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This is the first book-length study to focus primarily on the role of class in the encounter between South Asians and British institutions in the United Kingdom at the height of British imperialism. In a departure from previous scholarship on the South Asian presence in Britain, ‘The better class’ of Indians emphasizes the importance of class as the register through which British polite society interpreted other social distinctions such as race, gender, and religion. Drawing mainly on unpublished material from the India Office Records, the National Archives, and private collections of charitable organizations, this book examines not only the attitudes of British officials towards South Asians in their midst, but also the actual application of these attitudes in decisions pertaining to them. This fascinating book will be of particular interest to scholars and general readers of imperialism, immigration as well as British and Indian social history.

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Crash! THUD! Oops! Butterfingers returns . . . with a fun medley of thrills, spills, chills and giggles Everyone's favourite klutz, Amar Kishen, aka Butterfingers, has no problem getting into trouble . . . and that's the problem! Follow his mad escapades as he becomes a human cannonball, rides a runaway horse, takes up karate, acts as a Martian, oversees the great fall of China, tumbles into a river and tries his hand at fencing, with hilarious consequences, of course! This second collection of stories about the eternally endearing Butterfingers promises to be as rib-tickling-ly funny as the first.

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Fun-and-disaster alert-Butterfingers is here again! Amar Kishen is not called Butterfingers for nothing. Wherever he goes, disaster hurtles along-and this time's no different. You've seen him set fire to his hair, head-butt a teacher, score an own goal, send his chicken-curry-soaked bat flying . . . Can things get any crazier? With Amar, they can! Now watch him tackle ghosts, pounce on his principal, knock a thief unconscious, stop time and get his life chased out of him by a nasty Doberman. Join Amar on his adventures as he whips up a tornado of trouble!

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Finalist: 2016 Cybil Awards Part counting game, part guessing game, this delightful board book invites little ones to look at one thing, and guess what else it could be. Each page shows one shape, and then unfolds to reveal an ingenious surprise, sure to captivate curious toddlers.

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Both a pattern book and a reference book, The Knitter's Handy Book Of Sweater Patterns has been created for knitters who want standard sweater patterns in a variety of sizes and gauges, as well as those who want a template from which to develop their own design ideas. This sequel to the phenomenal bestseller The Knitter's Handy Book of Patterns, presents easy-to-follow charted instructions for eighteen sweaters, three in each of the six most popular sweater constructions: drop shoulder, modified drop shoulder, set-in sleeve, saddle shoulder, raglan, and seamless yoke. Each style is provided in fifteen sizes (in two-inch graduations) from a 26-inch chest circumference for a two-year-old child to a 54-inch chest circumference for a large adult. Each size is further divided into six possible gauges: 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 stitches per inch. If you're counting, that's 75 options for each of the six styles, or 450 patterns in all (all with yarn yardage estimates). Add the cardigan and neckline variations, and you've got more than 1,000 patterns! Even more variations are possible by adding different neck finishes, edgings, waist shapings, and color or stitch patterns. Detailed diagrams for finished dimensions are included, along with a glossary of techniques and a chapter on design considerations. If knitting sweaters is your passion, look no further-this book is your definitive resource.

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The laminated flashcards in this pack are ideal for teachers, parents and carers to teach the most common sight words to children aged 4+. Single words appear in clear, appealing text on the double-sided cards, which are perfect for individual or class work. Notes are included with handy suggestions for games and activities with the cards.

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Whether you're taking photographs in the dead of night or looking to create an ethereal effect with water or clouds during the day, long exposures are among the most challenging areas of photography. Very often there are physical obstacles to overcome, whether it's being unable to see to frame your shot or focus, an inability to predict movement during the exposure, or simply the need to hold your camera steady while the shutter is open. There are also numerous technical issues to resolve, such as striking a balance between ISO and noise, dealing with high dynamic range, and maintaining the best possible image quality when the laws of physics are working against you. Yet, just as the demands placed upon the photographer are exceptional, so too are the images that can be created when you push your camera to its limits. Mastering Long Exposure Photography explores the challenges of photographing scenes that the eye often cannot see and reveals not only how you can overcome them, but also how you can consistently achieve long-exposure perfection. Packed with stunning photography throughout, the author's expert advice, tips, and tricks are augmented by Masterclasses from some of the world's leading long exposure champions, each sharing the secrets of their success. So whether you want to master star trail photography, shoot cityscapes at dusk, paint with light, or use blur creatively, Mastering Long Exposure Photography is the only book you'll need.

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Leading on from the very successful Alain Gree board books, also published by Button Books, comes this set of four mini board books beautifully presented in their own slipcase. The titles chosen for this set are: Colours, Animals, Numbers and Letters. Each mini book uses the same design and content as the original, larger format board books. The small size of each title will be very appealing to little children and the set will make an ideal gift. The back cover of each book doubles up as a puzzle showing one quarter of an image, put the books in the right order to create one of Alain's illustrations!

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This features 44 double-sided, laminated cards. It is fun and easy to use one-on-one or with a group. Helpful notes for teachers, parents and carers are included. It is suitable for ages 3+. Phonics is a way of teaching children to read and write by using the sounds (phonemes) that we put together to form words. Ideal for practising phonics with young children aged 3+, these laminated cards introduce 44 basic phonemes along with carefully selected examples. Each card has a phoneme on one side and a simple word and picture on the other side. Fun and easy to use with individuals or a class group, these attractive cards make an excellent tool to support the development of this important skill. The notes, games and activity cards included provide all the information needed for teachers, parents and carers to guide and encourage a child's learning journey.

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Alain Gree's beautiful illustrations from the 1960s and '70s are known throughout the world. With their naivety of form and bold use of colour, their charm is undeniable. Part of a delightful series of books under GMC's exciting new imprint, Button Books, My First Book of Sounds features Alain Gree's stunning vintage illustrations on every page. Aimed at children aged 0 to 2 years, My First Book of Sounds is a robust, wipeable board book with rounded corners. Its vibrant pictures and large, bold text will make learning about noises in the world around them fun and absorbing for babies and toddlers.

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This title is suitable for ages 0-2 years. In this delightful series of books, under GMC's exciting new imprint, Button Books, Alain Gree's stunning vintage illustrations leap out from every page. With three titles, "Numbers", "Animals" and "Colours", aimed at children aged 0-2 and three further titles, "Alphabet", "Transport" and "Nature", aimed at 2-4 years, children will love to be taught their first words with the aid of such absorbing and vibrant illustrations. Despite their simplicity there is a richness of content that children will be fascinated by, and this wealth of information will be a joy for adults to share and discuss, making the potential for learning endless. As an educational tool and a pleasure to own, this fabulous series of books is a wonderful investment for families.

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This series is each devoted to a decade of British life and contains around 300 photographs which were hand-picked by PA Photos' own archivists. Most have lain unseen since they were first used as news pictures and each image has been scanned especially, many from glass plates, to ensure the best possible quality of reproduction. These photos tell a fascinating story: alongside the major events that constitute formal history are found the smaller things that had significance for ordinary people at the time. These cameras have recorded for posterity everything in their view and each picture tells an eloquent tale, of occurrences big and small, which have shaped the people and the face of Britain today.PA Photos is the photography arm of the PA Group, which also owns the The Press Association, the UK's national news agency. Established in the late 19th Century, the PA has been capturing editorial photography for 140 years, resulting in an extraordinary archive of over 15 million images recording British life over more than a century.

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The Buddha taught that to live is to experience suffering. Few family sagas, especially first ones, have captured this aspect of suffering and so many other truths in as lyric a fashion as "When Memory Dies". Through the viewpoints of three generations of a Sri Lankan family (taking the reader from 1920 through the 1980s), Sivanandan explores a culture destroyed first by colonization, then through the ethnic divisions that are released when the country achieves independence. The family, which lives at a level of poverty that makes survival a constant struggle, must also balance love for one another with a deep love of their homeland. Without bending to romanticism or proselytization, the author evokes a compelling and very human story of a lost country. It is a vision as beautifully told as it is unrelenting in its devotion to truth. In the process, the work also supplies a rich historic background to the often underreported news accounts of the massacres and upheavals in Sri Lanka.

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Letter-carving expert Andrew Hibberd shares his techniques for carving letters on wood and Portland stone. It will appeal to beginner and intermediate wood carvers with an interest in lettering. It features step-by-step projects. In this inspiring book, letter-carving expert Andrew Hibberd shares his techniques for carving letters on wood and Portland stone. You don't need to undertake a lengthy apprenticeship to get started with this enjoyable and rewarding craft. Based mainly on period styles of carving, these unique projects use examples of Andrew's work, starting with the simplest and progressing in difficulty. New styles and skills are introduced along the way. It includes: cutting board, house sign, garden bench, picture frame, and, church plaque.

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Turn your garden into a haven for your feathered friends with this book of simple and attractive bird houses to make and make over. Setting up a bird house in your garden will provide birds with a place to rest and raise their young, and will also add a touch of colour and style. . Only basic woodworking and crafting skills, materials and tools are needed. . There are easy-to-follow step-by-step photography and instructions throughout, and there are diagrams where required to help ensure your measurements are accurate. . Several variations are given for different parts of the bird house so that you have even more options to choose from. . Chapters cover: building a basic box, roof styles, roof treatments, wall treatments, doors, windows and other features, painting and finishing, base treatment and mounting your bird house. One basic bird house can be made into something unique, depending on the combination of features you choose and how you paint and finish it. AUTHOR: Woodworker and journalist Alan Goodsell has written extensively on woodworking and tools for a range of magazines including the highly acclaimed Woodturning magazine, The Router, and Furniture & Cabinetmaking (GMC Publications). Alan lives in Florida. SELLING POINTS: . Suitable to those with basic woodworking skills. . Clear step-by-step photos and diagrams guide you through the construction process. . One basic bird house that can be made in over 100 different styles.

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'Making Miniature Food and Market Stalls' teaches the reader how to create an array of extraordinarily life-like and mouthwatering food in polymer clay as well as a selection of stalls on which to display them, if you so wish. The author reveals how to create uncannily realistic edibles including fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, cheeses and bread using beautifully photographed set-by-steps images. There is a detailed introduction covering the techniques used as well as a colour mixing chart making the book accessible to those new to modelling. Areas covered include: simple and advanced caning; stacking; colour blending; detailed tools and material information and making display objects including wooden fruit boxes and punnets. 400 photographs & 10 illustrations

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Painting is one of the most rewarding ways of expressing yourself. It sparks creativity, engages the imagination and relaxes you, reducing stress levels and leaving you feeling mentally clear and calm. Most people assume that the ability to paint is a skill you either have or you don't, so although they would like to paint they lack the confidence to do so. But painting can be readily learned with the right teacher to guide you, and a clear approach and encouraging voice are often all that's needed to get you on the right track. That's where this book, Acrylics, comes in. Adrian Burrows is an enthusiastic and accomplished artist and teacher who explains the fundamentals of painting with acrylics in a helpful and accessible manner. Adrian shows you what you need in terms of tools and materials, and explains and illustrates all the basic techniques. Ten step-by-step tutorials, covering a variety of subjects, then put these techniques into action. Each tutorial is broken down into stages, with clear instructions and photographs for readers to follow, plus plenty of helpful tips and troubleshooting advice. There are also special features on painting trees, skies and figures. AUTHOR: Adrian Burrows has a BA Honors in Graphic Design and a Postgraduate Certificate in Education for Art from Brighton University. He has taught in schools and colleges and loves to share with others what he has learned about painting and drawing over the years. He now divides his time between running a graphic design studio and teaching art to adults. SELLING POINTS: . Shows you the tools and materials you really need. . All the basic techniques, including scumbling, dry brush and impasto. . Special features on painting trees, skies and figures. . Ten inspiring step-by-step projects: still life, flowers, portrait, seascape, street scene, indoor scene, summer landscape, winter landscape, Spanish scene, travel poster. . The perfect resource for budding artists. 200 photographs and 10 illustrations

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Making pom poms is fantastic fun for all the family and these wonderfully easy pom-pom projects are sure to brighten up your day. Ideal to make as gifts for young and old alike, you can choose from 17 projects, including a little lamb, a cute puppy, a jolly snowman or a big, googly eyed spider. There's also a hanging mobile of planets. The book includes clear step-by-step instructions and a fully illustrated techniques section.

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When Astrid's first space mission goes disastrously wrong, she realizes she needs a bit more training than she thought!Astrid is training to go to space! But as she builds her shuttle, cooks astronaut food, and practices floating in zero gravity, Dad tells Astrid that the ship's construction is too dangerous, she's too little to cook alone, and she's not allowed to flood the bathroom. That night, when Astrid dreams she's an astronaut, the challenges she encounters are overwhelming. Astrid realizes she isn't as ready as she thought. Back on Earth, Astrid turns to her loving and supportive Dad, who helps Astrid continue her astronaut training.

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What do a talking doughnut, a crabby politician, and a lovelorn balloon have in common? They're all citizens of the candy-colored knitted world known as Mochimochi Land. Adventures in Mochimochi Land started out as a collection of tiny knitted characters, but as the patterns grew they needed an entire world of their own, complete with knitted cities, knitted forests, knitted oceans, and most important, knitted friends! The book follows the adventures of a tiny knitted explorer, as he travels this unbelievably cute world and uncovers its strange yarn-based origins. For intrepid knitters, the book also includes a section with 25 all-new patterns for the characters and props used in the stories. The patterns use small amounts of yarn and beginner-friendly knitting skills and knit up quickly for instant fun.

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Is that a little boat, or a huge ship? Is that a small house, or a small house being hoisted by a giant crane? Each spread of this cleverly designed board book reveals a surprising size opposite that makes for a novel way for toddlers to learn about words and concepts. Here's a lift-the-flap board book that's bigger—and smaller—than the average concept book.

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La monographie consacree par Sr Afifa Gaith aux idees de deux intellectuels chretiens arabes du 20e siecle est divisee en trois grandes parties, qui traitent successivement de la place de Dieu, du Christ et de l'Eglise dans leur pensee. Se fondant sur leurs oeuvres completes et se referant a une bibliographie impressionnante, l'auteur nous presente un examen tres approfondi de toutes les parties composantes de la religion chretienne vecue par ces deux penseurs de l'Orient. Cet ouvrage constitue la premiere etude scientifique d'une pensee religieuse trop longtemps negligee, mais extremement importante pour comprendre les idees et les valeurs, et donc le comportement des milieux chretiens orientaux, sous l'inspiration de leurs grands philosophes et intellectuels.

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Suffering in Babylon comprises a series of studies on Ludlul bel nemeqi. Part One examines the modern scholarship surrounding the poem’s textual reconstruction and translation. Ludlul exists today as a composite text, pieced together over the last 180 years from dozens of cuneiform tablets and fragments from various archaeological sites. With these disparate sources, Assyriologists have reconstructed three quarters of the poem’s original text, which is here translated anew with extensive epigraphic and philological notes. Part Two explores the historical contexts of the poem and its reception among first-millennium scribes. Whether the poem’s protagonist is the historical Subsi-mesrê-Sakkan or not, his experiences as described in the poem provide insight into the worldview and concerns of the ancient scholars among whom the poem’s author was counted, likely from the ranks of the exorcists. The protagonist’s experience with divine revelation sheds light on those scholars’ divinatory worldview. The anatomical and pathological vocabulary used to describe his suffering compares well to the vocabulary in exorcism texts. The ritual failures he experiences reflect the poem’s institutional agenda. And the structure and language of his first person account shows intertextual connections with incantation prayers, a genre distinctive to exorcism. The poem’s subsequent incorporation into various scribal curricula and tablet collections demonstrates the poem’s cultural stature among first-millennium scribes, who wrote a commentary on Ludlul and used the text in the creation of others. Part Three offers a comparative study that bridges the ancient and modern scholarly horizons. Drawing on both ancient and modern scholarship, it compares the protagonist’s experience of the alû demon with the clinical condition known today as sleep paralysis. The book’s underlying goal is to illustrate the potential of a multi-perspectival approach to Akkadian literature that acknowledges the contexts of both ancient and modern scholars involved in producing meaningful readings of this ancient literary gem.

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The Forts of North Omdurman volume presents research aimed at establishing when and why a group of nine forts were built in Upper Nubia (modern Sudan). These defences resemble late Roman fortlets commonly found in the Egyptian Eastern Desert and elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The nine forts were irregularly positioned within a 550km section of the Middle Nile Valley, a land which was never subject to Roman authority. Excavations were conducted at the three southernmost forts situated on the outskirts of modern Omdurman. The methodology chosen was designed to define the possible chronological limits of the defences and to identify the remains left by the first settlers. The chapters include a detailed analysis of the forts’ architecture, stratigraphy, pottery, beads, plaster, animal and plant remains supplemented by a series of radiocarbon dates. The result is a new insight into the dynamic beginnings of the forts and the challenges faced by the rulers of the medieval Kingdom of Alwa in the 6th and 7th centuries AD.

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Le discours en style direct est un procédé narratif qui, dans les récits bibliques, contribue de façon significative à caractériser les personnages. Que l’un de ceux-ci prononce un discours plus ou moins long dans l’interaction d’un dialogue ou dans un monologue public, le contenu de ses paroles, la manière dont il y présente les faits, la situation ou les autres protagonistes, la rhétorique et le ton qu’il emploie, la finalité qu’il poursuit et le résultat qu’il obtient, tout cela contribue puissamment à son portrait construit par le récit. Lorsqu’un autre personnage lui adresse la parole ou parle de lui, d’autres éléments de caractérisation peuvent en être déduits en étudiant les mêmes paramètres. De façon plus particulière, les monologues intérieurs jouent un rôle déterminant dans la caractérisation car ils reflètent plus authentiquement le personnage, et cela qu’ils accompagnent ou non un discours adressé à d’autres. Assimilés à ces monologues, les mots confiés à un(e) confident(e) ou à Dieu dans une prière sont tout aussi significatifs. Quant au «discours indirect libre», il fournit de précieux éléments de caractérisation dans la mesure où il reflète le point de vue du personnage. La trentaine de contributions publiées dans cet ouvrage cherchent à préciser les contours et les traits principaux de ce procédé narratif multiforme, en particulier dans les deux testaments bibliques, y compris le corpus paulinien.

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La réalité d’une école néoplatonicienne latine fait débat depuis de nombreuses années. Les interrogations se bousculent donc à son sujet. A-t-elle vraiment existé, structurée par une tendance doctrinale et des représentants conscients d’y appartenir, ou n’y eut-il que des auteurs d’expression latine dispersés, qui se sont référés, chacun à sa manière, avec des objectifs et des résultats différents, aux penseurs néoplatoniciens grecs ? Les multiples emprunts faits à ces derniers que l’on peut y repérer trahissent-ils une adhésion plus ou moins profonde au système qui les sous-tend, ou ne sont-ils que la manifestation d’une réception superficielle et d’une pure instrumentalisation ? Peut-on concevoir un tel mouvement en dehors du commentarisme strict ? Le néoplatonisme chrétien serait-il le seul à avoir constitué une tradition, renvoyant le courant païen à la nébuleuse évoquée ? C’est à ce genre de questions, et à certaines autres, que le présent recueil s’efforce de répondre, en parcourant, sous divers éclairages, plus de mille ans d’histoire de la pensée occidentale.

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Les écrits anti-sarrasins de Pierre le Vénérable ont d’emblée été voulus comme des ouvrages de controverse, ancrés dans le sillage de la traduction latine que leur responsable commanda du Coran et de documents symptomatiques de la religion coranique, dont l’objectif affiché ne souffre aucune nuance : informer pour réfuter, pourfendre, extirper le mal d’une confession hérésio-diabolique. L’entreprise témoigne d’un authentique effort, sans précédent aucun, de connaissance et d’analyse, honnête et perspicace dans la mesure de la fidélité de sa latinisation, pour rendre inattaquable le dossier à charge qu’il constitue dans le procès sans véritable plaidoirie de la foi musulmane. Il s’agit d’acculturer pour rejeter et exclure, de transmettre pour démettre. Visible et identifiable, l’ennemi n’en est que plus vincible. L’orthodoxie porte en son nom sa rigidité ; il faut y céder sans dévier et veiller à éradiquer la moindre plaie qui peut l’entamer plus avant, afin d’endiguer en même temps tout autre dessein hégémonique.

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This volume surveys the brief accounts of Israelite history written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek between the third century BCE and the first century CE and found in compositions that did not enter the Hebrew biblical canon. Engaging in a detailed discussion of study cases and collective analysis of over forty texts, it demonstrates the affinities this category exhibits with “biblical” summaries and the influence it betrays of Hellenistic and early-Roman period literary conventions. Inter alia, the novel features it displays and new topics with which it deals, the focus it places on individual figures, and the interest it displays in the temporal axis of history reflect a process of cross-fertilization. The reviews of Israelite history that date from this period are thus hybrid artifacts that blend the conventions governing the “biblical” historical summaries with those of other literary models—such as genealogies, lists of examples, and apocalyptic historiography.

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The 12th Origeniana conference took place at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, in June 2017. The theme of the conference was Origen’s Legacy in the Holy Land – A Tale of Three Cities: Jerusalem, Caesarea and Bethlehem. The present volume contains a large selection from the papers that were given at the conference. Many of the papers discuss various aspects and new perspectives of Origen’s career and legacy in the Holy Land in the broad sense. As was the case also in previous conferences, there was an opportunity to deliver papers on other aspects of current Origen research. The volume contains five sections: Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Historical and Mystical Geography; The School of Caesarea and Eusebius; Origen’s Latin Legacy: Rufinus and Jerome; Tradition, Innovation, and Heritage: Origen’s Exegesis and Theology; and The Origenist Legacy: From Evagrius to Balthasar.

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Dans sa longue carrière de bibliste et d’enseignant, le Prof. Roland Meynet s.j. s’est illustré non seulement par le développement et la promotion d’une méthode d’exégèse dont l’originalité et la fécondité sont à présent bien reconnues, mais aussi par un souci constant, hérité de son maître Paul Beauchamp, de dégager la théologie des textes qu’il étudie en recourant à cette méthode. Une des thématiques au c÷ur de ses intérêts théologiques est le rapport de filiation entre les êtres humains et Dieu. Les textes réunis dans ce recueil d’hommage au Prof. Meynet éclairent, chacun à leur façon, cette réalité aussi riche que variée qu’est la filiation. Sans prétendre faire le tour de cette vaste thématique, ils en développent des aspects essentiels, en particulier dans ses composantes théologiques – lien de filiation entre le Christ et son Père, la filiation des croyants disciples du Christ et fils de Dieu – sans oublier pour autant la filiation humaine et ce qui s’y joue de l’identité et du devenir humain. Caractéristique originale de cet ouvrage, la thématique y est explorée non seulement dans la Bible – en particulier le Nouveau Testament – mais aussi dans d’autres grands textes de la culture occidentale ou universelle, comme par exemple la Règle de St Benoît ou les sages chinois Confucius et Laozi, mais aussi des écrits musulmans ou bouddhistes. L’exploration de ces textes recourt régulièrement à la méthode systématisée par R. Meynet, la rhétorique sémitique.

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This book explores the broad anthropological foundations of spirituality including science, psychology, philosophy, and theology. Human spirituality is an essential topic in both present-day humanistic and scientific debates. Reflection on spirituality leads us to the conclusion that we are formed both as a vessel to receive the grace and presence of God, as well as to be the bearers of God’s image, which is expressed most fully in acts of self-transcendence. In such an approach, the human being emerges as homo theomorphicus et theophoricus. This approach to our nature, finds an equivalent perspective in our spirituality, resulting in a discovery of its receptive-responsive nature. We associate spiritual receptivity with “God-shape-ness”, our state of being formed in the image or likeness of God, that is, theomorphism; our responsiveness engenders “God-bearing-ness”, that is, theophorism. This book is the fruit of extended and intensive research by the author who happens to be a believer. Hence, the last part of it is theological but in its earlier parts it remains faithful to scientific methodology, venturing through neuroscience, psychology and philosophy.

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At the time the expectations related to the Council were rather high. At its convocation Pope John XXIII expressed clearly that he expected nothing less than a new Pentecost from it. In the very last speech of the first session of the Council, Christopher Butler OSB stated: `the theology of the Church is in some way being reborn’ and he reminded the council fathers to see: `we have the opportunity to show to the eyes of the whole world that are turned upon us a new vision of the unchanging Christ’. What has become of this vision, what has become of the spirit and the letter of the Council more than fifty years after its closure? In this volume we have identified several areas where the question of the interpretation of the Council seems by no means settled. They regard divine revelation and human freedom, mission and dialogue, education and vocation, lay and ordained ministry in the Church. In light of the developments since the Council which rise new questions, the interpretation of both, the forgotten and unforgotten documents of Vatican II continues in critical reflection and fruitful discussion of still unresolved but all the more pressing issues.

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Rather than being an event of an aesthetic, sublime or revelatory character, art can be rather understood simply as a habitual productive activity, taking an equal part in the design of quotidian reality as any other tool. The habitual approach to art carries with it several consequences regarding the understanding of the history of art and the theory of artistic production. This habitual approach has its origins in the Scholastic conception of the habitus of art, leaning on the Aristotelian definition of Poiesis. But the habitual approach had also its long history, passing through French Spiritualism in the 19th century, and several other stations in the 20th century. The essay follows Erwin Panofsky’s concept of "mental habit" as a methodological instrument in the history of art. After exposing the principles of a habitual approach to the history of art, the essay continues to follow Panofsky’s essay Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, trying to trace what was Panofsky in fact conceiving under this term. In the conclusion, the essay suggests some guiding principles for conceiving of a habitus-oriented theory of art, energized by the scholastic approach to the habitus of art and by the method of habitus in the science of history.

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