Search results for ""diffusion""

Written by an international team of leading scholars, this groundbreaking reference work explores the nature of language change and diffusion, and paves the way for future research in this rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field. Features 35 newly-written essays from internationally acclaimed experts that reflect the growth and vitality of the burgeoning area of historical sociolinguistics Examines how sociolinguistic theoretical models, methods, findings, and expertise can be used to reconstruct a language's past in order to explain linguistic changes and developments Bridges the gap between the past and the present in linguistic studies Structured thematically into sections exploring: origins and theoretical assumptions; methods for the sociolinguistic study of the history of languages; linguistic and extra-linguistic variables; historical dialectology, language contact and diffusion; and attitudes to language

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In this thought provoking and insightful book, Thomas Grebel provides the contours of a novel theoretical framework allowing us to cope with the complex nature of the creation, diffusion and normative direction of innovations in the health sector. Multi-disciplinary in scope and rigorous in technical and appreciative analysis, this book makes a major contribution to our understanding of the evolution of knowledge in general and the dynamic and complex nature of medical innovations in particular. Anyone seriously interested in theoretical and normative groundwork for an evolutionary knowledge-based approach to health economics will have to stop and listen.'- Kurt Dopfer, University of St Gallen, SwitzerlandInnovation and Health investigates both the origin and the diffusion of novelty in the field of health. It also provides a critical discussion of the methodology and theory of health economics. Neoclassical and evolutionary elements are combined to produce a comprehensive view of the commodity of 'health' beyond a pure 'market' perspective. Thus, the intangible dimension of health is taken into account. The methodological framework developed serves as a basis for several theoretical and empirical applications such as the creation of medical knowledge, the evolution of networks and the process of invention, innovation and diffusion in the health care sector.This timely resource will appeal to researchers and students working in health, innovation and evolutionary economics, as well as economic methodology. It will also appeal to health policy makers with an interest in market competition and social well-being.Contents: Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Change in Economics; 3. Health Economics; 4. Towards a Theory of Innovation in Health Economics; 5. Knowledge Creation in Medicine; 6. Network Evolution in Medicine; 7. Technology Diffusion in Medicine; 8. Conclusion; Appendix; Bibliography; Index

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Principles and Applications of Mass Transfer Core textbook teaching mass transfer fundamentals and applications for the design of separation processes in chemical, biochemical, and environmental engineering Principles and Applications of Mass Transfer teaches the subject of mass transfer fundamentals and their applications to the design of separation processes with enough depth of coverage to guarantee that students using the book will, at the end of the course, be able to specify preliminary designs of the most common separation process equipment. Reflecting the growth of biochemical applications in the field of chemical engineering, the fourth edition expands biochemical coverage, including transient diffusion, environmental applications, electrophoresis, and bioseparations. Also new to the fourth edition is the integration of Python programs, which complement the Mathcad programs of the previous edition. On the accompanying instructor’s website, the online appendices contain a downloadable library of Python and Mathcad programs for the example problems in each chapter. A complete solution manual for all end-of-chapter problems, both in Mathcad and Python, is also provided. Some of the topics covered in Principles and Applications of Mass Transfer include: Molecular mass transfer, covering concentrations, velocities and fluxes, the Maxwell-Stefan relations, and Fick’s first law for binary mixtures The diffusion coefficient, covering diffusion coefficients for binary ideal gas systems, dilute liquids, and concentrated liquids Convective mass transfer, covering mass-transfer coefficients, dimensional analysis, boundary layer theory, and mass- and heat-transfer analogies Interphase mass transfer, covering diffusion between phases, material balances, and equilibrium-stage operations Gas dispersed gas-liquid operations, covering sparged vessels, tray towers, diameter, and gas-pressure drop, and weeping and entrainment Principles and Applications of Mass Transfer is an essential textbook for undergraduate chemical, biochemical, mechanical, and environmental engineering students taking a core course on Separation Processes or Mass Transfer Operations, along with mechanical engineers and mechanical engineering students starting to get involved in combined heat- and mass-transfer applications.

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This volume is an outgrowth of the Third International Symposium on Hamiltonian Systems and Celestial Mechanics. The main topics are Arnold diffusion, central configurations, singularities in few-body problems, billiards, area-preserving maps, and geometrical mechanics. All papers in the volume went through the refereeing process typical of a mathematical research journal.

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This book analyses how consumer food choices have undergone profound changes in the context of the economic crisis, including the rediscovery of local products and the diffusion of multi-ethnic food. Corvo argues that a new ecological relationship between food and the environment is needed to reduce food problems such as food waste and obesity.

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An essential introduction to the physics of active matter and its application to questions in biologyIn recent decades, the theory of active matter has emerged as a powerful tool for exploring the differences between living and nonliving states of matter. The Restless Cell provides a self-contained, quantitative description of how the continuum theory of matter has been generalized to account for the complex and sometimes counterintuitive behaviors of living materials.Christina Hueschen and Rob Phillips begin by illustrating how classical field theory has been used by physicists to describe the transport of matter by diffusion, the elastic deformations of solids, and the flow of fluids. Drawing on physical insights from the study of diffusion, they introduce readers to the continuum theory protocol—a step-by-step framework for developing equations that describe matter as a continuum—and show how these methods and concepts can be generalized

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This timely and important book illuminates the impact of cyber law on the growth and development of emerging and developing economies. Using a strong theoretical framework firmly grounded in resource-based and technology diffusion literature, the authors convey a subtle understanding of the ways public and private sector entities in developing and emerging countries adopt cyber space processes.This book reveals that the diffusion of cyber activities in developing and emerging economies is relatively low, with the main stumbling blocks resting in regulatory, cultural, and social factors. The authors argue that cyber crimes constitute a prime obstacle to the diffusion of e-commence and e-governments in developing economies, and governments have an important role in developing control mechanisms in the form of laws. However, setting appropriate policies and complementary services, particularly those affecting the telecommunications sector and other infrastructure, human capital and the investment environment, severely constrains Internet access. Using both strategic and operational perspectives, the authors discuss the concrete experience of constructing and implementing cyber laws and cyber security measures in developing and emerging countries, and analyse their content and appropriateness. Professionals, academics, students, and policymakers working in the area of cyber space, e-commerce and economic development, and United Nations entities working closely with the Millennium Development Goals, will find this book an invaluable reference.

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This volume bring together John Beckwith's papers on medieval and Byzantine art. They focus on those subjects which the author made his own, Coptic and Byzantine "textiles, Western European and Constantinopolitan ivory carving, and Byzantine metalwork. A final section includes a number of studies on cultural diffusion, from Islam and Byzantium to Western Europe, in the early Middle Ages.

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A plethora of new actors has in recent years entered China’s environmental arena. In Western countries, the linkages and diffusion processes between such actors often drive environmental movements. Through a study of Chinese anti-incineration contention, Chinese Environmental Contention: Linking Up against Waste Incineration investigates how the different contentious actors in China’s green sphere link up, and what this means for environmental contention. It addresses questions such as: What lies behind the notable increase of environmental protests in China? And what are the potentials for the emergence of an environmental movement? The book shows that a complex network of ties has emerged in China’s environmental realm under Hu Jintao. Affected communities across the country have connected with each other and with national-level environmentalists, experts and lawyers. Such networked contention fosters both local campaigns and national-level policy advocacy. Beyond China, the detailed case studies shed light on the dynamics behind the diffusion of contention under restrictive political conditions.

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First Published in 1987. This volume reviews and assesses the literature on the impact of the economic forces on the rate and direction of technical change. Areas covered include the economic of invention and innovation, the evolution of thought and of empirical tests of induced innovation, the evolution of thought and of the empirical tests of induced innovation, the role of demand and supply in the diffusion of technical change. Specific attention is given to an emerging body of literature that attempts to integrate the process of invention, diffusion and reinvention. The review indicates that substantial progress has been made in modeling the process of technical change as endogenous to the economic system and in testing the induced innovation hypothesis against historical experience. The book concludes by drawing implications for research and economic development policy and will provide graduate students and professional in economics, agricultural economics, development studies and geography and technology forecasting with a sound review of the literature of technical change.

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This collection comprises important articles on key concepts in understanding the global economy. Professor Baldwin has selected papers, written by leading academics, which cover governance, diffusion, democracy, domestic affairs, immigration, conflict, sanctions, trade and finance. Along with an original introduction, this research review will be of great value to students, academics and practitioners interested in the field of the new global economy.

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The aim of this book is to reflect the current cutting-edge thinking and established practices in the investigation of queueing systems and networks. This first volume includes ten chapters written by experts well-known in their areas. The book studies the analysis of queues with interdependent arrival and service times, characteristics of fluid queues, modifications of retrial queueing systems and finite-source retrial queues with random breakdowns, repairs and customers’ collisions. Some recent tendencies in the asymptotic analysis include the average and diffusion approximation of Markov queueing systems and networks, the diffusion and Gaussian limits of multi-channel queueing networks with rather general input flow, and the analysis of two-time-scale nonhomogenous Markov chains using the large deviations principle. The book also analyzes transient behavior of infinite-server queueing models with a mixed arrival process, the strong stability of queueing systems and networks, and applications of fast simulation methods for solving high-dimension combinatorial problems.

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Cet ouvrage novateur propose un parcours a travers les questions fondamentales qui se posent quant a la diffusion et l'enseignement du "Francais Langue Etrangere". On les examine de points de vue issus de courants scientifiques recents (interculturalite, pragmatique, sociolinguistique, sciences de l'education), dans une ethique pluraliste respectueuse de l'Autre, associant diversite et unite. Il s'agit a la fois de sensibiliser le lecteur a la complexite de l'enseignement du F.L.E. et de lui proposer quelques principes essentiels d'enseignement. Une bibliographie fournie etaye le propos et ouvre vers des developpements ulterieurs. Ce livre constitue a ce jour l'introduction la plus globale aux problemes du F.L.E. Il s'adresse a ceux qui desirent s'initier a la didactique des langues, s'orienter vers l'enseignement et la diffusion du F.L.E., approfondir/problematiser leurs connaissance en ce domaine, ainsi que plus largement a tous ceux que la question des langues et des cultures interesse.

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Modelling Learning in Economics provides a comprehensive study of how learning processes can be modelled in an economic context.This innovative book investigates the processes involved in economic learning by categorizing different ways of learning, and using mathematical models for their description. The author distinguishes three types of learning processes - non-cognitive, routine-based and associative learning - and, for each of these, a model is proposed. Thomas Brenner also provides an overview of the psychological literature on learning and on the learning models most frequently used in economics. He then goes on to present applications of these models of learning to various economic topics including evolutionary game theory, consumption behaviour, investment behaviour of savers and the diffusion of innovation. In applying the models to economic topics, the author not only presents new insights into learning but also contributes to many topics within economic research.This book will be of interest to economic psychologists and economists working in the areas of game theory, consumer and investment behaviour and the diffusion of innovation.

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Based on proceedings of the International Conference on Integral Methods in Science and Engineering, this collection of papers addresses the solution of mathematical problems by integral methods in conjunction with approximation schemes from various physical domains. Topics and applications include: wavelet expansions, reaction-diffusion systems, variational methods , fracture theory, boundary value problems at resonance, micromechanics, fluid mechanics, combustion problems, nonlinear problems, elasticity theory, and plates and shells.

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A growing number of companies are implementing modern cost accounting systems, such as activity-based costing (ABC). This book analyzes the general development and diffusion of ABC and its effect on Polish companies. It analyzes ABC literature in Polish journals and its implementation, structure, and benefits. It also compares general surveys and case studies with similar research conducted in Poland and throughout the world.

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The diffusion of work processes across countries through foreign direct investment and technological collaborations is an increasingly important practice in today's global economy. Ayse Saka explores this process both by focusing on the role of actors in appropriating different ways of operating and by examining the effects of the institutional environment in the host country. The author uses the example of Japanese firms operating in the UK to explore how the diffusion of work systems occurs in practice. She finds that institutional, organisational and group characteristics, have great influence on the degree to which Japanese work systems are put to practice and accepted by UK adopter companies. The degree to which alternative work systems are accepted depends in part on the flexibility of the institutional setting and on social patterns of interaction in organisations.This unique and original book will appeal to a wide-ranging audience, including researchers, lecturers and scholars specialising in management studies in human resource management, industrial relations, organisational behaviour and international operations management. Cross-National Appropriation of Work Systems will also be invaluable to management practitioners and policymakers.

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This work deals with an extension of the classical Littlewood-Paley theory in the context of symmetric diffusion semigroups. In this general setting there are applications to a variety of problems, such as those arising in the study of the expansions coming from second order elliptic operators. A review of background material in Lie groups and martingale theory is included to make the monograph more accessible to the student.

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Africa’s Information Revolution was recently announced as the 2016 prizewinner of the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences - congratulations to the authors James T. Murphy and Padraig Carmody! Africa’s Information Revolution presents an in-depth examination of the development and economic geographies accompanying the rapid diffusion of new ICTs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Represents the first book-length comparative case study ICT diffusion in Africa of its kind Confronts current information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) discourse by providing a counter to largely optimistic mainstream perspectives on Africa’s prospects for m- and e-development Features comparative research based on more than 200 interviews with firms from a manufacturing and service industry in Tanzania and South Africa Raises key insights regarding the structural challenges facing Africa even in the context of the continent’s recent economic growth spurt Combines perspectives from economic and development geography and science and technology studies to demonstrate the power of integrated conceptual-theoretical frameworks Include maps, photos, diagrams and tables to highlight the concepts, field research settings, and key findings

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This authoritative book presents a selection of the most important published articles and papers on the computing industry - an industry that after five decades of growth permeates virtually all areas of modern economic activity. Many economists believe the diffusion of computing has been a catalyst and a driver of economic growth. This has stimulated research into the microeconomic determinants and consequences of computing. This collection provides a state-of-the-art survey of advances in applied and empirical approaches to the industrial economics of computing. The first section of the book presents several distinct approaches to the measurement of frontier research in computing. The second section addresses the factors shaping the industrial structure for supplying computer goods and services. The third section focuses on the determinants of the adoption and diffusion of information technology.Shane Greenstein - a leading scholar in the field - has written a new and authoritative introduction which provides a comprehensive overview of the subject. This is an important feature of the volume which will be an essential reference source for both industrial and business economists concerned with the computing industry.

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Africa’s Information Revolution was recently announced as the 2016 prizewinner of the Royal Academy for Overseas Sciences - congratulations to the authors James T. Murphy and Padraig Carmody! Africa’s Information Revolution presents an in-depth examination of the development and economic geographies accompanying the rapid diffusion of new ICTs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Represents the first book-length comparative case study ICT diffusion in Africa of its kind Confronts current information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) discourse by providing a counter to largely optimistic mainstream perspectives on Africa’s prospects for m- and e-development Features comparative research based on more than 200 interviews with firms from a manufacturing and service industry in Tanzania and South Africa Raises key insights regarding the structural challenges facing Africa even in the context of the continent’s recent economic growth spurt Combines perspectives from economic and development geography and science and technology studies to demonstrate the power of integrated conceptual-theoretical frameworks Include maps, photos, diagrams and tables to highlight the concepts, field research settings, and key findings

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This comprehensive collection presents the classic articles in the economics of invention and innovation. It covers topics related to sources of inventive and innovative activity, including exogenous and endogenous innovation, with an emphasis on R&D activity and the diffusion of new techniques. Professor Link has prepared an original introduction, which offers an authoritative overview of a subject that is of growing importance to both economists and management scientists.

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The book will focus on the applications of machine learning for sustainable development. Machine learning (ML) is an emerging technique whose diffusion and adoption in various sectors (such as energy, agriculture, internet of things, infrastructure) will be of enormous benefit. The state of the art of machine learning models is most useful for forecasting and prediction of various sectors for sustainable development.

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One of the most widely circulated items of wisdom literature during the Middle Ages, the Vita Secundi is a Greek text of the second century AD. The substantial introduction to the edition deals with the motives for the work’s translation into Spanish, tracks the extent of its diffusion in Spain, and analyses in detail the textual history of the Spanish version.

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This book is concerned with the theory of stochastic processes and the theoretical aspects of statistics for stochastic processes. It combines classic topics such as construction of stochastic processes, associated filtrations, processes with independent increments, Gaussian processes, martingales, Markov properties, continuity and related properties of trajectories with contemporary subjects: integration with respect to Gaussian processes, Itȏ integration, stochastic analysis, stochastic differential equations, fractional Brownian motion and parameter estimation in diffusion models.

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Presents numerical algorithms, procedures, and techniques required to solve engineering problems relating to the interactions between electromagnetic fields and fluid flow and interdisciplinary technology for aerodynamics, electromagnetics, chemical-physic kinetics, and plasmadynamics Integrates interlinking computational model and simulation techniques of aerodynamics and electromagnetics Combines classic plasma drift-diffusion theory and electron impact ionization modeling for electromagnetic-aerodynamic interactions Describes models of internal degrees of freedom for vibration relaxation and electron excitations

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On December 31, 2015, the ten-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ushered in a new era with the founding of the ASEAN Community (AC). The culmination of 12 years of intensive preparation, the AC was both a historic initiative and an unprecedented step toward the area's regional integration. Political commentators and media outlets, however, greeted its establishment with little fanfare. Implicitly and explicitly, they suggested that the AC was only the beginning: Southeast Asia, they seemed to say, was taking its first steps on a linear process of unification that would converge on the model of the European Union. In The Indonesian Way, Jürgen Rüland challenges this previously unquestioned diffusion of European norms. Focusing on the reception of ASEAN in Indonesia, Rüland traces how foreign policy stakeholders in government, civil society, the legislature, academe, the press, and the business sector have responded to calls for ASEAN's Europeanization, ultimately fusing them with their own distinctly Indonesian form of regionalism. His analysis reframes the nature of ASEAN as well as the discipline of international relations more broadly, writing a narrative of regional integration and norm diffusion that breaks free of Eurocentric thought.

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The simple question "How did the Maya come up with a calendar that had only 260 days?" led Vincent Malmström to discover an unexpected "hearth" of Mesoamerican culture. In this boldly revisionist book, he sets forth his challenging, new view of the origin and diffusion of Mesoamerican calendrical systems—the intellectual achievement that gave rise to Mesoamerican civilization and culture.Malmström posits that the 260-day calendar marked the interval between passages of the sun at its zenith over Izapa, an ancient ceremonial center in the Soconusco region of Mexico's Pacific coastal plain. He goes on to show how the calendar developed by the Zoque people of the region in the fourteenth century B.C. gradually diffused through Mesoamerica into the so-called "Olmec metropolitan area" of the Gulf coast and beyond to the Maya in the east and to the plateau of Mexico in the west.These findings challenge our previous understanding of the origin and diffusion of Mesoamerican civilization. Sure to provoke lively debate in many quarters, this book will be important reading for all students of ancient Mesoamerica—anthropologists, archaeologists, archaeoastronomers, geographers, and the growing public fascinated by all things Maya.

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This comprehensive single volume includes seminal articles written by eminent scholars that study the role of standards in the competitive process, the diffusion of standards throughout industry and the role of the public sector in support of standards development.With an original introduction by the editor, this volume is an excellent source of reference and provides an invaluable foundation for students and researchers interested in standards.

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Dynamic unbounded medium-structure interactions occur in manyfields of engineering and physical science, such as wavepropagation in soil-structure and fluid-structure interactions,acoustics and electromagnetism and as diffusion in heat conductionand consolidation. This book presents three novel concepts, basedon the finite-element methodology, to model the unboundedmedium: * The consistent infinitesimal finite-element cell method, aboundary finite-element procedure, requires the discretization ofthe structure-medium interface only and is exact in thefinite-element sense. It is applied to unbounded media governed bythe hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic differentialequations. * The damping-solvent extraction method permits the analysis of abounded medium only. * The doubly-asymptotic multi-directional transmitting boundary isexact for the low- and high-frequency limits at preselected wavepropagation directions. All concepts are explained using simple examples that the readercan follow step by step. A computer program of the consistentinfinitesimal finite-element cell method available on disk analysestwo- and three-dimensional unbounded and bounded media for thescalar and vector wave equations and the diffusion equation in thefrequency and time domains.

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Parmi les textes antiques, les poèmes épigraphiques ont longtemps été négligés par les littéraires qui les considéraient comme des textes de piètre qualité mais aussi par les historiens rebutés par les difficultés de traduction. Leur étude est cependant en plein renouveau et le Groupe de Recherches sur l’Afrique Antique de l’Université Montpellier III, composé de latinistes et d’historiens a rassemblé dans cet ouvrage une grande partie des carmina funéraires des provinces africaines : il présente une édition critique, une traduction, une étude de la métrique, une traduction et un commentaire de chacun des 174 textes réunis, en suivant un ordre géographique (d’Est en Ouest) et pour chaque site, une succession chronologique. Le volume est complété par une série d’études qui regroupe les communications du colloque, Vie, mort et poésie dans l’Afrique romaine, organisé autour de ce travail. Ce parti pris fait ressortir la grande diffusion d’un genre littéraire très apprécié des catégories sociales n’appartenant pas aux ordres privilégiés de la société romaine. Bien que certains textes soient maladroits ou stéréotypés, d’autres sont en tous points remarquables. Cette étude montre donc la très large diffusion, dans ces milieux, de la culture classique qui continue d’imprégner la poésie funéraire dans l’Antiquité tardive.

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The rapid developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over the past 20 years have affirmed its supremacy over most other means of non-invasive exploration of the human body. This progress has had other consequences for imaging physicists: having knowledge about only one of the sides of MRI is nowadays no longer enough to develop new sequences or even to learn more about those that already exist. It is necessary to have a clear and precise view of all the fields explored today by this imaging technique, such as rapid imaging, flows, diffusion, perfusion or even functional MRI.This book aims to allow readers with the basics of physics and mathematics within the field MRI to easily immerse themselves in techniques that are not familiar to them. Pragmatic in approach, moving between the physics underlying the techniques being studied and the clinical examination of images, it will also be of interest to radiologists looking to define protocols or make better use of the images obtained. Contents 1. Flow.2. Diffusion.3. Perfusion.4. Functional MRI. About the Authors Vincent Perrin is a specialist teacher in the fields of physics and chemistry.

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Knowledge, Technological Catch-up and Economic Growth investigates the relationship between knowledge diffusion and economic growth. Using a broad definition of knowledge - encompassing technology, production skills, know-how and firm capabilities - the central argument of the book is that the extent of knowledge diffusion is an important determinant of economic growth. Mark Rogers uses both neoclassical and endogenous growth models to construct testable hypotheses in order to gauge whether countries that are good at acquiring and diffusing new knowledge actually do achieve faster economic growth. His empirical analysis uses new data on communications, international business links, and study abroad in order to proxy absorptive capability and to test these hypotheses. Arguing that existing research on the role of knowledge is underdeveloped, the book aims to convince mainstream economists who perceive knowledge as conceptually vague and too difficult to measure, that the role of knowledge can in fact be analysed and quantified. Making new contributions to the understanding of economic growth, this book will appeal to students, researchers, economists and policy makers with a particular interest in economic performance and the growth process, and knowledge management and technology.

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Artificial neuronal networks open up radical new pathways for image creation. On the basis of textual prompts, machine-learning algorithms like Midjourney and Stable Diffusion generate imagery that is simultaneously familiar and alien. Graphic designer Floyd Schulze uses this rapidly developing technology to recreate architectural icons. In an accompanying essay, Georg Vrachliotis takes up the topic on the theoretical level. Hey Computer! is the first book to deal with AI-generated architectural imagery from an artistic perspective.

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This book investigates best practice across sectors of the economy and their transfers into the context of construction. It examines the development and diffusion of innovation to address adversarial relationships, and the fragmented processes and lack of customer focus, which still characterises much of the industry. It explains how construction must respond to the raft of new management processes expounded throughout the last decade systematically in a bid to acheive a more appropriate approach for business innovation in construction.

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Digital technologies are reshaping every field of social and economic lives, so do they in the world of scientific knowledge. “The New Challenges of Knowledge” aims at understanding how the new digital technologies alter the production, diffusion and valorization of knowledge. We propose to give an insight into the economical, geopolitical and political stakes of numeric in knowledge in different countries. Law is at the center of this evolution, especially in the case of national and international confusion about Internet, Science and knowledge.

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This book examines the molecular dynamics that occur within zeolites. Our understanding of how these marvelous catalysts work has been greatly enhanced by the advent ot new tools such as NMR, scanning-transmission-electron microscopy, and sophisticated computer modelling. By combining recent findings and newly developed models with classical developments in the theory of diffusion, this book provides a complete picture of the physical chemistry of hydrocarbon transformation in zeolites. It should be an excellent guide to those involved in catalyst design.

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How Journalists Use Twitter: The Changing Landscape of U.S. Newsrooms shows how leading reporters and editors at four major metropolitan newspapers are embracing Twitter as a key tool in their daily routines and how the social media platform influences coverage. This book builds on social media research by analyzing newsroom work through the lens of four different communications theories—diffusion of innovation, boundary, social capital and agenda-setting theories. This book will be of interest to scholars of communication, journalism, and new media.

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Innovation is crucial for small enterprises to become and remain competitive in the global economy. In this book, the authors have combined theoretical insights with comprehensive case studies on innovation among small-scale enterprises in developing countries, paying particular attention to technological change in clusters of small firms.The authors deliberately use a broad definition of innovation in order to emphasise the fact that technological change and innovation adoption takes place on a wider scale and in a greater number of forms than is frequently assumed. The unusual case studies such as the Kenyan food processing sector, furniture making in Nicaragua and tile manufacturing in Indonesia highlight the patterns of innovation adoption and diffusion, and serve as a unique and fascinating backdrop to the study. The authors pay specific attention to innovation by small enterprises in times of economic crisis and go on to assess the mechanisms employed to promote innovation. They demonstrate that although radical innovation among small enterprises occurs on a limited scale, innovation through gradual incremental improvements in production processes and products is continuous. Innovation and Small Enterprises in the Third World will be widely read by academics, researchers and policymakers concerned with innovation adoption and diffusion, and third world development issues.

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Dedicated to SiC-based 1D nanostructures, this book explains the properties and different growth methods of these nanostructures. It details carburization of silicon nanowires, a growth process for obtaining original Si-SiC core-shell nanowires and SiC nanotubes of high crystalline quality, thanks to the control of the siliconout-diffusion. The potential applications of these particular nano-objects is also discussed, with regards to their eventual integration in biology, energy and electronics.

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This two-volume set is an indispensable selection of recent and classic research papers exploring the link between globalization and productivity growth. The editors' careful selection includes articles that focus on the impact of globalization on aggregate productivity, openness, international technology diffusion, and trade adjustment and productivity growth. Other topics include inward and outward foreign direct investment, international outsourcing and the critical relationship between exporting and productivity. The set will be an essential reference point for researchers, students and policy-makers concerned with globalization and productivity.

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Photorefractive polymer composites are an unusually sensitive class of photopolymers. Physics of Photorefraction in Polymers describes our current understanding of the physical processes that produce a photorefractive effect in key composite materials. Topics as diverse as charge generation, dispersive charge transport, charge compensation and trapping, molecular diffusion, organic composite structure, and nonlinear optical wave coupling are all developed from a physical perspective. Emphasis is placed on explaining how these physical processes lead to observable properties of the polymers, and the authors discuss various applications, including holographic archiving.

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This book, with contributors from nine countries, seeks to critically understand the processes of legal education reform and resistance and to point to what these processes mean for law and lawyers inside and outside of the United States. The book seeks to understand the forces driving these processes and to evaluate their implications. Its substantive chapters provide critical insights into how these transnational processes operate in different jurisdictions around the world in light of globalization and local competition. Taken together, the chapters show how institutions and practices of legal education have historically moved across jurisdictions and shaped legal education practices transnationally, as well as the challenges and limits these processes have faced. The chapters also show how that diffusion relates to empires and imperial competition, and in particular today to the rise in power of the United States after the Cold War-and the related diffusion of neoliberal economic policies that have also fueled the spread of corporate law firms modeled on the United States. The book shows how local processes play and evolve in relation to global balances of power. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence.

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Why do societies benefit differently from knowledge? How exactly does social interaction interfere with knowledge acquisition and diffusion? This original Handbook brings together a wide range of differing approaches to shed light on these questions and others relating to the role and relevance of knowledge in economic analysis. By illuminating the philosophical roots of the various notions of knowledge employed by economists, this Handbook helps to disentangle conceptual and typological issues surrounding the debate on knowledge among economists. Wide-ranging in scope, it explores fundamental aspects of the relationship between knowledge and economics - such as the nature of knowledge, knowledge acquisition and knowledge diffusion. This important compendium embraces various fields and traditions of economic analysis and discusses the role of knowledge in 21 papers from outstanding international scholars. Advanced scholars and postgraduate students interested in cross-fertilization between different fields of economic analysis will find this Handbook of considerable importance. Contributors: A. Amin, R. Arena, M. Augier, M.C. Becker, T. Brenner, T. Broekel, P. Cohendet, G. Dosi, J. Durieu, V. Dutraive, M. Egidi, A. Festre, D. Foray, T. Knudsen, N. Lazaric, B.J. Loasby, B.-A. Lundvall, P. Nightingale, B. Nooteboom, A. Orlean, R. Patalano, L. Ragni, S. Rizzello, P.P. Saviotti, P. Solal, A. Spada, U. Witt

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Stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases to safe levels will require, at least in the longer term, some kind of technological revolution. This, in turn, can only be achieved through investments in the research, development and demonstration (RD&D) of carbon-free energy technologies. Innovation under Uncertainty presents original research and insights on the uncertain future of carbon-free energy technologies. The authors, by means of structured interviews with technology experts, portray a probabilistic landscape of future technologies' costs, potentials and limits to diffusion.This book collates the results of interviews with more than a hundred and twenty energy technology experts on a wide range of topics, from the impact of public European RD&D investment on the future cost of different low-carbon energy technologies to issues such as technological and diffusion barriers. The results offer important and concrete insights and recommendations concerning the potential role for public expenditure in innovation to bring clean generation technologies to the market.This unprecedented collection of qualitative and quantitative estimates will be invaluable to academics and policy makers drafting future energy policies, and integrated assessment and energy modelers characterizing the future development of different technological options.Contributors: L. Aleluia, V. Bosetti, M. Bunn, M. Catenacci, L.A. Diaz, G. Fiorese, A. Lee, E. Verdolini,

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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Numerical Methods and Applications, NMA 2022, held in Borovets, Bulgaria, in August 2022.The 30 revised regular papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions for inclusion in this book. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: numerical search and optimization; problem-driven numerical method: motivation and application, numerical methods for fractional diffusion problems; orthogonal polynomials and numerical quadratures; and Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo methods.

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Cases in Consumer Behaviour Cases in Consumer Behaviour contains a selection of case studies which examine different aspects of the behaviour of European consumers. These case studies consider, amongst other issues, personal consumer decisions and interactive household decision making; cultural and social effects on consumer behaviour; new product development and diffusion in different countries; marketing communications; and consumer satisfaction and welfare. This casebook is closely related to, and is recommended for use with, Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective by Gerrit Antonides and W. Fred van Raaij.

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This book explains the state-of-the-art algorithms used to simulate biological dynamics. Each technique is theoretically introduced and applied to a set of modeling cases. Starting from basic simulation algorithms, the book also introduces more advanced techniques that support delays, diffusion in space, or that are based on hybrid simulation strategies.This is a valuable self-contained resource for graduate students and practitioners in computer science, biology and bioinformatics. An appendix covers the mathematical background, and the authors include further reading sections in each chapter.

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