Search results for ""nova""

Multidisciplinary Science and Advanced Technologies form a vast and diverse class of the engineering science and research divisions. This book discusses novel design techniques and smart mechanisms, as well as innovations that might be utilized in the future. Scientific modification can control industrial-scale assembly, a process that ultimately provides specific material function, depending on electronic development for advancements. Furthermore, the combination of supramolecular multidisciplinary technologies allows for the exploration of applicationâbased materials. Smart materials are vital for the in-depth analysis of various morphologies. This book is an international forum for comprehensive soft-condensed matter physics, nanoscience principles, nanotechnology tools, and nanotechnology applications in the environmental, energy, and electronics sector, including a discussion of ethical issues in these fields. This book reviews the applications and market potential of a variety of media, including mirror, glazing, and display products, such as low-information content displays for banners and labels. The physicist, chemical engineer, materials scientist, nanotechnologist, and biologist at all levels, as well as academicians for unique device-based applications in various fields, will benefit from this book. Readers will gain an understanding of the practical and highly sensitive business fields for specific disciplinarians. The goal is to provide readers a broad review from a materials perspective, so that teachers can provide a comprehensive review of this technology to students. This book also highlights the entire gamut of smart engineering technologies and the materials design process of fabrications from past to present and future perspectives. The syllabi of various technical universities and research institutes are examined, explaining the basic perceptions of this emerging field. In science today, the major focus of research and development in synthetic materials and spectroscopic analysis broadly deals with materials on the atomic and molecular scales. The vision for the future is to move beyond these already existing applications and explore new realms of electronic applications.

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While creativity and solidarity form the main constructive profile for our species, the primal animal drive for dominance involving basal brain circuits places our future at risk. This bipolar nature distorts the global perspective of our collective future and ecological conditions. Our species' behavioural construction has its roots in ancestral habits and survival drives that were crystallized in basic neurobehavioral circuits over millennia, be it as predators or potential prey. Its expression acquired further complexity through the development of social/cultural cues, and was kept-in-check by conditional inhibitory processes. How much of our current drive - individually and as a global community - is caused by those inherited traits imprinted in our animal condition? This book analyses the increasing bipolar construction in terms of dominant groups affecting critical access to current knowledge and information, a profound gap among populations concerning a modern humane quality of life, and present trends pertaining to our ecological habitat. These dynamic processes seem to be in a free-running mode, only conditioned by the prevalence of power concentration in the hands of worldwide minority groups. This worldwide disjointed perspective is further distorted by diverse cultural profiles and interests accessing information and its impact on lifestyles. Our species' true nature has highly conserved remnants of our animal origin expressed as animal drives embodied before and during the evolutionary process as Homo and under inhibitory social control. These involve territorial, survival, and dominant cues on top of which sapiens' cultural development profiles have taken place; that is, the hidden ancestral human nature. Competition to control and prevail in those domains has unveiled a long-lived struggle for dominance in political and financial (corporate- or state-bound) prevalence. Below this stratum of power-seekers, a large proportion of the service-bound and marginal populations crawl for their survival, often approaching inhuman conditions. Fundamentalist beliefs, the disregard of environmental abuse, belligerence to resolve discrepancies, personal and group-centred greed, growing inequalities, disinformation from dominant carriers, and intolerance to alternative viewpoints describe our species' developmentally immature collective behaviour. If not just an evolutionary stage, then we in fact belong to the "wrong species" (Colombo, 2010), and are on a path toward our demise or a bipolar evolution of our species, but not necessarily a collective, cooperative, shared development that respects various cultural profiles. The increasing speed of knowledge development widens the gap among populations with different cultural values and those that are underdeveloped or living in subhuman conditions. Since we exited the period of egalitarian-prone hunter gatherers, we have been conditioned by elite or institutionalized dominant powers and given limited access to information, which is used as a means for domination. Hence, our future depends not only on our social, political, and financial decision-makers but also on the degree of our permissive, functional absence from such a scenario.

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Moringa oleifera is a widely cultivated and highly valuable tree belonging to the family Moringaceae, originating in India. This compilation explores its wide variety of uses, including in food, traditional herbal medicine, water purification and as an insecticide.

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Volume 66 begins with a focus on the development of reproducible and economical methodologies for the separation, identification and quantification of chemical species present in oils and greases. The authors discuss the major structure-function attributes of azoles as antifungal mainstays, with an intensive focus on resistant mechanisms and concurrent remedial measures. Following this, the total syntheses of biologically active natural products achieved over the past 25 years is described. The concluding study concerns methanol, a toxic substance with a neutral, colorless liquid and a mild odor.

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Smart cities rely on information and communication technologies to enhance the quality of life of their citizens. This includes better use of transportation infrastructure, use of public transport, clean fuels, efficient utilization of parking spaces, and carsharing through the use of technologies such as internet of things, cloud computing, and blockchain while keeping in account environmental goals. Mobility management in urban areas is challenging yet critical. For the smooth transportation of goods and people, a detailed study of the city system elements from multiple perspectives is required. In this book, theoretical models, literature reviews and case studies to improve mobility in smart cities are provided. The key problems addressed are the allocation of pay and display parking machines,electric vehicle charging station location optimization, facility location planning under stochastic disruption, pedestrian safety planning using internet of things, assessing the environmental effect of airports on cities and populations, antecedents and outcomes of reverse supply chain and social sustainability practices, discrete event simulation for carsharing fleet management strategies, data mining models for road transport GHG emissions prediction, bibliometric analysis on smart city mobility, and blockchain for supply chain traceability application. Simulation, optimization, machine learning and qualitative methodologies are used. The book will serve as a very useful resource to academicians and practitioners working in the field.

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In this book we have brought together research from international clinicians, practitioners and researchers from various backgrounds and communities. Some of the papers were presented at the annual Stop Youth Suicide conference in Lexington, Kentucky in November 2019 and some at the Fifth International Conference on Child Health, Development and Welfare in Jerusalem, Israel during December 2019. The topics in this international potpourri of presentations are from a college experience program for people with intellectual disabilities in New York, migration from South Korea, which has emerged as one of the world's largest diaspora nations, discussions on abuse head trauma and adolescent suicide to risk factors for impaired early childhood development in rural India. We hope this collection of papers will be of interest to our international audience and hope you will find useful information from this research.

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Advances in Medicine and Biology. Volume 170 begins by presenting the latest evidence that Alzheimer's disease-related proteins and their genes play a role in post-ischemic brain damage, and that an ischemic episode is an essential and leading provider of Alzheimer's disease development. The authors go on to review the pathophysiology, symptoms, epidemiology, analysis, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Important issues when appraising and interpreting studies on fertility awareness methods used for avoiding pregnancy are described, and correct clinical applications of fertility awareness methods for contraception are also discussed. The basic molecular pathology of human cancers is discussed, as well as rising technologies for tumour characterization and the role of molecular profiling in identifying potential targets for individualised treatment. Additionally, an overview of the various modalities for assessing the liver functional reserve in patients undergoing hepatic resection is provided. Lastly, data on the linearization of somatic growth plots in humans and rats is discussed, showing the existence of at least two ontogenetic transitions: juvenile and pubertal.

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Rural Development is a deliberate transformation towards the advancement of the financial and societal standard of living of the rural poor through amplified production, impartial delivery of possessions, and empowerment. In general, a deliberate transformation towards rural institution building and progression in technology. Bangladesh, nearly 50 years into its liberation, stays on the route to development and the country is looking forward to transitioning into a developed state by 2041. There is global pressure also. Rural development plays a key role in attaining the targets. The Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) is a pioneer institute for attaining rural development in Bangladesh. The academy is acknowledged as a center of excellence regarding training, research and action research. The institute was established in 1959 with the intention of provide training to the public officials and representatives of the local government and village institutions on diverse matters concerning to rural development. Still, the institution provides training to diverse stakeholders. Moreover, a large quantity of international clientele comprising scholars, research fellows, experts, government bureaucrats, affiliates of diplomatic corps and global organizations visit the academy. The academy has been steering socio-economic study from the time of its beginning. Research outcomes are used as training resources and contributions for introducing action research by the Academy itself. It also works as data resources and policy ideas for the policy makers, Ministries, and Planning Commission. In certain circumstances, these are also dispersed among the global organizations and institutes. BARD conducts investigational projects to progress models of better-quality institution, managerial arrangements in addition to harmonization and approaches of production. The project events generally include the villagers' development institutes, local bodies and public officials. To this point the Academy has directed more than 50 investigational projects on different facets of rural development. Finally, in the era of globalization and pressure of implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the book provides an immense knowledge on "Rural Development" issue in Bangladesh perspective.

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In this compilation, the role of liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and chemometrics for the analysis and characterization of plant natural products is addressed. The authors provide a comprehensive review of the pharmacological activity of cetrarioid lichens and their major secondary metabolites as antioxidants to prevent and treat oxidative stress-related diseases. Following this, the way in which the detection of various secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds in some plants can reduce sickle cells in vitro is studied. In addition, the efficiency of green and conventional solvent systems concerning the three classes of phytochemicals (phenols, alkaloids, and flavonoids) is described. Lastly, a brief history of antibiotics and the spread of resistance is provided, and future strategies to combat drug-resistant microbes are discussed.

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This book provides comprehensive insights into emerging trends on calcium signaling in the nervous system from triggering signal transduction neuronal pathways to regulation of brain functions. Calcium signaling is one of the major coupling mechanism linking external stimuli with intracellular processes. Normal calcium signaling is important for functioning of all cells particularly neurons coupled to control mechanisms of the body inducing intra- and intercellular signaling and triggering biochemical cascade to control metabolism, gene expression, cell differentiation and apoptosis. The author, Dr. Victor V. Chaban is Professor of Medicine with dual appointment at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (CDU) and University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). Dr. Chaban completed his post-doctoral training in Neuroscience at UCLA and graduate studies in Clinical Research at CDU. He serves on National Institute of Health and several international study sections and holds U.S. Patents. Prof. Chaban is established expert, who contributed significantly to a better understanding of neuroplasticity and neurodegeneration associated with changes in calcium signaling. Calcium Signaling and Nervous System: Overview and Directions for Research gives an up to date account of changes in intracellular Ca2+ associated with primary afferents sensitization, neuronal and glial reorganization, neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. This book is recommended to scientists, healthcare providers, students and patients.

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This compilation opens with a review of the current knowledge regarding the impact of endocrine disruptors on human health, as well as the mechanisms contributing to it. The authors emphasize the evidence of aquaporin modulation by hypoxia and erythropoietin, as these water channels are increasingly valued as potential biomarkers of disease, as well as pharmacological targets for the treatment of brain and renal injuries, cardiovascular disorders and cancer. Later, the safety and tolerability of adalimumab demonstrated in pivotal phase III clinical trials is examined, along with long-term follow up data from open-label extensions and the ESPRIT registry. Adalimumab for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis and peripheral spondyloarthritis is also discussed. The authors go on to study the types, causes, effect and problems related to polycystic ovary syndrome. The closing study deals with the relationship between reactive oxygen species and male fertility, providing some futuristic approaches for better research in the field.

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This book reviews the current literature relevant to college students and e-cigarette use, with emphasis on the perceived risks and benefits of use, and discusses how this information may be applied to future interventions in this population. E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices, vape pens, e-hookah, e-cigars, e-pipes, or other electronic nicotine delivery systems. They are designed to heat a liquid solution that emulates smoking using a smoke-free technique. Ongoing studies of nicotine salts and by-products such as N-nitrosonornicotine and nicotyrine and their physiological effects are also reviewed.

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This chapter is a monography concerning the possible role of tissue stiffness in the human carcinogenesis as well as its possible impact in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the malignancies. Cancer is a very serious health problem in mankind, with an increasing prevalence and incidence worldwide. Although in the last years, several diagnostic and therapeutic approaches were suggested and made available for managing human malignancies, the outcome of patients and their quality of life are still poor for most of these different forms of neoplasms (Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(1):16-27. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578). Several reasons may explain this dismal prognosis: the aggressive biological behavior of some histological subtypes, the acute-, intermediate- or late- side effects of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, including toxicity of organs, diarrhea, skin irritation, nausea, mucositis, alopecia, vomiting, intestinal discomfort, asthenia, the arising of immunosuppression with neutropenia, the increased risk of infections as well as the occurrence of secondary cancers, at variable time intervals, either within a few weeks or months/years after the end of anticancerous treatments. From chemotherapy to biological therapy: A review of novel concepts to reduce the side effects of systemic cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol.] 2019;54(2):407-419. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4661). 1) Novel strategies and methodological approaches are strongly required to determine an effective improvement in the management of these diseases. It is conceivable to suppose that not only the genetic alterations, but also further important factors may be involved in determining the prognosis of patients, suffering from malignancies. 2) Extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a crucial and key component of tissue structure contributing to the initiation, growth, and progression of human carcinoma. This last consists of a three-dimensional and highly dynamic macromolecular network, supporting the structure of all mammalian cells and modulating their function. ECM is characterized by well-defined physical, biochemical and biomechanical properties and plays multiple functions, such as: a) the maintenance of cellular, tissue and organ homeostasis, b) the regulation of both the amounts and the activities of growth factors and receptors c) the preservation of an adequate hydration status and pH level in the tissue microenvironment. It undergoes a continuous but tightly regulated remodeling and several mechanisms participate in the control of its adequate composition and structural organization. Therefore, ECM regulates a wide series of distinct cell activities, such as differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation and migration as well as energy production and availability. In normal conditions, a dynamic interplay is established among mammalian cells and ECM, surrounding them. The result of this cooperation is the maintenance of a proper ECM composition, morphology, disposition and activity in all tissues and a correct intracellular structure and function, both in the cytoplasm and in micro-organelles, such as nucleus. In the last years, a large series of studies are focusing on a better understanding of ECM alterations and abnormalities, that emerge in its structure, shape and spatial organization, during the occurrence of different pathological conditions, such as inflammation and cancer. 3) ECM contributes to regulate and modulate a wide series of distinct cell activities, such as differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and migration as well as energy production and availability. In normal conditions, a dynamic interplay is established among mammalian cells and ECM, surrounding them. It involves soluble factors, such as chemokines, cytokines, costimulatory molecules, additional biological mediators (oxidants and prostaglandins) and physical stimuli (microenvironment stiffness and tensional/compression forces). The result of this cooperation is the maintenance of a proper ECM composition, morphology, disposition and activity in all tissues and a correct intracellular structure and function, both in the cytoplasm and in micro-organelles, such as nucleus. In the last years, a large series of studies are focusing on a better understanding of ECM alterations and abnormalities, that emerge in its structure, shape and spatial organization, during the occurrence of different pathological conditions, such as inflammation and cancer. To date, some studies are investigating the mutual interactions among the cells, that are progressively acquiring a cancerous phenotype, and the stroma surrounding them as well as the changes in physical properties of nucleus- and cytoplasmic- microenvironment. It has been shown that the ability of malignant cells to grow and to metastasize depends on several factors, such as the relationship occurring between the stroma stiffness as well as the nucleus and cytoplasm rigidity. Since 2003, Professor Donald Ingber published some interesting papers about tensegrity and tissue stiffness as a possible risk factor for cancer development (Ingber DE. Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology. ] J Cell Sci. 2003;116(Pt 7):1157-73; Ingber DE. Tensegrity II. How structural networks influence cellular information processing networks] J Cell Sci. 2003;116(Pt 8):1397-408). He has shed new light on this topic. Taking advantage from these experimental evidences, this paper describes the state of the art concerning this topic and the diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic use in clinical practice in the last years as well as the possible future application of these evidences. We performed this chapter to identify the available studies, assessing: 1) the possible association between tissue stiffness and risk of cancer development; up to now a rather high number of malignant tumoralhistotypes have been identified in the different human organs and have been included in our anatomopathological classifications. Therefore, we decided to consider in our review only the following organs: brain, breast, colon, esophagus, kidney. liver, lung, prostate, stomach, thyroid and uterus and for each of them we have analyzed the most frequent, aggressive and lethal malignancies as paradigm; 2) the "state of art" for this topic with clinical (diagnostic and therapeutic management) purpose; 3) the potential relationship between the values of tissue stiffness and prognosis in patients with cancers involving the above reported organs and the current use as well as their potential future application in clinical practice.

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This book is the initiative of young researchers looking for the right forum where to disseminate their investigations concerning the European Union. The combination of independent researchers are understood as a part of a whole, a part of a project in constant development. The EU is constantly pushed forward in the integration process by internal and external forces, in a development full of obstacles that need to be overcome. These researches provide an insight academic view on the main fields of integration in the European Union, from a perspective of deeper integration. They combine the analysis with critics and future proposals for a better understanding a very important social movement, foreseeing the logical obstacles the process will encounter and present a set of proposals for the right implementation of measures solving the necessities of the Europeans.

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Volume 19 first describes the principles, materials and processes in 2.5D printing and post-press enhancement based on the authors' research. This compilation goes on to discuss Hadoop, a pioneering open source framework that has revolutionized the big data world due to its ability to process vast amounts of unstructured and semi-structured data by distributing a massive amount of data across clusters. A new tool that uses general and query-based summarization to analyze students' log files at the Academic Center for Tutoring at Columbus State University, a small state university in Georgia, USA, is introduced. The concept of a Vehicle Accident Prediction System is presented using accident datasets based on actual vehicle accident data extracted from open-source datasets. The current problem of rapid data increase throughout the year is discussed, along with the available options for gaining useful insight from World Wide Web created data. A review of different methods for Audio-Visual Speech Recognition using Random Forest is presented, and a strategy based on the combination of Wavelet multiresolution analysis and Random Forest is proposed. The authors review six recent applications of autoencoders in cryo-EM and cryo-ET data analysis, discussing the autoencoders' strength and weaknesses to provide potential directions for future research. In closing, an algorithm is presented which uses ensembles of metamodels and classifiers to predict which candidate designs for computer simulations are expected to cause failures and to divert the search accordingly.

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This volume is a ground-breaking criticism of our criminal systems and of international criminal justice. One way of ensuring compliance with international criminal justice is to seek justice through pursuing the naked truth. Is it feasible to change this legal discipline? Is it possible for a society of human beings to function without any criminal legislation? We could also pose other crucial questions which concern our courts, legislative powers, and various governmental sanctions. What can we say about the world of animals? Do they also have legislative authorities who draft their international criminal law? What about enforcement measures, courts, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, and prisoners? Do they also kill millions of human beings through their political sanctions? Why do animals human not have any law, although human beings have produced vast amounts of case law? Are we more abhorrent than animals human? Are animals better educated and more morally competent than human beings? Given the answer to these questions, we use the term "human beings" in juxtaposition to the term "animals human" throughout this work. The volume puts forward its philosophy concerning the different attitudes of criminal theory and the doctrines which have strengthened the criminal discipline to favour the gross offenders known as the "authorities." Obtaining and reading this book is a must for the millions of prisoners, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, professors, researchers, philosophers, politicians, and students of law, criminal law, criminology, and political science, as well as military and police officers of all ranks, and academics.

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Set in the South and Southeast Region, this book attempts to analyse the implications of both genocides perpetrated on the unarmed Rohingya minority community in Myanmar, and the geopolitics of the powers of the region that deter the resolution of this festering problem. The book highlights the helplessness of the UN system to take any punitive actions against the perpetrators (ie: the security forces of Myanmar) given that China, India and Russia, who are taking the side of Myanmar for geopolitical reasons. They have exercised their vetoes at the UNSC to such an action. The book describes the key players in this region, their interests, compulsions and imperatives, and covers different strategies launched by the United States, China, India, Japan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar that tend to stall the resolution of the process or even refusing to take back the Rohingya refugees -- 1.1 million of them including children and women -- now languishing in the cramped camps inside Bangladesh. Most of these refugees were forced to flee their ancestral homes after a ghastly genocide meted out to them in October 2017. Such massacres have been taking place in a series of violence starting from 1977-8. This issue has huge regional security implications. The ugly heads of insurgency are also looming large. This has turned out to be a huge burden on the economy and environment of Bangladesh. However, different donor agencies including UNHCR are providing relief and rehabilitation. The author provides ramifications and reflections in the form of scenario development and suggesting certain options -- uniqueness of this book -- on this festering humanitarian issue.

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Leptospira is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes leptospirosis, one of the most important re-emerging zoonotic diseases. The disease is worldwide diffused, and animals are involved in its spreading. Among animals, wildlife play an important role in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, as reservoir of specific Leptospira serovar. Several species are known as Leptospira maintenance host, but other are less investigated and could represent a "new" host involved in its epidemiology. The book "Leptospira Infection in Wild Animals" contains descriptions of leptospirosis epidemiology in several wild animal species, highlighting the infection in different part of world, the most detected Leptospira serovar and the risks of infection for both humans and domestic animals. Data on marine mammals, wild boar, rodent, lagomorph, wild ruminants, amphibian and reptiles, bats and non-human primates Leptospira infection were deeply analysed and discussed in order to better understand their role in the leptospirosis epidemiology.

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