic interactions, stretching from the fundamentals to modern applications in synthesis, biology and materials chemistry. It also discusses computational, experimental and analytical approaches to understanding these interactions, including pi-pi, anion-pi, and cation-pi interactions. Aromatic Interactions: Frontiers in Knowledge and Application is a useful text for advanced students and researchers, and appeals to those working within the fields of supramolecular chemistry, computational chemistry and thermodynamics.

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This unique book describes the latest information in the fundamental understanding of the biophysics and biochemistry of articular cartilage using the state-of-the-art practices in NMR and MRI. This is the first book of its kind, written by physicists and chemists on this important tissue, whose degradation contributes to osteoarthritis and related joint diseases. Connecting the fundamental science with the clinical imaging applications, the experts Editors provide an authoritative addition to the literature. Ideal for practising physical scientists and radiologists with an interest in the fundamental science as well as instrument manufacturers and clinical researchers working with articular cartilage.

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The field of nanoceramics for biomedical applications has experienced important advances in the last five years. These advances are mainly focused in the field of new nanostructured bioceramics able to mimic almost the same biomineralization processes. In addition, there has also been significant advances in nanoceramics as vehicles for targeted drug delivery and gene therapy. Building on the success of Biomimetic Nanoceramics in Clinical Use, this second edition has been revised and updated to reflect the recent developments in the field. Nanoceramics in Clinical Use includes additional material on bone mineralization processes, new synthesis strategies and applications of nanostructured bioceramics to manufacture 3D macroporous scaffolds and as nanovehicles for targeted drug delivery and gene therapies, to provide the reader with a complete overview of the topic, from fundamental principles to the latest advances. Written by World leading experts in bioceramics, this title will appeal to a broad audience, from academic researchers to those working within the commercial industry. Materials and chemical engineers, chemists, biologists, physicists and those working in medicine, im particular with medical implants, will appreciate the comprehensive coverage of this fast-developing area.

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Practical Laboratory Skills Training Guides aim to make achieving best practice easy. These invaluable manuals will enable both experienced and inexperienced staff to get the essential basics of any experiment right simply by following the clear and easy to use instructions provided. The guides are written by experienced scientists and include minimal theory, plenty of practical exercises in order to assess competence, and trouble shooting information. Available for purchase separately or as a complete set, Practical Laboratory Skills Training Guides include the following titles: Measurement of Mass; Measurement of Volume; Measurement of pH; High Performance Liquid Chromatography; and Gas Chromatography. The measurement guides look at the principles and terminology of each technique and the choice of equipment. This is followed by a step-by-step guide and some practical exercises. The chromatography guides begin by looking at the basic theory of the technique, then the system and its c

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The coupling of mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance to chromatography has broadened the possibilities for determining organic reaction mechanisms. And while many results have been published reporting these, even more can be achieved through modern computational methods. Combining computational and theoretical techniques with advanced chromatographic methods offers a powerful tool for quantitatively determining molecular interactions . This book presents the possibilities for characterising biological applications by combining analytical and computational chemistries. Written by the author of “HPLC: A Practical Guide” (RSC, 1999), the book examines not only the behaviour of biological reactions per se, but also describes the behaviour of biological molecules in chromatography systems. Various software packages are reviewed, and most computations can be performed on a standard PC using accessible software. Consideration is given to a variety of chromatographic techniques and strategies for high-sensitivity detection are presented. The first book of its kind, it will inspire readers to explore the possibilities of combining these techniques in their own work, whether at an industrial or academic level.

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With the development of courses on materials synthesis and the need to carry out specific chemical transformations in the laboratory, good practical advice will be needed for those requiring more detail on conjugated materials synthesis. The purpose of this book is to give researchers and students an introduction and reference that efficiently provides general information for each important synthetic method category and a number of examples from the literature to convey practically important variations. It is useful as an outline for advanced organic and materials science courses as well as a good introduction and desk reference for new and experienced researchers in the field.

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In a field as diverse as Chemical Modelling it can be difficult to keep up with the literature, or discover the latest applications of computational and theoretical chemistry. Specialist Periodical Reports present comprehensive and critical reviews of the recent literature, providing the reader with informed opinion and latest detailed information in their field. The latest volume of Chemical Modelling presents a diverse range of authors invited by the volume editors to review and report the major developments in the field. Topics include Quantum Chemistry of Large Systems, Theoretical Studies of Special Relativity in Atoms and Molecules, MOFs: From Theory Towards Applications, and Multi-Scale Modelling. For experienced researchers and those just entering the field of chemical modelling, this latest Specialist Periodical Report is an essential resource for any research group active in the field or chemical sciences library.

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Since the discovery of the first examples of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenase-catalysed reactions in the 1960s, a remarkably broad diversity of alternate reactions and substrates has been revealed, and extensive advances have been achieved in our understanding of the structures and catalytic mechanisms. These enzymes are important agrochemical targets and are being pursued as therapeutic targets for a wide range of diseases including cancer and anemia. This book provides a central source of information that summarizes the key features of the essential group of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and related enzymes. Given the numerous recent advances and biomedical interest in the field, this book aims to unite the latest research for those already working in the field as well as to provide an introduction for those newly approaching the topic, and for those interested in translating the basic science into medicinal and agricultural benefits. The book begins with four broad chapters that highlight critical aspects, including an overview of possible catalytic reactions, structures and mechanisms. The following seventeen chapters focus on carefully selected topics, each written by leading experts in the area. Readers will find explanations of rapidly evolving research, from the chemistry of isopenicillin N synthase to the oxidation mechanism of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by ten-eleven-translocase oxygenases.

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It is generally accepted within the scientific community that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are primarily responsible for a recent warming in global climate and that current trajectories of emissions may lead to potentially catastrophic changes in climate. While reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases, and particularly carbon dioxide, could lead to a stabilisation of global temperatures, this requires international agreements which have yet to be achieved. A possible alternative, which has been widely mooted is to use methods known as geoengineering as an alternative way of limiting increases in global temperature. Geoengineering techniques fall into two main categories of carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management; within each of these there are a number of options. Following on from “Carbon Capture” (volume 29 in this series), Geoengineering of the Climate System presents an overview of the technologies currently being considered as large scale solutions to climate change, and considers some of the possible benefits and disadvantages of each. Invited contributions have been received by many of the leading experts on these technologies, and the volume provides a comprehensive overview of both carbon dioxide reduction and solar radiation management methods. These give rise to important ethical and governance issues which are also explored. Written with active researchers, postgraduate students and policy-makers in mind, the latest addition to the Issues in Environmental Science & Technology series presents a balanced and informed view of this important field of research and is an essential addition to any environmental science library.

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Educating the next generation of chemists about green chemistry issues, such as waste minimisation and clean synthesis, is vital for environmental sustainability. This book enables green issues to be taught from the underlying principles of all chemistry courses rather than in isolation. Chapters contributed by green chemistry experts from across the globe, with experience in teaching at different academic levels, provide a coherent overview of possible approaches to incorporate green chemistry into existing curriculums. Split into three sections, the book first introduces sustainability and green chemistry education , before focussing on high school green chemistry education initiatives and green chemistry education at undergraduate and post-graduate levels. Useful laboratory experiments and in-class activities to aid teaching are included. This book is a valuable resource for chemical educators worldwide who wish to integrate green chemistry into chemical education in a systematic and holistic way. It is also of interest to anyone wanting to learn more about the different approaches adopted around the world in sustainability education.

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Ball milling has emerged as a powerful tool over the past few years for effecting chemical reactions by mechanical energy. Allowing a variety of reactions to occur at ambient temperatures and in solvent-free conditions, ball milling presents a greener route for many chemical processes. Compared to the use of microwave and ultrasound as energy sources for chemical reactions, ball milling is not as familiar to chemists and yet it holds great potential. This book will introduce practicing chemists to the technique and will highlight its importance for green transformations. Current applications of ball milling will be covered in detail as well as its origin, recent developments and future scope, challenges and prospects. Chemical transformations covered include carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation, oxidation by solid oxidants, asymmetric organo-catalytic reactions, dehydrogenative coupling, peptide syntheses and polymeric material syntheses. The book will provide a valuable guide for organic, inorganic and organometallic chemists, material scientists, polymer scientists, reaction engineers and postgraduate students in chemistry.

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Formulation is a key step in the drug design process, where the active drug is combined with other substances that maximise the therapeutic potential, safety and stability of the final medicinal product. Modern formulation science deals with biologics as well as small molecules. Regulatory and quality demands, in addition to advances in processing technologies, result in growing challenges as well as possibilities for the field. Pharmaceutical Formulation provides an up to date source of information for all who wish to understand the principles and practice of formulation in the drug industry. The book provides an understanding of the links between formulation theory and the practicalities of processing in a commercial environment, giving researchers the knowledge to produce effective pharmaceutical products that can be approved and manufactured. The first chapters introduce readers to different dosage forms, including oral liquid products, topical products and solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules. Subsequent chapters cover pharmaceutical coatings, controlled release drug delivery and dosage forms designed specifically for paediatric and geriatric patients. The final chapter provides an introduction to the vital role intellectual property plays in drug development. Covering modern processing methods and recent changes in the regulatory and quality demands of the industry, Pharmaceutical Formulation is an essential, up to date resource for students and researchers working in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry.

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Once considered an inert element, gold has recently gained attention as a catalyst. With hundreds of papers being published each year, this book presents a comprehensive review of this rapidly-evolving field, with contributions by leading experts across the globe. Going through the chapters citing the primary literature, the reader will gain a thorough background to the use of gold in catalysis, as well as the latest methods for the preparation of gold catalysts. Other chapters demonstrate the characterisation and modelling of gold-catalysed reactions, with consideration given to both the fundamentals and commercial applications of this emerging group of catalysts. Written to be accessible by postgraduates and newcomers to the field, this book will also benefit experienced researchers and therefore be an essential reference in the laboratory.

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This series provides an unequalled source of information on an area of chemistry that continues to grow in importance. Divided into sections mainly according to the particular spectroscopic technique used, coverage in each volume includes: NMR (with reference to stereochemistry, dynamic systems, paramagnetic complexes, solid state NMR and Groups 13-18); nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; vibrational spectroscopy of main group and transition element compounds and coordinated ligands; and electron diffraction. Reflecting the growing volume of published work in the field, researchers will find this an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications.

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Fracking has the potential to extract hydrocarbons from previously inaccessible sources of gas and oil, but is regularly in the news because of environmental concerns surrounding the process. First used commercially in the mid-20th Century, only recently has fracking been deployed on a large scale, revolutionising the energy industry in the USA. As more nations seek to adopt or ban fracking, do the economic benefits outweigh the environmental costs? Presenting both sides of the debate, this latest volume of Issues in Environmental Science and Technology draws on a wealth of international expertise, ranging from the oil and gas industry to Friends of the Earth. The technology of fracking is examined in detail, as well as the associated economic, societal and global climate change considerations. Anyone wishing to gain a balanced view of hydraulic fracturing will benefit from reading this book, which is aimed at researchers in academia and industry, policy makers, environmental science students and the interested layman.

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Describing comprehensively the development and applications of NMR to oil and gas exploration, this book will bring the literature up to date as it has developed very quickly in the last two decades. Outlining new methodologies, it will provide a thorough and comprehensive document enabling a better understanding of the basics of NMR physics, petrophysics, downhole tools and data interpretation. Written by an author with more than 30 years’ experience in this hot and important topic, this book is designed to meet the needs of the community and encourage applications in low field NMR.

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"We heartily recommend this book to all readers who wish to gain a better understanding of nanostructured carbon materials surface properties and used in catalysis." An-Hui Lu, ChemCatChem There is great interest in using nanostructured carbon materials in catalysis, either as supports for immobilizing active species or as metal-free catalysts due to their unique structural, thermal, chemical, electronic and mechanical properties, and tailorable surface chemistry. This book looks at the structure and properties of different doped and undoped nanocarbons including graphene; fullerenes; nanodiamonds; carbon nanotubes and nanofibers; their synthesis and modification to produce catalysts. Special attention is paid to adsorption, as it impacts the application of these materials in various industrially relevant catalytic reactions discussed herein, in addition to photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Written by leading experts in the area, this is the first book to provide a comprehensive view of the subject for the catalysis community.

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