Search results for ""new york academy of sciences""

The body of research on the process of human aging has grown considerably in recent years, and the reports presented here explore a full range of approaches to this research, from the molecular and genetic to the cellular and organismic levels. The contributing scientists identify the processes of aging and find functional and mechanistic approaches that may delay, prevent, or arrest the progress of aging and those ailments generally linked to senescence, such as metabolic, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. The investigation of various approaches to the prevention of aging will include efforts to mitigate the deleterious consequences of chemical pollution. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Aspergillosis, the leading fungal cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients, presents a serious worldwide challenge—particularly in the face of increasing antifungal resistance. Bringing together the world’s leaders in the Aspergillus and aspergillosis fields to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration among clinicians, industry, and scientific experts, the “Advances Against Aspergillosis” conference was held January 26–28, 2012 in Istanbul, Turkey. This first of two Annals volumes contains short reviews encapsulating recent clinical findings on aspergillosis. Among the topics included are the application of diagnostic markers to invasive aspergillosis in children, risk stratification for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients, use of biological agents for the treatment of fungal asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, immune regulation in idiopathic bronchiectasis, and management of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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How are children who have experienced adversity able to function competently? Why do some children appear to be resilient? These fascinating, complex, and puzzling questions have been studied mostly from a behavioral and psychosocial perspective. Advances in neuroscience provide the opportunity to bring neurobiology to the study of resilience and to ask whether our knowledge of neurobiological processes and mechanisms can contribute to our understanding of resilience. The goals of this volume are to examine both the behavioral-psychosocial and neurobiological aspects of resilience and to help move the field toward a model that integrates these two perspectives. The integration of the behavioral-psychosocial aspects with the "new biology" of resilience will provide an unprecedented understanding of processes of development in atypically and typically developing children and will have profound implications for preventive intervention programs. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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The basic phenomena of intra- and intercellular communication and the transport signals within and between the cells controlling cardiac function are described and discussed in this volume. The amazing synchronization of millions of cells and billions of nanoscale molecular motors, ion gates, and ion pumps assure normal cardiac function; whereas disharmony and local transport and signal disruptions are the forecasters, and eventual causes, of pathologic conditions and heart failure. Although this volume concentrates on basic phenomena, strong emphasis is given to the related clinical and pharmaceutical manifestations, and chapters have been contributed by molecular biologists, pharmaceutical experts, and cardiac scientists. This volume will promote better understanding and, consequently, better clinical and pharmaceutical handling of the various aspects of cardiac pathophysiologies associated with electrical, mechanical, and metabolic and circulatory disorders in the cardiovascular system. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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As in past installments of “The Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology” series, this year’s volume contains a diverse collection of timely reviews in conservation biology and scientific, policy, and management implications, including reviews in the following areas: The Marine Mammal Protection Act at 40: Status, recovery, and future of U.S. marine mammals; translocation of imperiled species under changing climates; ecology and conservation of ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in a changing world; risks to biodiversity from hydraulic fracturing for natural gas in the Marcellus and Utica Shales; species-area relationships and extinction forecasts; and Bounded Ranges of Variation as a framework for future conservation and fire management. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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This second installment of The Year in Diabetes and Obesity review series includes thought-provoking reviews on central nervous system control of glucose and energy metabolism; stearoyl CoA desaturase in obesity and metabolism; circadian disruption and metabolic dysfunction; incretin hormones; metabolic syndrome, adipokines, and dementia; interventions for the prevention or reversal of type 1 diabetes; the role of intestinal microbiome in humans and mice with type 1 diabetes; building smarter and better insulins; RAGE––a multi-ligand receptor in chronic diseases; diabetes, cancer risk, and metformin––connections of metabolism and cell proliferation; prevalence of diabetes in Asia; and prioritization of care in adults with diabetes and co-existing chronic conditions. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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This volume examines the wide-ranging psychiatric and neurologic consequences of war affecting every level of human organization from the nation state to the molecular. The volume present these consequences from a multitude of perspectives and modes of inquiry; from the intrapsychic to the empirical. Contributions address address the nature of modern warfare and social interventions to present it in topics such as "The Mind of the Jihadist" and "Preventing Mass Violence." Intervention and prevention are considered for the effects of war on the individual. While substantial strides have been made in characterization of the specific neurologic and psychiatric consequences of war, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), significant gaps remain in the understanding of how to treat or prevent these outcomes. Contributors to this volume discuss cutting-edge research, treatment approaches and public policy issues. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Oral-based diagnostics have the potential to detect systemic disease and evidence of exposure to various harmful substances, as well as provide biomarkers of health and disease status. Integration of novel approaches to oral-based diagnostics is expanding to include genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology. Improved technologies for diagnostics are resulting in more "user-friendly" methods. Efforts to translate bench assays to commercial products in the area of oral diagnostics have increased recently, as witnessed by the appearance of several new oral-based diagnostic products in the marketplace. Collaborative academic, government, and industry relationships in this arena are also forming, all of which will undoubtedly serve to rapidly advance the field. This volume brings together contributions from leaders in the areas of toxicology, pathology, oral biology, dental research, and clinical medicine. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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The first of two, this volume comprises a collection of papers devoted to the understanding of thymosins—proteins originally isolated from the thymus and possess a unique array of biological properties. Thymosins in Health and Disease I brings together short reviews organized to explore the basic characteristics of these peptides and their hormone-like properties, recent preliminary evidence for their medicinal utility, and a focus on the alpha and beta thymosin families. In particular, Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) holds considerable promise for the treatment of many conditions and diseases. Of note, contributions to this volume include information on the application of thymosins to stem cell differentiation, neurological and cardiovascular regeneration, as well as accounts of thymosins in relation to basic regulatory and cancer cell functions. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For more information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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Lymphatic research has experienced a near explosion of activity in recent years, as awareness of the importance of lymphatic mechanisms to the continuum of human biology and disease has grown. This "lymphatic continuum" now easily encompasses cardiovascular disease, respiratory inflammation, obesity, autoimmune disease, and chronic transplant rejection, among many other pathologic conditionas. An exponential growth in technological tools for research has made possible a similar growth in our comprehension of the molecular regulatory processes that govern the normal development and function of the lymphatic system. The purpose of this volume is to review and document the wonderful growth of insight into the tools for lymphatic investigation, biological principles of the lymphatic system, and biological principles in lymphedema diagnosis and management, as well as the lymphatic biology of cancer and metastasis. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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Diabetes mellitus is a major global health problem. According to the most recent projections, the worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus is expected to reach 220 million in the year 2010 and 300 million in 2025 compared to the current prevalence of around 160 million. This volume focuses on recent advances in the area of diabetes mellitus and its complications, from basic research at the molecular level to clinical medicine, spanning several areas including epidemiology, diagnosis, complications, prevention, treatment, beta cell function and dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, glucose and lipid metabolism and drug targets. The international conference of which this is the proceedings provided a forum for the exchange of ideas and the dissemination of current knowledge about the full range of issues concerning type I and type II diabetes mellitus. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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Biological aging and interventionary strategies are investigated with the eventual goal of extending healthy human lifespan and minimizing the incidence of diseases associated with aging. Biogerontologists, evolutionary biologists, biodemographers, scientists in related basic research, clinicians, and dieticians came together in Istanbul, Turkey, to share their research and discuss the latest developments in this rapidly advancing field. This volume presents chapters representative of the highlights of the meeting, including contributions in the following areas: (1) biological and nonbiological factors affecting lifespan and the quality of life; (2) ethical and social issues related to lifespan and health-span extension; (3) novel areas of understanding aging -- physiological, cellular, and molecular aspects; (4) new technologies to understand and modulate aging; (5) the latest successful approaches in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases; and (6) aging intervention, prevention, and modulation by genes, natural and synthetic molecules, and lifestyle modifications. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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The prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased over the last 25 years. In the United States, it is estimated that two-thirds of the population is either overweight or obese. This increase will undoubtedly continue to have profound medical, economic, and psychosocial consequences. As obesity and its medical complications become more common, novel inter-disciplinary approaches are emerging to help understanding the complex regulation of eating behavior and body weight. Although the notion that the brain is critical in regulating food intake and body weight is becoming more commonly accepted, innovative ideas examining this complex relationship must be pursued. Stemming from a 2007–2008 lecture series at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, this Annals volume presents a series of up-to-date reviews that evaluate the role played by the brain in body weight regulation. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Apoptosis is a highly regulated mechanism by which cells undergo cell death in an active way. As one of the most challenging tasks concerning cancer is to induce apoptosis in malignant cells, researchers increasingly focus on natural products to modulate apoptotic signaling pathways. This book reviews the main effects of natural compounds on the different apoptotic signaling pathways, including the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, the NF-kB-mediated pathway, the PI3K/Akt signaling, and other main pathways. Among the topic specially covered are: Effects of natural compounds on cancer cells Natural compounds as inducers of cell death Diet in health and disease Inflammation and cancer Natural compounds as kinase inhibitors Natural compounds in neurodegenerative diseases Natural compounds as inhibitors of ROS NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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This volume is the eleventh published from a conference sponsored by the World Organization for Specialized Studies on Diseases of the Esophagus (OESO) and the second to be published in Annals. As with the preceding publications, the present one follows a world conference of OESO; in this case, a conference entitled “Reflux disease, from LES to UES, and beyond,” held in Como, Italy. Collectively, the papers present the wealth of ideas and knowledge covered by the four-day OESO conference on esophagology, with each paper showcasing the responses provided by top experts to precise questions during the sessions of the conference. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For more information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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The structure of DNA varies along its sequence, which can lead to sequence-dependent variations in the fidelity of DNA copying and repair. And because the probability of distinct classes of mutations varies along a DNA sequence, variation that affects fitness will have evolutionary implications, as selection acts on heritable variation. This Annals volume brings together a broad interdisciplinary group of researchers to explore the impact of increasing understanding of DNA structure, repair, replication, and organization on interrelated subjects ranging from evolution, to dependence of the effect of mutagens on environmental and sequence context, to noncanonical forms of information representation in genomes. NOTE: Annals volumes are avaialble for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Joun.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Advances in neuroimaging and neuroscience hold significant promise for improving understanding of disorders of consciousness arising from severe brain injuries. This volume brings together basic neuroscientists and investigators who focus on neuroimaging studies of patients in different clinical settings with disorders of consciousness. Discussed are ways of advancing knowledge of diagnostic methods and experimental therapeutic strategies for disorders of consciousness as well as identifying important challenges for professionals engaged in the study of patients with such disorders. Of particular interest and focus of discussion are: • an integrated presentation of basic and clinical neuroscience with neuroethics; • neuroimaging of volitional behavior in apparently unconscious patients; • neuroimaging of pain in the minimally conscious state; • experimental and clinical studies of central thalamic brain stimulation in the injured brain; • new concepts in neuroethics; and • new diagnostic methods for assessment of severe brain injury Published in cooperation with the Association for Research on Nervous and Mental Disorders. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Aspergillosis, the leading fungal cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients, presents a serious worldwide challenge—particularly in the face of increasing antifungal resistance. Bringing together the world’s leaders in the Aspergillus and aspergillosis fields to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration among clinicians, industry, and scientific experts, the “Advances Against Aspergillosis” conference was held January 26–28, 2012 in Istanbul, Turkey. This second of two Annals volumes contains short reviews encapsulating recent findings in the basic science of aspergillosis. Among the topics included are the evolution of modular conidiophore development in the aspergilli; diverse applications of RNA-seq for functional genomics studies in Aspergillus fumigatus; protein targets for broad-spectrum mycosis vaccines: quantitative proteomic analysis of Aspergillus and Coccidioides; activation of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase by A. fumigatus; and cell biology of the innate immune response to A. fumigatus. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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Advances in imaging are occurring at a brisk pace, and imaging techniques have great potential to act as pre-symptomatic predictors of disease as well as to chart the course of a disease. Neuroimaging has greatly advanced the understanding of brain function and its relationship to the anatomical substrate. This volume brings together internationally renowned imaging scientists, those studying the aging brain, industry experts, and clinicians to jointly examine the most current methods and their application to brain physiology, behavior, and age-related diseases. These reports explore new technologies, data from recent neuroimaging initiatives, and translational research applications. Topics covered include (1) in vivo imaging of molecules, cells, and networks throughout the lifespan, (2) cutting edge imaging technologies and studies of the physiology of aging, (3) translational application of neuroimaging, and (4) emerging technologies in the private sector. This volume is the proceedings of a meeting that celebrated the 25th anniversary of the American Federation for Aging Research and its longstanding history of philanthropy in the area of aging research. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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The field of psychoanalytic self psychology has enjoyed a robust and fertile growth since its discovery and elaboration by Heinz Kohut in the 1970’s. From its earliest inception, self psychology radically changed the face of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy by both introducing novel ways of conceptualizing human development and the process of change, and by paving the way for innovative thinking linking the process of therapeutic growth to neuroscience and associated theories. The volume illuminates the major concepts of self psychology and their relevance to the behavioral sciences, as well as those whose theories draw on our contemporary understandings of the ways in which brain structure, mind and consciousness interface with one another. Of emphasis is the position of self psychological ideas vis-à-vis behavioral changes, neurobiology, neuropsychology, and other neurosciences. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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The reproductive system is composed of complex sub-systems, which are driven by sophisticated biochemical processes, whereas their performance is controlled by the same physical laws that exist in any mechanical process on Earth (e.g., Newton's laws). Accordingly, the understanding of any physiological phenomenon, including the development of a pathologic condition, requires comprehensive evaluation of the biophysical and biomechanical aspects of reproduction in concert with the biological and clinical features. Several of the scientists from around the world who investigate the physical aspects of the reproductive system have contributed to the eight sessions resulting in this volume. These reports encompass the following areas of inquiry: non-pregnant uterine peristalsis, placental vasculature and blood flow, myometrial contractility and calcium transport, mechanics of the uterus and cervix in pregnancy, mechanics of embryonic development, penile mechanics and hemodynamics, sperm propulsion, and pelvic floor mechanics. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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The brain and the spinal cord, together, compose the central nervous system. Only relatively recently has research shifted focus to consider the integral functions at the individual neuronal and network levels that are mediated by the spinal cord. In this volume, recent work is presented addressing developments in this emerging area. Short reviews examine motor neuron synaptic plasticity, molecular signaling in motor circuits, advances in in vivo and in vitro imaging of spinal cord injury, inhibitory and excitatory locomotor programs, and mapping the circuitry of tactile and sensory functions, including nociception and pain relief. Collectively, these papers provide an overview of some of the most exciting topics in spinal cord research—spanning basic cellular mechanisms to translational approaches. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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This volume stems from the eighth international symposium and workshop entitled "Hematopoietic Stem Cells VIII" held hosted by the University of Tuebingen, Germany in the fall of 2011. The meeting was designed to bring ~30 leading scientists together to discuss the state-of-the-art in the field of hematopoietic stem cells. Topics reviewed in this volume include: differential requirements for Wnt and Notch signaling in hematopoietic versus thymic niches; hematopoietic stem cell expansion; TIM-3 as a therapeutic target for malignant stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia; regulatory factors for hematopoietic stem cells; reprogramming factors; immune reconstitution and strategies for rebuilding of the immune system after haploidentical stem cell transplantation; zebrafish xenografts as a tool for in vivo studies on human cancer; enhancing engraftment of cord blood cells; current insights into neutrophil homeostasis; and molecular live cell bioimaging in stem cell research, among others. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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This volume examines the phytoalexin resveratrol and the ongoing studies about its effects on lifespan and health. Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin produced naturally by several plants when under attack by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi, significantly extends the lifespan of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Resveratrol is currently a topic of numerous animal and human studies into its effects. The effects of resveratrol on the lifespan of many model organisms remain controversial. Anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, blood-sugar-lowering, and other beneficial cardiovascular effects of resveratrol have been reported in experiments with mouse and rat model systems. However, most of these results have yet to be replicated in humans. Resveratrol is found in the skin of red grapes and is a constituent of red wine. Resveratrol has also been produced by chemical synthesis or by biotechnological synthesis and is sold as a nutritional supplement derived primarily from Japanese knotweed. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please click here. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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The genetic dissection of human primary immunodeficiency is expanding at full speed, in at least two directions. Some investigators pursue the dissection of well-known clinical phenotypes, for which the count of genetic etiologies seems to be endless, whereas others begin the search for inborn errors underlying new phenotypes, infectious and otherwise. The field of primary immunodeficiency is also expanding in other ways, with new therapeutic approaches, and with the care of patients in regions of the world where these diseases were unheard of less than a decade ago. The volume provides an overview of the field of medical genetics and its progress in 2011. This volume focuses on new developments in “primary immunodeficiencies" (PIDs), insights into PID pathophysiology, and PIDs in India and the Middle East.Volume I opens with a dialog between the volume editors on the definition of PIDs; additional papers in this volume focus on PIDs in Latin America, Eastern and Central Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Asia, Iran, and the South Pacific. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which encompasses both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronically relapsing intestinal disorder that is characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain. The incidence of IBD is increasing worldwide. Although some major advances have been made in recent years, the pathogenesis of the disease still remains obscure. As currently understood, a combination of genetic alterations and immunological disturbances causing an interaction of the enteric microflora with the underlying mucosa and a disrupted barrier function may be crucial for the development of disease. Despite substantial new data that have been obtained over the last several years, it has become increasingly difficult to accommodate these into a unifying disease model. Identification of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines has introduced "biologic therapies," but treatment of IBD is still based mainly on broad-spectrum immunosuppressive drugs such as steroids and azathioprine. In this volume, the most relevant pathogenetic aspects are stressed: genetic alterations, disrupted epithelial barrier function, immunological disturbances, and the role of the enteric microflora. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Recently, much attention has been focused on aging and obesity and the pivotal roles these conditions play in the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Several preclinical and clinical studies have revealed associations between aging and obesity and altered celluar environments––including genetic changes and inflammation–in the pathogenesis of many chronic disorders. Conventional methods for the treatment of cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, result in limited success in certain cases and demonstrate additional modalities are required. In contrast to conventional treatments, some recent strategies are shifting to cancer prevention and treatment through physical exercise and better nutrition to control tumor progression, and to improve prognosis and rehabilitation in some cancer patients. This Annals volume presents a series of short reviews that focus on recent advances in, and future directions for, physical and nutritional bio-modulation and prevention of aging, obesity, and cancer, and suggest clinical care guidelines for the general population and for cancer patients and survivors who need proper physical exercise and optimal nutrition. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Researchers from diverse research communities in cognitive neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, MR-diffusion tensor imaging, and algorithm development have contributed articles that explore the potential for diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure and model white matter tracts in the human brain. The most advanced uses of diffusion tensor-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for modeling white matter neural connectivity and tractography are assessed; in addition, the authors discuss (1) methods for integrating DTI of white matter into cognitive and clinical neuroscience data and models, (2) how to promote new advances in DTI techniques for applications relevant to cognitive and clinical neuroscience, and (3) how to implement new advances in DTI in readily accessible software that can be distributed to the cognitive and clinical neuroscience communities. These reports represent the interdisciplinary approach taken at the workshop to the refinement of emerging MR DTI techniques specifically for the purposes of analyzing white matter networks noninvasively. It is hoped that this volume will encourage collaborations that will enhance the capacity for greater applications, developments, and impact of DTI, thus extending the reach of the workshop that preceded it. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a phenol phytoalexin derived from grapes, berries, and other plants possessing a spectrum of pharmacologic properties. Resveratrol has been shown to modulate LDL levels, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, to interfere with or inhibit oncogenesis and tumor proliferation in in vivo animal cancer models and in human tumor cells in vitro, to significantly extend the lifespan of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and to produce wide-ranging benefits in animal models of obsesity and diabetes.Resveratrol has gained mainstream attention as “the red wine pill,” with widespread claims made of human health benefits that have outpaced the existing evidence. Over the past few years, many clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the health effects of resveratrol in humans, in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, osteopenia and osteoporosis, and others. Considerable work is also underway exploring the optimization of resveratrol delivery and bioavailability in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical paradigms. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For more information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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Tight junction proteins connect epithelial and endothelial cells and, importantly, form selective barriers and channels for paracellular transportation. Two types of tight junction proteins—the claudin family (claudins-1 to -27) and the TAMP family (occludin, Marvel-D2, and tricellulin)—can be distinguished molecularly and functionally. Recent work has focused on delineating the functional significance of differences in selective permeability, for example, by examining the regulatory mechanisms of tight junctions. This work is of great clinical importance as many inflammatory or infectious diseases are characterized by increased permeability and the manipulation of tight junctions presents a new horizon in the development of novel therapeutics. The volume Barriers and Channels Formed by Tight Junction Proteins II provides a detailed look at the recent advances in our understanding of tight junction regulation and dysregulation. The papers included focus on three major themes: inflammation and gastrointestinal function; epithelial transport, barrier modulation, and food components; and tight junctions in intestinal and renal epithelia. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For more information on instutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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The entire span of a woman's reproductive years and beyond is the scope of this volume, which presents research covering events from first menstruation through the post-menopausal years. Special care has been taken to balance basic research and clinical information. The volume comprises chapters on first menstruation, hypothalamic amenorrhea, implantation and recurrent abortion, XX metabolic syndrome, endometriosis, menopause, osteoporosis, minimally invasive surgery, assisted reproduction, ultrasound imaging in obstetrics, estrogen receptor modulators, and urogynecology. Papers on fertility drugs and gynecologic cancer, contraception today, prenatal genetic diagnosis, cloning and stem cells, transdermal hormone therapy, and estrogen and brain function will also be included. Authors from the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics will address issues such as, Is there an optimal rate for cesarean section? and fistulas in Africa, as well as perinatal mortality in Europe. This volume is the latest proceedings of a series of meetings that has been held in Athens for over a decade, and the participants are internationally known authorities in their fields. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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Only in very recent times have therapies been developed that are specific to a particular manifestation of autoimmune disease, and these have begun to replace the all-purpose remedies of the past 30 years. This volume, which draws on the principles of immunology presented in Volume 1050 (Autoimmunity: Concepts and Diagnosis at the Cutting Edge), extends these concepts to the realm of clinical findings and current therapy for many autoimmune and connective tissue disorders. Both organ-specific and organ-nonspecific diseases are covered, and one section is entirely focused on treatment. Treatments using cytokines, chemokines, cognate receptors, and genetic interactions are particularly prominent in these reports, and attention is also paid to the increasing use of intravenous imunoglobulins and both monoclonal and imunosuppressive agents. A therapeutic void remains, but the work reported on here contributes considerably to the effort to fill that void. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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The past few years have brought an influx of new information into the field of male reproduction. Several laboratories have been able to apply the genomics approach to gene expression in the male, revealing previously unknown patterns of gene expression and gene products that were localized in male reproductive tract tissues and cells for the first time. These discoveries paved the way for the next wave, an opportunity to analyze male reproductive biology and the processes by which sperm are formed in the seminiferous tubule and androgen is synthesized in the interstitium of the testis. The different levels of organization in the testis, including the stages of spermatogenesis, enzymatic steps of steroidogenesis, and the intracellular signaling pathways of hormones, are now more amenable to study and selection of potential targets for drug development. This volume capitalizes on these developments with a collection of reports that is uniquely suited to stimulate research and development ideas. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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This volume features invited scholarly papers on the topic of molecular and integrative physiology of the musculoskeletal system by clinician-scientists who work at both the bench and the bedside. In addition to bone physiology, this volume also includes papers on muscle physiology and on new paradigms such as arthritis, crossover therapeutics for bisphosphonates in cancer medicine, bone marrow stem cell research in cardiology, and systems biology and bone pathophysiology. This volume examines the musculoskeletal system a complex network of molecular signaling both within the bone and also among bone, muscle, and other organs, such as the intestine, brain, pancreas, adipose tissue, and pituitary gland. Owing to these complex pathways, there are many novel molecular targets for drug development to treat disorders that have been heretofore overlooked or neglected. These include cachexia, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and various deconditioned states associated with an array of chronic illnesses. New paradigms of therapeutic interventions can be realized from a systems approach and from the use of crossover therapies. The skeletal system is intensively involved with immunological and hormonal activity, and tapping these resources may provide more effective ways to manage disease. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please click here. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Tight junctions between epithelial and endothelial cells form selective barriers and paracellular channels and regulate paracellular transport of solutes, immune cells, and drugs. More specifically, tight junctions consist of proteins that laterally interconnect neighboring cells of epithelia and endothelia. Certain proteins seal the tight junction, so that a nearly impermeable barrier develops, whereas others form channels that allow for permeation between the cells. Recent investigations have focused on tight junction proteins, belonging to the claudin family (claudins-1 to -27 in humans) and the newly defined group of TAMP (three proteins: occludin, Marvel-D2, and tricellulin). Barriers and Channels Formed by Tight Junction Proteins I showcases work in this area clustered around three major themes: the molecular properties of tight junctions, for example, the role of the claudin family of proteins and the formation of ion and charge-selective channels; the regulation of tight junction and barrier functions via genetic mechanisms and scaffold protein mediation; and the functional role of the tight junction in various tissues, such as the skin, lungs, endothelia, and nervous system NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For informatio.n on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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The social environment has an enormous influence in altering behavior, neuroendocrine function, immune system activity, and cardiovascular and metabolic function. Improving the social environment has an enormous and unrealized potential for altering brain function and systemic physiology to improve physical and mental health and to prevent or slow the course of disease. This volume presents articles stemming from the 90th Annual Conference of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, which focused on the advances in our understanding of gene–environment interactions and their impact on the functioning of the body and mind. The volume aims to advance knowledge of the neural bases underlying positive and adverse social interactions and the impact of these social experiences on the brain and body. A broad range of topics is covered, from fear conditioning to the implementation of treatment strategies in the workplace. The volume also highlights the implications of social experiences and stress on basic neuroscience and physiology, and the potential translational nature of such findings to the clinic and general public. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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When cells are damaged, as often occurs during trauma and metabolic stress, a highly evolved cell healing process follows that was designed to enhance cell survival or remove irreparably injured cells. Following injury, cells attempt to seal breaks in their membranes, chaperone removal or refolding of altered proteins, repair damaged DNA, or if necessary commit to programmed cell death. When cell injury is too extensive to permit reparative responses, acute cellular necrosis or apoptosis can result. Understanding injury at the subcellular organelle and molecular levels is essential for development of new therapeutic strategies and for optimal management of injured victims. In this volume, various modes of injury that can occur are described, as well as the basic molecular healing responses and pathways of metabolic survival or death. The approach taken here is to look at these processes at the cellular and subcellular levels, rather than at the tissue level, and this volume will be a valuable resource to anyone interested in wound healing, biological stress responses, molecular chaperones, radiobiology, biomechanics, and biomedical engineering, as well as trauma and critical care medicine. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Although the peoples of all continents and cultures have been using different kinds of natural products for centuries, their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Interestingly, most of these products "work," and paradoxically we are witnessing a great limitation of existing pharmacological targets and agents for various new diseases, such as HIV, as well as those that affect the growing aged population worldwide. This volume presents research focused on the molecular basis of action of different natural products and their applications to various diseases, including cancer, brain disorders, and infectious diseases. Promising natural therapies are scrutinized and evaluated in an effort to advance rigorous scientific analysis of these products and therapies, including achieving neuroprotection through herbal extracts, plant products, and dietary supplements. The role of antioxidants and free radicals from natural products in health and disease is also explored. The research findings presented in this volume focus on botanical, nutritional, and pharmacological strategies for improving general health and slowing normal aging, and the contributors are scientists recognized for their molecular and mechanistic work in this area. African medicine, traditional Chinese and other east Asian medicines, and ayurvedic medicine are addressed, as are a range of other natural treatments/enhancements in current use. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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The intricate relationships between music and human neurological makeup, as well as the ways in which music can influence neurological development, are explored in this volume, which is a continuation and expansion of two symposia that have preceded it, both of which have been published as Annals volumes. Researchers in the fields of neurophysiology, neuroimaging, mind-brain studies, and psychology present findings on the evaluation of neurological disorders and music, the relationship of music to development and language, and musical perception. The use and impact of music therapy is discussed in a roundtable format. Do animals have music? How is music similar to language? How is music represented mentally? This volume addresses these questions and others surrounding this exciting and growing field—a field that generates interest far beyond the boundaries of the neuroscientific world, encompassing education, performance, and the appreciation of music by all peoples. The book also offers articles written from the perspective of the fields of ethology and evolution, as well as papers on vocal learning, auditory perception, performance, and emotional response to music. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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For the last 40 years, biogerontology—the study of the biological basis of aging—has progressed tremendously, and it has now become an independent and respected field of study and research. This volume brings together contributions by biogerontologists, bioethicists, biodemographers, researchers, students, clinicians, and dieticians. The main areas of discussion and presentation of new research results include (1) biological and non-biological factors affecting lifespan and the quality of life; (2) ethical and social issues related to lifespan and health-span extension; (3) physiological, cellular, and molecular aspects of aging; (4) new technologies to understand and modulate aging; (5) the latest successful approaches in the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases, and (6) aging intervention, prevention, and modulation by genes, natural and synthetic molecules, and lifestyle modifications. Accordingly, the main sections of the volume focus on the following topics: defining aging, longevity, and the diseases of aging; selected aging organs; cellular aging; molecular aging; ethics of aging intervention; genetics of aging and longevity; and aging interventions. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Our understanding of how the skeleton is remodeled and repaired has been enormously expanded in the past decade. Using advanced molecular technologies including transgenesis, gene knockout, and gene array, we are gaining a better understanding of both the precise pathways through which osteoblasts lay down new bone and how osteoclasts remove old bone. These studies have not only helped us understand the basic biological properties of the skeleton and how it responds to hormonal, cytokine, and mechanical stimulation, but also, in some instances, clarified the source of pathophysiology. The eventual goal of such discoveries is to lay down a firm scientific foundation for the identification of novel cellular and molecular targets for future drug development. This volume presents the significant headway that scientists have made in this undertaking and the book is organized around four broad themes: skeletal development and repair, molecular endocrinology of bone, bone cell biology, and conservation of skeletal integrity. Also included are papers that focus on current and emerging therapies for osteoporosis. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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The fourth volume of this series features reviews that cover a range of subjects, with authorship from the United States and European Union. The likely inclusion of craving in the DSMV criteria for addiction confers special timeliness on the paper from Stephen Tiffany (“Update on Craving”). We can now look back on addiction therapeutics, in general, and on a clinically, and financially successful anti-addiction medication buprenorphine in the paper from Nancy Campbell and Anne Lovell. Marcus Munafo and colleagues provide an important emphasis on the ways socioeconomic status interacts with a common addiction, smoking. F. Ivy Caroll and colleagues provide an excellent update on the medicinal chemistry of new designer drugs, tracing designed drugs from the streets to the papers in which their syntheses and properties were described. The often-underappreciated role of ultrastructural information in defining circuits important for addiction is reviewed by longtime leaders in this field, Mariscella Morales and Virginia Pickel. The important continuing contributions of smoking comorbidities are reviewed by Tony George and colleagues, and a framework for mouse models for smoking cessation advanced in the review by Hall, Uhl, and colleagues. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing worldwide, and the search for better management of these diseases and even for a cure is being pursued by scientists from many disciplines. Tools from the areas of genetics, neuroscience, cell biology, virology, and infectious disease are being applied to the problem and are yielding useful results. This volume contains the first section of the proceedings of a large, comprehensive meeting held in Sorrento, Italy. Because the meeting focused on such an important area of human health, four volumes have been dedicated to it: Part A presents new principles in autoimmunity, including the roles of key players such as designed ankyrin repeat proteins, SLAM-associated protein, interleukin-12, human proteinase 3, the complement system, IgG, disturbances in cytokine synthesis, and IFN-γ blockers. The second section of the volume takes a look at new diagnostic tools, including screening of endothelial expression libraries, electrical skin impedance, and IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody assays. Autoimmunity, Part B continues the presentation of basic research and its applications with a focus on genetics. Parts C and D present the clinical research in various manifestations of autoimmune disease and its treatments. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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Drawing upon the expertise of a cadre of scholars and practitioners, this book has four parts: (1) conceptualizing violence and exploitation against females, (2) violence against girls and female adolescents, (3) violence against women, and (4) cultural and international perspectives on violence against women. Contributors place violence against women and girls within a variety of cultural and religious perspectives and also present theories of violence, the role of stereotyping, and the effect of violence in the larger community. The recent emergence of cyber violence, particularly against adolescents, is addressed, and several violence prevention programs are described. Violence against elderly women, disabled women, and pregnant women are addressed, as are the public health issues related to violence against women. The final section of the book expands the cultural perspective through chapters on domestic violence in Latin America, South Asia, Israel, and among ethnic enclaves within the United States. A report on female genital mutilation is included. The role of the United Nations and non-governmental organizations in preventing violence against women globally concludes the volume. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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Crosstalk between the neuroendocrine and immune systems plays an essential role in inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases. An international group of scientists from the fields of neurobiology, neuroendocrinology, immunology, and behavioral sciences reports here on recent advances in our understanding of the communication and modulation taking place between the neuroendocrine and immunological systems. In an effort to incorporate all recent knowledge in this field, broad aspects of endocrinology and neuropsychiatric and autoimmune disorders is included, with special attention given to recent progress in molecular biology and genetics. In particular, the volume focuses on diseases of the nervous system and their modulation by the immune and endocrine systems, as well as on the neuroimmunomodulation of inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases with an emphasis on the female gender. Special care has been taken by the editors to balance basic and clinical information. The volume is divided into sections: the cytokine and neuropeptide signal transduction systems and their immunomodulatory properties, the neuroendocrine immune basis of rheumatic disease, models of inflammation, the immunology of neuropsychiatric and allergic disorders, neuroendocrine and autoimmune adaptations in aging, neuroimmune interactions in chronic pain disorders and infectious diseases, and finally a structural and functional overview of the stress system. Clinical applications have been extrapolated from the basic knowledge and physiology of neuroimmune interactions, so this volume will provide a useful update for both researchers and clinicians. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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The volume features current basic, clinical, and translational research on aspects of skeletal morphogenesis and remodeling in health and disease. Papers survey vital new insights into the mechanisms of bone development and restructuring, including cellular and mechanical triggers, receptors and signaling pathways. Also covered are the effects of other physiological systems and disease states, such as immune system inflammation, diabetes, infection, and cancer on musculoskeletal health. Recent findings are shaping therapeutic directions that focus on both anti-resorptive and anabolic therapies. Basic scientists, clinical investigators, and clinicians with interests spanning endocrinology, physiology, cell biology, pathology, genetics, molecular biology, rheumatology, oncology, and other areas that relate to bone development and homeostasis will find this a valuable resource for the most recent developments in skeletal biology and medicine. This volume presents manuscripts stemming from the 4th New York Skeletal Biology and Medicine Conference, held at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City on April 27–30, 2011. The papers included in this volume include two of the topic areas presented at the conference; the other topic areas are included in Skeletal Biology and Medicine I. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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As life expectancy has increased, so has the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly those associated with aging. Contributing to increased life expectancy is increased survival following brain injury, stroke, and procedures such as heart surgery, but these events can impair neurological function. The wide range of contributions to this volume, from a detailed paper on the use of gene therapy in combination with hypothermia for the treatment of cerebral ischemia to a comprehensive poster describing the role of anesthetic agents in neurotoxicity during development and senescence, illustrate the scientific scope presented. Contributions from clinical and basic science researchers from many disciplines address various approaches to providing neuroprotection. The clinical focus is on the complexity of neuroprotection, the need for understanding the time-course effects of hypoxia/ischemia, and the need for combinational and time-course applications of multiple therapies. New technologies are introduced for describing both the insult and the treatment necessary for neuroprotection, including gene expression assays (genomics) and gene therapy. Several chapters are devoted to the examination of the predictive value of models for outcome measures in clinical ischemic stroke neuroprotective trials. The need to move from in vitro models to more predictive in vivo approaches with the use of pharmacokinetics is addressed. Other chapters emphasize the role of endogenous agents such as nitric oxide, melatonin, L-carnitine, and estrogens in acute and chronic neural injury and therapy. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Continued economic growth, human welfare, and national security depend upon constant technological progress; and the chief area for innovation in the coming years will be converging technologies, the synergistic combination of the "NBIC" fields: nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and new technologies based in cognitive science. The significance of convergence was initially recognized in the first National Science Foundation conference on the societal implications of nanotechnology in 2000, which reported that the newly developed ability to measure, manipulate, and organize matter on the nanoscale was revolutionizing science and technology. This volume will mark a major step forward, for three reasons: (1) Enough is understood about convergence now to permit serious consideration of governance issues and the likely human consequences. (2) Among the many convergence-related research projects, several in diverse areas have begun to deliver real results. (3) The network of NBIC researchers and analysts has developed to the point of being a real scientific and engineering community. One cross-cutting theme will be the ethical, legal, and social consequences of technological convergence. Another is the hunt for areas of remarkable research opportunities and the transforming tools required to take maximum advantage of them. Convergence will bring new approaches to what are currently diverse areas of research, such as converging technology platforms, physical and mental performance, human-machine interfaces, human cognition and communication, education and training, work efficiency, and many others. On their own, each of the NBIC technologies offers the potential for extraordinary advancement, but combined their potential is enormous and may provide revolutionary progress in human longevity, quality of life, learning, and productivity. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member

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